Anlise de Pontos de Funo Curso de Treinamento

Autor: David Longstreet David@SoftwareMetrics.Com Traduo: Herbert Lo es Herbertf@Ana!"sts.com.br

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,ndice de Conte-do
Introduo ......................................................................................................................................8
Objetivo da Seo:.................................................................................................................................8 Introduo:.............................................................................................................................................8 Processo lementar:..............................................................................................................................! "e#inio.................................................................................................................................................! $ene#%cios e A&lica'es:.........................................................................................................................! (uando )o *sar Pontos de Funo..................................................................................................+, Ti&os de Conta-em &ara Pontos de Funo:......................................................................................++ a res&eito das .in/as de C0di-o 1."C23........................................................................................+4 ntendendo Produtividade:.................................................................................................................+4 Com&reenso de Custos "i#erentes:....................................................................................................+5 ntendendo Produtividade em So#t6are:...........................................................................................+7 Per-untas:.............................................................................................................................................+8

Processo de Contagem de Pontos de Funo .............................................................................16

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................+9 Introduo:...........................................................................................................................................+9 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................+9 Ti&os de Conta-em de Pontos de Funo:..........................................................................................+: Passos de Alto )%vel:............................................................................................................................+: Inde&end;ncia e "e&end;ncia:............................................................................................................+: FPA Ste&s &ara Ar<uivos:...................................................................................................................+! (uestions:.............................................................................................................................................+!

Estabelecendo a Fronteira...........................................................................................................20
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................4, "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................4, Identi#= t/e $oundar=:.........................................................................................................................4, "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................4, stablis/in- t/e $oundar= mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:...................................................................4+ Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................4+ Tabulatin-:...........................................................................................................................................4+ (uestions:.............................................................................................................................................4+

Identifying E!"s# $E!"s e !% "s..............................................................................................22

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................44 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................44 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................44 Transaction " T@s:.............................................................................................................................45 Aecord lement T=&es 1A T@s2:.........................................................................................................45 "icas &ara Identi#icar A T@s e " T@s mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:................................................45 " T@s &ara B*I..................................................................................................................................45 " T@s &ara Aeal Time S=stems..........................................................................................................48 Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................48

E&ternal Entradas.........................................................................................................................26
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................49 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................49 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................49 "icas de Conta-em:.............................................................................................................................4: Dem&los:.............................................................................................................................................4: lementos de "ados:............................................................................................................................4: Ti&os de Ar<uivos Ae#erenciados1TAA@s2:.........................................................................................48 *nicidade:.............................................................................................................................................48 ntendendo Avanos nos Pontos de Funo:......................................................................................48 Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................48 "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................4! "icas &ara Identi#icar Dternal ntradas mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:...........................................4! ?ocabulrio T%&ico:.............................................................................................................................5, Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................5,

E&ternal 'ut(uts...........................................................................................................................)2
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................54 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................54 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................54 "icas de Conta-em:.............................................................................................................................55 Terminolo-ia:.......................................................................................................................................55 Dem&los:.............................................................................................................................................55 lementos de "ados:............................................................................................................................55 Ti&os de Ar<uivos Ae#erenciados1TAA2:...........................................................................................57 *nicidade:.............................................................................................................................................57 ntendendo Avanos nos Pontos de Funo:......................................................................................57

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Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................58 "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................58 "icas &ara Identi#icar Dternal Out&uts mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:.............................................58 ?ocabulrio T%&ico:.............................................................................................................................58 Assuntos s&eciais e Ae#er;ncias:.......................................................................................................59 Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................5:

E&ternal In*uiries.........................................................................................................................+2
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................74 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................74 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................74 Dem&los:.............................................................................................................................................75 Terminolo-ia:.......................................................................................................................................75 lementos de "ados:............................................................................................................................75 Ti&o de Ar<uivo Ae#erenciado 1TAA@s2:............................................................................................77 *nicidade:.............................................................................................................................................77 ntendendo Avanos nos Pontos de Funo:......................................................................................77 Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................77 "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................77 "icas &ara Identi#icar (@s mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:.................................................................78 ?ocabulrio T%&ico:.............................................................................................................................78 Assuntos s&eciais e Ae#er;ncias:.......................................................................................................78 Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................7:

!ransaction e,ie-.......................................................................................................................0
Objetivo da Seo: .............................................................................................................................8, Culti&le .an-ua-es..............................................................................................................................8, "is&la= o# Bra&/ical Ima-es or Icons.................................................................................................8+ Censa-ens............................................................................................................................................84 Com&leD Control ntradas..................................................................................................................85 E=&erlinFs on GebPa-es.....................................................................................................................85

%r*ui,os de /0gica Interna ...........................................................................................................

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................88 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................88 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................88 "icas de Conta-em:.............................................................................................................................88 Dem&los:.............................................................................................................................................89

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Aecord lement T=&es:.......................................................................................................................89 "ata lement T=&es:............................................................................................................................89 Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................8: "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................8: "icas &ara Identi#icar A.I@s mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:................................................................8: Outros Comentrios:...........................................................................................................................8: Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................88

%r*ui,os de Interface E&terna.....................................................................................................61

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................9+ "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................9+ Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................9+ "icas de Conta-em:.............................................................................................................................9+ Dem&los:.............................................................................................................................................94 Assuntos Tecnol0-icos.........................................................................................................................94 "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................94 "icas &ara Identi#icar AI @s mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:................................................................94

Caracter1sticas 2erais do 3istema................................................................................................6+

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................97 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................97 Avaliao:.............................................................................................................................................97 "ocumentao Padro:........................................................................................................................97 Avaliao CBS@s mais cedo> no Ciclo de ?ida:..................................................................................98 Tabulatin-:...........................................................................................................................................99 CBS@s at a Blance:...............................................................................................................................99 Considera'es &ara B*I A&&lications................................................................................................9: "etal/e CBS@s:.....................................................................................................................................98 Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................8, Caracter%sticas Berais do SistemaH Anota'es...................................................................................8+

4ist0riaand IFP52......................................................................................................................82
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................84 $rie# Eistor=:.......................................................................................................................................84 Bro6t/ e Acce&tance o# Anlise de Pontos de Funo.......................................................................84 Cais In#ormao about IFP*B:.........................................................................................................84

Calculating %d6usted Ponto de Funo..........................................................................................................................8+

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1

Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................87 "e#inio...............................................................................................................................................87 *nadjusted Ponto de Funo:..............................................................................................................87 *nderstandin- t/e <uations:.............................................................................................................87 "evelo&ment Project Ponto de Funo Calculation:..........................................................................88 n/ancement Project Ponto de Funo Calculation:.........................................................................88 A&&lication A#ter n/ancement Project:............................................................................................89 A&&lication Ponto de Funo Count 1$aseline2:.................................................................................89 Conitor de Treinamento:....................................................................................................................8:

Case 3tudies..................................................................................................................................88
Objetivo da Seo:...............................................................................................................................88 Collection .etter..................................................................................................................................!, Control ntradas.................................................................................................................................!+ Bra&/ical In#ormao..........................................................................................................................!4 Bra&/s Part II......................................................................................................................................!5 T/e Geat/er A&&lication.....................................................................................................................!7 Addin- A )e6 Customer.....................................................................................................................!9 n/anced Geat/er A&&lication...........................................................................................................!! $iFeGare............................................................................................................................................+,, PiIIa Screen "esi-n ..........................................................................................................................+,4 666.PIJJAC.*$.COC..................................................................................................................+,7 Control In#ormao............................................................................................................................+,9

%cronyms.....................................................................................................................................111

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2

(sta a osti!a 3 fornecida !ivremente ara 4ua!4uer em resa ou indiv5duo interessado em a render mais sobre a metodo!ogia de *ontos de 6uno. A Distribuio deste manua! de treinamento 3 no s7 ermitida8 como encora9ada. *or favor8 res eite o autor8 David Longstreet8 inc!uindo o seu nome e o de sua em resa em todas as :ginas 4ue co iar e distribuir. A Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc oferece uma grande variedade de treinamentos8 inc!uindo Treinamento Mu!tiMedia em *ontos de 6uno8 Turmas de Treinamento ;&nsite< em *ontos de 6uno e Treinamento ara *re arao de Certificao. A Longstreet Consu!ting oferece consu!toria em Medio atrav3s de *ontos de 6uno8 Softwares de Medio e =er>ncia Com !eta em Desenvo!vimento de Software. *ara mais informa?es acerca de treinamento ou consu!toria8 or favor contacte David Longstreet no e#mai! David@SoftwareMetrics.Com ou visite o @eb Site www.SoftwareMetrics.Com.

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I)TAO"*KLO
Objetivo da Seo:

'ntroduBir os conceitos b:sicos a res eito da An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno e introduBir e reforar a estimativa de custo unit:rio. &s eCerc5cios no fina! da seo a9udam o estudante a demonstrar 4ue o mesmo conseguiu ad4uirir o con)ecimento b:sico necess:rio.

Introduo:
&s Sistemas continuam a crescer em taman)o e com !eCidade8 vindo a se tornar mais dif5ceis de com reender. Dma veB 4ue as me!)orias nas ferramentas de codificao ermitem aos desenvo!vedores de software roduBir maiores 4uantidades de software ara atender aos sem re crescents re4uisitos do usu:rio8 recisa ser usado.um m3todo ara entender e comunicar estas dimene?es. Como T3cnica (struturada de reso!uo de rob!emas8 a An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno 3 um m3todo ara 4uebrar sistemas em com onentes menores8 de forma a e!es oderem ser me!)or entendidos e ana!isados. (ste !ivro descreve An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno e os neg7cios da ind-stria Ees ecia!mente de SoftwareF 4ue faBem uso dos ontos de funo. &s seres )umanos reso!vem rob!emas 4uebrando#os em rob!emas 4uebrando#os em eas menores e mais f:ceis de entender. *rob!emas 4ue odem inicia!mente arecer mais dif5ceis se reve!am sim !es 4uando dissecados em seus com onentes ou c!asses. Guando os ob9etos a c!assificar so os conte-dos de sistemas de Software8 um gru o de regras e defini?es8 ou um es4uema de c!assificao tem 4ue ser usado ara co!ocar estes ob9etos em suas categorias a ro riadas. A An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno 3 como uma t3cnica: APF M um mMtodo &ara <uebrar sistemas em com&onents menores> <ue &ossam assim ser mel/ores entendidos e analisados. (!a tamb3m oferece uma t3cnica estruturada ara reso!uo de rob!emas. A*6 3 a!go bem arecido a reunir num todo uma decom osio funciona!. &s *ontos de 6uno so uma unidade de medida ara software8 bem como uma )ora 3 uma medida de tem o8 as mi!)as so usadas ara medir distHncias e o grau Ce!sius ara medir tem eratura. &s *ontos de 6uno so uma medida ordina!8 assim como as outras medidas como 4ui!Imetros8 6aren)eit8 )oras e assim or diante. &s *ontos de 6uno medem Softwares e!a 4uantificao de sua funciona!idade8 fornecida ara o usu:rio rimariamente e!o desen)o !7gico do sistema. 6re4uentemente o termo ;usu:rio fina!< ou ;usu:rio< 3 usado sem uma es ecificao do 4ue isso signifi4ue. $este caso8 o usu:rio 3 um usu:rio sofisticado. J do ti o 4ue oderia entender o sistema a artir de uma ers ectiva funciona! K bem a!3m do usu:rio convenciona!8 4ue saberia definir re4uisitos e faBer testes de aceitao. H: uma grande variedade de m3todos diferentes usados ara contar *onto de 6uno8 mas este !ivro 3 baseado nas regras desenvo!vidas or A!an A!brec)t + e mais tarde revisadas e!o =ru o 'nternaciona! de Dsu:rios de *onto de 6uno E'6*D=F. Dm outro m3todo8 no discutido a4ui 3

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L

'ntroduction o M3todo MarM '' ara *ontos de 6uno . desenvo!vido or C)ar!es S"mon. *ontos de Caracter5stica 3 um outro ti o de dimensionamento8 desenvo!vido or Ca ers Nones. &s *ontos de Caracter5stica foram desenvo!vidos em +OL2 a fim de so!ucionar o rob!ema ;socio!7gico< de contagem de *ontos de 6uno.

Processo Elementar:
Dma a !icao de software 38 em sua ess>ncia8 um con9unto definido de rocessos e!ementares. Guando estes rocessos e!ementares so combinados8 e!es interagem8 de modo a formar o 4ue n?s c)amamos de Sistema de Software ou A !icao de Software. Dm rocesso e!ementar no 3 tota!mente indeo endente a onto de eCistir soBin)o8 mas os rocessos e!ementares so ar4uitetados 9untos8 vindo a se tornarem inde endentes. H: dois ti os b:sicos de rocessos e!ementares Edados em movimento e dados em re ousoF em uma a !icao de software. Dados em movimento t>m a caracter5stica de movimentar dados de dentro ara fora ou de fora ara dentro das fronteiras da a !icao.

Definio
An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno tenta entender o re!acionamento dinHmico entre transa?es e de 7sitos de dados. (m um n5ve! conceitua!8 a An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno a9uda a abstrair dois n5veis de dados K dados em re ouso e dados em movimento. A funo rim:ria deste !ivro Ee da A*6F 3 descrever em deta!)es estes dois estados de dados. Dados em movimento & Dado em momvimento 3 manuseado atrav3s de fun?es transacionais ou transa?es. Todas as a !ica?es de software tero numerosos rocessos e!ementares ou rocessos inde endentes ara movimentar dados. As Transa?es Eou rocessos e!ementaresF 4ue traBem dados eCternos ao dom5nio da a !icao Eou fronteiras da a !icaoF ara dentro das fronteiras da a !icao so referenciados como entradas eDternas. (m contra artida8 as Transa?es Eou rocessos e!ementaresF 4ue transferem dados de uma osio de re ouso Enorma!mente em um ar4uivoF ara fora do dom5nio da a !icao Eou fronteiras da a !icaoF so referenciadas como sa%das eDternas ou solicita'es internas Eisso ser: definido mais tarde neste !ivroF. Data em repouso A !ications store 'nformao ara rocessing at a !ater time. Data at rest t)at 3 maintained b" t)e a !ication in 4uestion 3 c!assified como ar*ui,os de l0gica interna. Data at rest t)at 3 maintained b" anot)er a !ication are c!assified as %r*ui,os de Interface E&terna.

Benefcios e Aplica es:

Dma contagem de *ontos de 6uno tem muitas uti!idades. H: tr>s ti os de contagens de *onto de 6uno. $a seo Qual a Utilidade dos Pontos de Funo os benefcios da contagem de *ontos de 6uno so discutidos em maiores deta!)es. & artigo ode ser encontrado no endereo www.SoftwareMetrics.Com. &s *ontos de 6uno odem ser usados ara estabe!ecer um invent:rio de todas as transa?es e ar4uivos de um ro9eto ou a !icao corrente. (ste invent:rio ode ser usado ara dar significado P ava!iao de uma a !icao. Se um invent:rio 3 conduBido ara um ro9eto de desenvo!vimento ou ro9eto de a erfeioamento8 ento este mesmo invent:rio oderia ser

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O

C)a ter + usado ara a9udar a manter o esco o negociado e ara a9udar a cotnro!ar o crescimento do ro9eto. Ainda mais im ortante8 este invent:rio a9udaria a entender a magnitude do rob!ema. s *ontos de 6uno odem ser usados ara mensurar as a !ica?es de software. A medio 3 um com onente im ortante na determinao da rodutividade Esa5dasQentradasF8 reviso de esforo8 entendimento de custos unit:rios e assim or diante. Diferentemente de outras medi?es de software8 essoas diferentes odem contar *ontos de 6uno em ocasi?es diferentes8 e obter a mesma medida or v:rias veBes8 com uma margem de erro bem raBo:ve!. & 4ue significa 4ue a mesma conc!uso a arecer: destes resu!tados. *6 ode a9udar organiBa?es a entenderem o custo unit:rio de uma a !icao de software ou ro9eto. Dma unidade de custo 3 entendida como ferramentas8 !inguagens8 !ataformas de desenvo!vimento8 as 4uais odem ser com aradas 4uantitativamente ao inv3s de sub9etivamente. (ste ti o de an:!ise 3 muito mais f:ci! de entender do 4ue informa?es t3cnicas. &u se9a8 um usu:rio no#t3cnico ode faci!mente entender *ontos de 6uno.

H: muitos outros usos ara *ontos de 6uno. A !ista abaiCo 3 de a!gumas a !ica?es r:ticas ara *ontos de 6uno e A*6. & artigo Usando Pontos de Funo encontr:ve! no @ebsite www.SoftwareMetrics.Com8 na seo de artigos escritos do @ebsite8 fornece maiores deta!)es enri4uecendo cada um destes itens. &s *ontos de 6uno odem ser usados ara: Definio acerca de Guando e o Gue Reconstruir (stimativa de Casos de Testes (ntendimento Abrangente das 6aiCas de *rodutividade (ntendimento de 6ec)amento e *ro!ongamentos de (sco o C:!cu!o do Custo Rea! do Software (stimando Custos =erais do *ro9eto8 Cronograma e (sforo (ntendimento dos Custos de Manuteno A oio a negocia?es de contrato (ntendimento acerca do con9unto ade4uado de medi?es

!uando "o #sar Pontos de $uno

&s *ontos de 6uno no so uma t3cnica de medio muito boa8 4uando estamos ava!iando esforos de manuteno Econserto de rob!emasF ou 4uando estamos tentando entender assuntos de erformance. Muito do esforo associado P reso!uo de rob!emas Eacertos de roduoF 3 devido P tentativa de reso!ver e entender o rob!ema Etraba!)o de detetiveF e 3 com !icado mensurar um traba!)o de es4uisa com ta! t3cnica. Guanto tem o um rofissiona! !evaria ara encontrar um ;bug< no cadastro de inadim !entes S *odemos estar fa!ando de meia )ora como de uma semana T &utro rob!ema ertencente ao traba!)o de medio de manuten?es 3 4ue muito da rogramao de manuteno 3 feita or um ou dois rogramadores. A )abi!idade individua! define Ee aumentaF os fatores de medio 4uando medimos este ti o de traba!)o. A rodutividade de rogramadores de manuteno ode variar em at3 +UUUV de um ara outro.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +U

'ntroduction A sintonia de desem en)o ode ou no ter a!go ara se faBer com funciona!idade. Sintonia de Desem en)o 3 mais o resu!tado do entendimento do f!uCo da a !icao e tem o de rocessamento. H: m3tricas mais eficaBes ara uti!iBarmos8 4uando estivermos mensurando este ti o de traba!)o. A*6 no M Ntil ara medir @eb Design. A*6 3 -ti! ara medir desenvo!vimento ara @eb8 mas no @eb Designing. A A*6 cuida dos re!acionamentos dinHmicos entre transa?es e ar4uivos. *ortanto8 e!a no 3 -ti! ara estimar o tem o 4ue tomaremos ara criar gr:ficos8 imagens8 !a"outs de :ginas e assim or diante.

%ipos de &onta'em para Pontos de $uno:

A Contagem de *ontos de 6uno ode ser assiciada com ro9etos ou a !ica?es. H: / ti os maiores de ro9etos de software EDesenvo!vimento8 A erfeioamento e ManutenoF. Segundo se9a usado em cada um deste ti os8 ): tamb3m / ti os de contagens de *ontos de 6uno EDesenvo!vimento8 A erfeioamento e ManutenoF. Contagem de Pontos de Funo para Projetos de Desenvolvimento &s *ontos de 6uno odem ser contados em todas as fases de um ro9eto de desenvo!vimento8 a artir de seus re4uisitos ara frente8 inc!uindo a im !ementao. (ste ti o de contagem 3 associado com traba!)os novos de desenvo!vimento E ro9etos novosF. & esco o fec)ado ode ser tri!)ado e monitorado e!o entendimento do taman)o funciona! de todas as fases de um ro9eto. 6re4uentemente este ti o de contagem 3 c)amado de Contagem de Lin)a#=uia Eou Lin)a#WaseF de *ontos de 6uno. Contagem de Pontos de Funo para Projetos de Aperfeioamento J comum me!)orarmos software de ois de e!e 9: )aver sido co!ocado em roduo. (ste ti o de contagem de *ontos de 6uno tenta mensurar ro9etos de a erfeioamento. Todas as A !ica?es em roduo demandam raBos adicionais. *e!o taman)o da me!)oria de rastreamento e custos associados8 uma base de dados )ist7rica ode ser constru5da ara a sua em resa. Adiciona!mente8 3 im ortante ara entender como um ro9eto de desenvo!vimento sofre a!tera?es nos seus raBos. Contagem de Pontos de Funo para Projetos de Manuteno As contagens de a !icao so feitas sobre a !ica?es eCistentes em roduo. (sta ;contagem de !in)a#guia< ode ser usada com 4uais4uer m3tricas de a !icao8 re resentando )oras totais de manuteno. Assim8 esta m3trica ode ser usada ara rastrear )oras de manuteno or *onto de 6uno. (ste 3 um (Cem !o de m3trica norma!iBada. 'sto or si s7 no 3 suficiente ara ava!iar manuteno8 mas deve tamb3m ser ava!iado a raBo de )oras de manuteno8 a fim de dimensionar um 4uadro rea! da a !icao. Adiciona!mente8 uma contagem de a !icao ode auCi!iar as organiBa?es a entenderem o taman)o rea! de seus neg7cios cor orativos Eou invent:rioF. (ste ti o de contagem 3 an:!ogo a a ontar um invent:rio ara um armaB3m. Como em um invent:rio8 um va!or em din)eiro ode ser associado com cada contagem de uma a !icao usando *ontos de 6uno e ara o atrimInio da organiBao inteira.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age ++

C)a ter +

E a respeito das (in)as de &*di'o +(D&,H: imensos rob!emas 4uando usamos LDC como unidade de medida ara software. 'magine duas A !ica?es 4ue ofeream eCatamente a mesma funciona!idade Ete!as8 re!at7rios e bancos de dadosF. Dma das A !ica?es 3 escrita em CXX e a outra em uma !inguagem como C!arion. & n-mero de *ontos de 6uno seria eCatamente o mesmo8 mas diversos as ectos da a !icao seriam tota!mente diferentes. As !in)as de c7digo necess:rias ara desenvo!ver a a !icao 9amais seriam as mesmas. A 4uantidade de esforo re4uerida ara o desenvo!vimento de cada a !icao tamb3m seria bem diferente E)oras or *onto de 6unoF. (stamos a tos a com arar a rodutividade de duas !inguagens diferentes8 e sabemos 4ue diferentemente das Lin)as de C7digo8 o n-mero de *ontos de 6uno ermanece constante Edeveria ermanecer constante8 e!o menosF. Com isto em menteY +. & n-mero de !in)as de c7digo entregue de ende da )abi!idade do rogramador. ( na verdade8 rogramadores de a!to n5ve! escrevem muito menos !in)as ara rea!iBar a mesma tarefa. .. Linguagens de n5ve! mais a!to8 como 6orte8 Dinast" ou outras !inguagens visuais re4uerem um n-mero bem menor de !in)as de c7digo do 4ue o Assemb!er8 C&W&L8 ou C ara rea!iBar a mesma funciona!idade. &u se9a8 ): uma re!ao invesa entre o n5ve! da !inguagem e o traba!)o ara se roduBir ne!a E4uando o traba!)o medido so as LDCF /. & n-mero rea! de LDC no 3 con)ecido at3 4ue o ro9eto este9a 4uase com !eto. Assim8 LDCs no odem ser usadas ara estimar o esforo ou agenda do ro9eto. *ontos de 6uno odem eCistir a artir de re4uisitos e documentos de an:!ise 4ue este9am dis on5veis desde bem cedo8 em um cic!o de vida do ro9eto. 0. $o eCiste acordo a res eito do m3todo or !in)as de c7digo. As instru?es e ti os de instruo usados em Zisua! CXX8 Assemb!er8 C&W&L e SGL so com !etamente diferentes. J comum ainda ara A !ica?es terem uma combinao de diferentes !inguagens sendo uti!iBadas.

Entendendo Produtividade:
A definio adro de rodutividade 3 ;Wens ou servios or unidade de traba!)o ou des esas<8 e at3 +OAO8 4uando A.N. A!brec)t da 'WM ub!icou um artigo sobre *ontos de 6uno8 no )avia uma definio c!ara acerca do 4ue seriam ;bens ou servios< como o resu!tado de um ro9eto de software. *rodutividade em Software8 bem como ; rodutividade industria!< tem sido um tema de interesse desde muitos anos atr:s. Dm dos rimeiros indiv5du!os a estudar rodutividade foi 6redericM Ta"!or E+L12#+O+.F. A maior das considera?es de Ta"!or8 a resentada e!a maior arte de sua vida8 era o aumento da efici>ncia na roduo. Ta"!or conc!uiu 4ue o rob!ema da rodutividade era uma 4uesto de ignorHncia em a!gum segmento da ger>ncia. Ta"!or acreditava 4ue a a !icao de m3todos cient5ficos8 ao inv3s dos c)utes e ac)ismos oderia resu!tar numa maior rodutividade.A id3ia da A*6 e medio de software tenta des!ocar o software destes a! ites e revis?es inconsistentes ara os m3todos cient5ficos.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +.

'ntroduction Os estudos de Hawthorne: Z:rios cientistas endossaram os famosos eC erimentos na f:brica de Hawt)orne dos traba!)adores da Com an)ia (!3trica do &este e sua rodutividade em +O.A e +O/.. (!es comearam a estudar ara determinar o efeito da i!uminao sobre os traba!)adores e sua rodutividade. (!es descobriram 4ue a rodutividade aumentava 4uando a i!uminao era modificada8 tanto ara mais 4uanto ara menos8 em um gru o de teste. ( assim8 constataram 4ue 4uando as essoas sabem 4ue esto sendo ava!iadas8 sua rodutividade aumenta. Tamb3m conc!u5ram 4ue o aumento na rodutividade era devido P fatores sociais8 como mora!8 interre!acionamentos satisfat7rios e ger>ncia efetiva. ( fina!mente8 entenderam 4ue os me!)ores gerentes eram a4ue!es 4ue gerenciavam com aconse!)amento8 !iderana e comunicao. & fenImeno8 !evantado basicamente de essoas sendo ;observadas<8 ficou con)ecido como o e#eito Ea6t/orne. & mesmo 3 verdade com a ind-stria de software. A maioria dos rogramas de medio !evar: a uma rodutividade maior a enas or4ue os indiv5duos esto sendo ava!iados. Produtividade: A definio de rodutividade 3 a raBo entre entrada e sa5da num certo er5odo de tem o com a devida considerao ara 4ua!idade. Produtividade O saidasPentradas 1dentro de um &er%odo de tem&o> e considerando a <ualidade2 A f7rmu!a indica 4ue a rodutividade ode ser me!)orada e!o E+F aumento de sa5das com as mesmas entradas8 E.F e!a diminuio de entradas mas mantendo as mesmas sa5das ou E/F aumentando sa5das e diminuindo entradas8 o 4ue mudaria a raBo favorave!mente. (m 4ue consiste a entrega de um ro9eto de Software S & 4ue e!e gera S & roduto de um ro9eto de software 3 funciona!idade ou *ontos de 6uno. A entrada 3 o esforo re4uerido ara desenvo!ver a funciona!idade. Produti,idade em 3oft-are Produti,idade 7 Pontos de Funo 8 Entradas fi!"!ia v# fi!i$n!ia: A Produtividade im&lica em #iccia e #ici;ncia em seus desem&en/os individuais e or-aniIacionais. #iccia M a obteno de objetivos. #ici;ncia M a obteno de #ins com a mDima economia de recursos.

&ompreenso de &ustos Diferentes:

A custo #iDo 3 um custo 4ue se mant3m constante8 no todo8 a des eito de )aver mudanas na atividade. Conse4uentemente8 uma veB 4ue a atividade aumente ou diminua8 os custos fiCos ermanecem constant. & gasto de ca ita! com os com utadores ara um ro9eto de Software 3 considerado um custo fiCo. Sa!:rios agos ara os desenvo!vedores de software odem ser considerados custos fiCos ara a a organiBao or4ue os Sa!:rios ermanecem constantes e tem 4ue ser agos inde endetemente dos n5veis de *rodutividade. *m custo varivel 3 um custo 4ur varia8 no todo8 em ro oro direta Ps mudanas no n5ve! de atividades.. A atividade ode ser eC ressa de muitas maneiras8 tais como n-mero de )oras. / As M3tricas de Software diBem res eito a custos de ro9eto e no custos da organiBao como um todo. *ro on)amos 4ue o
Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +/

C)a ter + Desenvo!vimento de Software tem muito vari:veis. oucos custos fiCos8 e grande n-mero de custos

Custos Adicionais so a4ue!es custos 4ue no odem ser atribu5dos diretamente a um *ro9eto de Software articu!ar. *or (Cem !o8 o custo ara mantermos uma rede funcionando 3 um Custo Adiciona!. Sa!:rios de (Cecutivos seriam outro (Cem !o de custos adicionais8 uma veB 4ue seus Sa!:rios no odem ser atribu5dos a um ro9eto es ec5fico. ESa!:rio de um C(& *or eCem !oF Custo CMdio 3 o custo tota! dividido e!o n-mero de unidades roduBidas. & tota! de custos de um ro9eto dividido e!o n-mero de *ontos de 6uno nos d: o custo em din)eiro or cada *onto de 6uno. & n-mero m3dio de )oras 3 o tota! de )oras dividido e!o tota! de *ontos de 6uno8 o 4ue ir: nos fornecer as )oras or *onto de 6uno. Custo Car-inal 3 a diferena no custo tota! atribu5ve! P diferena de uma unidade na sa5da. 0 &utra caracter5stica 3 4ue 4uando os ro9etos de software se tornam maiores8 o Custo Margina! dis ara. & 4ue significa 4ue os custos de cada unidade crescem comforme o ro9eto vai se tornando maior. $o eCiste muita eocnomia de esca!a com o desenvo!vimento de software. Guando *ro9etos de Software so estimados8 todos os custos diretos e indiretos recisam ser inc!u5dos no custo do mesmo. Materiais Diretos so a4ue!es materiais 4ue re!acionamos diretamente com o desenvo!vimento do *ro9eto de Software em si. Materiais 'ndiretos so a4ue!es 4ue no esto !igados diretamente ao custo es ef5cifo do Desenvo!vimento de *ro9eto de Software. Dm (Cem !o de custos indiretos 3 o custo ara manter no ar uma rede interna. Traba!)o Direto 3 o custo com mo de obra 4ue ode ser traado numa tarefa individua! associada ao desenvo!vimento8 manuteno ou a erfeioamento de um roduto de Software. & Traba!)o 'ndireto no ode ser traado ara uma tarefa es ec5fica associada ao *ro9eto de Software.

Entendendo Produtividade em Soft.are:

*ontos de 6uno so o roduto do rocesso de Desenvo!vimento de Software. &utra forma de ver a res eito disso 3 4ue os Pontos de Funo so a unidade de so#t6are. J muito im ortante entender 4ue os *ontos de 6uno ermanecem constntes inde endentemente acerca de 4uem desenvo!va o software ou 4ue !inguagem se9a usada no ro9eto. & custo da unidade recisa ser eCaminado com muito cuidado. *ara c:!cu!o m3dio do custo da unidade8 todos os items EunidadesF so combinados e divididos e!o custo tota!. (m outras a!avras8 ara se estimar o custo tota!8 cada item 3 eCaminado. *or (Cem !o8 considere 4ue voc> este9a fabricando um mouse ad de com utador. & Custo Tota! ara se fabricar +UUU mouse ads 3 R[.822U. & custo unit:rio 3 de R[..22 E or admouseF. & custo discriminado 3: & Design do admouse tem custo fiCo de R[1UU.UU Eou R[ U.1U or unidadeF & custo de a!guns a9ustes 3 de R[.1U.UU Eou R[ U..1 or unidadeF &s Custos com envio so de R[+U.UU Eou R[ U.U+ or unidadeF & *a e! ara roduo custar: R[+.1U or unidade. &s *ads de borrac)a custam R[ U.+1 or unidade. A a !icao do a e! ao *ad de borrac)a custa R[ U..1 or unidade

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +0

'ntroduction &bserve a variao da unidade de custo ara cada item. Dm dos maiores rob!emas com a estimativa de *ro9etos de Software 3 o entendimento do custo unit:rio. Muitos gerentes de Software fa!)am durante a discriminao de items e sua se arao em com onentes arecidos ou :reas diferentes.(!es norma!mente assumem 4ue todas as unidades custam a mesma coisa. H: custos diferentes ara cada um dos com onente de *onto de 6uno. & custo unit:rio ara (ntradas eCternas no 3 o mesmo custo unit:rio ara sa5das eCternas8 or eCem !o. As entradas eCternas on#!ine e as (ntradas eCternas or !ote Ebatc)F no tem o mesmo custo unit:rio Eou custo or *onto de 6unoF. & custo or unidade ara construir e im !ementar ar4uivos de !7gica interna no 3 o mesmo 4ue o custo or unidade ara se construir e im !ementar re!at7rios on#!ine. *ara se estimar com reciso o custo de uma a !icao8 cada custo de com onente recisa ser estimado. & mesmo tamb3m 3 verdade ara o rob!ema do mouse ad acima.

Per'untas:
+. Como voc> oderia estimar o n-mero de c)oco!ates 4uentes vendidos durante o Cam eonato de 6utebo! Americano em \ansas Euse sua imaginao8 os c)efes oderiam estar !: K um diaF S Gue fatores c)ave voc> consideraria S Guem voc> ava!iaria8 e or 4u> S .. *oderiam as )oras or *onto de 6uno a !icadas no desenvo!vimento de uma a !icao de software 4ue gaste +UU *ontos de 6uno serem as mesmas ara uma a !icao de software 4ue gaste +U8UUU *ontos de 6unoS Guais as / coisas 4ue im actariam a diferena na unidade de custo8 se eCistir S

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +1

PAOC SSO " CO)TAB " F*)KLO

Objetivo da Seo:

C "

PO)TOS

& ob9etivo deste ca 5tu!o 3 introduBir o estudante em assos de n5ve! mais a!to8 necess:rios P contagem de *ontos de 6uno e rea!iBao da An:!ise dos *ontos de 6uno. Deta!)es de cada asso so discutidos osteriomente neste !ivro. T)e eCerc5cios no fina! da seo a9udam o a!uno a demonstrar o 4ue e!e tem obtido dos re4uerimentos b:sicos edidos.

Introduo:
Ainda 4ue tem sido feitas tentativas e!o Servio $aciona! de *adr?es Americano # $ationa! Wureau of Standards E$WSF e e!o '((( ara adroniBar termos e defini?es8 no eCistem termos e defini?es re!acionadas de forma adroniBada na ind-stria de Desenvo!vimento de Software. & '6*D= desenvo!veu a!guns termos e defini?es adro re!acinoadas aos *ontos de 6uno8 mas estes termos e defini?es recisam ser a !icados a uma variedade diferente de ambientes de software.

Definio
& ob9etivo rim:rio 3 determinar a contagem de *ontos de 6uno a9ustados. H: v:rios assos necess:rios ara 4ue consigamos isto. Dma veB 4ue voc> ode no entender os mecanismos dos assos seguintes8 n7s os discutiremos e maiores deta!)es ao !ongo do !ivro. A se4u>ncia rea! ou a ordem de eCecuo dos assos no 3 necess:ria. Muitos contadores com !etaro o asso 1 ao !ongo da contagem inteira K obtendo informa?es conforme a contagem camin)aY +. Determinar o ti o de contagem de *ontos de 6uno .. Determinar as fronteiras da a !icao. /. 'dentificar e distribuir ti os de funo transaciona! a fim de determinar sua contribuio na contagem de *ontos de 6uno no#a9ustados. 0. 'dentificar e distribuir ti os de funo a fim de determinar sua contribuio na contagem de
*ontos de 6uno no#a9ustados.

1. Determinar o fator de a9uste de va!or EZA6 FA?F 2. Ca!cu!atar a contagem de *ontos de 6uno a9ustados. A contagem de *ontos de 6uno Desa9ustados ED6*F 3 determinada nos assos / ] 0. &s *assos / ] 0 so discutidos mais tarde neste ca 5tu!o e discutidos em deta!)es mais adiante no !ivro. $o 3 im ortante se conc!u5rmos os assos / ou 0 rimeiro. (m uma 'nterface =r:fica ara Dsu:rio e com A !ica?es do ti o orientada a ob9eto8 3 f:ci! comear com o asso /. A contagem fina! de *ontos de 6uno Econtagem de *onto de 6uno a9ustadoF 3 a combinao de contagem de *ontos de 6uno no#a9ustados ED6*F e das Caracter5sticas =erais do SistemaEC=S^sF.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +2

*onto de 6uno Counting *rocess

%ipos de &onta'em de Pontos de $uno:

A contagem de *ontos de 6uno ode ser associada com 4uais4uer ro9etos ou a !ica?es. H: tr>s ti os de Contagem de *onto de 6uno. Contagem de *onto de 6uno Q *ro9etos de Desenvo!vimento. Contagem de *onto de 6uno Q *ro9etos de Me!)oria. Contagem de *onto de 6uno Q A !icativos.

Passos de Alto "vel:

*ara com !etar o con)ecimento de contagem de *ontos de 6uno 3 necess:rio termos regras e documentao do A !icativo. A assessoria de um es ecia!ista em a !icativos ode aumentar a 4ua!idade da contagem8 tamb3m. Dma veB estabe!ecidas as fronteiras do A !icativo8 a A*6 ode ser 4uebrada em / grandes artes EA*6 ara ti os de fun?es transacionais8 A*6 ara fun?es de dados e A*6 ara Caracter5sticas =erais de Sistema # C=SsF.

Independ/ncia e Depend/ncia:
Desde 4ue a ava!iao de transa?es 3 de endente da 'nformao contida nas transa?es e o n-mero de ar4uivos referenciado8 3 recomendado 4ue a4ue!as transa?es se9am contadas em rimeiro !ugar. Ao mesmo tem o 4ue as transa?es so contadas8 um ta!!" s)ou!d be Me t of a!! TAR^s t)at t)e transactions reference. 't wi!! be made c!ear in !ater c)a ters t)at ever" TAR must )ave at !east one or Mais transactions.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +A

C)a ter .

$PA Steps para %ransactional $unction %0pes:

Later in t)is document eCterna! (ntradas8 eCterna! out uts e eCterna! in4uiries are discussed in Deta!)e. (ac) transaction must be an e!ementar" rocess. An e!ementar" rocess 3 t)e sma!!est unit of atividade t)at 3 meaningfu! to t)e end user in t)e business. 't must be se!f#contained e !eave t)e business in consistent state. T+. A !ication documentation e transaction 6*A for Transactions ru!es are used to identif" A !ication Documentation 6fffd6unct transactions. T+. 'dentif" Transactions
Transaction Mode! Data Mode! 6*A Ru!es Transaction Ru!es

T.. T)e a !ication documentation e transaction ru!es are used to determine t" e of transaction EeCterna! (ntrada8 eCterna! out ut8 or eCterna! in4uir"F.

T.. T" e of Transaction E(&8 ('8 (GF T/. $umber of D(Ts and 6TRs T0. Determine Low8 Ave8 Hig) T1. Za!ues Determined

6unctiona! Com !eCit"

T/. @it) t)e )e! of T2. A!! Transactions are a !ication documentation Tab!es of @eig)t summed to obtain D6* for Edata mode! e transaction Transactions. mode!F e transaction ru!es t)e number (!ementos de Dados e Ti o de Ar4uivo Referenciado are determined. T0. (ac) identified transaction 3 assigned a va!ue of !ow8 average or )ig) based u on t" e8 (!ementos de Dados8 e ar4uivos referenced. T1. A distinct numerica! va!ue 3 assigned based u on t" e e va!ue E!ow8 average8 or )ig)F. T2. A!! transactions are summed to create a transaction unad9usted *onto de 6uno count.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +L

*onto de 6uno Counting *rocess

$PA Steps para Ar1uivos:

Later in t)is document ar4uivos de !7gica interna e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna are discussed in Deta!)e. 6+. A !ication documentation e ar4uivo ru!es are used to identif" ar4uivos. 6.. T)e a !ication documentation Etransaction mode! e data mode!F 3 used to determine t" e of transaction Eeit)er eCterna! interface ar4uivo or ar4uivo de !7gica internaF.

6*A for 6i!es

A !ication Documentation Transaction Mode! Data Mode! 6*A Ru!es 6i!e Ru!es

6+. 'dentif" 6i!es 6.. T" e of 6i!eE'L6 or ('6F 6/. $umber of D(Ts and R(Ts 60. Determine Low8 Ave8 Hig) 61. Za!ues Determined 62. A!! 6i!es are summed to obtain D6* for 6i!es.

6unctiona! Com !eCit"

6/. @it) t)e )e! of a !ication documentation Edata mode!F e ar4uivo ru!es t)e number (!ementos de Dados e record e!ement t" es are determined. 60. (ac) identified ar4uivo 3 assigned a va!ue of !ow8 average or )ig) based u on t" e8 (!ementos de Dados e record t" es. 61. A distinct numerica! va!ue 3 assigned based u on t" e e va!ue E!ow8 average8 or )ig)F. 62. A!! ar4uivos are summed to create a ar4uivo unad9usted *onto de 6uno count.

Tab!es of @eig)t

!uestions:
's t)ere an" benefit to t)e se4uence or order of counting *ontos de 6unoS T)at is8 3 t)ere a benefit to counting transactions rior to TAR^sS Are transactions inde endent or de endent on TAR^sS @)at about TAR^sS Are t)e" counted inde endent or de endent of TransactionsS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +O

STA$ . C )"O A
Objetivo da Seo:

FAO)T

IAA

Descrever e definer os conceitos necessaries ao estabe!ecimento de fronteiras entre a !ica?es.

Definio
Since it 3 common ara com uter s"stems to interact wit) ot)er com uter s"stems andQor )uman beings8 a boundar" must be drawn around eac) s"stem to be measured rior to c!assif"ing com onents. T)is boundar" must be drawn according to t)e so )isticated user^s oint of view. 'n s)ort8 t)e boundar" indicates t)e border between t)e ro9ect or a !ication being measured e t)e eCterna! A !ica?es or user domain. &nce t)e border )as been estab!is)ed8 com onents ode ser c!assified8 ranMed e ta!!ied. &ne of t)e benefits of An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno 3 creating ratios wit) ot)er metrics suc) )ours8 cost8 )eadcount8 duration8 e ot)er a !ication metrics. 't 3 im ortante t)e *onto de 6uno boundar" be consistent wit) ot)er metrics t)at are being gat)ered ara t)e a !ication e ro9ect.

Identif0 t)e Boundar0:

Review t)e ur ose of t)e *onto de 6uno count. LooM at )ow e w)ic) A !ica?es maintain data. 'dentif" t)e business areas t)at su ort t)e a !ications.

T)e boundar" ma" need to be ad9usted once com onents )ave been identified. 'n ractice t)e boundar" ma" need to be revisited8 as t)e overa!! a !ication 3 better understood. *onto de 6uno counts ma" need to be ad9usted as "ou !earn about t)e a !ication.

Documentao Padro:
=enera! S ecification Documents 'nterface Documents &t)er metric re orts 'nterviews wit) t)e users Dser Documentation Design Documentation Re4uirements Data f!ow diagrams

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .U

(stab!is)ing t)e Woundar"

Establis)in' t)e Boundar0 mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

Woundaries ode ser estab!is)ed ear!" in t)e software !ife c"c!e. 'f t)e a !ication 3 a re !acement ro9ect8 t)en t)e ro9ect boundar" s)ou!d be simi!ar E er)a s identica!F to t)e revious a !ication. 'f t)e a !ication 3 a new a !ication8 ot)er A !ica?es boundaries s)ou!d be reviewed to estab!is) t)e correct boundar".

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
%nternet&%ntranet Appli!ations T)e boundar" ara an 'nternetQ'ntranet a !ication 3 defined in a simi!ar wa" ara traditiona! a !ications. ara traditiona! A !ica?es t)e boundar" 3 not drawn 9ust around t)e user interface or a grou of screens but around t)e entire a !ication. 6re4uent!"8 'nternetQ'ntranet A !ica?es are 9ust eCtensions to current e eCisting a !ications. T)ere 3 a tendenc" to create a _new_ a !ication ara t)e 'nternetQ'ntranet eCtension8 but t)is a roac) 3 incorrect. Client&'erver T)e boundaries ara c!ientQserver A !ica?es need to be drawn around bot) t)e c!ient e server. T)e reason 3 t)at neit)er t)e c!ient nor server su orts a users Eor so )isticatedF view. T)at is8 one a!one does not re resent a tota! a !ication. As mentioned ear!"8 an" com !ete a !ication needs bot) data at rest EserverF e data in motion Ec!ientF.

%abulatin':
T)ere 3 no s ecia! tabu!ating t)at needs to taMe !ace ara estab!is)ing t)e boundar"8 but t)e boundar" can dramatica!!" im act t)e number of eCterna! (ntradas e eCterna! out uts.

!uestions:
'n t)eor"8 )ow does maMing t)e boundar" too !arge im act a *onto de 6uno countS

@)at if t)e boundar" 3 too sma!!S

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .+

I"

)TIFQI)B

A T@S> " T@S

TAA@S

Objetivo da Seo:
Learn t)e necessar" tec)ni4ues to identif" a R(T8 a D(T e a TAR. Dnderstanding )ow to identif" D(T^s e TAR^s 3 critica! to distinguis) one transaction from anot)er. @)i!e in ractice understanding t)e eCact number of D(T^s e TAR^s ma" not im act a *onto de 6uno count8 understanding D(T^s e TAR^s can )e! understand )ow to count *ontos de 6uno ara en)ancement *onto de 6uno counts. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
Tipo de Elemento de Registro (TER) : A R(T 3 user recogniBab!e sub grou of (!ementos de Dados wit)in an AL' or an A'(. 't 3 best to !ooM at !ogica! grou ings of data to )e! identif" t)em. T)e conce t of R(T wi!! be discussed in Deta!)e in t)e c)a ters t)at discuss ar4uivo de !7gica interna e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. Additiona!!"8 a s)ort artic!e8 Understanding RETs ode ser found at www.SoftwareMetrics.ComQArtic!es Tipo de r!ui"o Referenciado (T R) : A TAR 3 a Ti o de Ar4uivo Referenciado b" a transaction. An TAR must a!so be an 'nterna! Logica! Ar4uivo de L7gica 'nterna EAL'F or (Cterna! 'nterface Ar4uivo EA'(F. Tipo de Elemento de #ados (TE#) : A D(T 3 a uni4ue user recogniBab!e8 non#recursive Enon# re etitiveF fie!d. A D(T 3 'nformao t)at 3 d"namic e not static. A d"namic fie!d 3 read from a ar4uivo or created from D(T^s contained in a TAR. Additiona!!"8 a D(T can invoMe transactions or ode ser additiona! 'nformao regarding transactions. 'f a D(T 3 recursive t)en on!" t)e first occurrence of t)e D(T 3 considerado not ever" occurrence. Dnderstanding t)e TAR^s e D(T^s )e! ed distinguis) one transaction from anot)er transactions. T)is conce t wi!! be discussed in Deta!)e !ater in t)is booM.

Avaliao:
A!! of t)e com onents are rated based u on D(T^s8 e eit)er R(T^s or TAR^s. Com onent R(T^s (Cterna! (ntradas E('F (Cterna! &ut uts E(&F (Cterna! 'n4uiries E(GF Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna EA'(F Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna EAL'F TAR^s D(T^s

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age ..

'dentif"ing R(T^s8 D(T^s e 6TR^s

%ransaction DE%4s:
E$ternal Entradas% Data (ntrada 6ie!ds8 (rror Mensagens8 Ca!cu!ated Za!ues8 Wuttons E$ternal &utputs% Data 6ie!ds on a Re ort8 Ca!cu!ated Za!ues8 (rror Mensagens8 e Co!umn Headings t)at are read from an AL' or A'(. LiMe an (G e (& can )ave an (ntrada side e out ut sides. E$ternal 'n!uiries% (ntrada Side # fie!d used to searc) b"8 t)e c!icM of t)e mouse. &ut ut side # dis !a"ed fie!ds on a screen. D(T^s ara an (G must come from eit)er an A'( or AL'.

5ecord Element %0pes +5E%4s,:

Record e!ement t" es are one of t)e most difficu!t conce ts in An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno. Most record e!ement t" es are de endent on a arent # c)i!d re!ations)i . 'n t)is case8 t)e c)i!d 'nformao 3 a subset of t)e arent 'nformao. 'n a arent c)i!d re!ations)i t)ere 3 a one to man" re!ations)i . T)at is8 eac) c)i!d iece of 'nformao 3 !inMed direct!" to a fie!d on t)e arent ar4uivo. Mais wi!! be discussed about R(T^s in t)e ar4uivo de !7gica interna e eCterna! interface ar4uivo sections.

Dicas para Identificar 5E%4s e DE%4s mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

R(T^s e D(T^s ma" be difficu!t to eva!uate ear!" in t)e software !ife c"c!e. Since R(T^s e D(T^s are essentia! to Ava!iao com onents8 severa! tec)ni4ues ode ser used to rate com onents. Rate a!! transactiona! function t" es e data function t" es as Average. Determine )ow are transactiona! function t" e e data function t" es rated in simi!ar t" e a !ications. Are t)e ma9orit" of data function t" es rated as !ow in simi!ar t" e a !icationsS

DE%4s para 6#I

Dsing t)e strict definition of a data e!ement rovided b" '6*D=^s Counting *ractices Manua!. ;A data e!ement 3 a user recogniBab!e8 non recursive fie!d.< Dnfortunate!" t)is does not rovide muc) guidance w)en counting =D' a !ications. 'n fact8 t)e '6*D= Counting *ractices manua! does not rovide muc) Deta!)e on counting8 radio buttons8 c)ecM boCes8 icM !ist8 dro downs8 !ooM u s8 combo boCes8 so on e so fort). 'n =D' a !ications8 a data e!ement 3 'nformao t)at 3 stored on an ar4uivo de !7gica interna or t)at 3 used to invoMe a transaction. A com re)ensive artic!e on t)e a !ication of *ontos de 6uno to $ew e (merging Tec)no!ogies eCist at www.SoftwareMetrics.ComQArtic!es (adio )uttons Radio Wuttons are treated as data e!ement t" es. @it)in a grou of8 a frame8 radio buttons t)e user )as t)e o tion of se!ecting on!" one radio buttonY so on!" one data e!ement t" e 3 counted ara a!! t)e radio buttons contained in t)e frame. Che!* )o+es C)ecM WoCes differ from radio buttons in t)at Mais t)an one c)ecM boC ode ser se!ected at a time. (ac) c)ecM boC8 wit)in a frame8 t)at ode ser se!ected s)ou!d be treated as a data e!ement.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age ./

C)a ter 0 Command )uttons Command buttons ma" s ecif" an add8 c)ange8 de!ete or in4uire action. A button8 !iMe &\8 ma" invoMe severa! different t" es of transactions. According to '6*D= counting ru!es eac) command button wou!d be counted as a data e!ement ara t)e action it invoMes. 'n ractice t)is data e!ement wi!! not im act t)e Ava!iao of t)e transaction8 but it does )e! understand e dissect a screen fu!! of transactions. A button !iMe neCt ma" actua!!" be t)e (ntrada side of an in4uir" or anot)er transaction. 6or (Cem !o8 a sim !e a !ication to tracM distributors cou!d )ave fie!ds ara Distributor $ame8 Address8 Cit"8 State8 `i 8 *)one $umber8 e 6aC $umber. T)is wou!d re resent seven fie!ds or Eseven (!ementos de DadosF e t)e add command button wou!d re resent t)e eig)t) data e!ement. 'n s)ort8 t)e ;add< eCterna! (ntrada re resents a one eCterna! (ntrada wit) eig)t (!ementos de Dados8 t)e ;c)ange< eCterna! (ntrada re resents anot)er eCterna! (ntrada wit) eig)t Eseven (!ementos de Dados !us t)e ;c)ange< command buttonF8 e t)e ;de!ete< eCterna! (ntrada re resents t)e !ast eCterna! (ntrada wit) eig)t (!ementos de Dados Eseven fie!ds !us t)e ;de!ete< command buttonF. Displa, of -raphi!al %mages or %!ons A dis !a" of a gra )ica! image 3 sim !" anot)er data e!ement. An inventor" a !ication8 ara (Cem !o8 ma" contain data about arts. 't ma" contain art name8 su !ier8 siBe8 e weig)t e inc!ude a sc)ematic image of t)e art. T)is sc)ematic 3 treated as a sing!e data e!ement. 'ound ),tes Man" =D' A !ica?es )ave a sound b"te attac)ed. T)is re resents one data e!ement. T)e number of notes !a"ed 3 sim !" recursive 'nformao. 'f t)e !engt) of t)e sound b"te increases8 t)en t)e data e!ement remains one. ara (Cem !o8 "ou can !a" t)e ;Star S ang!ed Wanner< ara two seconds or four seconds8 but "ou^!! sti!! count t)e sound b"tes as one data e!ement. T)e !onger it 3 !a"ed t)e Mais recursive 'nformao it )as. Photographi! %mages A )otogra )ic image 3 anot)er data e!ement8 e 3 counted as one. A )uman resource a !ication ma" dis !a" em !o"ee name8 start date8 etc. e a )otogra ) of t)e em !o"ee. T)e )otogra ) 3 treated t)e same as em !o"ee name or em !o"ee start date. T)e )otogra ) 3 stored e maintained !iMe an" ot)er iece of 'nformao about t)e em !o"ee. Mensagens T)ere are t)ree t" es of Mensagens t)at are generated in a =D' a !ication: error Censa-ens8 con#irmation Censa-ens e noti#ication Censa-ens. (rror Mensagens e confirmation Mensagens indicate t)at an error )as occurred or t)at a rocess wi!! be or )ave been com !eted. T)e" are not an e!ementar" or inde endent rocess a!one8 but t)e" are art of anot)er e!ementar" rocess. A Mensagem t)at wou!d state8 ;Bi code 3 re4uired< wou!d be an (Cem !o of an error message. A Mensagem t)at wou!d state8 ;are "ou sure "ou want to de!ete customer< 3 an (Cem !o of a confirmation message. $eit)er t" e of Mensagem 3 treated as a uni4ue eCterna! out ut8 but eac) 3 treated as a data e!ement ara t)e a ro riate transaction.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .0

'dentif"ing R(T^s8 D(T^s e 6TR^s

&n t)e ot)er )and8 a noti#ication Censa-ens 3 a business t" e message. A notification 3 an e!ementar" rocess8 )as some meaning to t)e business user e 3 inde endent of ot)er e!ementar" rocesses. 't 3 t)e basis of rocessing e a conc!usion being drawn. ara (Cem !o8 "ou ma" tr" to wit)draw from an ATM mac)ine Mais mone" t)an "ou )ave in "our account e "ou receive t)e dreaded message8 ;%ou )ave insufficient funds to cover t)is transaction.< T)is 3 t)e resu!t of 'nformao being read from a ar4uivo regarding "our current ba!ance e a conc!usion being drawn. A notification Mensagem 3 treated as an (Cterna! &ut ut.

DE%4s para 5eal %ime S0stems

Dsing t)e strict definition of a data e!ement rovided b" '6*D=^s Counting *ractices Manua!. ;A data e!ement 3 a user recogniBab!e8 non recursive fie!d.< Dnfortunate!" t)is does not rovide muc) guidance w)en counting rea! time or embedded s"stems. 'n fact8 t)e '6*D= Counting *ractices manua! does not rovide an" Deta!)e on counting t)ese t" es of s"stems. Some traditiona! definitions ode ser a !ied direct!" to rea! time e embedded s"stems. T)e fie!ds on a diagnostics ar4uivo: time of diagnostics8 )ardware state during diagnostics8 tem erature8 vo!tage8 so on e so fort) wou!d a!! be (Cem !os of (!ementos de Dados. Rea! Time S"stems ma" not )ave an" ;traditiona! user interface.< T)at is8 t)e stimu!us ara t)e Rea! Time S"stem ma" be it^s own out ut K or state. A rea! time or embedded s"stems can signa! to determine current Hardware State Eor !ocationF e determine t)e a ro riate ad9ustment E(ntradaF based on t)e current state.

7onitor de %reinamento:
+. T)e fo!!owing 'nformao 3 )eard in t)e Rome Train Station. How man" (!ementos de Dados are )eardS T)at is8 w)at 'nformao varia from one train arriva! to t)e neCtS T)e train arriving from 6!orence wi!! arrive on TracM 02 at L:/U a.m. T)e train arriving from $a !es wi!! arrive on TracM 0/ at ++:UU a.m. .. T)e tota!s on a articu!ar re ort c)ange co!ors de ending if t)e amount 3 above or be!ow [ 1UU. ara (Cem !o if t)e amount 3 #[.1U it a ears as R48,> but if t)e amount 3 over U t)en t)e va!ue a ears b!ue. ara (Cem !o if t)e amount 3 R+>,,,. How man" (!ementos de Dados are re resented b" t)e number e b" t)e co!orS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .1

ST A)A.

)TAA"AS

Objetivo da Seo:
Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to identif" e rate (Cterna! (ntradas. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
E$ternal Entradas E('F # 3 an e!ementar" rocess in w)ic) data crosses t)e boundar" from outside to inside. T)is data ma" come from a data (ntrada screen or anot)er a !ication. T)e data ma" be used to maintain one or Mais ar4uivos de !7gica interna. T)e data ode ser eit)er contro! 'nformao or business 'nformao. 'f t)e data 3 contro! 'nformao it does not )ave to maintain um ar4uivo de !7gica interna. 'f an eCterna! (ntrada adds8 c)anges e de!etes EmaintainsF 'nformao on um ar4uivo de !7gica interna8 t)en t)is re resents t)ree eCterna! (ntradas. (Cterna! (ntradas Ees ecia!!" c)ange ] de!eteF ma" be receded b" an eCterna! in4uir" Esee t)e section on eCterna! in4uiriesF. Hence a fu!! function screen 3 add8 c)ange8 de!ete e in4uir" EMais wi!! be discussed about in4uiries !ater in t)e booMF.

Avaliao:
LiMe a!! com onents8 ('^s are rated e va!ued. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e number of data e!ement t" es ED(T^sF e t)e Ti os de Ar4uivos ReferenciadosETAR^sF. D(T^s e TAR^s are discussed ear!ier. T)e tab!e be!ow !ists bot) t)e !eve! E!ow8 average or )ig)F e a ro riate va!ue E/8 0 or 2 unad9usted *ontos de 6unoF. Ar<uivos T=&e Ae#erenced 1TAA2 Less t)an . . =reater t)an . lementos de "ados +#0 Low E/F Low E/F Average E0F 1#+1 Low E/F Average E0F Hig) E2F =reater t)an +1 Average E0F Hig) E2F Hig) E2F

T)e combined (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF t)at maMe u an (' !us t)e number of Ti os de Ar4uivos ReferenciadosETAR^sF are considerado w)en determining t)e Ava!iao of t)e ('. ara (Cem !o an (' wit) 2 D(T^s t)at references Eor u datesF two TAR^s wou!d be rated average e be va!ued at 0 unad9usted *ontos de 6uno. Dnad9usted *ontos de 6uno are t)e va!ues of t)e com onent rior to a !"ing t)e Za!ue Ad9ustment 6actor. T)e Za!ue Ad9ustment 6actor 3 discussed in Deta!)e in t)e ca 5tu!o regarding

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .2

(Cterna! 'n uts Caracter5sticas =erais do Sistemaon age (rror: Reference source not found. Mais e Mais organiBations are considering t)e ZA6 o tiona!.

Dicas de &onta'em:
Tr( to as) t*e !uestion+ do e$ternal Entradas need ,ais or less t*an - ar!ui"os to be processed. ara a!! t)e ('^s t)at reference Mais t)an . TAR^s8 a!! t)at 3 needed to Mnow 3 if t)e (' )as Mais or !ess t)an 0 data e!ement t" es referenced. 'f t)e (' )as Mais t)an 0 D(T^s t)e (' wi!! be rated as )ig)Y !ess t)an 0 D(T^s t)e (' wi!! be rated as average. An" ('^s t)at reference !ess t)an . TAR^s s)ou!d be sing!ed out e counted se arate!".

E8emplos:
('^s ode ser business data8 contro! data e ru!es based data. /usiness #ata% 0ustomer 1ame+ ddress+ P*one+ e so on e so fort*2 0ontrol #ata% T)e (!ementos de Dados are t)ose t)at invoMe t)e transaction or c)ange t)e be)avior of t)e a !ication. (ac) c)ecM boC re resents a data e!ement. Additiona!!"8 t)e sort em !o"ee !ist radio buttons re resents one data e!ement as we!! as t)e time format radio buttons. Contro! 'nformao c)anges or a!ters t)e state Eor be)aviorF of t)e a !ication. Contro! 'nformao s ecifies )ow8 w)at8 e w)en data wi!! be rocessed.

Elementos de Dados:
Dni4ue sets of (!ementos de Dados )e! distinguis) eCterna! (ntrada from ot)er eCterna! (ntrada. 't 3 t)e set of D(T^s combined t)at create t)e e!ementar" rocess ca!!ed an ('. T)e fo!!owing are (Cem !os of D(T^s. Data (ntrada 6ie!ds Ca!cu!ated Za!ues t)at are stored (rror Mensagens Confirmation Mensagens Recursive fie!ds are on!" counted as one D(T. Action Me"s Ecommand buttons suc) as &\8 $eCt8 so on e so fort)F Mu!ti !e Action \e"s t)at erform t)e same function are counted on!" as one D(T.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .A

C)a ter 1

%ipos de Ar1uivos 5eferenciados+%A54s,:

Dni4ue TAR^s )e! s distinguis) eCterna! (ntrada from ot)er eCterna! (ntrada. An TAR must be eit)er an Ar4uivo de L7gica 'nterna andQor Ar4uivo de 'nterface (Cterna. (ac) interna! !ogica! ar4uivo t)at an eCterna! (ntrada maintains 3 counted as an TAR. Gua!4uer ar4uivo de !7gica interna ou eCterna! interface ar4uivo t)at 3 referenced b" an eCterna! (ntrada as art of t)e e!ementar" rocess of maintaining an ar4uivo de !7gica interna wou!d be considerado an TAR a!so. ara (Cem !o8 an (Cterna! (ntrada ma" u date an ar4uivo de !7gica interna8 but must a!so reference a ;securit" ar4uivo< to maMe sure t)at t)e user )as a ro riate securit" !eve!s. T)is wou!d be an (Cem !o of two TAR^s.

#nicidade:
A uni4ue set of (!ementos de Dados8 andQor a different set of TAR^s8 andQor a uni4ue set of ca!cu!ations maMe one eCterna! (ntrada uni4ue or different from ot)er eCterna! (ntradas. T)at is8 one of t)e fo!!owing must be true: Dni4ue or different set of (!ementos de Dados Dni4ue or different set of TAR^s Dni4ue or different ca!cu!ations

Ca!cu!ations a!one are not an e!ementar" rocess but art of t)e e!ementar" rocess of t)e eCterna! (ntrada. A ca!cu!ation Eor derived dataF does not maMe t)e transaction an eCterna! out ut. (Cterna! out uts e derived data wi!! be discussed in Deta!)e in t)e eCterna! out ut section of t)is document.

Entendendo Avanos nos Pontos de $uno:

Modification of an" of t)e items8 w)ic) maMe an (Cterna! (ntrada uni4ue from ot)er eCterna! (ntradas8 causes t)e (' to be ;en)anced.< 'f an" of t)e fo!!owing are true: D(T^s added to an (' D(T^s modified on an ('. T)e D(T was inc!uded in t)e !ast 6* Count. A $ew TAR Modifications to a ca!cu!ation t)at a ears on an ('.

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
25I Radio /uttons # eac) set of radio buttons 3 counted as one D(T. &n!" one radio button ode ser se!ected at a time. Pic) 3ists4 T)e actua! icM !ist Ea!so Mnown as dro downs8 !ooMu sF cou!d be an eCterna! in4uir"8 but t)e resu!t of t)e in4uir" ma" be a D(T ara an eCterna! (ntrada. 0*ec) /o$ # (ac) c)ecM boC t)at ode ser simu!taneous!" c)ecMed 3 a uni4ue D(T.
Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .L

(Cterna! 'n uts

/uttons # Wuttons ode ser D(T^s. T)e &\ button above wou!d be a data e!ement. 'f t)ere was a series of buttons Add8 C)ange e De!ete. (ac) button wou!d be counted as a D(T ara t)e associated transaction. A sing!e =D' ;screen< ma" re resent severa! transactiona! function t" es. ara (Cem !o8 it 3 common ara a =D' ;screen< to )ave a series of eCterna! in4uiries fo!!owed b" an eCterna! (ntrada. 't9er Error ,ensagens # error Mensagens are counted as (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF8 not uni4ue eCterna! in4uiries. Count one D(T ara t)e entire (ntrada screen. Mu!ti !e (rror Mensagens are simi!ar to recursive va!ues. An error Mensagem 3 art of anot)er e!ementar" rocess. T)e number of error Mensagens on a =D' screen 3 !ess t)an t)e number of error Mensagens associated wit) traditiona! a !ications. 'f used correct!"8 radio buttons e icM !ists can force users to se!ect correct 'nformaoY t)erefore8 e!iminating t)e need to do editing be)ind t)e scenes. 'n ractice t)e number of D(T^s do not maMe muc) of a difference in eva!uating an ('8 understanding error or confirmation Mensagens )e! in t)e understanding of Dnicidade. Real Time e Embedded 5(stems 'n rea! time e embedded s"stems communication between )ardware e software 3 common e s)ou!d not be over!ooMed w)en counting t)ese t" es of s"stems. &t)er t" es of (ntradas ara rea! time e embedded s"stems are: & erator Contro!s8 Zo!ume Contro!s8 Sensor Readings8 Radio 6re4uencies8 Standards e Limit Settings EA!arms Settings8 so on e so fort).

Documentao Padro:
A good source of 'nformao to determine eCterna! (ntradas 3 Screen La"outs8 Screen 6ormats ] dia!ogs8 e !a"outs of an" (ntrada forms. Additiona! (ntradas from ot)er A !ica?es s)ou!d be inventoried )ere. (ntradas from ot)er A !ica?es must u date ar4uivos de !7gica interna of t)e a !ication being counted. Screen La"outs Screen Dia!ogs Design Documentation 6unctiona! S ecifications Dser Re4uirements An" (ntrada 6orms ConteCt Diagrams Data 6!ow Diagrams

Dicas para Identificar E8ternal Entradas mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

T)e fo!!owing t" es of documentation ode ser used to assist in counting ('^s rior to s"stem im !ementation.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age .O

C)a ter 1

An" refined ob9ectives e constraints ara t)e ro osed s"stem. Co!!ected documentation regarding t)e current s"stem8 if suc) a s"stem Eeit)er automated or manua!F eCits. Documentation of t)e users^ erceived ob9ectives8 rob!ems e needs. *re!iminar" Data 6!ow Diagram. Re4uirements Documentation.

3ocabul9rio %pico:
T)e fo!!owing words are associated wit) eCterna! (ntrada or ;(ntradas.< @)i!e reading teCtua! document or a !ication descri tion !ooM ara t)ese t" e of words8 t)e" ma" indicate an add8 c)ange or de!ete as ect of an eCterna! (ntrada. Add Activate Amend Ec)ange e de!eteF Cance! C)ange Convert Ec)angeF Create EaddF De!ete Deassign Disab!e Disconnect Ec)ange or de!eteF (nab!e (dit Ec)angeF 'nsert E add e c)angeF Maintain Eadd8 c)ange8 or de!eteF MemoriBe EaddF Modif" Ec)angeF &verride Ec)angeF *ost Eadd8 c)ange e de!eteF Remove Ede!eteF Reactivate Ec)angeF Remit Re !ace Ec)angeF Revise Ec)ange e de!eteF Save Eadd8 c)ange or de!eteF Store EaddF Sus end Ec)ange or de!eteF Submit Eadd8 c)ange or de!eteF D date Eadd8 c)ange or de!eteF Zoids Ec)ange e de!eteF

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion. +. 'f an (' )as one Ti o de Ar4uivo Referenciado e 1 (!ementos de Dados 3 it rated8 !ow average or )ig)S @)at about A (!ementos de DadosS &r .1 (!ementos de DadosS .. How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere on t)e contro! (ntrada in t)e bod" of t)e ca 5tu!o E age .AFS /. Does ever" (' )ave to u date an AL'S @)"S

0. @)at 3 t)e difference between ;com !eCit"< e ;va!ueS<

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /U

(Cterna! 'n uts

1. @)at are t)e criteria ara an (' to be rated )ig)S 2. 6i!! in t)e ;va!ue< of a !ow aaaa average aaaa e )ig) aaaa ('S T)e fo!!owing screen 3 used to add a new customer to an a !ication. T)e &\ command button e t)e $eCt command button bot) add t)e new customer to t)e database. A. How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere in t)is (ntrada screenS

L. 'f t)is screen u dates one ar4uivo de !7gica interna )ow man" unad9usted *ontos de 6uno does t)is screen re resentS O. How man" (!ementos de Dados does t)e )one number re resentS +U. 's t)e Cance! command button counted as a data e!ementS A !ication A )as a batc) (ntrada ar4uivo. T)e batc) ar4uivo 3 one )"sica! ar4uivo8 but contains man" different t" es of records. T)e first fie!d 3 a record identifier number. T)e record identifier number can range from +#A1. T)e second fie!d describes if t)e record 3 new e adds to t)e ar4uivo8 c)anges a revious batc) (ntrada or a de!etes a revious batc) (ntrada Eadd8 c)ange e de!eteF. De ending on t)e record identifier number t)ere are a uni4ue set of (!ementos de Dados8 a different set of ar4uivos are u dated e referenced8 e different rocessing !ogic 3 fo!!owed. (ver" sing!e record identifier number u dates Mais t)an / ar4uivos E)as Mais t)an / TAR^sF e contains Mais t)an 1 (!ementos de Dados. How man" *ontos de 6uno does t)is one batc) (ntrada re resentS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /+

ST A)A.

O*TP*TS

Objetivo da Seo:
Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to identif" e rate (Cterna! &ut uts. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
E$ternal &utputs E(&F # an e!ementar" rocess in w)ic) deri,ed data asses across t)e boundar" from inside to outside. Additiona!!"8 an (& ma" u date an AL'. T)e data creates re orts or out ut ar4uivos sent to ot)er a !ications. T)ese re orts e ar4uivos are created from 'nformao contained in one or Mais ar4uivos de !7gica interna e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. Derived Data 3 data t)at 3 rocessed be"ond direct retrieva! e editing of 'nformao from ar4uivos de !7gica interna ou Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. Derived data 3 usua!!" t)e resu!t of a!gorit)ms8 or ca!cu!ations. #eri"ed data occurs 6*en one or ,ais Elementos de #ados are combined 6it* a formula to generate or deri"e an additional data element(s)2 T)is derived data does not a ear in an" TAR Ear4uivo de !7gica interna ou ar4uivo de interface eCternaF. An a!gorit)m 3 defined as a mec)anica! rocedure ara erforming a given ca!cu!ation or so!ving a rob!em in a series of ste s. A ca!cu!ation 3 defined as an e4uation t)at )as one or Mais o erators. An o erator 3 a mat)ematica! function suc) as addition8 subtraction8 mu!ti !ication8 e division EX8 #8C8 QF.

Avaliao:
LiMe a!! com onents8 (&^s are rated e va!ued. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e number of (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF e t)e Ti os de Ar4uivos ReferenciadosETAR^sF. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e total number o# uni<ue Ecombined uni4ue (ntrada e out sidesF (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF e t)e Ti os de Ar4uivos ReferenciadosETAR^sF Ecombined uni4ue (ntrada e out ut sidesF. D(T^s e TAR^s were discussed ear!ier. T)e tab!e be!ow !ists bot) t)e !eve! E!ow8 average or )ig)F e a ro riate va!ue E08 1 or A unad9usted *ontos de 6unoF. Ti&os de Ar<uivos Ae#erenciados1TAA2 !ess t)an . lementos de "ados +#1 Low E0F 2#+O Low E0F =reater t)an +O Average E1F

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /.

(Cterna! &ut uts . or / =reater t)an / Low E0F Average E1F Average E1F Hig) EAF Hig) EAF Hig) EAF

Dicas de &onta'em:
7ou ma( as) t*e !uestion+ #o e$ternal outputs need ,ais or less t*an 8 ar!ui"os to be processed. ara a!! t)e (&^s t)at reference Mais t)an / ar4uivos8 a!! t)at 3 needed to Mnow 3 if t)e (& )as Mais or !ess t)an 1 data e!ement t" es. 'f t)e (& )as Mais t)an 1 data e!ement t" es t)en t)e (& wi!! be rated as )ig)8 !ess t)an 1 t)e (& wi!! be rated as average. An" (&^s t)at reference !ess t)an / ar4uivos s)ou!d be sing!ed out e counted se arate!". T)is same rocess ode ser re eated to sim !if" t)e counting of (& Eand ot)er com onentsF.

%erminolo'ia:
T)e definition states t)at an (& contains 'nformao8 w)ic) deri,ed data asses across t)e boundar" from inside to outside. Some confusion ma" arise because an (& )as an (ntrada side. T)e confusion 3 t)e definition reads data asses across t)e boundar" from inside to outside. T)e (ntrada side of an (& 3 searc) criteria8 arameters8 etc does not maintain an AL'. T)e 'nformao t)at a cross from outside to inside E(ntrada sideF 3 not ermanent data8 but it 3 transient data. T)e intent of t)e 'nformao coming from outside t)e a !ication E(ntrada sideF 3 not to maintain an AL'.

E8emplos:
Dn!iMe ot)er com onents (&^s a!most a!wa"s contain business data. Ru!e base data e contro! based ;out uts< are a!most a!wa"s considerado (Cterna! 'n4uiries. T)is 3 true due to t)e fact t)at ru!e data e contro! t" e data 3 not derived Eor derivab!eF. 1otification ,ensagens are considerado (&^s. A notification Mensagem differs from an error message. A notification Mensagem 3 an e!ementar" rocess8 w)i!e an error Mensagem Eor confirmation messageF 3 art of an e!ementar" rocess. A notification Mensagem 3 t)e resu!t of some business !ogic rocessing. ara (Cem !o8 a trading a !ication ma" notif" a broMer t)at t)e customer tr"ing to !ace an order does not )ave ade4uate funds in t)eir account. #eri"ed #ata dis !a"ed in teCtua! fas)ion Erows e co!umnsF e gra )ica! format 3 an (Cem !o of two eCterna! out uts.

Elementos de Dados:
Dni4ue sets of (!ementos de Dados )e! distinguis) one eCterna! out ut from anot)er. \ee in mind t)at a D(T 3 somet)ing t)at 3 d"namic not a static fie!d EA D(T 3 a uni4ue user recogniBab!e8 non#recursive Enon#re etitiveF fie!dF. (rror Mensagens Confirmation Mensagens Ca!cu!ated Za!ues Ederived dataF Za!ues on re orts t)at are read from an ar4uivo de !7gica interna or eCterna! interface ar4uivo. Recursive va!ues or fie!ds Ecount on!" onceF

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age //

C)a ter 2 =enera!!"8 do not count re ort )eadings E!itera!sF as (!ementos de Dados un!ess t)e" are d"namic. T)at is8 if t)e re ort )eadings are read from ar4uivos t)at are maintained t)e" ma" be D(T^s a!so. S"stem generated dates t)at are on t)e to s or re orts or are dis !a"ed are norma!!" not counted as D(T^s. 'f s"stem generated dates are art of business 'nformao of t)e eCterna! out ut t)e" s)ou!d be counted as D(T^s. ara (Cem !o8 t)e date an invoice 3 rinted or t)e date a c)ecM 3 rinted.

T)e combined set of D(T^s ara an (Cterna! &ut ut 3 t)e ;e!ementar" rocess.<

%ipos de Ar1uivos 5eferenciados+%A5,:

Dni4ue TAR^s )e! distinguis) one eCterna! out ut from anot)er. An TAR must be eit)er an Ar4uivo de L7gica 'nterna andQor (Cterna! 'nterface Ar4uivo. (ac) (& must )ave at !east one TAR Eeit)er AL' or A'(F. 'f t)e (& does not reference at !east one TAR8 t)en w)ere did t)e 'nformao ED(T^sF come fromS T)e e!ementar" rocess associated wit) an eCterna! out ut ma" u date an ar4uivo de !7gica interna or eCterna! interface ar4uivo. ara (Cem !o8 t)e e!ementar" rocess t)at roduces a a"ro!! c)ecM ma" inc!ude an u date to a ar4uivo to set a f!ag to indicate t)at t)e a"ro!! c)ecM was roduced. T)is 3 not t)e same as maintaining t)e ar4uivo. Maintained 3 t)e rocess of modif"ing data Eadding8 c)anged e de!etingF via an e!ementar" rocess Evia an (Cterna! (ntradaF. T)e rimar" intent of an (& 3 not to maintain an AL'.

#nicidade:
A uni4ue set of (!ementos de Dados8 andQor a different set of TAR^s8 andQor a uni4ue set of ca!cu!ations maMes one eCterna! out ut uni4ue or different from ot)er eCterna! out uts. T)at is8 one of t)e fo!!owing must be true: Dni4ue or different set of (!ementos de Dados Dni4ue or different set of TAR^s Dni4ue or different ca!cu!ations Dni4ue rocessing !ogic

Entendendo Avanos nos Pontos de $uno:

Modification of an" of t)e items8 w)ic) maMe an (Cterna! &ut ut uni4ue from ot)er eCterna! out uts8 causes t)e (& to be ;en)anced.< 'f an" of t)e fo!!owing are true: D(T^s added to an (& D(T^s modified on an (&. T)e D(T was inc!uded in t)e !ast 6* Count. A $ew TAR Modifications to a ca!cu!ation t)at a ears on an (&.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /0

(Cterna! &ut uts

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
(ac) media t)at a re ort 3 sent to 3 counted as a uni4ue (&. 'f a re ort were avai!ab!e on !ine8 a er e e!ectronic it wou!d be counted as t)ree (&^s. #is) 0ac*e: 'nformao t)at 3 re ared8 rocessed8 e derived e ut on cac)e ar4uivos ara anot)er a !ication to uti!iBe s)ou!d not be over!ooMed. T)ese cac)ed ar4uivos ma" be eCterna! out uts or eCterna! in4uiries. T)e difference wou!d be if t)e ar4uivo contains derived data.

Documentao Padro:
Re ort La"outs Design Documentation 6unctiona! S ecifications Dser Re4uirements Database descri tions 6ie!d SiBes e 6ormats =ra )ica! Re ort La"outs

Dicas para Identificar E8ternal Outputs mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

T)e fo!!owing t" es of documentation ode ser used to assist in counting (Cterna! &ut uts rior to s"stem im !ementation. An" refined ob9ectives e constraints ara t)e ro osed s"stem. Co!!ected documentation regarding t)e current s"stem8 if suc) a s"stem Eeit)er automated or manua!F eCits. Documentation of t)e users^ erceived ob9ectives8 rob!ems e needs. *re!iminar" Data 6!ow Diagrams.

3ocabul9rio %pico:
T)e fo!!owing words are associated wit) an ;eCterna! out uts.< @)i!e reading teCtua! documents or a !ication descri tions !ooM ara t)ese t" es of words. T)e" ma" indicate an eCterna! out ut. $otice t)ese words are ver" simi!ar to t)ose words used ara an (Cterna! 'n4uir" Ediscussed in t)e neCt c)a terF. Wrowse Dis !a" =et &n#!ines &ut ut *rint Guer" Re orts Re4uest Retrieve SeeM Se!ect Ziew

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /1

C)a ter 2

Assuntos Especiais e 5efer/ncias:

.hen to !ount D /0s para (eport Headings: Re ort )eadings are counted w)en t)e" are d"namic. T)at is8 if re ort )eadings are being read from um ar4uivo de !7gica interna t)e" s)ou!d be counted as D(T^s. Can an +ternal Output have an ntrada side1 Since t)e (ntrada side 3 not stand#a!one Einde endent or an e!ementar" rocessF it s)ou!d be considerado as art of t)e entire eCterna! out ut. T)e TAR^s e D(T^s used to searc) s)ou!d be combined wit) uni4ue outside D(T^s e TAR^s ara at grand tota! TAR^s e D(T^s ara t)e entire (&. 'n s)ort8 an eCterna! out ut can )ave an (ntrada side. Can an +ternal Output 2pdate an Ar3uivo de 45gi!a %nterna1 An eCterna! out ut can u date an ar4uivo de !7gica interna8 but it 3 incorrect to sa" t)at an eCterna! out ut can maintain an ar4uivo de !7gica interna. T)e u date 3 art of t)e e!ementar" rocess of t)e eCterna! out ut. An eCterna! (ntrada maintains data on e AL' ar4uivo. T)e maintain rocess 3 an e!ementar" rocess a!one. T)e definition ara maintaining 3 discussed in t)e ar4uivo de !7gica interna e eCterna! (ntrada sections of t)is booM. -raphs =ra )s are counted t)e same wa" as t)e teCtua! (&^s. T)at is8 t)e gra ) 3 rated e va!ued based on t)e number of D(T^s e t)e number of TAR^s. 'n fact8 recursive 'nformao 3 easi!" seen in a gra )8 but ode ser Mais difficu!t to visua!iBe in a teCt re ort. T)ere are +U (!ementos de Dados in t)e fo!!owing tab!e +. Da"s .. Hits /. V of Tota! Hits 0. Dser Sessions 1. Tota! Hits EweeMda"F 2. Tota! V EweeMda"F A. Tota! Dser Sessions EweeMda"F L. Tota! Hits EweeMendF O. Tota! V EweeMendF +U. Tota! Dser Sessions EweeMendF

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /2

(Cterna! &ut uts

Da"s8 Hits8 V of Tota! Hits e Dser Sessions a!! )ave recursive data. T)e same data cou!d be rocessed e resented as bar gra ). Wut on t)e fo!!owing bar gra ) t)ere are on!" two (!ementos de Dados Euser session e da" of weeMF. T)e bar gra ) 3 a se arate eCterna! out ut e 3 uni4ue from t)e above tab!e. 'n s)ort8 it rovides s!ig)t!" different 'nformao t)an t)e tab!e.

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion.

Ice Cream Cone Sales b= Cont/

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /A

C)a ter 2 Flavor =anilla C9ocolate 3tra-berry Pistac9io 't9er !otal

:an LU A1 /U L +. .U1 Fe b L1 LU /1 O +/ ... ;ar L1 AU /1 O +/ .+. %(r OU L/ 0U O +/ ./1 ;ay ++U +UU AU ++ +1 /U2 :u n +.U +U1 LU +. +A //0 :ul +/1 +UO O1 +0 +O /A. %ug +01 +.U +U1 +1 .U 0U1 3e( OU LU 0U O +0 .// 'ct L0 AU /0 L +/ .UO <o, A1 2O .1 L +/ +OU $e c AU 21 .U A +. +A0 !otal ++2O +U.2 2UO ++O +A0

+. How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere in t)e above c)artS .. 's t)ere recursive Ere etitiveF 'nformaoS @)at 3 itS

/. How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere in t)e fo!!owing !ine c)artS 'nformao be seen easier in gra )sS

Can recursive

Ice Cone Sales by Month

;96 ;86 ;76 ;66 :6 96 86 76 6 <un <an <ul Aug 'ep Mar Apr Ma, O!t >ov Fe= De! ?anilla Cho!olate 'traw =err, Pista!hio Other

Fi-ure +

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /L

(Cterna! &ut uts

0. How man" (!ementos de Dados are in t)e fo!!owing c)art wit) . " # aCisS Max Average Daily Temperature in Kansas City Data is from 18 ! " #resent
;67 C7 $ahrenheit :7 B7 97 A7 87 @7 <an Fe= Mar Apr Ma, <un <ul Aug 'ep O!t >ov De! Month 86 @A @6 7A 76 ;A ;6 A 6

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age /O

Celsius

C)a ter 2

1. How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere in t)e fo!!owing ie c)artS

#ercent of Cones Sol% by $lavor

Pista!hio Other 9D 8D 'traw =err, 76D Cho!olate @@D

?anilla @BD

Fi-ure 4

2. 'f an (& )as 0 Ti os de Ar4uivos Referenciadosand +1 (!ementos de Dados 3 it rated8 !ow average or )ig)S A. @)at about 1 (!ementos de Dados wit) 0 TAR^sS TAR^sS &r 01 (!ementos de Dados wit) 0

L. 's it ossib!e to )ave an (& t)at does not reference an" AL'^sS

@)"S

O. @)at 3 t)e criterion ara an (& to be rated !owS

+U. 6i!! in t)e ;va!ue< of a !ow aaaa average aaaa e )ig) aaaa (&S How does t)is com are to an (GS @)" t)e differenceS ++. %ou )ave a !ist of .1 re orts e "ou can safe!" assume t)at eac) re ort 3 se arate e!ementar" rocesses8 estimate t)e number of unad9usted *ontos de 6uno.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0U

(Cterna! &ut uts +.. %ou are given a !ist of t)e fo!!owing 1 re orts e t)e on!" 'nformao "ou )ave are t)e number of TAR^s. Re ort +8 / TAR^s Re ort .8 1 TAR^s Re ort /8 + TAR Re ort 08 . TAR^s Re ort 18 + TAR (stimate t)e number of unad9usted *ontos de 6uno. @)at met)od did "ou useS +/. How wou!d estimate t)e unad9usted number of *ontos de 6uno if "ou were rovided t)e fo!!owing 'nformao. Re Re Re Re Re ort +8 0 D(T^s ort .8 .1 D(T^s ort /8 +U D(T^s ort 08 +1 D(T^s ort 18 . D(T^s

+0. @)at met)od did "ou useS +1. *revious!"8 t)e !ine gra ) of ice cream cone sa!es was counted as one uni4ue (Cterna! &ut ut. 'f a gra ) were eCact!" t)e same eCce t in 'ta!ian8 wou!d t)is be considerado anot)er uni4ue eCterna! out utS +2. Two se arate c)ecMs are created an eC ense c)ecM e a a"ro!! c)ecM. Wot) c)ecMs !ooM identica! e )ave t)e fo!!owing fie!ds8 em !o"ee name8 em !o"ee address8 amount of c)ecM8 date of c)ecM 3 rinted. T)e eC enses c)ecM uses t)e eC enses reimbursement ar4uivo e t)e em !o"ee ar4uivo e t)e a"ro!! c)ecM uses t)e a"ro!! ar4uivo e t)e em !o"ee ar4uivo. T)e ca!cu!ations ara eac) c)ecM are different. How man" eCterna! out uts are t)ereS (C !ain "our answerS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0+

ST A)A. I)(*IAI S
Objetivo da Seo:

Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to identif" e rate (Cterna! 'n4uiries. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
E$ternal 'n!uir( E(GF # an e!ementar" rocess wit) bot) (ntrada e out ut com onents t)at resu!t in data retrieva! from one or Mais Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. T)e (ntrada rocess does not u date or maintain an" TAR^s EAr4uivos de L7gica 'nterna or Ar4uivos de 'nterface (CternaF e t)e out ut side does not contain derived data.

Avaliao:
LiMe a!! com onents8 (G^s are rated e va!ued. Wasica!!"8 an (G 3 rated ELow8 Average or Hig)F !iMe an (&8 but assigned a va!ue !iMe e ('. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e total number o# uni<ue Ecombined uni4ue (ntrada e out sidesF (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF e t)e Ti os de Ar4uivos ReferenciadosETAR^sF Ecombined uni4ue (ntrada e out ut sidesF. D(T^s e TAR^s were discussed !ater in t)is c)a ter. 'f t)e same TAR 3 used on bot) t)e (ntrada e out ut side8 t)en it 3 counted on!" one time. 'f t)e same D(T 3 used on bot) t)e (ntrada e out ut side8 t)en it 3 on!" counted one time. 6unctiona! Ava!iao tab!e Es)ared tab!e between (& e (GF Ti&os de Ar<uivos lementos de "ados Ae#erenciados1TAA2 +#1 2#+O =reater t)an +O !ess t)an . Low E/F Low E/F Average E0F . or / Low E/F Average E0F Hig) E2F =reater t)an / Average E0F Hig) E2F Hig) E2F T)e combined (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF t)at maMe u an (G !us t)e number of Ti os de Ar4uivos Referenciadosare considerado w)en determining t)e Ava!iao of t)e (G. ara (Cem !o an (G wit) 0 D(T^s t)at references two TAR^s wou!d be rated !ow e be va!ued at / unad9usted *ontos de 6uno. @)i!e t)e Ava!iao tab!e 3 s)ared between an (& e (G8 t)e (G 3 va!ued t)e same as an ('.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0.

(Cterna! 'n4uiries

E8emplos:
(G^s can contain business data8 contro! data e ru!es based data. /usiness pplications% An (Cem !o of Wusiness data 3 customer names8 addresses8 )one number8 so on e so fort). An (Cem !o of Ru!es Data 3 a tab!e entr" t)at te!!s )ow man" da"s a customer ode ser !ate before t)e" are turned over ara co!!ection. Dro Down List Ea !isting of customers b" nameF wou!d be an (Cem !o of an (G. A screen fu!! of customer address 'nformao wou!d be an (Cem !o of an (G.

%erminolo'ia:
T)ere are a !ot of commona!ities between an (& e (G. Wot) )ave (ntrada e out ut sides8 but an (G cannot )ave derived data. An (G cannot u date an AL'. An (G 3 basica!!" a read from a TAR.

Elementos de Dados:
Dni4ue sets of (!ementos de Dados )e! to distinguis) one eCterna! in4uir" from anot)er eCterna! in4uir". (ntrada Side C!icM of a t)e mouse Searc) va!ues Action Me"s Ecommand buttonsF (rror Mensagens Confirmation Mensagens Esearc)ingF C!icMing on t)e an action Me" Scro!!ing Recursive fie!ds are counted on!" once. &utside Za!ues read from an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo or eCterna! interface ar4uivo Co!or or 6ont c)anges on t)e screen (rror Mensagens Confirmation Mensagens Recursive fie!ds are counted on!" once. T)e combined Euni4ueF tota! (ntrada e outside D(T^s are used w)en Ava!iao (G^s.

LiMe an ('8 action Me"s t)at erform t)e same function but a ear mu!ti !e times are counted as on!" one D(T. (rror Mensagens e confirmation Mensagens can e do occur on eit)er t)e (ntrada side andQor out ut side. 'f a user initiates a searc) e a Mensagem 3 dis !a"ed8 ; (lease -ait searc9ing< 3 an (Cem !o of a confirmation Mensagem on t)e (ntrada side. T)e Mensagem ;all fields must be (o(ulated< 3 anot)er (Cem !o of an error Mensagem on t)e (ntrada side. &n t)e ot)er )and8 if t)e Mensagem 3 ;customer not found< 3 an (Cem !o of an error Mensagem on t)e out ut side.
Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0/

C)a ter A T)at is8 t)e (ntrada side contained no rob!ems. T)e database was searc)ed e t)e ;error< )as occurred on t)e out ut side of t)e transaction.

%ipo de Ar1uivo 5eferenciado +%A54s,:

Dni4ue TAR^s )e! distinguis) one eCterna! in4uir" from anot)er eCterna! in4uir". (ver" (G must )ave at !east one associated TAR Eeit)er AL' or A'(F. 'f t)e (G does not )ave an associated TAR8 t)en w)ere did t)e 'nformao ED(T^s t)at a ear on t)e (GF come fromS Wot) t)e (ntrada side e out ut side must be considerado w)en eva!uating t)e TAR^s used b" an eCterna! in4uir". $orma!!" t)e" are t)e same but t)ere are instances w)ere t)e" ma" not be t)e same. T)e combined tota! s)ou!d be used w)en eva!uating an (G. ara (Cem !o8 a securit" c)ecM ma" be done on t)e (ntrada side of an eCterna! in4uir". T)e securit" c)ecM 3 done to maMe sure t)e user of t)e a !ication )as t)e a ro riate !eve! of aut)orit" to view t)e data.

#nicidade:
A uni4ue set of (!ementos de Dados8 andQor a different set of TAR^s maMe one eCterna! in4uir" uni4ue or different from ot)er eCterna! in4uir". T)at is8 one of t)e fo!!owing must be true: Dni4ue or different set of (!ementos de Dados Dni4ue or different set of TAR^s Dni4ue rocessing !ogic

Sorting does not maMe on eCterna! in4uir" uni4ue from anot)er since t)e (!ementos de Dados e TAR^s are t)e same. An eCterna! in4uir" cannot 9a,e calculated ,alues or deri,ed data. T)is caracter5stica distinguis)es an eCterna! in4uir" from an eCterna! out ut.

Entendendo Avanos nos Pontos de $uno:

Modification of an" of t)e items8 w)ic) maMe an (Cterna! 'n4uir" uni4ue from ot)er eCterna! in4uiries8 causes t)e (G to be ;en)anced.< 'f an" of t)e fo!!owing are true: D(T^s added to an (G D(T^s modified on an (G. T)e D(T was inc!uded in t)e !ast 6* Count. A $ew TAR

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
=D' A !ica?es are usua!!" ric) wit) (G^s Eand (&^sF. A d"namic icM !ist t)at reads from a ar4uivo 3 an (Cem !o an (Cterna! 'n4uir". =D' screens m" )ave a series of (G^s rior to an ('.

Documentao Padro:
Screen La"outs

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 00

(Cterna! 'n4uiries Design Documentation 6unctiona! S ecifications Tab!e La"outs Dser Re4uirements Database descri tions *icM !ists 6ie!d siBes e formats

Dicas para Identificar E!4s mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

T)e fo!!owing t" es of documentation ode ser used to assist in counting Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna rior to s"stem im !ementation. An" refined ob9ectives e constraints ara t)e ro osed s"stem. Co!!ected documentation regarding t)e current s"stem8 if suc) a s"stem Eeit)er automated or manua!F eCits. Documentation of t)e users^ erceived ob9ectives8 rob!ems e needs. *re!iminar" Data 6!ow Diagrams.

3ocabul9rio %pico:
T)e fo!!owing words are associated wit) an ;eCterna! in4uir".< @)i!e reading teCtua! document or a !ication descri tion !ooM ara t)ese t" e of words. T)e" ma" indicate an eCterna! in4uir". $otice t)e words are ver" simi!ar to t)ose re!ated to eCterna! out uts. Wrowse Guer" Dis !a" Scan (Ctract SeeM 6etc) Se!ect 6ind S)ow =et Ziew Dro Down Re orts Lists LooM D s &n#!ines &ut ut *icM Lists *rint

Assuntos Especiais e 5efer/ncias:

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 01

C)a ter A Can an +ternal %n3uir, not have an ntrada side1 (ven t)oug) it ma" not be visib!e a!! eCterna! in4uiries )ave an (ntrada side. 'n cases w)ere t)e (ntrada side 3 not readi!" visib!e 3 referred to as an im !ied in4uir". Menus ED,nami! MenusF T)e menu dis !a"ed to t)e rig)t 3 a d"namic menu. @ord dis !a"s t)e !ast severa! ar4uivos t)at )ave been o ened. @e can easi!" conc!ude t)at t)is 'nformao 3 being read from some t" e of interna! ar4uivo. Hence8 t)e 'nformao 3 d"namic. T)e menu wou!d be counted as an eCterna! in4uir".

(ven t)oug) t)e '6*D= Manua! eC !icit!" states t)at menus are not counted8 in t)is case it 3 c!ear t)at t)e menu 3 d"namic e c)anges. T)e rea! distinction 3 if a menu 3 d"namic or static. T)at is8 are t)e contents of t)e screen or re ort d"namic Eread from some ar4uivoF or are t)e" static E)ard codedF.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 02

(Cterna! 'n4uiries

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion. T)e fo!!owing customer !ist 3 dis !a"ed b" c!icMing on t)e tit!e bar ;Customer.< T)e fo!!owing !ist 3 dis !a"ed Eand 3 read from a ar4uivoF.

'f a c!icMed additiona! 'nformao 3 dis !a"ed.

articu!ar customer 3 doub!e

How man" (G^s does t)e Customer $utton8 Customer: Tob .ist e re resentS

+. dit Customer

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0A

C)a ter A 'f Customer:Tob 3 c!icMed t)en t)e fo!!owing menu 3 dis !a"ed. 'f new 3 se!ected a b!anM Eem t" screen a ears K same fie!ds as dit CustomerF. 'f de!ete 3 se!ected on de!ete confirmation 3 dis !a"ed.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0L

(Cterna! 'n4uiries

.. How man" ('^s does t)is series of screens E(dit8 $ew e De!eteF re resentS /. 'f an (G references one ar4uivo t" e e )as .1 (!ementos de Dados 3 it rated8 !ow average or )ig)S @)at about 1 (!ementos de DadosS &r 01 (!ementos de DadosS 0. Does ever" (G )ave to )ave at !east one TARS How does t)is differ from an (&S 1. @)at 3 t)e criterion ara an (G to be rated )ig)S @)"S

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 0O

TAA)SACTIO) A
Objetivo da Seo:

?I G

To review t)e t)ree t" es of transactiona! function t" e EeCterna! (ntrada8 eCterna! out ut e eCterna! in4uir"F. 'f t)e transaction can erform t)e ;atividade< t)en !ace a c)ecM in t)e a ro riate co!umn.

"escri&tion or Atividade
D(T^s retrieved from TAR^s Sorting of Data D dates an AL' Maintains an AL' Contains Derived Data 'nformao from outside t)e boundar" to inside S)ares com !eCit" matriC tab!e Are va!ued t)e same ara Low8 Ave8 e Hig) $ever Contains Derived Data At !east on TAR 3 referenced 'nformao from inside t)e boundar" to outside

Transactions
E&ternal Entrada E&ternal 'ut(ut E&ternal In*uiry

7ultiple (an'ua'es
Consider an a !ication t)at 3 a sing!e !anguage. Mais t)an !iMe!" re ort )eadings8 teCt descri tions are a!! ;)ard coded.< T)at 3 t)e user cannot d"namica!!" c)ange t)e )eadings or t)e teCt. $ow consider an a !ication t)at )as been desenvo!vido wit) mu!ti !e !anguages in mind. T)e re ort )eadings8 teCt descri tions are a!! read from ar4uivos. Com are t)e fo!!owing c)art in S anis) to t)e (ng!is) c)art resented ear!ier. 3 t)is c)art a uni4ue eCterna! out ut or t)e same eCterna! out utS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1U

Transaction Review

T)e S anis) c)art 3 not a uni4ue eCterna! out ut. 'f eCterna! out uts are avai!ab!e in mu!ti !e !anguages t)en severa! t)ings need to be considered. 6irst t)ere 3 robab!" some contro! (ntrada t)at a!!ows t)e user to d"namica!!" se!ect t)e !anguage. Second8 t)ere 3 an additiona! TAR referenced t)at contains t)e !anguage teCt. T)ird8 t)is !anguage interna! !ogica! ar4uivo 3 maintained b" an eCterna! (ntrada. 6ourt)8 t)ere are Mais (!ementos de Dados in t)e re ort. 'f an eCterna! out ut 3 avai!ab!e in Mais t)an one !anguage t)en it 3 not considerado an uni4ue eCterna! out ut8 but t)e eCterna! out ut 3 Mais com !eC EMais D(T^s e Mais TAR^sF.

Displa0 of 6rap)ical Ima'es or Icons

A dis !a" of a gra )ica! image 3 sim !" anot)er data e!ement. An inventor" a !ication ma" contain data about arts. 't ma" contain art name8 su !ier8 siBe8 e weig)t e inc!ude a sc)ematic image of t)e art. T)is sc)ematic 3 treated as anot)er data e!ement. Anot)er (Cem !o wou!d be a ma . T)e ma ma" be ;)ot.< As t)e mouse ointer 3 moved over t)e ma different cit" names are dis !a"ed. 'f t)e user c!icMs on a articu!ar )ot oint Deta!)es about t)at cit" 3 dis !a"ed. T)e Deta!)es about eac) cit" are contained in an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo or eCterna! interface ar4uivo t)en t)e Deta!)es cou!d be an eCterna! in4uir".

T)e fo!!owing ma of t)e Dnited States 3 ;)ot.< 'f "ou c!icM on \ansas Cit"8 t)en "ou get t)e fo!!owing 'nformao.
Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1+

C)a ter L

\ansas Cit"8 Missouri: *o u!ation 0/18+02: Location: /O.+ $8 O0.1 @ Houston8 TeCas: *o u!ations .8./+8+/U: Location: .O.L $8 O1.0 @ C)icago8 '!!inois: *o u!ation .8AL/8A.2: Location: 0+.L $8 LA.2 @ T)is wou!d be an (Cem !o of anot)er in4uir".

7ensa'ens
T)ere are t)ree t" es of Mensagens t)at are generated in a =D' a !ication: (rror Mensagens8 Confirmation Mensagens e $otification Mensagens. An error Mensagem e a confirmation Mensagem indicate t)at an error )as occurred or t)at a rocess wi!! be or )ave been com !eted. A Mensagem t)at wou!d state8 ;`i code 3 re4uired< wou!d be an (Cem !o of an error message. A Mensagem t)at wou!d state8 ;Are "ou sure "ou want to de!ete t)e customerS< 3 an (Cem !o of a confirmation message. $eit)er of t)ese t" es of Mensagens 3 treated as a uni4ue (Cterna! &ut ut8 but t)e" are treated as (!ementos de Dados ara t)e a ro riate transaction. &n t)e ot)er )and8 a notification Mensagens 3 a business t" e message. 't 3 t)e basis of rocessing e a conc!usion being drawn. ara (Cem !o8 "ou ma" tr" to wit)draw from an ATM mac)ine Mais mone" t)an "ou )ave in "our account e "ou receive t)e dreaded message8 ;%ou )ave insufficient funds to cover t)is transaction.< T)is 3 t)e resu!t of 'nformao being read from a ar4uivo regarding "our current ba!ance e a conc!usion being drawn. A notification Mensagem 3 treated as an (Cterna! &ut ut.

$otification Mensagens ma" be t)e resu!t of rocessing e t)e actua! rocessing or derived data m" not be seen. 'f a Mensagem 3 created to be sent to a ager Ebee erF at a given time. T)is 3 muc) !iMe an a!arm. T)at 3 current time 3 com ared to set time e t)e" are e4ua! t)e Mensagem 3 sent. T)e ager Mensagem )as one data e!ement t)e teCt message.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1.

Transaction Review

&omple8 &ontrol Entradas

Contro! (ntradas c)ange t)e be)avior of an a !ication or t)e content of a re ort. 'n t)e ;Create Re ort< contro! screen8 t)e user )as t)e abi!it" to se!ect w)ic) re orts are going to be roduced. T)is articu!ar screen )as severa! data e!ement t" es. T)e c)ecM boC8 gra ) t" e8 dimensions e!ements8 sub#items e t)e action Me"s. $ote t)at t)e users can c)oose eac) re ort individua!!". 'n fact eac) re ort 3 as an ob9ect. T)e generated re ort 3 a combination of severa! re orts Eor ob9ectsF. (ac) ob9ect )as severa! attributes.

:0perlin;s on <ebPa'es
Man" )" er!inMs are not)ing Mais t)an menus. 'n t)is case t)e meomiC.com8 dogc)ow.com are not)ing Mais t)en !inMs to ot)er ages. 'n t)is case8 t)e" are not treated as an ('8 (& or (G. According to t)e ru!es ara an eCterna! in4uir" a re4uest must come from outside t)e a !ication boundar" e 'nformao must be dis !a"ed from inside to outside t)e a !ication boundar". A )" er!inM 3 9ust t)at K a )" er!inM. A )" er!inM 3 navigation to anot)er art of t)e a !ication or anot)er 'nternetQ'ntranet site. $o 'nformao crosses t)e boundar". An eCterna! in4uir" must reference at !east one interna! !ogica! ar4uivo andQor one eCterna! interface ar4uivo. Wot) an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo e an eCterna! interface ar4uivo must be a !ogica! grou of re!ated

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1/

C)a ter L 'nformao. 'magine )" er !inMing to anot)er @ebsite ## a!! t)e 'nformao dis !a"ed 3 not a !ogica! grou of 'nformao. &n t)e ot)er )and8 a )" er!inM t)at sends a arameter t)at 3 used to searc) cou!d be an (Cem !o of an eCterna! in4uir". T)at is8 t)e )" er!inM fo!!ows t)e ru!es re4uired ara an eCterna! in4uir". T)ere 3 an (ntrada side Et)e arameterF e t)ere 3 an out ut side t)e resu!ts of t)e searc). 'n t)is case t)e out ut side 3 d"namic e c)anges. T)is 3 in s)ar contrast to a static )" er!inM t)at navigates to anot)er art of t)e @ebsite. H" er!inMs t)at navigate to ot)er arts of a website are not)ing Mais t)an static menus e s)ou!d not be considerado in *onto de 6uno counting.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 10

AA(*I?OS " .UBICA I)T

Objetivo da Seo:

A)A

Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to identif" e rate Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna . T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
r!ui"os de 39gica 'nterna EAL'F # a user identifiab!e grou of !ogica!!" re!ated data t)at resides entire!" wit)in t)e a !ication boundar" e 3 maintained t)roug) (Cterna! (ntradas. ,aintained 3 t)e rocess of modif"ing data Eadding8 c)anged e de!etingF via an e!ementar" rocess Evia an (Cterna! (ntradaF. (ven t)oug) it 3 not a ru!e8 an AL' s)ou!d )ave at !east one eCterna! out ut andQor eCterna! in4uir". T)at is8 at !east one eCterna! out ut andQor eCterna! in4uir" s)ou!d inc!ude t)e AL' as an TAR. Sim !" ut8 'nformao 3 stored in an AL'8 so it ode ser used !ater. T)e (& or (G cou!d be from anot)er a !ication. 't 3 wort) noting t)at an AL' ma" not be referenced b" (& or (G8 but ma" be used b" an (' Eot)er t)an t)e (' t)at maintains itF. Again8 even t)oug) it 3 not a ru!e8 an AL' s)ou!d )ave at !east one eCterna! (ntrada. 'f an AL' does not )ave an ('8 t)en one can asM w)ere does t)e 'nformao ara t)e AL' come fromS Dnderstanding t)is re!ations)i im roves t)e t)oroug)ness of t)e *onto de 6uno count.

Avaliao:
LiMe a!! com onents8 AL'^s are rated e va!ued. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e number of (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF e t)e record t" es ER(T^sF. D(T^s e R(T^s were discussed ear!ier. T)e tab!e be!ow !ists bot) t)e !eve! E!ow8 average or )ig)F e a ro riate va!ue EA8 +U or +1F. Aecord lement T=&es 1A T2 + R(T . to 1 R(T 2 or Mais R(T lementos de "ados + to +O .U # 1U Low EAF LowEAF Low EAF Average E+UF Average E+UF Hig) E+1F 1+ or Mais Average E+UF Hig) E+1F Hig) E+1F

Dicas de &onta'em:
Determine t)e a ro riate row first t)en t)e co!umn. AsM t)e 4uestion8 do all ar!ui"os contain one record t(pe of ,ais t*an one record t(pe. 'f a!! or man" of t)e ar4uivos on!" contain one record t" e8 t)en a!! t)at 3 needed to Mnow if t)e ar4uivo contains Mais or !ess t)an 1U (!ementos de Dados t" es ED(T^sF. 'f t)e ar4uivo contains Mais t)an 1U (!ementos de Dados t)e ar4uivo wi!! be rated as average8 if !ess t)an 1U data e!ement t" es t)e ar4uivo wi!! be considerado !ow. An" ar4uivos t)at contain Mais t)an one record t" e ode ser sing!ed out e counted se arate!".

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 11

C)a ter O

E8emplos:
AL'^s can contain business data8 contro! data e ru!es based data. 't 3 common ara contro! data to on!" one occurrence wit)in a AL'. T)e t" e of data contained in an AL' 3 t)e same t" e of data t)at 3 ossib!e ara an (' to contain. Real Time e Embedded 5(stems% ara (Cem !o8 Te!e )one Switc)ing 3 made of a!! t)ree t" es8 Wusiness Data8 Ru!e Data e Contro! Data. Wusiness Data 3 t)e actua! ca!!8 Ru!e Data 3 )ow t)e ca!! s)ou!d be routed t)roug) t)e networM8 e Contro! Data 3 )ow t)e switc)es communicate wit) eac) ot)er. LiMe contro! ar4uivos it 3 common t)at rea! time s"stems wi!! )ave on!" once occurrence in an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo. /usiness pplications% An (Cem !o of Wusiness data 3 customer names8 addresses8 )one number8 so on e so fort). An (Cem !o of Ru!es Data 3 a tab!e entr" t)at te!!s )ow man" da"s a customer ode ser !ate before t)e" are turned over ara co!!ection.

5ecord Element %0pes:

T)e idea be)ind R(T^s 3 to 4uantif" com !eC data re!ations)i s maintained in a sing!e TAR. Record e!ement t" es are one of t)e most difficu!t conce ts in An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno. Most record e!ement t" es are de endent on a arent # c)i!d re!ations)i . T)e c)i!d 'nformao 3 a subset of t)e arent 'nformao. 'n a arent c)i!d re!ations)i t)ere 3 a one to man" re!ations)i . 6igure / re resents two se arate !ogica! grou s of data A e W. 'n t)is case some are /.

6igure 0 re resents one !ogica! grou of data A Fi-ure 5 1t6o I.F> one A T eac/2 two record t" es. 'n t)is case ll / are . 'magine a customer ar4uivo t)at contains $ame8 Address8 so on e so fort). 'n addition a!! t)e credit cards e credit card numbers of t)e customer are contained in t)e ar4uivo. T)is wou!d be an (Cem !o of . record t" es. T)ere wou!d be mu!ti !e occurrences of credit cards e numbers ara eac) customer. T)e credit card e numbers are meaning!ess w)en not !inMed to t)e customer. Additiona!!"8 a s)ort artic!e8 Understanding RETs ode ser found at @ebsitebArtic!esbret.)tm.

Data Element %0pes:

Fi-ure 7 1t6o A

T> one I.F2

Count a D(T^s ara eac) uni4ue user recogniBab!e8 nonrecursive fie!d on t)e AL' or A'(. 6ie!ds t)at are redundant e a ear Mais t)an one time are

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 12

'nterna! Logica! Ar4uivos on!" counted one time. counted on!" one time. 6ie!ds t)at are redundant because of im !ementation concerns are

Count a D(T^s ara eac) iece of data in an AL' or A'( t)at eCists because t)e user re4uires a re!ations)i wit) anot)er AL' to be maintained EMe" 'nformaoF. 'f an A'( )as mu!ti !e Me" fie!ds on!" t)e Me" fie!ds t)at re!ate bacM to an AL' are counted as data e!ement t" es.

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
Lotus $otes refers to data stores as ;forms.< *owerbui!der A !ica?es ma" store 'nformao on t)e )ost or c!ient. Count it on!" one time. C&W&L A !ica?es ma" use a variet" of data stores suc) as 'MS8 DW. etc.c 't 3 im ortante to view data from t)e ;!ogica! mode!.< 'n 'nternet A !ica?es an )tm! ode ser a data store if it 3 maintained.

Documentao Padro:
Tab!e La"outs Database descri tions Logica! data mode!s 6ie!d siBes e formats Design Documentation 6unctiona! S ecifications Dser Re4uirements

Dicas para Identificar A(I4s mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

T)e fo!!owing t" es of documentation ode ser used to assist in counting Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna rior to s"stem im !ementation. An" refined ob9ectives e constraints ara t)e ro osed s"stem. Co!!ected documentation regarding t)e current s"stem8 if suc) a s"stem Eeit)er automated or manua!F eCits. Documentation of t)e users^ erceived ob9ectives8 rob!ems e needs. *re!iminar" Data Mode!s.

Outros &oment9rios:
Code maintenance ma" not be maintained b" t)e a !ication e t)e" ma" not be maintained b" an" ot)er a !ication8 but t)e" eCist. T)e issue 3 t)at t)ese same tab!es m" be used b" eCterna! in4uiries. A strict inter retation of t)e ru!es wou!d not a!!ow t)e in4uiries to be counted. 't 3 recommended t)at t)is t" e of tab!es be treated as eCterna! interface ar4uivo.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1A

C)a ter O

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion. +. 'f a sing!e interna! !ogica! ar4uivo 3 se arated into / )"sica! ar4uivos because of im !ementation concerns8 t)en )ow man" Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna are countedS .. A !ogica! grou of data 3 best described asS

/. 'f an AL' )as one record t" e e .1 (!ementos de Dados 3 it rated8 !ow average or )ig)S @)at about 1 (!ementos de DadosS &r 01 (!ementos de DadosS 0. Does ever" AL' )ave to )ave at !east one ('S @)"S @)"S

1. S)ou!d ever" AL' )ave at !east one eCterna! out ut or eCterna! in4uir"S 2. @)at are t)e criteria ara an AL' to be rated )ig)S

A. 6i!! in t)e ;va!ue< of a !ow aaaa average aaaa e )ig) aaaa AL'S How does t)is com are to an A'(S @)" t)e differenceS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1L

'nterna! Logica! Ar4uivos

(Camine t)e fo!!owing tab!es. T)e user re4uires Deta!)e 'nformao about customers e sa!es re resentatives. +. How man" Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna S .. How man" (!ementos de DadosS 3 t)ere Mais t)an one record t" eS

/. Can t)e tab!es be formed to combine one interna! !ogica! ar4uivoS Customer Table
Customer $umber A$O+ A@1. WD.. C(A2 $ame Atwater $e!son A!!iance @est Wetodia! Carson (nter rise Address .+1 @atMins .22 Ra!ston 10. *rairie O2 *ros ect Cit" &aMda!e A!!anson &aMda!e Wis)o State '$ '$ '$ 'L `i Code 0L+U+ 0L+U. 0L+U+ 2+/10 Wa!ance [/0A [0O [1A [0.1 Credit Limit [AUU [0UU [0UU [OUU Sa!es Re $umber U0 UA UA ++

Sales Ae&resentative Table

Sa!es Re $umber U0 U1 UA ++ Last $ame Rig)t *err" Sanc)eB Morris 6irst $ame MiMe Tom Rac)e! \atie Address O1 StocMton +OL *ear! L2A Wedford O2 *ros ect Cit" &aMda!e &aMda!e Wenson Wis)o State '$ '$ M' 'L `i Code 0L+U+ 0L+U+ 0O.02 2+/10 Area Manager $umber +0 +A +A .+

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 1O

C)a ter O 'magine a database t)at stores 'nformao about a!bums. T)e database 3 broMen down as Artist8 A!bum $ame8 *ub!ication Date8 e Songs. T)e Me" to t)e database 3 bot) Artist e A!bum $ame. T)e fie!d songs )ave t)ree subset fie!ds. Song contains tacM number8 song name e !engt) of !a"ing time. 6or (Cem !o8 Wruce S ringsteen8 Worn to Run8 Songs. T)e first row of t)e song subset 3 d+8 Worn To Run8 0:/U.

Fi-ure 8 V Son-s Field +. How man" Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna are re resented b" t)is databaseS .. How man" tota! (!ementos de DadosS /. How man" tota! record t" es are t)ere on t)e databaseS 0. @)at 3 t)e recursive 'nformaoS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2U

AA(*I?OS " I)T

Objetivo da Seo:

AFAC

ST A)A

+U

Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to identif" e rate Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
r!ui"os de 'nterface E$terna EA'(F # a user identifiab!e grou of !ogica!!" re!ated data t)at 3 used ara reference ur oses on!". T)e data resides entire!" outside t)e a !ication boundar" e 3 maintained b" anot)er A !ica?es eCterna! (ntradas. T)e eCterna! interface ar4uivo 3 an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo ara anot)er a !ication. (ac) A'( inc!uded in a *onto de 6uno count must )ave at !east one eCterna! out ut or eCterna! interface ar4uivo against it. At !east one transaction8 eCterna! (ntrada8 eCterna! out ut or eCterna! in4uir" must inc!ude t)e A'( as a TAR. 'f t)e A'( does not )ave one transaction8 t)en one must wonder w)at 3 t)e ur ose of t)e A'(. Dnderstanding t)e interre!ations)i s between t)e five com onents E('8 (&8 (G8 AL' e A'(F wi!! )e! im rove t)e accurac" of *onto de 6uno counts.

Avaliao:
LiMe a!! com onents8 A'(^s are rated e va!ued. T)e Ava!iao 3 based u on t)e number of (!ementos de Dados ED(T^sF e t)e record t" es ER(T^sF. D(T^s e R(T^s were discussed !ater in t)is section e in t)e AL' section on age 12. T)e tab!e be!ow !ists bot) t)e !eve! E!ow8 average or )ig)F e a ro riate va!ue E18 A or +U unad9usted *ontos de 6unoF. Aecord lement T=&es 1A T2 + R(T . to 1 R(T 2 or Mais R(T lementos de "ados + to +O .U # 1U Low E1F LowE1F Low E1F Average EAF Average EAF Hig) E+UF 1+ or Mais Average EAF Hig) E+UF Hig) E+UF

Dicas de &onta'em:
&n!" count t)e art of t)e ar4uivo t)at 3 used b" t)e a !ication being counted not t)e entire ar4uivo. T)e interna! !ogica! ar4uivo8 of anot)er a !ication8 t)at "ou access ma" )ave a !arge amount of D(T^s e R(T^s8 but on!" consider t)e D(T^s andQor R(T^s t)at are used w)en Ava!iao an A'(. Determine t)e a ro riate row first t)en t)e co!umn. AsM t)e 4uestion8 do all ar!ui"os contain one record t(pe of ,ais t*an one record t(pe. 'f a!! or man" of t)e ar4uivos on!" contain one

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2+

C)a ter +U record t" e8 t)en a!! t)at 3 needed to Mnow if t)e ar4uivo contains Mais or !ess t)an 1U (!ementos de Dados t" es ED(T^sF. 'f t)e ar4uivo contains Mais t)an 1U (!ementos de Dados t)e ar4uivo wi!! be rated as average8 if !ess t)an 1U data e!ement t" es t)e ar4uivo wi!! be considerado !ow. An" ar4uivos t)at contain Mais t)an one record t" e ode ser sing!ed out e counted se arate!".

E8emplos:
A'(^s can contain business data8 contro! data e ru!es based data. Real Time e Embedded 5(stems% ara (Cem !o8 Te!e )one Switc)ing 3 made of a!! t)ree t" es8 Wusiness Data8 Ru!e Data e Contro! Data. Wusiness Data 3 t)e actua! ca!!8 Ru!e Data 3 )ow t)e ca!! s)ou!d be routed t)roug) t)e networM8 e Contro! Data 3 )ow t)e switc)es communicate wit) eac) ot)er. /usiness pplications% An (Cem !o of Wusiness data 3 customer names8 addresses8 )one number8 so on e so fort). An (Cem !o of Ru!es Data 3 a tab!e entr" t)at te!!s )ow man" da"s a customer ode ser !ate before t)e" are turned over ara co!!ection. Anot)er (Cem !o wou!d be )ow 3 a te!e )one ca!! rated Efees a !iedF.

Assuntos %ecnol*'icos
Lotus $otes refers to data stores as ;forms.< *owerbui!der A !ica?es ma" store 'nformao on t)e )ost or c!ient. Count it on!" one time. C&W&L A !ica?es ma" use a variet" of data stores suc) as 'MS8 DW. etc.c 't 3 im ortante to view data from t)e ;!ogica! mode!.<

Documentao Padro:
Tab!e La"outs 'nterface Diagrams Database descri tions Logica! data mode!s 6ie!d siBes e formats Design Documentation 6unctiona! S ecifications Dser Re4uirements

Dicas para Identificar AIE4s mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

T)e fo!!owing t" es of documentation ode ser used to assist in counting Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna rior to s"stem im !ementation. An" refined ob9ectives e constraints ara t)e ro osed s"stem. Co!!ected documentation regarding t)e current s"stem. Wusiness Ru!es Documentation of t)e users^ erceived ob9ectives8 rob!ems e needs. *re!iminar" Data Mode!s.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2.

'nterna! Logica! Ar4uivos

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2/

CAAACT AWSTICAS SIST CA

Objetivo da Seo:

AAIS

"O

++

Describe e define t)e conce ts necessar" to rate t)e Caracter5sticas =erais do SistemaEC=S^sF to determine t)e overa!! Za!ue Ad9ustment 6actor EZA6F. Mu!ti !"ing t)e ZA6 b" t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count e4ua!s t)e ;ad9usted *onto de 6uno count.< D to t)is oint in time on!" t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count )as been discussed. Mais e Mais organiBations are not a !"ing t)e ZA68 but are using t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count wit) ot)er metrics. 'f an organiBation deve!o s software in a )omogenous environment8 t)en t)e C=S wi!! become fiCed Eor a constantF. An organiBation s)ou!d eC eriment to see w)ic) rovides a better redictor of effort ad9usted or unad9usted *ontos de 6uno. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
T)e va!ue ad9ustment factor EZA6F 3 based on +0 Caracter5sticas =erais do SistemaEC=S^sF t)at rate t)e genera! functiona!it" of t)e a !ication being counted. (ac) caracter5stica )as associated descri tions t)at )e! determine t)e degrees of inf!uence of t)e caracter5sticas.

Avaliao:
T)e degrees of inf!uence range on a sca!e of Bero to five8 from no inf!uence to strong inf!uence. (ac) caracter5stica 3 assigned t)e Ava!iao based u on Deta!)e descri tions rovided b" t)e '6*D= 0.+ Manua!. T)e Ava!iaos are: U + . / 0 1 $ot resent8 or no inf!uence 'ncidenta! inf!uence Moderate inf!uence Average inf!uence Significant inf!uence Strong inf!uence t)roug)out

Documentao Padro:
=enera! S ecification Documents 'nterviews wit) t)e users

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 20

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

Avaliao &6S4s mais cedo2 no &iclo de 3ida:

C=S^s ode ser rated re!ative ear!" in t)e software !ife c"c!e. 'n fact8 if a user cannot answer t)ese fourteen 4uestions8 t)en t)e entire ro9ect needs to be re#eva!uated.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 21

C)a ter ++

%abulatin':
&nce a!! t)e +0 C=S^s )ave been answered8 t)e" s)ou!d be tabu!ated using t)e '6*D= Za!ue Ad9ustment (4uation EZA6F ##
+0 w)ere: Ci e degree of inf!uence ara eac) =enera! S"stem Caracter5stica ZA6 e U.21 X [E CiF Q +UU] .i e 3 from + to +0 re resenting eac) C=S. i e+ e 3 summation of a!! +0 C=S^s.

Anot)er wa" to understand t)e formu!a 3 ZA6 e E21 X TD'FQ+UU8 w)ere TD' 3 t)e sum of t)e resu!ts from eac) 4uestion. A Microsoft (Cce! formu!a wou!d be: eU.21XSDMEA+:A+0FQ+UU Y assuming t)at t)e va!ues ara t)e caracter5sticas were in ce!!s A+ K A+0.

&6S4s at a 6lance:
Beneral S=stem Caracter%stica +. Data communications .. /. 0. 1. 2. A. L. O. +U. ++. +.. +/. +0. Distributed data rocessing *erformance Heavi!" used configuration Transaction rate &n#Line data entr" (nd#user (fici>ncia &n#Line u date Com !eC rocessing Reusabi!it" 'nsta!!ation ease & erationa! ease Mu!ti !e sites 6aci!itate c)ange $rie# "escri&tion How man" communication faci!ities are t)ere to aid in t)e transfer or eCc)ange of 'nformao wit) t)e a !ication or s"stemS How are distributed data e rocessing functions )and!edS Did t)e user re4uire res onse time or t)roug) utS How )eavi!" used 3 t)e current )ardware !atform w)ere t)e a !ication wi!! be eCecutedS How fre4uent!" are transactions eCecuted dai!"8 weeM!"8 mont)!"8 etc.S @)at ercentage of t)e 'nformao 3 entered &n# LineS @as t)e a !ication designed ara end#user (fici>nciaS How man" AL'^s are u dated b" &n#Line transactionS Does t)e a !ication )ave eCtensive !ogica! or mat)ematica! rocessingS @as t)e a !ication desenvo!vido to meet one or man" user^s needsS How difficu!t 3 conversion e insta!!ationS How effective andQor automated are start#u 8 bacM u 8 e recover" roceduresS @as t)e a !ication s ecifica!!" designed8 desenvo!vido8 e su orted to be insta!!ed at mu!ti !e sites ara mu!ti !e organiBationsS @as t)e a !ication s ecifica!!" designed8 desenvo!vido8 e su orted to faci!itate c)angeS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 22

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

&onsidera es para 6#I Applications

C=S items suc) as Transaction Rates8 (nd Dser (fici>ncia8 &n Line D date8 e Reusabi!it" usua!!" va!ue )ig)er ara =D' A !ica?es t)an on traditiona! a !ications. &n t)e ot)er )and8 *erformance8 Heavi!" used configuration8 mu!ti !e sites8 wi!! va!ue !ower ara =D' A !ica?es t)an traditiona! a !ications.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2A

C)a ter ++

Detal)e &6S4s:
1& Data Communications
T)e data e control 'nformao used in t)e a !ication are sent or received over communication faci!ities. Termina!s connected !oca!!" to t)e contro! unit are considerado to use communication faci!ities. *rotoco! 3 a set of conventions8 w)ic) ermit t)e transfer8 or eCc)ange of 'nformao between two s"stems or devices. A!! data communication !inMs re4uire some t" e of rotoco!. ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions to "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence A !ication 3 ure batc) rocessing or a standa!one *C. A !ication 3 batc) but )as remote data entr" or remote rinting. A !ication 3 batc) but )as remote data entr" e remote rinting. A !ication inc!udes on!ine data co!!ection or T* Ete!e rocessingF front end to a batc) rocess or 4uer" s"stem. A !ication 3 Mais t)an a front#end8 but su orts on!" one t" e of T* communications rotoco!. A !ication 3 Mais t)an a front#end8 e su orts Mais t)an one t" e of T* communications rotoco!.

Comments: TC*Q'* ETransmission Contro! *rotoco!Q'nternet *rotoco!F. TC*Q'* rovides a common !anguage ara intero eration between networMs t)at use a variet" of !oca! rotoco!s E(t)ernet8 $etware8 A !eTa!M8 D(Cnet e ot)ersF are (Cem !os of T*. An a !ication t)at a!!ows 4uer" of a !ication via a web based so!ution e !oca! access wou!d receive a va!ue of /. An a !ication t)at a!!ows ara t)e u date of AL'^s via t)e 'nternet e !oca! u date wou!d receive a va!ue of a 1.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2L

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

'& Distribu t e % Data #rocessing

Distributed data or rocessing functions are a caracter5stica of t)e a !ication wit)in t)e a !ication boundar". ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence A !ication does not aid t)e transfer of data or rocessing function between com onents of t)e s"stem. A !ication re ares data ara end user rocessing on anot)er com onent of t)e s"stem suc) as *C s reads)eets e *C DWMS. Data 3 re ared ara transfer8 t)en 3 transferred e rocessed on anot)er com onent of t)e s"stem Enot ara end#user rocessingF. Distributed rocessing e data transfer are on!ine e in one direction on!". Distributed rocessing e data transfer are on!ine e in bot) directions. *rocessing functions are d"namica!!" erformed on t)e most a ro riate com onent of t)e s"stem.

Comments: Co "ing ar4uivos from a mainframe to a !oca! *C or co " ar4uivos from an 'nternet or intranet wou!d receive a va!ue of .. Reading via a c!ient or via 'nternet or intranet wou!d receive a va!ue of /. Reading e u dating via 'nternet or intranet wou!d receive a va!ue of 0. De ending on avai!ab!e resources8 t)e a !ication rocesses eit)er !oca!8 on server8 on intranet or 'nternet a !ication wou!d receive a va!ue of 1.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age 2O

C)a ter ++

!& #erforma nce

A !ication erformance ob9ectives8 stated or a roved b" t)e user8 in eit*er res onse or t)roug) ut8 inf!uence Eor wi!! inf!uenceF t)e design8 deve!o ment8 insta!!ation8 e su ort of t)e a !ication. ?alue As U + . / "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o s ecia! erformance re4uirements were stated b" t)e user. *erformance e design re4uirements were stated e reviewed but no s ecia! actions were re4uired. Res onse time or t)roug) ut 3 critica! during eaM )ours. $o s ecia! design ara C*D uti!iBation was re4uired. *rocessing dead!ine 3 ara t)e neCt business da". Res onse time or t)roug) ut 3 critica! during a!! business )ours. $o s ecia! design ara C*D uti!iBation was re4uired. *rocessing dead!ine re4uirements wit) interfacing s"stems are constraining. 'n addition8 stated user erformance re4uirements are stringent enoug) to re4uire erformance ana!"sis tasMs in t)e design )ase. 'n addition8 erformance ana!"sis too!s were used in t)e design8 deve!o ment8 andQor im !ementation )ases to meet t)e stated user erformance re4uirements.

0 1

Comments: Again ara a c!ientQserver or ara internetQintranet a !ication t)is remains t)e same.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age AU

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

(& )eavily *se% Configuration

A )eavi!" used o erationa! configuration8 re4uiring s ecia! design Considera?es8 3 a caracter5stica of t)e a !ication. ara (Cem !o8 t)e user wants to run t)e a !ication on eCisting or committed e4ui ment t)at wi!! be )eavi!" used ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o eC !icit or im !icit o erationa! restrictions are inc!uded. & erationa! restrictions do eCist8 but are !ess restrictive t)an a t" ica! a !ication. $o s ecia! effort 3 needed to meet t)e restrictions. Some securit" or timing Considera?es are inc!uded. S ecific rocessor re4uirements ara a s ecific iece of t)e a !ication are inc!uded. Stated o eration restrictions re4uire s ecia! constraints on t)e a !ication in t)e centra! rocessor or a dedicated rocessor. 'n addition8 t)ere are s ecia! constraints on t)e a !ication in t)e distributed com onents of t)e s"stem.

Comments Does t)is a !ication s)are )ardware t)at 3 bus"S. ara (Cem !o8 an a !ication t)at s)ares a server wit) 1 ot)er A !ica?es wou!d need to be o timiBed because it s)ares resources wit) 0 ot)er a !ications.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A+

C)a ter ++

+& Transaction ,ate

T)e transaction rate 3 )ig) e it inf!uenced t)e design8 deve!o ment8 insta!!ation8 e su ort of t)e a !ication ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o eaM transaction eriod 3 antici ated. *eaM transaction eriod Ee.g.8 mont)!"8 4uarter!"8 seasona!!"8 annua!!"F 3 antici ated. @eeM!" eaM transaction eriod 3 antici ated. Dai!" eaM transaction eriod 3 antici ated. Hig) transaction rateEsF stated b" t)e user in t)e a !ication re4uirements or service !eve! agreements are )ig) enoug) to re4uire erformance ana!"sis tasMs in t)e design )ase. Hig) transaction rateEsF stated b" t)e user in t)e a !ication re4uirements or service !eve! agreements are )ig) enoug) to re4uire erformance ana!"sis tasMs and8 in addition8 re4uire t)e use of erformance ana!"sis too!s in t)e design8 deve!o ment8 andQor insta!!ation )ases.

-& .nline Data /ntry

&n!ine data entr" e contro! functions are rovided in t)e a !ication. ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence A!! transactions are rocessed in batc) mode. +V to AV of transactions are interactive data entr". LV to +1V of transactions are interactive data entr". +2V to ./V of transactions are interactive data entr". .0V to /UV of transactions are interactive data entr". Mais t)an /UV of transactions are interactive data entr".

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A.

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

0& /n%" *ser /fici1ncia

T)e on!ine functions rovided em )asiBe a design ara end#user (fici>ncia. T)e design inc!udes: f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f $avigationa! aids Efor (Cem !o8 function Me"s8 9um s8 d"namica!!" generated menusF Menus &n!ine )e! e documents Automated cursor movement Scro!!ing Remote rinting Evia on!ine transactionsF *reassigned function Me"s Watc) 9obs submitted from on!ine transactions Cursor se!ection of screen data Heav" use of reverse video8 )ig)!ig)ting8 co!ors under!ining8 e ot)er indicators Hard co " user documentation of on!ine transactions Mouse interface *o #u windows. As few screens as ossib!e to accom !is) a business function Wi!ingua! su ort Esu orts two !anguagesY count as four itemsF Mu!ti!ingua! su ort Esu orts Mais t)an two !anguagesY count as siC itemsF ?alue As U + . / 0 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $one of t)e above. &ne to t)ree of t)e above. 6our to five of t)e above. SiC or Mais of t)e above8 but t)ere are no s ecific user re4uirements re!ated to (fici>ncia. SiC or Mais of t)e above8 e stated re4uirements ara end#user (fici>ncia are strong enoug) to re4uire design tasMs ara )uman factors to be inc!uded Efor (Cem !o8 minimiBe Me" stroMes8 maCimiBe defau!ts8 use of tem !atesF. SiC or Mais of t)e above8 e stated re4uirements ara end#user (fici>ncia are strong enoug) to re4uire use of s ecia! too!s e rocesses to demonstrate t)at t)e ob9ectives )ave been ac)ieved.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A/

C)a ter ++

8& .nline *p%at e

T)e a !ication rovides on!ine u date ara t)e Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna . ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $one. &n!ine u date of one to t)ree contro! ar4uivos 3 inc!uded. Zo!ume of u dating 3 !ow e recover" 3 eas". &n!ine u date of four or Mais contro! ar4uivos 3 inc!uded. Zo!ume of u dating 3 !ow e recover" eas". &n!ine u date of ma9or Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna 3 inc!uded. 'n addition8 rotection against data !ost 3 essentia! e )as been s ecia!!" designed e rogrammed in t)e s"stem. 'n addition8 )ig) vo!umes bring custo Considera?es into t)e recover" rocess. Hig)!" automated recover" rocedures wit) minimum o erator intervention are inc!uded.

& Complex #rocessing

Com !eC rocessing 3 a caracter5stica of t)e a !ication. T)e fo!!owing com onents are resent. f f f f f Sensitive contro! Efor (Cem !o8 s ecia! audit rocessingF andQor a !ication s ecific securit" rocessing (Ctensive !ogica! rocessing (Ctensive mat)ematica! rocessing Muc) eCce tion rocessing resu!ting in incom !ete transactions t)at must be rocessed again8 ara (Cem !o8 incom !ete ATM transactions caused b" T* interru tion8 missing data va!ues8 or fai!ed edits Com !eC rocessing to )and!e mu!ti !e (ntradaQout ut mu!timedia8 or device inde endence ?alue As U + . / 0 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $one of t)e above. An" one of t)e above. An" two of t)e above. An" t)ree of t)e above. An" four of t)e above. ossibi!ities8 ara (Cem !o8

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A0

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics 1 A!! five of t)e above.

12& ,eusability
T)e a !ication e t)e code in t)e a !ication )ave been s ecifica!!" designed8 desenvo!vido8 e su orted to be usab!e in ot*er a !ications. ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o reusab!e code. Reusab!e code 3 used wit)in t)e a !ication. Less t)an +UV of t)e a !ication considerado Mais t)an one usergs needs. Ten ercent E+UVF or Mais of t)e a !ication considerado Mais t)an one usergs needs. T)e a !ication was s ecifica!!" acMaged andQor documented to ease re#use8 e t)e a !ication 3 customiBed b" t)e user at source code !eve!. T)e a !ication was s ecifica!!" acMaged andQor documented to ease re#use8 e t)e a !ication 3 customiBed ara use b" means of user arameter maintenance.

11& Installa tion /ase

Conversion e insta!!ation ease are caracter5sticas of t)e a !ication. A conversion e insta!!ation !an andQor conversion too!s were rovided e tested during t)e s"stem test )ase. ?alue As U + . "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o s ecia! Considera?es were stated b" t)e user8 e no s ecia! setu 3 re4uired ara insta!!ation. $o s ecia! Considera?es were stated b" t)e user but s ecia! setu 3 re4uired ara insta!!ation. Conversion e insta!!ation re4uirements were stated b" t)e user8 e conversion e insta!!ation guides were rovided e tested. T)e im act of conversion on t)e ro9ect 3 not considerado to be im ortant. Conversion e insta!!ation re4uirements were stated b" t)e user8 e conversion e insta!!ation guides were rovided e tested. T)e im act of conversion on t)e ro9ect 3 considerado to be im ortant. 'n addition to . above8 automated conversion e insta!!ation too!s were rovided e tested.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A1

C)a ter ++ 1 'n addition to / above8 automated conversion e insta!!ation too!s were rovided e tested.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age A2

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

1'& .pera tional /ase

& erationa! ease 3 caracter5stica of t)e a !ication. (ffective start#u 8 bacM#u 8 e recover" rocedures were rovided e tested during t)e s"stem test )ase. T)e a !ication minimiBes t)e need ara manua! atividades8 suc) as ta e mounts8 a er )and!ing8 e direct on#!ocation manua! intervention. ?alue As U +#0 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $o s ecia! o erationa! Considera?es ot)er t)an t)e norma! bacM#u rocedures were stated b" t)e user. &ne8 some8 or a!! of t)e fo!!owing items a !" to t)e a !ication. Se!ect a!! t)at a !". (ac) item )as a oint va!ue of one8 eCce t as noted ot)erwise. (ffective start#u 8 bacM#u 8 e recover" rocesses were rovided8 but o erator intervention 3 re4uired. (ffective start#u 8 bacM#u 8 e recover" rocesses were rovided8 but no o erator intervention 3 re4uired Ecount as two itemsF. T)e a !ication minimiBes t)e need ara ta e mounts. T)e a !ication minimiBes t)e need ara a er )and!ing. T)e a !ication 3 designed ara unattended o eration. Dnattended o eration means no operator inter"ention 3 re4uired to o erate t)e s"stem ot)er t)an to start u or s)ut down t)e a !ication. Automatic error recover" 3 a feature of t)e a !ication.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age AA

C)a ter ++

1!& Multiple Sites

T)e a !ication )as been s ecifica!!" designed8 desenvo!vido8 e su orted to be insta!!ed at mu!ti !e sites ara mu!ti !e organiBations. ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence Dser re4uirements do not re4uire considering t)e needs of Mais t)an one userQinsta!!ation site. $eeds of mu!ti !e sites were considerado in t)e design8 e t)e a !ication 3 designed to o erate on!" under identica! )ardware e software environments. $eeds of mu!ti !e sites were considerado in t)e design8 e t)e a !ication 3 designed to o erate on!" under similar )ardware andQor software environments. $eeds of mu!ti !e sites were considerado in t)e design8 e t)e a !ication 3 designed to o erate under different )ardware andQor software environments. Documentation e su ort !an are rovided e tested to su ort t)e a !ication at mu!ti !e sites e t)e a !ication 3 as described b" + or .. Documentation e su ort !an are rovided e tested to su ort t)e a !ication at mu!ti !e sites e t)e a !ication 3 as described b" /.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age AL

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

1(& $acilita t e Change

T)e a !ication )as been s ecifica!!" designed8 desenvo!vido8 e su orted to faci!itate c)ange. T)e fo!!owing caracter5sticas can a !" ara t)e a !ication: f 6!eCib!e 4uer" e re ort faci!it" 3 rovided t)at can )and!e sim !e re4uestsY ara (Cem !o8 and:or !ogic a !ied to on!" one interna! !ogica! ar4uivo Ecount as one itemF. f f f f 6!eCib!e 4uer" e re ort faci!it" 3 rovided t)at can )and!e re4uests of average com !eCit"8 ara (Cem !o8 and:or !ogic a !ied to Mais t)an one interna! !ogica! ar4uivo Ecount as two itemsF. 6!eCib!e 4uer" e re ort faci!it" 3 rovided t)at can )and!e com !eC re4uests8 ara (Cem !o8 and:or !ogic combinations on one or Mais Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna Ecount as t)ree itemsF. Wusiness contro! data 3 Me t in tab!es t)at are maintained b" t)e user wit) on!ine interactive rocesses8 but c)anges taMe effect on!" on t)e neCt business da". Wusiness contro! data 3 Me t in tab!es t)at are maintained b" t)e user wit) on!ine interactive rocesses8 e t)e c)anges taMe effect immediate!" Ecount as two itemsF. ?alue As U + . / 0 1 "escri&tions To "etermine "e-ree o# In#luence $one of t)e above. An" one of t)e above. An" two of t)e above. An" t)ree of t)e above. An" four of t)e above. A!! five of t)e above.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age AO

C)a ter ++

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion. +. @)at 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor if a!! of t)e Caracter5sticas =erais do Sistemava!ued a va!ue of 1 Estrong inf!uenceFS .. @)at 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor if eac) of t)e Caracter5sticas =erais do Sistema)as no inf!uence Ea va!ue of UFS

/. @)at 3 t)e origin of t)e .21 in t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor ca!cu!ationS

0. @)at 3 t)e ossib!e Et)eoretica!F range of t)e va!ue ad9ustment factorS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age LU

=enera! S"stem C)aracteristics

&aractersticas 6erais do Sistema= Anota es

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L+

+.
EISTUAIAA)" IFP*B
Objetivo da Seo:
To rovide a brief Hist7riaof *ontos de 6uno e describe '6*D=.

Brief :istor0:
An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno was desenvo!vido first b" A!!an N. A!brec)t in t)e mid +OAUs. 't was an attem t to overcome difficu!ties associated wit) !ines of code as a measure of software siBe8 e to assist in deve!o ing a mec)anism to redict effort associated wit) Desenvo!vimento de Software. T)e met)od was first ub!is)ed in +OAO8 t)en !ater in +OL/. 'n +OL0 A!brec)t refined t)e met)od e since +OL28 w)en t)e 'nternationa! *onto de 6uno Dser =rou E'6*D=F was set u 8 severa! versions of t)e *onto de 6uno Counting *ractices Manua! )ave been ub!is)ed b" '6*D=.

6ro.t) e Acceptance of An9lise de Pontos de $uno

T)e acce tance of An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno continues to grow. T)is 3 indicated b" t)e growt) of t)e 'nternationa! *onto de 6uno Dser =rou E'6*D=F. Since +OLA members)i in '6*D= )as grown from +UU members to near!" 2UU members in +OOA. Additiona!!"8 in !ess t)an siC "ears conference attendance )as grown from +.1 in +OLL to over /UU b" +OOA. (Camination of '6*D= c!ear!" indicates t)at t)e ma9orit" of its 3 members are from $ort) America8 but An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno growt) outside $ort) America 3 strong. T)is 3 evident b" t)e growing number of *onto de 6uno organiBations wor!dwide. T)ere are numerous affi!iate organiBations of '6*D=. T)ere are affi!iate organiBations in 'ta!"8 6rance8 =erman"8 Austria8 'ndia8 T)e $et)er!ands8 Austra!ia8 Na an8 e severa! ot)er countries. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

7ais Informao about I$P#6:

Mais 'nformao about 9oining '6*D=8 conferences8 committees ode ser obtained b" contacting t)e '6*D=. @ebsite: www.'6*D=.&rg (mai!: 'f ug@'f ug.org

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L.

$otes

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L/

CA.C*.ATI)B PO)TO " F*)KLO

Objetivo da Seo:

A"T*ST

"

+/

Describe t)e ca!cu!ations necessar" ara determining t)e fina! *onto de 6uno Counts. T)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of t)e section )e! t)e student demonstrate t)at t)e" )ave gained t)e basic Mnow!edge re4uired.

Definio
T)e fina! *onto de 6uno Count 3 obtained b" mu!ti !"ing t)e ZA6 times t)e Dnad9usted *onto de 6uno EDA6F. T)e standard *onto de 6uno e4uation is: FP O *AF X ?AF @)ere: DA6 e Dnad9usted *ontos de 6uno ZA6 e Za!ue Ad9ustment 6actor

#nadjusted Ponto de $uno:

T=&e o# Com&onent (Cterna! (ntradas (Cterna! &ut uts (Cterna! 'n4uiries Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna Com&leDit= o# Com&onents Low aaa C / e aaa aaa C 0 e aaa aaa C / e aaa aaa C A e aaa aaa C 1 e aaa Average aaa C 0 e aaa aaa C 1 e aaa aaa C 0 e aaa aaa C +U e aaa aaa C A e aaa Hig) aaa C 2 e aaa aaa C A e aaa aaa C 2 e aaa aaa C +1 e aaa aaa C +U e aaa Tota!

Tota! $umber of Dnad9usted *ontos de 6uno

aaaaa

#nderstandin' t)e E1uations:

T)ere are t)ree sets of e4uations new ro9ects EDeve!o mentF8 eCisting ro9ects EWase!ine or A !icationF e ara en)ancement ro9ects. T)ere are two e4uations ara t)e en)ancement ro9ects. T)e first e4uation accounts ara siBe of t)e en)ancement ro9ect w)i!e t)e second e4uation ad9usts t)e siBe of t)e A !ication.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L0

Ca!cu!ating Ad9usted *onto de 6unos

Development Project Ponto de $uno &alculation:

Dse t)e fo!!owing formu!a to ca!cu!ate t)e deve!o ment ro9ect *onto de 6uno count. "FP O 1*FP Y CFP2 X ?AF @)ere: D6* 3 t)e deve!o ment ro9ect *onto de 6uno count D6* 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count C6* 3 t)e *ontos de 6uno added b" t)e conversion unad9usted *onto de 6uno count ZA6 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor

En)ancement Project Ponto de $uno &alculation:

Dse t)e fo!!owing formu!a to ca!cu!ating t)e siBe ara en)ancement ro9ects. FP O Z1A"" Y CEBA Y CFP2 X ?AFA[ Y 1" .X ?AF$2 @)ere: (6* 3 t)e en)ancement ro9ect *onto de 6uno count. ADD 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count of t)ose functions t)at were added b" t)e en)ancement ro9ect. CH=A 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count of t)ose functions t)at were modified b" t)e en)ancement ro9ect. T)is number ref!ects t)e functions after t)e modifications. C6* 3 t)e *onto de 6uno count added b" t)e conversion. ZA6A 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor of t)e a !ication after t)e en)ancement ro9ect. D(L 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count of t)ose functions t)at were de!eted b" t)e en)ancement ro9ect. ZA6W 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor of t)e a !ication before t)e en)ancement ro9ect. 'implifi!ation of the e3uation: To eCamine t)e e4uation in Deta!)e !et^s assume t)at ZA6A e ZA6W e + e C6* e U. Hence (6* e EADD X CH=A X D(LF. T)at is8 t)e siBe of an en)ancement ro9ect 3 a summation of a!! added functiona!it"8 c)anged functiona!it" e an" de!eted functiona!it". 'n t)eor" e in ractice8 eac) iece of t)e formu!a must be ad9usted b" t)e a ro riate Za!ue Ad9ustment factor. Assume now t)at ZA6A ZA6W. T)e added e c)anged after 3 ad9usted b" t)e ZA6A8 but t)e de!eted 3 ad9usted b" t)e ZA6W. Additiona!!"8 if C6* U t)en it s)ou!d be ad9usted b" ZA6A.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L1

C)a ter +/

Application After En)ancement Project:

AFP O Z1*FP$ Y A"" Y CEBA2 V 1CEB$ Y " .2[ X ?AFA @)ere: D6*W e Dnad9usted *onto de 6uno Count Wefore (n)ancement. A6* e A !ication *onto de 6uno Count after t)e en)ancement. A!! ot)er acron"ms are t)e same as before. &f course8 an en)ancement ca!cu!ation can add andQor De!ete functiona!it" from t)e D6*W. Added functiona!it" ode ser due to new com onents or added functiona!it" ode ser due to increase in siBe of eCisting com onents. ara (Cem !o8 an eCisting eCterna! (ntrada cou!d go from a !ow to an average K va!ued at / to 0. Sim !ification of (4uation: T)e e4uation ode ser sim !ified A6* e hD6*WXADD X CH=A#CH=W # D(Lij ZA6A Let^s assume t)at CH=A e CH=W e D(L e U. T)en A6*se ED6*W X ADDF j ZA6A

Application Ponto de $uno &ount +Baseline,:

Dse t)e fo!!owing formu!a to estab!is) t)e initia! *onto de 6uno count ara an eCisting a !ication. T)e user 3 receiving functiona!it". T)ere are no c)anges to t)e eCisting functiona!it" or de!etions of unneeded functiona!it". T)e a !ication *onto de 6uno count does not inc!ude conversion re4uirements. AFP$ O A"" X ?AF Additiona!!"8 t)is e4uation 3 used to estab!is) t)e *onto de 6uno count ara an a !ication at an" oint in time. @)ere: A6*W 3 t)e initia! a !ication *onto de 6uno count. ADD 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno count of t)ose functions t)at were insta!!ed b" t)e deve!o ment ro9ect. Since man" en)ancement ro9ects Et)at were not countedF )ave been insta!!ed in t)e a !ication8 t)e ADD in t)is case re resents a!! functiona!it" t)at eCists wit)in t)e a !ication boundar" at a articu!ar oint in time. ZA6 3 t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor of t)e a !ication.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age L2

Ca!cu!ating Ad9usted *onto de 6unos

7onitor de %reinamento:
T)e fo!!owing 4uestions are used to )e! bui!d on t)e conce ts discussed in t)is section. T)e" are designed to encourage t)oug)t e discussion. +. An a !ication )as a base unad9usted *onto de 6uno count of 1UU8 a va!ue ad9ustment factor of +.+U. @)at 3 t)e ad9usted *onto de 6uno countS

.. An a !ication )as +UU unad9usted *ontos de 6uno e a va!ue ad9ustment factor of +.U.. An en)ancement ro9ect adds .1 *ontos de 6uno8 de!etes .U *ontos de 6uno8 e c)anges +1 *ontos de 6uno Ein t)is case assume CH=W e CH=AF. T)e new va!ue ad9ustment factor 3 +.U1. /. @)at 3 t)e new Eafter t)e en)ancementF ad9usted *onto de 6uno countS

0. @)at 3 t)e en)ancement *onto de 6uno countS An a !ication )as t)e fo!!owing: +U Low (Cterna! (ntradas8 +. Hig) (Cterna! &ut uts8 .U Low Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna 8 +1 Hig) Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna8 +. Average (Cterna! 'n4uiries8 e a va!ue ad9ustment factor of +.+U. 1. @)at 3 t)e unad9usted *onto de 6uno countS

2. @)at 3 t)e ad9usted *onto de 6uno countS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age LA

CAS ST*"I

Objetivo da Seo:
T)e Case Studies re4uire t)e student to ut toget)er severa! ieces of Mnow!edge toget)er to so!ve t)e case stud". T)e case studies insure t)at t)e student 3 gras ing e understanding not on!" individua! com onents but t)e com onents as t)e" re!ate to eac) ot)er. @)i!e t)e eCerc5ciosat t)e end of eac) section are intended to be guided ractice8 t)e case studies are intended to be inde endent ractice. T)e student s)ou!d be ab!e to worM so!ve t)e case stud" worMing a!one or in a sma!! grou wit)out instructor guidance.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age LL

Case Studies e (Cercises

Cross6ord PuIIle
+. .. /. 0. 1. 2.

A. +U. ++. +..

L.

O.

+/. +0. +2. +A. +L. +O. .U. .+. +1.

... .0. .1. .L. .O. /U. .2. .A.

./.

/+.

/..

Across
+. D dates an AL' 1. Mountains in $ort)ern 'ta!" A. T)e summation of t)e C=S^s dividido b" +UU X .21 L. An (& contains t)is ++. =ood W"e E'ta!ianF +.. Abi!it" to modif" data t)roug) an e!ementar" rocess +/. Contains Logica! 'nformao +0. Dracu!a^s tit!e +1. $ot )"sica! but +2. A uni4ue user recogniBab!e fie!d +A. (stab!is)es w)at functions are inc!uded in t)e *onto de 6uno count +L. Read or maintained b" transaction .U. @)at ('^s8 (&^s e (G^s are ca!!ed .+. Anot)er measure of software siBe EAbbreviationF ... T)e s ecification8 construction8 testing8 e de!iver" of a new 'nformao s"stems .0. 'nternationa! *onto de 6uno Dser =rou EAbbreviationF .2. *ontos de 6uno s)ou!d be counted from t)e ; ; view .L. Anot)er word ara Reused E$o. +U of +0F /+. *ontos de 6uno are not )ard t)e" are .. /.. T)e first *onto de 6uno count

"o6n
+. A c)ange to a base!ine a !ication .. 6rom inside to outside of t)e boundar"8 contains no derived data /. Logica! =rou s of Data inside boundar" 0. $ot to give but toc 2. Mediterranean aaaa O. Co!!ection of automated rocedures e data su orting a business ob9ective +U. 6!"ing a!one Ea sing!e ersonF +.. WrooMs t)inMs t)is 3 m"t)ica! +O. A caracter5stica of an entit" ./. Anot)er name ara a software bug .1. T)e set of 4uestions t)at eva!uate t)e overa!! com !eCit" of an a !ication .A. T)e eterna! cit" .O. $ot )e!!o8 but good aaa /U. S5 E(ng!is) meaningF

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age LO

C)a ter +0

&ollection (etter
ktoda"adatel Dear ktit!el k!astanamel8 &ur records indicate t)at "ou are ast due knumaofada"sl. 'f "ou do not a" wit)in k a"ada"l8 t)en we wi!! Mind!" re o "our kco!orlkst"!ea automobi!el. kgreetingl. @arm Regards8 kre oamanl E8emplo letter December +L8 +OOO Dear Mr. Harmon8 &ur records indicate t)at "ou are ast due .11 da"s. 'f "ou do not a" wit)in 1 da"s from t)e date of t)is !etter8 t)en we wi!! Mind!" re o "our red 6ord +1U TrucM. *!ease )ave a Merr" C)ristmas e ros erous $ew %ear. @arm Regards RocM" Wa!boa !uestions e ot)er Informao T)e number of ast due da"s Enum of da"sF 3 date of !etter minus t)e due date. Due date derived from t)e Payment %r*ui,o Pay day M ca!cu!ated. e(o ;an > read from t)e Emplo(ee r!ui"o Tit!e e Last $ame are read from t)e 0ustomer r!ui"o T)e greeting 3 based u on t)e date of t)e !etter e an a ro riate Mensagem from t)e ;reeting r!ui"o. @)at are t)e (!ementos de DadosS 's t)is !etter an (& or an (G8 w)"S How man" TAR^sS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age OU

Case Studies e (Cercises

&ontrol Entradas
+. How man" (!ementos de Dados are on t)e ;C)ecMing *references< ScreenS .. How man" (!ementos de Dados are on t)e ;=enera! *references< ScreenS /. How man" contro! (ntradas are re resented b" t)e menu items to t)e 0. 'f t)e ;defau!t< reads va!ues from a contro! ar4uivo8 t)en )ow 3 ;defau!t< treatedS contro! contro! rig)tS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O+

C)a ter +0

6rap)ical Informao

+. @)at are t)e eCterna! out utsS .. @)at are t)e (!ementos de Dados ara eac) (&S /. How are t)e !egends treatedS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O.

Case Studies e (Cercises

6rap)s Part II
T)ere are two data AL'^s t)at contain 'nformao needed to roduce t)e gra ). T)ere 3 an additiona! contro! ar4uivo w)ic) a!ters t)e wa" t)e gra ) !ooMs. +. 's t)ere a contro! (' e contro! AL' ara ;gra )s<S .. How man" tota! TAR^s are referenced ara t)e gra )sS

/. Does t)is gra ) re resent anot)er (&S

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O/

C)a ter +0

%)e <eat)er Application

Re!ease +.U T)e fo!!owing a !ication was designed to ca ture tem erature e rainfa!! b" cit" e state. T)ere 3 on!" one (ntrada screen8 one ar4uivo e one re ort. (ac) fie!d on t)e fo!!owing (ntrada screen ode ser modified Eadd8 c)anged or de!etedF. T)e add e c)ange functions are different. A!! revious entries viewed b" using t)e scro!! bar. Assume a ZA6 of +.U.

@eat)er Storage Ar4uivo

Cit" State Tem erature Rain 6a!! Date

Average Tem erature e Rain 6a!! b" Cit" e State

Tem erature Cit" + State + #etal*e Readings para 0it( < Averages State . #etal*e Readings para 0it(Averages Rain 6a!! Date

Cit" .

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O0

Case Studies e (Cercises Wased on t)e weat)er a !ication fi!! in t)e fo!!owing tab!e. T)e eCercise 3 designed to identif" t)e eCact number of (!ementos de Dados. Com&onent )umber 1 I> ST A)A. lementos O*TP*T> (> A.I e "ados3 AI 2 o# G/at are t/e lementos de "ados3 de

@)at 3 t)e tota! unad9usted number of *ontos de 6unoS

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O1

Addin' A "e. &ustomer

T)e fo!!owing two screens are used to add a new customer to an a !ication. T)e customer 3 not considerado added unti! bot) Address 'nformao e Additiona! 'nformao 3 com !eted. T)e &\ e $eCt buttons bot) save 'nformao to t)e ar4uivo.

Fi-ure 9

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age O2

Case Studies e (Cercises T)ere are four dro down !ist boCes on t)e Additiona! 'nfo tab ET" e8 Terms8 Re e TaC 'temF. T)e first t)ree ET" e8 Terms e Re F are read from ar4uivos t)at are maintained b" t)e a !ication. TaC item 3 )ard coded. *!ease ignore t)e ;Define 6ie!ds< button.

Fi-ure : T)e dro down !ists T" e8 Re e Terms are dis !a"ed at t)e end of t)is case stud". 6or t)is art of t)e a !ication !ease answer t)e fo!!owing 4uestions. +. How .. How /. @)at man" man" tota! are (!ementos eCterna! de t)e Dados (ntradas are t)ere on t)e de are eCterna! t)ereS (ntradaS DadosS

(!ementos

0. 'n terms of *ontos de 6uno w)at are T" e8 Terms e Re Esee neCt ageFS 1. 'n terms of *ontos de 6uno )ow are T" e e Terms treated t)e second time t)e" a earS T)e Re e Terms dro down boC are used again w)en invoices are created.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age OA

C)a ter +0

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age OL

Case Studies e (Cercises

En)anced <eat)er Application

Re!ease ..U Re!ease ..U 3 an en)ancement to ;T)e @eat)er A !ication< Re!ease +.U. T)e user wants t)e abi!it" to save tem erature as eit)er Ce!sius or 6a)ren)eit. To accom !is) t)is a radio button 3 added to t)e (ntrada screen8 w)ic) a!!ows t)e user to se!ect eit)er Ce!sius or 6a)ren)eit. An additiona! fie!d 3 added to t)e ar4uivo8 e an additiona! fie!d 3 added to t)e re orts. Assume t)at t)e va!ue ad9ustment factor increases to +.U.

How man" ;en)ancement< *ontos de 6uno does t)is re resentS @)at 3 t)e base!ine *onto de 6uno of re!ease ..US

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age OO

Case Studies e (Cercises

Bi;e<are
Re!ease +.U
WiMe@are 3 a software roduct designed ara com etitive biMe riders. WiMe@are ca tures e stores a variet" of 'nformao. WiMe@are 3 ara a sing!e rider on!". T)e rider wants to be ab!e to c)ange8 add or de!ete 'nformao about a ride or rider. T)e fo!!owing 'nformao 3 eit)er entered b" t)e rider or ca!cu!ated. A!! bold items are stored. T)e fo!!owing 'nformao 3 grou ed !ogica!!" into two ma9or grou s Eride e riderF: Ride 'nformao Avera-e S&eed $iFe C/ill Factor T e Tem erature during t)e Ride @ e Average S eed m e ./U/0/O j s4r E@F # .U.U.LL2 j @ WiMec)i!! e 'nt EO+.O # EO+.0 # TF j Em X .0A0.22FF Cadence Calories $urned e (C onentia! EE.UO.U/A j Average S eedF # 0..2FF j EDuration of RideF j@eig)t of RiderF "ate o# t/e Aide "istance o# t/e Aide "uration o# Aide Tem&erature durin- t/e Aide Rider 'nformao A-e Eage of rider in "earsF Gei-/t Eweig)t of riderF SeD EseC eit)er ma!e or fema!eF ;rap*s 6our se arate gra )s Esee be!owF ode ser created b" da"s8 b" weeMs or b" mont)s ara eac) item be!ow. A different set of ca!cu!ations wi!! be used de ending of t)e gra ) 3 da"s8 weeMs or a mont)s gra ). (ac) gra ) 3 avai!ab!e on !ine or as a )ard co " e rocessing !ogic 3 different. "istance o# Aide Avera-e S&eed "uration o# Aide Calories $urned

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +UU

Case Studies e (Cercises 6or WiMe@are determine t)e fo!!owing 'nformao: 'dentif" t)e eCterna! (ntradas8 )ow man" (!ementos de Dados e )ow man" ar4uivos wi!! be referencedS

How man" ar4uivos t" e referenced are t)ere ara t)e add8 t)e c)ange e t)e de!eteS 3 it a!wa"s t)e sameS

How man" Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna are t)ere e w)at are t)e (!ementos de DadosS

How man" eCterna! out utsS Describe t)e eCterna! out uts a!soS

How man" (!ementos de Dados ara eac) eCterna! out utS

C)a ter +0

Pi>>a Screen Desi'n

O&tion + To ings are read from anot)er a !ication EMitc)en a !icationF. 'f t)e to ing 3 not avai!ab!e it 3 not dis !a"ed.

Fi-ure 8 T)e custo of t)e *iBBa 3 ca!cu!ated automatica!!".

@)en t)e &\ button 3 c!icMed t)e To

ings8 *iBBa Crust T" e e custo of *iBBa are saved.

O&tion 4 T)e 'tems in t)e dro down boC are )ard code K not read from a ar4uivo. Avai!ab!e To ings are read from anot)er a !ication EMitc)en a !icationF. @)en a To ing 3 se!ected from Avai!ab!e To ings it 3 co ied to Se!ected To

ings

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +U.

Case Studies e (Cercises T)e custo of t)e *iBBa 3

Fi-ure ! automatica!!" ca!cu!ated. @)en t)e &\ button 3 c!icMed t)e Se!ected To ings8 *iBBa Crust T" e e custo of *iBBa are t)e saved. @)at are t)e differences if an" between & tion + e & tion .S *!ease fi!! in t)e tab!e be!ow. '(tion 1 Com onent '(tion 2 de Com onent

(!ementos Dados

(!ementos de Dados

$ote: Com onents are eCterna! (ntrada8 eCterna! in4uiries8 Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna 8 e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna

C)a ter +0

...?PI@@A&(#B?&O7
Part ; @@@.*iBBaC!ub a!!ows customers to order iBBa via t)e 'nternet. T)e fo!!owing 3 on!" one screen of man" screens. +. &nce t)e customer )as accessed www.*iBBaC!ub.Com t)e" fi!! out t)is screen. .. @)en t)e customer c!icMs on t)e form t)e 'nformao 3 saved to a ar4uivo. /. 'f an" of t)e fie!ds are not fi!!ed out E o u!atedF t)e customer receives e error Mensagem te!!ing t)em ;A!! fie!ds must be o u!ated<. 0. @)at are t)e (!ementos de DadosS 1. How man" unad9usted *ontos de 6uno does t)is screen e one ar4uivo re resent.

Fi-ure +,

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +U0

Case Studies e (Cercises

Part 7 @ww.*iBBaC!ub.com 3 going to be en)anced. 'nstead of a!!owing t)e customer to t" e cit" e state8 t)e" wi!! (ntrada t)e Bi code number. T)e a !ication wi!! searc) t)e Bi code ar4uivo e t)en automatica!!" o u!ate Cit" e State. T)e customer can override t)e o u!ated fie!ds. T)e Bi code ar4uivo 3 maintained b" anot)er a !ication. How man" unad9usted *ontos de 6uno does t)is en)ancement re resentS

@)at are t)e new com onentsS

@)at (!ementos de Dados are im actedS

C)a ter +0

&ontrol Informao
@)at are t)e (!ementos de Dados in t)e fo!!owing contro! screen Ea!ignmentFS

Fi-ure ++ VControl Screen

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +U2

Case Studies e (Cercises

How man" (!ementos de Dados are t)ere in t)e fo!!owing ;Data (ntr" *references< contro! screenS

'f t)is contro! screen u dates one interna! !ogica! ar4uivo8 t)en )ow man" unad9usted *ontos de 6uno does t)is re resentS

Fi-ure +4

C)a ter +0

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age +UL

Case Studies e (Cercises Gord Problem + Let^s assume "our *rodutividade rate 3 +U )ours er *onto de 6uno Eit taMes +U )ours of worM to de!iver a *onto de 6unoF. Additiona!!"8 assume "our custo er )our 3 [2U. T)erefore8 t)e custo to de!iver + *onto de 6uno 3 [2UU. +. How muc) wou!d it custo to deve!o an a !ication wit) 18UUU *ontos de 6unoS

.. Let^s assume "ou antici ate a Maintenance Rate 3 [+UUQ*onto de 6uno. How muc) needs to be budgeted to cover Maintenance (C enses ara t)e first "earS /. Assume t)at t)e a !ication wi!! be o erationa! ara 2 "ears Ea !ication !ife eC ectanc" 3 2 "earsF. Maintenance Costs wi!! be fiCed at [+UUQ*onto de 6uno *er %ear. @)at 3 t)e tota! eC ected custo of t)e a !ication## inc!uding a!! deve!o ment e maintenance costsS 0. S)ou!d maintenance costs be considerado w)en deve!o ing an a !icationS How do "ou determine eC ected maintenance costsS

C)a ter +0 Gord Problem 4 Assume t)e same custo er *onto de 6uno as before E[2UUF. Su ose a vendor8 a too! vendor8 e c!aims t)at )is too! wi!! increase *rodutividade b" 1U ercent ## cut "our custo er *onto de 6uno in )a!f. Assume t)e fo!!owing to be true: %ou are !anning on im !ementing +8UUU *ontos de 6uno over t)e neCt "ear. %ou want t)e too! to a" ara itse!f wit)in + "ear.

+. @)at 3 t)e maCimum amount "ou wou!d be wi!!ing to a" ara t)is too! ## %ou want to breaM even.

Trad.: Herbert Lo es # A$AL%STS ASS&C'AT(S 'nc.# Co "rig)t Longstreet Consu!ting 'nc. *age ++U

Case Studies e (Cercises

ACAO)QCS
D(T (' A'( (& (G TAR C=S AL' R(T DA6 ZA6 A6* A6*W C6* D6* (6* D6* D6*W ZA6A ZA6W #ata Element T(pe (#ET): A D(T 3 a uni4ue user recogniBab!e8 non# recursive Enon#re etitiveF fie!d. E$ternal Entradas E('F # 3 an e!ementar" rocess in w)ic) data crosses t)e boundar" from outside to inside. r!ui"os de 'nterface E$terna EA'(F # a user identifiab!e grou of !ogica!!" re!ated data t)at 3 used ara reference ur oses on!". E$ternal &utputs E(&F # an e!ementar" rocess in w)ic) deri,ed data asses across t)e boundar" from inside to outside E$ternal 'n!uir( E(GF # an e!ementar" rocess wit) bot) (ntrada e out ut com onents t)at resu!t in data retrieva! from one or Mais Ar4uivos de L7gica 'nterna e Ar4uivos de 'nterface (Cterna. Tipo de r!ui"o Referenciado (T R) : A TAR 3 a Ti o de Ar4uivo Referenciado b" a transaction. An TAR must a!so be an interna! !ogica! ar4uivo or eCterna! interface ar4uivo. =enera! S"stem Caracter5sticas r!ui"os de 39gica 'nterna EAL'F # a user identifiab!e grou of !ogica!!" re!ated data t)at resides entire!" wit)in t)e a !ication boundar" e 3 maintained t)roug) (Cterna! (ntrada Record Element T(pe (RET): A R(T 3 user recogniBab!e sub grou of (!ementos de Dados wit)in an AL' or an A'( Dnad9usted *ontos de 6uno T)e "alue ad=ustment factor EZA6F 3 based on +0 genera! s"stem caracter5sticas A !ication *onto de 6uno Count after t)e en)ancement T)e initia! a !ication *onto de 6uno count or base!ine Conversion Dnad9usted *onto de 6uno Count Deve!o ment *ro9ect *onto de 6uno Count (n)ancement *ro9ect *onto de 6uno Count Dnad9usted *ontos de 6uno Dnad9usted *onto de 6uno Count Wefore (n)ancement T)e va!ue ad9ustment factor of t)e a !ication after t)e en)ancement ro9ect. T)e va!ue ad9ustment factor of t)e a !ication before t)e en)ancement ro9ect.

A!brec)t8 A.N.: Measuring A !ications Deve!o ment *roductivit". *roceedings of 'WM A !ication Deve!o ment Noint S)are =uide S"m osium8 Montere"8 CA8 +OAO8 . L/#O.. . S"mons8 C. R.8 +OOL8 ;An:!ise de *ontos de 6uno: Difficu!ties e 'm rovements<8 '((( Transactions of Software (ngineering8 Zo!. +0 $o.+8 Nanuar"8 .#++. / =arrison8 Ra" e (ric $oreen. Manageria! Accounting. 'rwin Mc=raw#Hi!!8 .UUU. 0 6erguson8 C.( e C)ar!es Maurice. (conomic Ana!"sis e A !ication. Homeword '!!inois: Ric)ard D. 'rwin8 'nc8 +OAL.
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