ANTIBIOTICS FOR UTI

Drug Name Ceftriaxone Brand Name Acrexon Mechanism of action Bactericidal activity result from inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding proteins Adverse Effects Shock. Hypersensitivity. Blood abnormality. Liver & Respiratory disturbances. Superinfection. Vitamin deficiency. Cefotaxime 2 World Cefotaxime Cephalosporins bind to PBPs on bacterial cell membranes to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by mechanisms similar to those of the penicillins. Cephalosporins are bactericidal against susceptible organisms. Gentamicin Genom Interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30s and 50s ribosomal subunits Ampicillin Ampinex Interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active replication, causing a bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms Amoxicillin and Addex Increased BUN, NPN, serum creatinine, or oliguria. Neurotoxicity. Skin rashes (urticarial or maculopapular). Diarrhea. n/v. pseudomembranous colitis. Diarrhea. n/v. Skin rash. Pain at IM injection sites and phlebitis after IV administration.

(Cephalosporin)

binding to one or more penicillin Kidney failure. GI &

(Thirdgeneration cephalosporins)

(Aminoglycoside)

(Penicillin)

Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial

Clavunate

cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins

Urticarial. Vaginitis. Rarely, pseudomembranous enterocolitis, stomatitis & candidiasis, erythema multiforme, & other skin effects. Hepatic, renal, hematologic, or CNS effects.

(Penicillin)

Clavunate inhibits beta

lactamase producing bacteria

Sulfamethoxazole Bactrinol and Trimethoprim

TMP: inhibits dihydrofolate

reductase

GI disturbances. Skin reactions.

SMX: competes with paraaminobenzoic acid Airex By binding to 1 or more penicillin-binding proteins, it arrest bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibits bacterial growth GI discomfort. Diarrhea. Skin rashes. Urticarial. Eosinophilia. Angioedema. Anaphylaxis. Diarrhea. Stool changes. N/V. Abdominal pain. Dyspepsia. Vomiting. Flatulence. Pseudomembranous colitis. Headache. Dizziness. Rash. Pruritus.

(Antibacterial combination)
Cefalexin

(Cephalosporin)

Cefixime

Actimax

By binding to 1 or more penicillin-binding proteins, it arrest bacterial cell wall synthesis and inhibits bacterial growth

(Cephalosporin)

Urticaria. Drug fever. Arthralgia. Thrombocytopenia. Leukopenia. Eosinophilia. Cefpodoxime Cefadox Inhibits cell wall synthesis Chest pain. Hypotension. Fungal skin infection. Skin scaling/peeling. Menstrual irregularity. Pruritus. Diarrhea. Flatulence. Decreased salivation. Candidiasis. Pseudomembranous colitis. Anaphylactic shock. Decreased appetite. Dizziness. Fatigue. Anxiety. Insomnia. Flushing. Nightmares. Weakness. Cough. Epistaxis. Taste alteration. Eye itching. Tinnitus. Malaise. Fever. Nitrofurantoin Macrodantin Synthetic nitrofurantoin that interferes with bacterial carbohydrate metabolism by inhibiting acetylcoenzyme A. Nausea. Emesis. Anorexia. Abdominal pain. Diarrhea. Pulmonary hypersensitivity reaction. Peripheral

(urinary antiseptic)

Bacteriostatic at low concentration (5-10 mcg/ml) and is bactericidal at higher concentration.

neuropathy. Exfoliative dermatitis. Erythema multiforme. Lupus-like syndrome. Urticaria. Rash. Agranulocytosis. Leukopenia. Granulocytopenia.

Ciprofloxacin

Baxolyn.

Fluoroquinolone that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and consequently, growth by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerases, which are required for replication, transcription, and translation of genetic materials. Promotes breakage of double stranded DNA

Nausea. Diarrhea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain. Flatulence. Anorexia. Dizziness. Headache. Tiredness. Agitation. Trembling. Skin rashes. Pruritus. Drug fever. Joint pains. Photosensitivity. Transient renal impairment. SJS. Lyell syndrome.

(Quinolone)

ANTI-TB DRUGS
Drug Name Isoniazid Brand Name Rifater, Rifamate Mechanism of action Blocks mycolic acid synthesis SLE Peripheral neuropathy, Adverse Effects Immunologic: fever, rash,

hepatitis, CNS toxicity, jaundice, psychosis Rifampicin Rifater, Rifamate Inhibit RNA synthesis by binding to the B subunit of DNA dependent RNA polymerase of M. TB Causes light chain proteinuria, impair antibody response, skin rash, thrombocytopenia, nephritis, liver dynsfunction, jaundice, flu-like syndrome, anemia, orange discoloration of body fluids, oliguria, albuminuria, convulsion Pyrazinamide Rifater UNKNOWN Non-gouty polyathralgia, hyperuricemia, drug fever, jaundice Ethambutol Myambutol Inhibit mycobacterial arabinosyl transferase Optic neuritis, retinal damage, peripheral neuropathy, confusion, headache Streptomycin Irreversible inhibitors of protein synthesis; binds to 30S subunit Fever, rash, vertigo, loss of balance, nephrotoxic, ototoxic, oliguria, albuminuria

DRUGS USED IN ANGINA

Drug Name Nitroglycerine (Nitrate) Brand Name Nitrostat Mechanism of Action Vasodilation of the venous capacitance vessels by stimulating the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) Metoprolol (Beta Blocker) Lopressor Competes with the adrenergic neurotransmitter for binding of beta adrenergic receptor in the heart Adverse Effect orthostatic hypotension headache (30-60%) tachycardia glaucoma contraindicated in asthma, diabetes, COPD, severe AV block, bradycardiatachycardia syndrome, severe heart failure abrupt discontinuation lead to rebound Verapamil Isoptin SR prevent entry of calcium into Flushing

(Calcium Channel Blocker)

cardiac and smooth muscle; dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries and have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects

Hypotension Headache peripheral edema constipation

ANTI-HISTAMINES
Drug Name Brand Name Mechanism of action H1 blockers are competitive pharmacologic antagonists at the Benadril H1 receptor; these drugs have no effect on histamine release from storage sites. Adverse Effects CV & CNS effects. Blood disorders. GI disturbances. Antimuscarinic effects. Allergic reactions. Sedation. Lassitude.

(Old 1st Gen. Histamine H1 Antagonist)

Diphenhydramine

(New 1st Gen.

Histamine H1 Antagonist)
Chlorpheniramine

Elation or Depression. Antamin Irritability. Paranoid psychosis. Delusion. Hallucination. Muscular weakness. Incoordination. GIT disturbances. Headache. Tinnitus. Difficulty in micturition. CV effects. Allergic reactions.

(2nd Gen. Histamine H1 Antagonists)

Cetirizine Ceritec Agitation. Dry mouth. Headache. Hypersensitivity reactions. Fexofenadine Fexodine Occasionally GI effects including n/v, diarrhea or epigastric pain. Palpitation, ventricular Loratadine Claritin arrhythmia. Fatigue. Headache.

Somnolence. Dry mouth. Rash. GI disorders like nausea, gastritis.

(Histamine H2 Antagonists)
Cimetidine Tagamet

H2 antagonists produce a surmountable pharmacologic blockade of histamine H2 receptors. They are relatively selective and have no significant blocking actions at H1 or autonomic receptors.

Mild & transient diarrhea. Tiredness. Dizziness. Severe & reversible alopecia. Skin rash. Reversible gynecomastia. Decreased white cell count. Agranulocytosis. Thrombocytopenia. Leukopenia. Increases in plasma creatinine & serum transaminase levels. Reversible

Ranitidine

Ranifin

confusion in elderly. Headache. Dizziness. Myalgia.

Famotidine

H2 Bloc

Diarrhea & other GI disturbances. Dizziness. Tiredness. Headache. Rashes. Headache. Anorexia. Dry

mouth. N/V. Constipation. Diarrhea.

Drug Name Propranolol (Beta Blocker)

Brand Name Inderal

Mechanism of action Competes with the adrenergic neurotransmitter for binding of beta adrenergic receptor in the heart

Adverse Effects Bradycardia, cardiac failure, hypotension

Verapamil (Calcium Channel blocker) Losartan (Angiotensin Receptor Blocker) Captopril ( ACE Inhibitors)

Isoptin SR

Inhibits slow inward calcium current responsible for sinus and AV nodal depolarization

Headache, confusion

Cozaar

Blocks binding of angiotensin II to type I receptors. Blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II

Fatigue, hypoglycemia, chest pain

Capoten

Prevents convertion of angiotensin I hyperkalemia to angiotensin II through inhibition of ACE by competing with physiologic subsrate for active site of ACE,

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS

DRUGS USED IN ACID PEPTIC DISEASE

Drug Name Sodium bicarbonate (Antacids) Magnesiumaluminum hydroxide (Antacids) Gaviscon Brand Name Neut Mechanism of Action Neutralization of hydrochloric acid by forming sodium chloride and carbon dioxide Neutralization of hydrochloric acid by forming magnesium or aluminum chloride and water Nausea Constipation Diarrhea Adverse Effects Rebound hyperacidity Milk-alkali syndrome

Ranitidine (H2 blocker) Omeprazole (Proton pump inhibitor)

Zantac

Competitively inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the effect of histamine on H2 receptors

Headache Abdominal pain Constipation Headache Abdominal pain Diarrhea

Losec

Blocks the final step of acid production by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell

Clarithromycin Biaxin (Antibiotics) Amoxicillin (Antibiotics) Amoxil

Acts by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms and inhibit cell wall synthesis

Diarrhea Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Gastritis Stomatitis

Binds to penicillin-binding proteins Nausea

Metronidazole Flagyl (Antibiotics)

Binds to DNA, resulting in loss of helical structure, strand breakage, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and cell death

Headache Vaginitis Nausea

DRUGS USED IN DIABETES

Drug Name Metformin (Biguanide) Glipizide (Sulfonylurea) Repaglinide (Meglitinides) Rositiglitazon Avandia e (Thiazolidine diones) Pioglitazone Actos Decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and liver resulting in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output Hypoglycemia URTI Headache Prandin Glucotrol Brand Name Glucophage Mechanism of Action Decreased hepatic glucose production Lowers blood glucose by stimulating the release of insulin Lowers blood glucose by stimulating release of insulin from the pancreas Improves blood glucose levels by Adverse Effects Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Diarrhea Hypoglycemia Headache Dizziness Hypoglycemia Headache Nausea Headache Back pain

improving insulin sensitivity in DM2 Edema

Acarbose (Alphaglucosidase inhibitor)

Precise

Causes a competitive, reversible inhibition of pancreatic alpha amylase and membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucosidase hydrolase enzymes Activates insulin receptors thereby reducing circulating glucose

Flatulence Diarrhea Abdominal pain

Rapid-acting: Lispro (Humalog), aspart (Novolog), glulisine Short-acting: Regular (Semilente) Intermediate-acting: NPH (Lente) Long-acting: Detemir, glargine (Lantus) (Insulin) Exenatid e (Incretin -based drugs) Byetta

Hypoglycemia Hypokalemia Injection site reaction Lipodystrophy Pruritus Rash

Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells, suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, and slows gastric

Nausea Vomiting Headache

emptying Pramlinti Symlin de (Amylin analog) Modulation of gastric emptying, prevention of the postprandial rise in plasma glucagon, satiety leading to decrease caloric intake and potential weight loss Hypoglycemia Headache Nausea