Malaysia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the country.

For the biogeographical region, see Malesia. Malaysia Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu"[1] "Unity Is Strength" Anthem: Negaraku My Country Capital and largest city Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya (administrative) 308'N 10142'E Official languages Malaysian Official script Malay (Latin) alphabet Recognised English Ethnic groups ([2]) 50.4% Malay 23.7% Chinese 11.0% Indigenous 7.1% Indian 7.8% other Demonym Malaysian[3] Government Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy King Abdul Halim Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (BN) Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin (BN) Legislature Parliament Upper house Dewan Negara Lower house Dewan Rakyat Independence from the United Kingdom Independence of the Federation of Malaya 31 August 1957[4] Independence of Sarawak 22 July 1963[5] Self-government of North Borneo 31 August 1963[6] Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore 16 September 1963 Area Total 329,847 km2 (67th) 127,355 sq mi Water (%) 0.3 Population 2010 census 28,334,135[7] (42nd) Density 86/km2 (114th) 216.45/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate Total $555.912 billion[8] Per capita $18,509[8] GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate Total $367.712 billion[8] Per capita $12,243[8] Gini (2009) 46.2[9] high 36th HDI (2013) 0.769[10] high 64th Currency Ringgit (RM) (MYR)

Time zone MST (UTC+8) Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+8) Date format dd-mm-yyyy Drives on the left Calling code +60 ISO 3166 code MY Internet TLD .my, ??????.[11] Malaysia (i/m?'le???/ m?-lay-zh? or i/m?'le?si?/ m?-lay-see-?) (Malaysian pronun ciation: [mala?si?] or Malay pronunciation: [malajsi?]) is a federal constitutio nal monarchy in Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territori es and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separat ed by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brun ei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal govern ment. In 2010 the population was 28.33 million, with 22.6 million living on the Peninsula. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai is in Mal aysia, located in the tropics. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, w ith large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from t he 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territo ries were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructur ed as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1 957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 196 3, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. Less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in poli tics. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while protecting freedo m of religion. The government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parl iamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. He is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the Prime Minister. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, w ith GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditional ly been fueled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of scie nce, tourism, commerce and medical tourism. Today, Malaysia has a newly industri alised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia and 29th largest i n the world. It is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Natio ns, the East Asia Summit and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and a memb er of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the No n-Aligned Movement. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Government and politics 4 Foreign relations and military 5 Subdivisions 6 Geography 7 Biodiversity 7.1 Animals 7.2 Fungi 7.3 Plants 7.4 Conservation issues 8 Economy 8.1 Infrastructure 9 Demographics 9.1 Religion

9.2 Language 10 Culture 10.1 Fine arts 10.2 Cuisine 10.3 Media 10.4 Holidays and festivals 10.5 Sports 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology Main article: Malay people "Malaysia" used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas The name "Malaysia" is a combination of the word "Malay" and the Latin/Greek suf fix -sia/-s?a.[12] The word Melayu in the Malay language may derive from the Tam il words Malai and ur meaning "mountain" and "city, land", respectively.[13][14] [15] Malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to t he Malay Peninsula.[16][17][18][19][20] Whether or not it originated from these roots, it the word "melayu" or "mlayu" may have been used in early Malay/Javanes e to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the s trong current of the river Melayu in Sumatra.[21] The name was later possibly ad opted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the 7th century on Sumatra.[22] "Mel ayu" was later used as the name of the 7-13th cenutry Melayu Kingdom, formed on Sumatra.[23] Before the onset of European colonization, the Malay peninsula was known nativel y as Tanah Melayu ('Malay Land').[24][25] Under the racial classification create d by European scholars the natives of Maritime Southeast Asia were grouped into a single category, the Malay race.[citation needed] Following his 1826 expeditio n in Oceania, French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville proposed the terms Malaysi a, Micronesia and Melanesia to the Socit de Gographie in 1831, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from the existing term Polynesia. Dumont d'U rville described Malaysia as "an area commonly known as the East Indies".[26] In 1850, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl, writing in the Journa l of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, proposed naming the islands of Sou theast Asia as Melayunesia or Indunesia, favouring the former.[27] In modern ter minology, "Malay" remains the name of an ethnoreligious group of Austronesian pe ople predominantly inhabiting the Malay peninsula and portions of adjacent islan ds of Southeast Asia, including the east coast of Sumatra, the coast of Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.[28] The state that gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 took the name the Federation of Malaya, chosen in preference to other potential names such as Langkasuka, after the historic kingdom located at the upper section of the Mala y Peninsula in the 1st millennium CE.[29][30] The name "Malaysia" was adopted in 1963 when the existing states of the Federation of Malaya, plus Singapore, Nort h Borneo and Sarawak formed a new federation.[31] One theory suggests the name w as chosen due to the addition of "si" to "Malaya", representing the inclusion of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak, in Malaya in 1963.[31] Politicians in the Philippines contemplated renaming their state "Malaysia" before the modern coun try took the name.[32] History Main article: History of Malaysia A Famosa fortress in Malacca was built by the Portuguese in the 16th century. Evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000 years.[33] In

the Malay Peninsular, the first inhabitants are thought to be Negritos.[34] Trad ers and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the 1st century AD, es tablishing trading ports and coastal towns in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Their p resence resulted in strong Indian and Chinese influence on the local cultures, a nd the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the religions of Hinduism and Buddh ism. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the 4th or 5th century.[35] The Ki ngdom of Langkasuka arose around the 2nd century in the northern area of the Mal ay Peninsula, lasting until about the 15th century.[29] Between the 7th and 13th centuries, much of the southern Malay Peninsula was part of the maritime Srivij aya empire. After the fall of Srivijaya, the Majapahit empire had influence over most of Peninsular Malaysia and the Malay Archipelago.[36] Islam began to sprea d among Malays in the 14th century.[3] In the early 15th century, Parameswara, a prince of the former Srivijayan empire, founded the Malacca Sultanate, commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula area.[37] Malacca was a n important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region. In 1511 Malacca was conquered by Portugal,[3] after which it was taken by the Du tch in 1641. In 1786 the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when t he Sultan of Kedah leased Penang to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819,[38] and in 1824 took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826 the British directly controlled Penang , Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the cr own colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang , Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay St ates, had British Residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the ru lers were bound to defer by treaty.[39] The remaining five states in the peninsu la, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule , also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Developmen t on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Un der British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers wa s encouraged.[40] The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878.[41] In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors rule d as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a C rown colony.[42] The Sultan Abdul Samad Building, which was built during the British administrati on, is one area where Malaysia Day is celebrated annually on 16 September. In the Second World War the Japanese army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Bor neo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensi ons were raised and nationalism grew.[43] Popular support for independence incre ased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied Forces.[44] Post-war British plans t o unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the Mala yan Union met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The M alayan Union, established in 1946 and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore, was quickly dissolved an d replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the ruler s of the Malay states under British protection.[45] During this time, mostly Chi nese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerril la operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commo nwealth troops in Malaya.[46] After this a plan was put in place to federate Mal aya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (which joined as Sabah), Sarawak, an d Singapore. The proposed date of federation was 31 August 1963, however, the da te was delayed until 16 September 1963 due to opposition from Indonesia's Sukarn o and the Sarawak United Peoples' Party.[47] Federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia, Sing

apore's eventual exit in 1965,[48][49] and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May race riots in 1969.[50] After the riots, the controversial New Ec onomic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to increase the share of the economy held by the bumiputera.[51] Under Prime Minister Mahat hir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanisation beginni ng in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one base d on manufacturing and industry. Numerous mega-projects were completed, such as the Petronas Towers, the North-South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya.[31] However, in the lat e 1990s the Asian financial crisis almost caused the collapse of the currency an d the stock and property markets.[52] Government and politics Main articles: Politics of Malaysia and Government of Malaysia The Malaysian Houses of Parliament is where the Malaysian Parliament assembles. Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy. The system of government is closely modelled on that of the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy o f British colonial rule.[53] The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, com monly referred to as the King. The King is elected to a five-year term by and fr om among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states; the other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal a greement the position is systematically rotated among the nine,[53] and has been held by Abdul Halim of Kedah since December 2011.[54] The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.[55] Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicamer al federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate.[56] The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term of five years from single-member constituencies. All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the remaining 44 are appointed by the King upon the Prime Minister's recomm endation.[3] The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is e lected through a first-past-the-post system. Since independence Malaysia has bee n governed by a multi-party coalition known as the Barisan Nasional.[3] Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers ,[3] who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is normally requi red to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the recommendation of the Prime M inister.[57] Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, th e most recent of which took place in March 2008.[3] Registered voters of age 21 and above may vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory.[58] E xcept for state elections in Sarawak, by convention state elections are held con currently with the federal election.[55] Najib Razak, Prime Minister since 2009. Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime m inister must be a member of the house of representatives, who in the opinion of the King, commands a majority in parliament. The cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament.[3] The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government.[55] The incumbent, Najib Razak, appointed in 2009, i s the sixth prime minister.[59] Malaysia's legal system is based on English Common Law.[3] Although the judiciar y is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question a nd the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency.[60] The high est court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of

Appeal and two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysi a. Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against Royalty .[61] Separate from the civil courts are the Syariah Courts, which apply Shariah law to cases which involve Malaysian Muslims[62] and run parallel to the secula r court system.[63] The Internal Security Act allows detention without trial, an d the death penalty is in use for crimes such as drug trafficking.[64] Race is a significant force in politics, and many political parties are ethnical ly based.[3] Affirmative actions such as the New Economic Policy[51] and the Nat ional Development Policy which superseded it, were implemented to advance the st anding of the bumiputera, consisting of Malays and the indigenous tribes who are considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non-bumiputera such as Ma laysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians.[65] These policies provide preferential t reatment to bumiputera in employment, education, scholarships, business, and acc ess to cheaper housing and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater i nterethnic resentment.[66] There is ongoing debate over whether the laws and soc iety of Malaysia should reflect secular or Islamic principles.[67] Islamic laws passed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party in state legislative assemblies have b een blocked by the federal government.[68] Foreign relations and military Main articles: Foreign relations of Malaysia and Malaysian Armed Forces A founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)[69] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC),[70] the country participates in m any international organisations such as the United Nations,[71] the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,[72] the Developing 8 Countries,[73] and the Non-Aligned M ovement (NAM).[74] It has chaired ASEAN, the OIC, and the NAM in the past.[3] A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] K uala Lumpur was the site of the first East Asia Summit in 2005.[76] The High Commission of Malaysia in Yarralumla, Canberra, Australia. Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their politica l system.[77] The government attaches a high priority to the security and stabil ity of Southeast Asia,[76] and seeks to further develop relations with other cou ntries in the region. Historically the government has tried to portray Malaysia as a progressive Islamic nation[77] while strengthening relations with other Isl amic states.[76] A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs.[55] The policy towards territorial disputes by the government is one of pragmatism, with the government solving disputes in a number of ways, such as bringing the c ase to the International Court of Justice.[78] The Spratly Islands are disputed by many states in the area, although tensions have eased since the 2002 Declarat ion on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. Brunei and Malaysia in 200 8 announced an end to claims of each other's land, and to resolve issues related to their maritime borders. The Philippines has a dormant claim to Sabah. Singap ore's land reclamation has caused tensions, and maritime border disputes exist w ith Indonesia.[79] Malaysia has never recognised Israel and has no diplomatic ties with it.[80] It has remained a strong supporter of the State of Palestine,[81] and has called fo r Israel to be taken to the International Criminal Court over the Gaza flotilla raid.[82] Malaysian peacekeeping forces are present in Lebanon[83] and have cont ributed to many other UN peacekeeping missions.[3][84] The Malaysian Armed Forces have three branches, the Royal Malaysian Navy, the Ma laysian Army, and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. There is no conscription, and t he required age for voluntary military service is 18. The military uses 1.9 per cent of the country's GDP, and employs 1.23 per cent of Malaysia's manpower.[85] Currently, Malaysia is undergoing major program to expand and modernize all thr ee branches of its armed forces. The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative which has

been in place for almost 40 years. It involves joint military exercises held amo ng Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.[86] Join t exercises and war games have been held with Indonesia for years.[87] Malaysia and the Philippines have agreed to host joint security force exercises in order to secure their maritime border and tackle issues such as illegal immigration.[8 8] There are fears that unrest in the Muslim areas of the Mindanao, Philippines[ 89] and southern Thailand[90] could spill over into Malaysia. Subdivisions Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia , and Districts of Malaysia Perlis Kedah Penang Kelantan Terengganu Perak Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Pahang Sarawak Sabah Labuan Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya West Malaysia East MalaysiaSouth China Sea Strait of Malacca Gulf of Thailand Sulu Sea Celebes Sea Brunei Indonesia Indonesia Singapore Thailand Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories. These are d ivided between two regions, with 11 states and two federal territories on Penins ular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysi a. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In S abah and Sarawak districts are grouped into divisions.[91] Governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state government s, with different powers reserved for each, and the Federal government has direc t administration of the federal territories.[92] Lower-level administration is c arried out by local authorities, which include city councils, district councils, and municipal councils, although autonomous statutory bodies can be created by the federal and state governments to deal with certain tasks.[93] The federal co nstitution puts local authorities outside of the federal territories under the e xclusive jurisdictions of the state government,[94] although in practice the fed eral government has intervened in the affairs of state local governments.[95] Th ere are 144 local authorities, consisting of 11 city councils, 33 municipal coun cils, and 97 district councils.[96] The 13 states are based on historical Malay kingdoms, and 9 of the 11 Peninsular states, known as the Malay states, retain their royal families. The King is ele cted by and from the nine rulers to serve a five-year term.[3] This King appoint

s governors serving a four year term for the states without monarchies, after co nsultations with the chief minister of that state. Each state has a unicameral l egislature known as the State Legislative Assembly, and its own written constitu tion.constitution.[97] Sabah and Sarawak have considerably more autonomy than th e other states, most notably having separate immigration policies and controls, and a unique residency status.[98] Geography Main article: Geography of Malaysia Malaysia is within the equatorial region, where a tropical rainforest climate is apparent all year round. Malaysia is the 67th largest country by total land area, with a land area of 329 ,847 km2 (127,355 sq mi). It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia, an d Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia.[2] It is linked to Singapore by a narro w causeway and a bridge. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam[9 9] and the Philippines.[100] The land borders are defined in large part by geolo gical features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal , whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention.[ 2] Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia,[101] with the state of Sa rawak dividing it into two parts. Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago.[102] Tanjung Piai, located i n the southern state of Johor, is the southernmost tip of continental Asia.[103] The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 per cent of th e world's trade.[104] The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, sha re a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains.[2] Peninsular Malaysia, containin g 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area,[102] extends 740 km (460 mi) from north t o south, and its maximum width is 322 km (200 mi).[105] It is divided between it s east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains,[106] part of a series of mou ntain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula.[102] These mountains are heavily forested,[107] and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. M uch of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape.[102] The range is the ori gin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems.[107] The coastal plains surr ounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the pe ninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 km (1,200 mi) long, although harbours are on ly available on the western side.[105] East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 km (1,620 mi).[ 2] It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous i nterior.[102] The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak,[102] dividing t he state of Sabah. It is the location of the 4,095.2 m (13,436 ft) high Mount Ki nabalu,[108] the tallest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is protected as th e Kinabalu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[109] The highest mountai n ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mu lu Caves, the largest cave system in the world.[102] Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands, the largest of which i s Banggi.[110] The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual s outhwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons.[105] T he temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans.[102] Humi dity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is 250 cm (98 in).[105] Th e climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland , lowland, and coastal. Climate change is likely to affect sea levels and rainfa ll, increasing flood risks and leading to droughts.[102] Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Malaysia Proboscis monkey in Borneo, has been declared by Tourism Malaysia as the officia l mascot for "Visit Malaysia 2014".[111] Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994.[112] It has subsequently produ ced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998.[113] The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.[114] It is estimated to contain 20 per c ent of the world's animal species.[115] High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.[102] Animals Hawksbill sea turtle in waters around Sipadan. There are about 210 mammal species in the country.[116] Over 620 species of bird s have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia,[115] with many endemic to the mount ains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Bo rneo.[102] 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes[117] and 80 species of lizards.[116] There are about 150 spec ies of frogs,[116] and thousands of insect species.[116] Malaysia's exclusive ec onomic zone is 1.5 times larger than its land area,[118] and some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot.[119] The waters around Sipada n island are the most biodiverse in the world.[115] Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species.[120] Fungi Nearly 4000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorde d from Malaysia. Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia, the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some hab itats (decaying wood, marine and freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some pla nts, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorl y surveyed in other habitats (as endobionts, in soils, on dung, as human and ani mal pathogens); the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed: bracket fungi, and m ushrooms and toadstools have been studied, but Malaysian rust and smut fungi rem ain very poorly known. Without doubt, many more fungal species in Malaysia have not yet been recorded, and it is likely that many of those, when found, will be new to science.[121] Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, making the m the largest flowers in the world. Plants About two thirds of Malaysia is covered in forest,[105] with some forests believ ed to be 130 million years old.[116] The forests are dominated by dipterocarps.[ 122] Lowland forest covers areas below 760 m (2,490 ft),[105] and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest,[122] which is supported by its hot wet climate.[102] There are around 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees.[116 ] Besides rainforests, there are over 1,425 km2 (550 sq mi) of mangroves in Mala ysia,[105] and a large amount of peat forest. At higher altitudes, oaks, chestnu ts, and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps.[102] There are an estimated 8,500 sp ecies of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East .[123] The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2, 000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 24 0 different species of trees every hectare.[102] These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus, the largest flowers in the world,[122] with a maximum d iameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).[116] Conservation issues

Main article: Environmental issues in Malaysia Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing sev ere environmental degradation in the country. Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rain forest has been cleared.[102] Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared .[116] With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be exti nct by 2020.[102] Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants , as the forest is cut to make room for plantations.[124] Most remaining forest is found inside national parks.[116] Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.[120] Illegal fishing is another major threat,[120] with fishing me thods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.[125] L eatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.[117] Hunting has also been an issue for some animals,[116] with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life[120] to ti gers.[124] Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.[1 26] The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental prot ection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.[116 ] Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation;[122] and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year. 28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular.[116] Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.[126] Animal trafficking is a large iss ue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.[127] Biodiversity of Malaysia Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, the national flower of Malaysia Mount Kinabalu, Kinabalu Park Malayan tiger, Malaysia's national animal Forest reserve in Taman Negara National Park Economy Main article: Economy of Malaysia A Proton car. Malaysia is the only country in Southeast Asia which manufactures indigenously designed automobiles. Malaysia is a relatively open state-oriented and newly industrialised market eco nomy.[128][129] The state plays a significant but declining role in guiding econ omic activity through macroeconomic plans. Malaysia has had one of the best econ omic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 195 7 to 2005.[3] In 2011, the GDP (PPP) was about $450 billion, the third largest economy in ASEAN and the 29th largest in the world.[130] In 1991, former Prime M inister of Malaysia, Mahathir bin Mohamad outlined his ideal in Vision 2020, in which Malaysia would become a self-sufficient industrialized nation by 2020.[131 ] Najib Razak said Malaysia could attain developed country status in 2018 much e arlier from the actual target in 2020, he added the country has two program conc ept such as Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme.[132] Viktor Shvets, the managing director of Credit Suisse, has said "Malaysia has all the right ingredients to become a developed nation."[133] The Petronas Towers house the headquarters of the national oil company Petronas and are the tallest twin-towers in the world. In the 1970s, the predominantly mining and agricultural-based economy began a tr

ansition towards a more multi-sector economy. Since the 1980s, the industrial se ctor, with a high level of investment, has led the country's growth.[3][134] The economy recovered from the 1997 Asian financial crisis earlier than neighbourin g countries did, and has since recovered to the levels of the pre-crisis era wit h a GDP per capita of $14,800.[135][136] Economic inequalities exist between dif ferent ethnic groups. The Chinese make up about one-third of the population, but accounts for 70 per cent of the country's market capitalisation.[137] Chinese b usinesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overse as Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cu ltural ties.[138] International trade, facilitated by the shipping route in adjacent Strait of Mal acca, and manufacturing are the key sectors.[139][140][141] Malaysia is an expor ter of natural and agricultural resources, and petroleum is a major export.[3] M alaysia has once been the largest producer of tin,[142] rubber and palm oil in t he world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy,[143] alt hough Malaysia's economic structure has been moving away from it.[144] Malaysia remains one of the world's largest producers of palm oil.[145] In an effort to diversify the economy and make it less dependent on export goods , the government has pushed to increase tourism to Malaysia. As a result, touris m has become Malaysia's third largest source of foreign exchange, although it is threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy, with larg e amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation affecting tourism. [146] Between 2013 and 2014, Malaysia has been listed as one of the best place t o retire in the world with the country stand at the third position on the Global Retirement Index. This as one of the result of the Malaysia My Second Home prog ramme to allow foreigners to live in the country on a long-stay visa for up to 1 0 years.[147] The country has developed into a centre of Islamic banking, and is the country w ith the highest numbers of female workers in that industry.[148] Knowledge-based services are also expanding.[144] To create a self-reliant defensive ability an d support national development, Malaysia privatised some of its military facilit ies in the 1970s. The privatization has created defence industry, which in 1999 was brought under the Malaysia Defence Industry Council. The government continue s to promote this sector and its competitiveness, actively marketing the defence industry.[149] Science policies in Malaysia are regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technolog y, and Innovation. The country is one of the world's largest exporters of semico nductor devices, electrical devices, and IT and communication products.[3] Malay sia began developing its own space programme in 2002,[150][151] and in 2006, Rus sia agreed to transport one Malaysian to the International Space Station as part of a multi-billion dollar purchase of 18 Russian Sukhoi Su-30MKM fighter jets b y the Royal Malaysian Air Force.[152] The government has invested in building sa tellites in through the RazakSAT programme.[153] Infrastructure See also: Transport in Malaysia and Energy policy of Malaysia The North-South Expressway The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia.[154] Its te lecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4 .7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers. [155][156] The country has seven international ports, the major one being the Po rt Klang. There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Te chnology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park.[157] Fresh water is available to over 95 per cent of the population. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming securit y concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[158] The t elecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to t he rural population.[155]

Malaysia's road network covers 98,721 kilometres (61,342 mi) and includes 1,821 kilometres (1,132 mi) of expressways.[2] The longest highway of the country, the North-South Expressway, extends over 800 kilometres (497 mi) between the Thai b order and Singapore. The road systems in East Malaysia are less developed and of lower quality in comparison to that of Peninsular Malaysia.[159] Malaysia has 1 18 airports, of which 38 are paved. The country's official airline is Malaysia A irlines, providing international and domestic air service alongside two other ca rriers. The railway system is state-run, and covers a total of 1,849 kilometres (1,149 mi).[2] Relatively inexpensive elevated Light Rail Transit systems are us ed in some cities, such as Kuala Lumpur.[160] The Asean Rail Express is a railwa y service that connects Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok, and is intended to eventually s tretch from Singapore to China.[154] Traditionally, energy production in Malaysia has been based on oil and natural g as.[161] The country has 13 GW of electrical generation capacity.[162] However, the country only has 33 years of natural gas reserves, and 19 years of oil reser ves, while the demand for energy is increasing. In response, the government is e xpanding into renewable energy sources.[161] Sixteen per cent of electricity gen eration is hydroelectric, the remaining 84 per cent being thermal.[162] The oil and gas industry is dominated by state owned Petronas,[163] and the energy secto r as a whole is regulated by the Energy Commission of Malaysia, a statutory comm ission that governs the energy in the peninsula and Sabah, under the terms of th e Electricity Commission Act of 2001.[164] Demographics Main article: Demographics of Malaysia The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 201 0 census. As of the 2010 census, the population of Malaysia was 28,334,135,[7] making it t he 42nd most populated country. The population of Malaysia consists of many ethn ic groups. In 2010, Malaysian citizens, of which bumiputera were 67.4%, made up 91.8% of the population.[165] According to constitutional definition, Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs and culture. They play a dominant role polit ically.[166] Bumiputera status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples, including ethnic Thais, Khmers, Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sara wak. Non-Malay bumiputera make up more than half of Sarawak's population and ove r two thirds of Sabah's population.[2] There also exist aboriginal groups in muc h smaller numbers on the peninsula, where they are collectively known as the Ora ng Asli.[167] Laws over who gets bumiputera status vary between states.[168] Other minorities who lack bumiputera status make up a large amount of the popula tion. 24.6 per cent of the population are of Chinese descent, while those of Ind ian descent comprise 7.3 per cent of the population.[165] The Chinese have histo rically been dominant in the business and commerce community, and form a plurali ty of the population of Penang. Indians began migrating to Malaysia in the early 19th century.[169] The majority of the Indian community are Tamils.[170] Malaysian citizenship is not automatically granted to those born in Malaysia, bu t is granted to a child born of two Malaysian parents outside Malaysia. Dual cit izenship is not permitted.[171] Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak i n Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immi gration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card k nown as MyKad at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times.[172] Population density (person per Km2) The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed b y six years of compulsory primary education, and five years of optional secondar y education.[173] Schools in the primary education system are divided into two c ategories: national primary schools, which teach in Malay, and vernacular school s, which teach in Chinese or Tamil.[174] Secondary education is conducted for fi

ve years. In the final year of secondary education, students sit for the Malaysi an Certificate of Education examination.[175] Since the introduction of the matr iculation programme in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in ma triculation colleges can enroll in local universities. However, in the matricula tion system, only 10 per cent of places are open to non-bumiputera students.[176 ] The infant mortality rate in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births, and life expecta ncy at birth in 2009 was 75 years.[177] With the aim of developing Malaysia into a medical tourism destination, 5 per cent of the government social sector devel opment budget is spent on health care.[178] The population in concentrated on Pe ninsular Malaysia[179] where 20 million of approximately 28 million Malaysians l ive.[3] 70 per cent of the population is urban.[2] Kuala Lumpur is the capital[2 ] and the largest city in Malaysia,[180] as well as its main commercial and fina ncial centre.[181] Putrajaya, a purpose-built city constructed from 1999, is the seat of government,[182] as many executive and judicial branches of the federal government were moved there to ease growing congestion within Kuala Lumpur.[183 ] Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,[184] the country is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers; about 10 per cent of the population.[185] Sabah-based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million that make up the population of Sabah, 2 million are illegal immigrants.[186] Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 171,500. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 fr om Indonesia. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia with a history of controversies, to enforce its immigration law.[187] Largest cities of Malaysia[188] Kuala Lumpur Johor Bahru Rank City Ipoh Shah Alam 1 Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory 1,475,337 2 Johor Bahru Johor 916,409 3 Ipoh Perak 704,572 4 Shah Alam Selangor 671,282 5 Petaling Jaya Selangor 638,516 6 Kuching Sarawak 617,887 7 Kota Kinabalu Sabah 462,963 8 Kuala Terengganu Terengganu 343,284 9 Malacca City Malacca 331,790 10 Alor Setar Kedah 295,624 11 Miri Sarawak 280,518 12 George Town Penang 227,972 Religion Main article: Religion in Malaysia The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by religion based on 2010 ce nsus. The Malaysian constitution guarantees freedom of religion while making Islam the state religion.[189] According to the Population and Housing Census 2010 figure s, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 61.3% of the population practice Islam, 19.8% practice Buddhism, 9.2% Christianity, 6.3% Hind State Population view talk edit

uism and 1.3% practice Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religi ons. 0.7% declared no religion and the remaining 1.4% practised other religions or did not provide any information.[7] Sunnis form the majority with non-denomin ational Muslims being the second largest group of Muslims at 18%.[190] All ethnic Malays are considered Muslim by law of the Constitution.[189] Statist ics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and C hristianity (11.1%), along with small Hui-Muslim populations in areas like Penan g. The majority of the Indian population follow Hinduism (86.2%), with a signifi cant minority identifying as Christians (6.0%) or Muslims (4.1%). Christianity i s the predominant religion of the non-Malay bumiputera community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims.[7] Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concern ing their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi'i legal school of Islam, which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia.[191] The jurisdiction o f Shariah courts is limited to Muslims in matters such as marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion, and custody among others. No other cri minal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts. Despite being the supreme courts o f the land, the Civil Courts do not hear matters related to Islamic practices.[1 92] Language Main article: Languages of Malaysia The distribution of language families of Malaysia shown by colours: (click image to enlarge) Malayic Bornean Aslian Land Dayak Sama Bajaw Philippine Creole Areas with multiple languages The official language of Malaysia is Malaysian,[2] a standardised form of the Ma lay language.[193] The terminology as per government policy is Bahasa Malaysia ( literally "Malaysian language")[194] but legislation continues to refer to the o fficial language as Bahasa Melayu (literally "Malay language").[195] Historicall y English was the de facto administrative language, with Malay becoming predomin ant after the 1969 race riots.[196] Under the National Language Act 1967, "The s cript of the national language shall be the Rumi [Latin] script: provided that t his shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the J awi script, of the national language."[197] English remains an active second language, with its use allowed for some officia l purposes under the National Language act 1967,[197] and serves as the medium o f instruction for maths and sciences in all public schools.[198][199] Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English, is a form of English derived from British English. Malaysian English is widely used in business, along with M anglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese, and Ta mil influences. The government discourages the use of non-standard Malay but has no power to issue compounds or fines to those who use improper Malay on their a dvertisements.[200][201] Many other languages are used in Malaysia, which contains speakers of 137 living languages.[202] Peninsular Malaysia contains speakers of 41 of these languages. [203] The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are rela ted to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah.[204] Chi nese Malaysians predominately speak Chinese dialects from the southern provinces of China. The more common dialects in the country are Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokk

ien, Hakka, Hainanese, and Fuzhou. Tamil is used predominantly by Tamils, who fo rm a majority of Malaysian Indians. Other south Asian languages are also widely spoken in Malaysia, as well as Thai[2] A small number of Malaysians have Caucasi an ancestry and speak creole languages, such as the Portuguese based Malaccan Cr eoles,[205] and the Spanish based Chavacano language.[206] Culture Main article: Culture of Malaysia A cook making murtabak, a type of pancake mixed with eggs, small pieces of meat and onions, in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. The origin al culture of the area stemmed from indigenous tribes that inhabited it, along w ith the Malays who later moved there. Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. Other cultural infl uences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures. Due to the structure o f the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minima l cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities.[207] In 1971, the government created a "National Cultural Policy", defining Malaysian culture. It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the i ndigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from ot her cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it.[208] It also promoted the M alay language above others.[209] This government intervention into culture has c aused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened. Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the governmen t, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.[208] Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notabl y Indonesia. The two countries have a similar cultural heritage, sharing many tr aditions and items. However, disputes have arisen over things ranging from culin ary dishes to Malaysia's national anthem. Strong feelings exist in Indonesia abo ut protecting their national heritage.[210] The Malaysian government and the Ind onesian government have met to defuse some of the tensions resulting from the ov erlaps in culture.[211] Feelings are not as strong in Malaysia, where most recog nise that many cultural values are shared.[210] Fine arts See also: Music of Malaysia and Malaysian literature Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred around the areas of carving, weavin g, and silversmithing.[212] Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from r ural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornam ental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics. Indigenous Eas t Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.[102] Each ethnic group have disti nct performing arts, with little overlap between them. However, Malay art does s how some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.[213] A batik craftsman making batik, Malaysian batik are usually patterned with flora l motifs with light colouring. Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kel antan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia. The music is based around percussion instruments,[213] the most important of whi ch is the gendang (drum). There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.[214] Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natu ral materials.[214] Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating li fe-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.[213] It was once used as a for m of long-distance communication.[214] In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ense mbles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funera ls and weddings.[215] These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions su ch as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.[215] Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival o

f writing, and continues today. Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own l iterary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories th at came with Islam.[216] The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script. Th e earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.[102] Ch inese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased i n Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.[216] English has also become a common liter ary language.[102] In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literat ure of different languages. Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other bumiputera languages was called "r egional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional l iterature".[209] Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms. The Hika yat form is popular, and the pantun has spread from Malay to other languages.[21 6] Cuisine Main article: Malaysian cuisine Teh tarik. Nasi lemak. The national drink and national dish of the country.[217][218] Malaysia's cuisine reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population.[219] Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly infl uenced the cuisine. Much of the influence comes from the Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures,[102] largely due to the country being pa rt of the ancient spice route.[220] The cuisine is very similar to that of Singa pore and Brunei,[116] and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine.[102] The d ifferent states have varied dishes,[116] and often the food in Malaysia is diffe rent from the original dishes.[170] Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another; fo r example, Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes.[221] Food f rom one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture ,[116] This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a c ertain culture, they have their own identity.[220] Rice is popular in many dishe s. Chili is commonly found in local cuisine, although this does not necessarily make them spicy.[219] Media Main article: Media of Malaysia Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition,[222][223] although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. A divide exists between the media in the two halves of the country. Peninsular-based media gives low priority to news from the East, and often treats the eastern states as colo nies of the Peninsula.[224] The media have been blamed for increasing tension be tween Indonesia and Malaysia, and giving Malaysians a bad image of Indonesians.[ 225] The country has Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil dailies.[224] There is very little freedom of the press, leading to very little government acc ountability.[226] The government has previously tried to crack down on oppositio n papers before elections.[223] In 2007, a government agency issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speech es made by opposition leaders,[227] a move condemned by politicians from the opp osition Democratic Action Party.[228] Sabah, where all tabloids but one are inde pendent of government control, has the freest press in Malaysia.[224] Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression.[229] Holidays and festivals Main article: Public holidays in Malaysia Southeast Asia's largest temple Kek Lok Si in Penang illuminated in preparation for

the Lunar New Year Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. Som e are federally gazetted public holidays and some are observed by individual sta tes. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, and t he main holiday of each major group has been declared a public holiday. The most observed national holiday is Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) on 31 August, comm emorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957.[102] Malaysia Da y on 16 September commemorates federation in 1963.[230] Other notable national h olidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June).[102 ] Muslim holidays are prominent as Islam is the state religion; Hari Raya Puasa (a lso called Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Malay for Eid al-Fitr), Hari Raya Haji (also ca lled Hari Raya Aidiladha, the translation of Eid ul-Adha), Maulidur Rasul (birth day of the Prophet), and others being observed.[102] Malaysian Chinese celebrate festivals such as Chinese New Year and others relating to traditional Chinese b eliefs. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate Deepavali, the festival of lights,[189] whi le Thaipusam is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country c onverge at the Batu Caves.[231] Malaysia's Christian community celebrates most o f the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and East er. East Malaysians also celebrate a harvest festival known as Gawai.[232] Despi te most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. In a custom known as "open house" Malaysians partici pate in the celebrations of others, often visiting the houses of those who ident ify with the festival.[157] Sports Main article: Sport in Malaysia The Sepang International Circuit during the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix which attr acted many fans to the country. Popular sports in Malaysia include football, badminton, field hockey, bowls, ten nis, squash, martial arts, horse riding, sailing, and skate boarding.[157] Footb all is the most popular sport in Malaysia and the country is currently studying the possibility of bidding as a joint host for 2034 FIFA World Cup.[233] Badmint on matches attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of three countries to hold the Thomas Cup.[234] The Malaysian Lawn Bowls Federa tion was registered in 1997.[235] Squash was brought to the country by members o f the British army, with the first competition being held in 1939.[236] The Squa sh Racquets Association Of Malaysia was created on 25 June 1972.[237] Malaysia h as proposed a Southeast Asian football league.[238] The men's national field hoc key team ranked 13th in the world as of November 2013.[239] The 3rd Hockey World Cup was hosted at Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the 10th cup.[240 ] The country also has its own Formula One track the Sepang International Circuit. It runs for 310.408 kilometres (192.88 mi), and held its first Grand Prix in 19 99.[241] The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was formed in 1953, and received recogn ition by the IOC in 1954. It first participated in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Ga mes. The council was renamed the Olympic Council of Malaysia in 1964, and has pa rticipated in all but one Olympic games since its inception. The largest number of athletes ever sent to the Olympics was 57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games.[2 42] Malaysian athletes have won a total of six Olympic medals, five in Badminton , one in Platform diving.[243] The country has competed at the Commonwealth Game s since 1950 as Malaya, and 1966 as Malaysia, and the games were hosted in Kuala Lumpur in 1998.[244][245] The most common indigenous martial arts are silat and kickboxing or tomoi. See also Malaysia portal Asia portal

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ysia: The Classical, Folk, and Syncretic Traditions. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 177 187. ISBN 978-0-7546-0831-8. Retrieved 1 November 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c Mohd Taib Osman. "Languages and Literature". The Encyclopedi a of Malaysia. Retrieved 3 November 2010. Jump up ^ "Lipton urges Malaysians to take pride in teh tarik, our national beve rage". New Sabah Times. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 Novemb er 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. Jump up ^ Dwayne A. Rules (7 April 2011). "Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'". The Star. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b Eckhardt, Robyn (1 June 2008). Kuala Lumpur Melaka & Penang. L onely Planet. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-74104-485-0. ^ Jump up to: a b Jarvis, Alice-Azania (13 October 2010). "Far Eastern cuisine: Fancy a Malaysian? Features, Food & Drink". The Independent. Retrieved 3 Novembe r 2010. Jump up ^ Wu, David Y. H.; Tan, Chee Beng (2001). Changing Chinese foodways in A sia. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 128. ISBN 962-201-914-5. Jump up ^ Ahmad, Razak (5 February 2010). "Malaysian media shapes battleground i n Anwar trial". Reuters. Retrieved 3 November 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "Malaysian opposition media banned". BBC News. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c "The East-West divide of Malaysian media". Malaysian Mirror. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 Novem ber 2010. Jump up ^ "Comment: Anwar blames Malaysian media". The Jakarta Post. 28 Septembe r 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010. Jump up ^ Shazwan Mustafa Kamal (3 May 2011). "DAP: Freedom of press ensures gov ernment accountability". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 24 May 2011. Jump up ^ "Opposition muzzled here's black and white proof". Malaysiakini. 29 Ju ne 2007. Jump up ^ Vikneswary, G (28 June 2007). "TV station denies censoring opposition news". Malaysiakini. Jump up ^ McAdams, Mindy. "How Press Censorship Works". Mindy McAdams. Retrieved 25 May 2011. Jump up ^ Yeng Ai Chun (19 October 2009). "Malaysia Day now a public holiday, sa ys PM". Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2011. Jump up ^ "Batu Caves, Selangor". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Jump up ^ Hutton, Wendy (1997). East Malaysia and Brunei. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 962-593-180-5. Jump up ^ "'Asean to bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup'". The Brunei Times. 16 May 201 3. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Jump up ^ "History of Badminton". SportsKnowHow.com. Retrieved 11 June 2011. Jump up ^ "Malaysia Lawn Bowls Federation". 88DB.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010. Jump up ^ John Nauright; Charles Parrish (2012). Sports Around the World: Histor y, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 250 . ISBN 978-1-59884-300-2. Jump up ^ "History of SRAM". Squash Racquets Association of Malaysia. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Jump up ^ "Malaysia, Indonesia propose Southeast Asia football league". The Mala ysian Insider. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010. Jump up ^ "FIH Men's World Rankings - 25 November 2013". International Hockey Fe deration. 25 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013. Jump up ^ "History of Hockey World Cup". Times of India. 27 February 2010. Retri eved 1 November 2010. Jump up ^ Novikov, Andrew. "Formula One Grand Prix Circuits". All Formula One In fo. Retrieved 27 September 2010. Jump up ^ "Olympic Games History". The Olympic Council of Malaysia. Retrieved 27 September 2010. Jump up ^ "Previous Olympic Games Medal Tally". Olympic Council of Malaysia. Ret rieved 17 October 2013. Jump up ^ Rueben Dudley (13 September 2010). "Doing Malaysia proud". The Sun Dai

ly. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games Federation, History and Tradition of Commonwealth Games, Edinburgh, Bendigo, Pune". Commonwealth Youth Games 2008. 14 August 2000. Retrieved 27 September 2010. External links Find more about Malaysia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions and translations from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Government myGovernment portal Malaysian Government portal Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia Department of Statistics Malaysia Chief of State and cabinet members General information Malaysia at Encyclopdia Britannica Malaysia entry at The World Factbook Malaysia from UCB Libraries GovPubs Malaysia on the Open Directory Project Malaysia profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Malaysia Key Development Forecasts for Malaysia from International Futures Travel The official e-tourism portal for Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia Malaysia travel guide from Wikivoyage Malaysia Tourism Education Malaysia University Portal Ministry of Education Malaysia [show] Articles relating to Malaysia Categories: MalaysiaChinese-speaking countries and territoriesCommonwealth monar chiesConstitutional monarchiesDeveloping 8 Countries member statesEnglish-speaki ng countries and territoriesFederal countriesFormer British coloniesG15 nationsM alay-speaking countries and territoriesMember states of the Association of South east Asian NationsMember states of the Commonwealth of NationsMember states of t he Organisation of Islamic CooperationMember states of the United NationsSouthea st Asian countriesStates and territories established in 1963World War II sites Navigation menu Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView history Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikimedia Shop Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools

Print/export Languages Ach ???????? Afrikaans Alemannisch ???? ??????? Aragons Arpetan Asturianu Az?rbaycanca ????? Bahasa Banjar Bn-lm-g Basa Banyumasan ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? Bikol Central ????????? Boarisch ??????? Bosanski Brezhoneg ?????? Catal ??????? Cebuano Ce tina Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ?????????? Din bizaad Dolnoserbski ????? Eesti ???????? Espaol Esperanto Estremeu Euskara ????? Fiji Hindi Froyskt Franais Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gidhlig Galego ?? Gikuyu ??????? ???/Hak-k-ng ??????

??? Hausa Hawai`i ??????? ?????? Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano ????????????? ??????? Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ???? slenska Italiano ????? Basa Jawa ????? Kapampangan ??????? Kaszbsczi ??????? Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili ???? Kreyl ayisyen Kurd ???????? ??? Latina Latvie u Ltzebuergesch Lietuviu Ligure Limburgs Lojban Lumbaart Magyar ?????????? ?????? Malti Maori ????? ???? Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mng-de?ng-ng? ?????? ?????????? Nahuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk bokml

Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ???? ????? ????? O?zbekcha ?????? Pangasinan ?????? Papiamentu ????????? Piemontis Tok Pisin Plattdtsch Polski Portugus Qirimtatarca Romna Runa Simi ??????? ???? ???? Smegiella ????????? Sng Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SiSwati Slovencina Sloven cina Slunski Soomaaliga ????? ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ????? ???????/tatara ?????? Tetun ??? ?????? Trke Trkmene Twi ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Ti?ng Vi?t Volapk Vro ?? Winaray

Wolof ?? ?????? Yorb ?? Zazaki Zeuws emaite ka ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 1 March 2014 at 15:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add itional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P rivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prof it organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersMobile view