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Interference Youngs Double-Slit Experiment The narrow slits, S1 and S2 act as sources of waves The waves emerging from the slits originate from the same wave front and therefore are always in phase
4/8/2010 School of Basic Sciences IIT BBS
The interference occurs because each point on the screen is not the same distance from both Slits. Depending on the path length difference the wave can interfere constructively (bright spot) or destructively (dark spot).
4/8/2010 School of Basic Sciences IIT BBS
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SP - SP >
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Interference Equations
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At the point P
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Intensity
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Intensity
Maximum
Minimum
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Intensity
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Fringes
Small angle
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Lloyds mirror
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Fresnels biprism
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Newtons Ring
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Interferometer
Interferometry is the technique of diagnosing the properties of two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superposition. The instrument used to interfere the waves together is called an interferometer. Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, seismology, remote sensing, etc
4/8/2010
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
A Fabry-Perot is an arrangement of two parallel glass plates, called an etalon. Only the inner surfaces play a role. They have a reflective coating, and form a cavity in which light can be reflected back and forth.
4/8/2010
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Constructive interference occurs if the transmitted beams are in phase, and this corresponds to a high-transmission peak of the etalon. The phase difference between each succeeding reflection or the incident ray will be completely transmitted, if the angle of incidence is such that If both surfaces have a reflectance R, the transmittance function of the etalon is given
4/8/2010
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
The interference created between mirrors creates standing waves. Theses standing waves will generate constructive interference when they will fit exactly with the cavity length. In other word, the cavity optical length is an integer number times the resonant wavelengths. So, there is a discrete number of resonant wavelengths. The transmitted intensity can then be expressed by the following equation :
where : TMAX is the maximum transmission of resonance peaks F is the finesse n is the refractive index of the gap material, d is the distance between mirrors, is the wavelength
4/8/2010 School of Basic Sciences IIT BBS
4/8/2010
Michelson Interferometer
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Diffraction
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Diffraction ``Any deviation of light rays from rectilinear path which is neither reflection nor refraction known as diffraction. (Sommerfeld)
Types or kinds of diffraction: 1. Fraunhofer (1787-1826)
2. Fresnel (1788-1827)
Refraction
>
Diffraction
Fraunhofer diffraction
First minimum
Second minimum
Superposition of large number of phasors of equal amplitude a and equal successive phase difference .
f
Problem: Obtain intensity formula by integration
= b Sin /
I Minima at _m =+
= b Sin /
Maxima at
tan =
Minima at _m =+
m = 1, 2, 3
Circular aperture
Airy disk
I = I0 [2 J1() / ]
= D Sin /
[ J1() / ]
Double slit
d/b = 5
Minima at
b Sin = m m= /0
Maxima at
d Sin = n
N slit grating
Normal incidence
Transmission grating
= /2
Intensity pattern
for small b
Intensity