SOLUTIONS

1. For TCP connection, round trip time is 30 msec, with acknowledgement time 32msec. What is the new RTT estimate? 29.84 msec 2. Write a C code section to make a socket with the server IP address. h = gethostname(argv[1]); ////// server IP address s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP); /////// passive open if(s<0) fatal(socket failed);

3. Why is layering important in the Internet layering model. What are the uses of layering? It is a loose hierarchy from an organizational/provider or routing point of view. There are several answers. Provider hierarchy: various tiers of providers (tier 1 being the backbone providers and tier 3 closer to local providers) are structured into provider-customer or peering relationships. The hierarchy is loose (not strict) in that tier 2 (or 3) providers can provide peering relationships without going through backbone providers (tier1). Routing hierarchy: there are 2 levels of hierarchy for routing at the autonomous system (AS) (or domain) level; the intra-domain routing and the inter-domain (border gateway [BGP]) routing protocols. BGP establishes peering relationships between border routers at different domains, while the intra-domain routing defines the routing protocol running within a domain. Also, a transit-stub topology structure exists in the Internet, where transit networks (representing providers) with powerful backbone routers (connecting very high speed links) with low out degree, and stub networks are towards the edges with highly clustered (high degree) networks, connecting slower links leading to hosts. 1.5 Any one of the above structures is a satisfactory answer. For the second part on the uses: The hierarchical structure has multiple uses: 1- It allows each tier (or domain/autonomous system) to run its own internal protocols and provides uniformity by providing standard protocols and relationships between tiers (or domains) 2- It shields the effects of change in one tier/domain from directly affecting other tiers/domains by keeping the effect local 3- It provides more flexibility in adding or removing domains or ISPs than a nonhierarchical (flat) structure 1.0 2 of these points should be sufficient 4. What are the details that whois database can be used to find out? WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system. The protocol stores and delivers database content in a human-readable format.

5. What are ping and traceroute used for? Describe the output from each program.
Ping is used to determine the presence (liveliness) of a remote host and the RTT to this host. The output is host not found (if the host is not there) or a list of RTTs for each ping packet sent. Traceroute is used to determine the hops (by IP address)from a source to a destination. For each hop listed, three sample RTTs are reported.

6. What is DNS and what is it used for? If all DNS servers could be crashed (taken offline), what would happen to the Internet (be precise).
DNS is Domain Name Service and is used to associate host names (as in say, www.yahoo.com or christen@csee.usf.edu) with IP addresses. If all DNS servers were to be crashed one would be unable to use hostnames and could only use IP addresses when using Internet services.

7. Match the following to one or more layers of TCP/IP model: i. Flow control- Transport & Data link Layer ii. Logical addressing- Network Layer iii. Error correction and retransmission- Transport iv. presentation layer v. session layer 8. Explain the steps to simulate routing in a small WAN setting using opnet. Step 1. Create a new project named router_project. Accept the default name for the scenario. Make sure to select campus for the scenario topology. Step 2. Drag in four Ethernet4_slip8_gty routers into the workspace (this is a model in the object palette called internet toolbox the default model palette. Step 3. Connect each router to the other in a ring using ppp_ds3 link. Step-4Drag in the 100-T LAN icons into the workspace there may be two for each router. Each router connects to two LANs possibly in a separate building somewhere in campus. Each LAN icon represents a LAN by default each contains 10 workstatio Step-5 Open the edit attributes window of any one router andexpand Reports. Step 6. Run the simulation. Step 7. Open the results window and select the Discrete Events Table tab. Open up the tree node hierarchy until the routing table appears for the router. 9. Suppose a host has a 1-MB file that is to be sent to another host. The file takes 1 second of CPU time to compress 50%, or 2 seconds to compress 60%.a) Calculate the bandwidth at which each compression option takes the same total compression+transmission time.(b) Explain why latency does not affect. (a) Without compression the total time is 1MB/bandwidth.When we compress the file, the total time is compression time+compressed_size/bandwidth equating these and Rearranging bandwidth=compressed_size/compression time =0.5MB/1sec=0.5MB/sec for 1 case

=0.6MB/2sec=0.3MB/sec for 2 case (b)Latency doesn't affect the answer because it would affect the compressed and uncompressed transmission equally