Appendix

Introduction to track irregularities

1

Description of track irregularity

Track geometry irregularity can be described in track or rail related methods, as shown in fig.1.
Rail related irregularities are described as
below

Track related irregularities can be

obtained from rail related irregularities as
below

Definition of track irregularities

Irregularities are defined as differences of real track geometry from their ideal positions

Fig. 1 track and rail related irregularity ( up/ below
!
(
( (
!
(
( (
( sin
!
(
( (
( sin
!
(
( (
"
"
s x s
x u x y
s x s
x u x y
x
x s
x h x z
x
x s
x h x z
r
l
r
l

+

+

( ( (
( (
(
( ( ( (
!
( (
(
!
( (
(
"
"
x y x y s
x z x z
arctg x
x y x y s x s
x y x y
x u
x z x z
x h
r l
r l
r l
r l
r l
+

+
+

CrossLevel x x
Gage x s x s s
Alignment x u x u u
ofile Vertical x h x h h
N
N
N
N
( (
( (
( (
#r ( (




3

Power Spectral Density of Track Irregularity (PSD)

$ sample of real track irregularity is taken as an random process

which is composed by a
%arity of harmonic wa%es

take %ertical profile irregularity as an e&ample

a random process is
described as

In which

means spatial fre'uency of i

th
harmonic wa%e

described as

The denominator represents wa%e length.

Fre'uencies in time domain and in spatial domain correspond a coefficient of speed v

The %ariance of each harmonic wa%e is

$ccording to the
random %ibration
theory

The %ariance of
harmonic wa%e means
also its power at the
related fre'uency, which
describes the feature of a
random process in
fre'uency domain, and is
(ust like auto correlation
function in time domain.
The ma&imum %alue of
auto correlation function
is %ariance. #ut %ariances
at each fre'uency in one
plot, a power spectral is
thus obtained. To remo%e the effects of fre'uency inter%al

di%ided each power spectral by related

fre'uency inter%al, a #)* could be obtained. This process is shown in fig.!
#)* function
( S
is an e%en and real function of

take a general form as below

+
k
i
i i i
x b x h
1
cos( (
i i
L / !
v L v / !
!
1
!
(
1

n
j
j
hi h h
n

h
1

1
h
1
(X)

h1

h
()

x
x
0
h(X)

h
fig.! #)* of track irregularity (principle description
+
,
-
!
!
1 "
+
,
-
!
!
1 "
(

a a a a
b b b b
S
+ + +
+ + +

4 Time domain irregularity sample from PSD

mathematic priciple
$ shape filter
( j F
is constructed from (
!
S and satisfied flowing form

)hape filter
( j F
con%erts a white noise
(t f
to a colored noise

con%olution
integral

d t h f t u
t

"
( ( (
In which
(t h
means impulse response of
( j F
or in other words
( j F
is a Fourier
transform of
(t h

d e h j F
j
( (
The #)* of obtained time domain sample is

note

the #)* of white noise e'ual 1

di%ided
by ! means in unit rad

and multiply by ! means one side spectral is used

( (
1
!
!
1
1 ( ( . ( . (
"
!


j F j F j F j F S j F S
u

,
_

)o, this pro%es that
(t u
is one of sample obtained by fre'uency domain track irregularity
#)*.
For speed
v
v

(
1
( S
v
S
so

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
,
,
!
! 1 "
1 "
(
1
(
v
j
v
j
v
j
v
j
v
j
b b b b
a a
j F
v
j F

+ + +
+


/eneral coefficients in v!"m#s are gi%en.

0oefficients of different shape filters of different track irregularities

)hape filter is represented in a general form as below

,
,
!
! 1 "
1 "
( ( (
(
(

j b j b j b b
j a a
j F
+ + +
+

Instruction of

ad!usted track

and

need ad!usting track

(this track condition is used by Institute of Railway %ehicles, )12T3

$d(usted track

4eed ad(usting track

For different track conditions, all F

(w

magnitudes are put in one figure to compare, as

shown in fig.,
"enerally speaking

t#e ad!usted track e$ui%alent to medium &#inese main line

and
need ad!usting track means 'ad track(
$ccording to e&perience, $$R %ertical profile is too much big.
5imited speeds for $$R track of different classes are listed in following table

Track class
+ 6 - , ! 1
Freight car (km/h 17+ 1!8 9+ +- -" 16
#assenger car (km/h 17+ 1-- 1!8 9+ -8 !-
For locomoti%es, because of much hea%ier a&le loads and no empty/full different, the limited
speed should be higher than the table listed, but no %alues are proposed.
!
( +9"- . 1 ",- . "
""!86 . "
(

j j
j F
+ +

!
8-6! . " "1+98+7+ . "
"""9!8"+6 . "
(

+ +

j
j F
, !
( ( !8,! . 1 "77- . " ""7--"!"1 . "
""1! . "
(

j j j
j
j F
+ + +

Alignmen
t
Vertical
Profile
Cross lev
el
!
( +9"- . 1 ",- . "
""67 . "
(

j j
j F
+ +

!
( 8-6! . " "1+98+7+ . "
""11-,86+ . "
(

j j
j F
+ +

, !
( ( !8,! . 1 "77- . " ""7--"!"1 . "
""16 . "
(

j j j
j
j F
+ + +

Aligmnent
Vertical
Prifile
Cross Le
vel

AAR6!
" #$ #$

AAR6!
" #$ #$

AAR6!
" #$ #$
%&'
(&)
A*
(&
+" ,-./
%&01
2 3AAR
4 AR!51
61
73AAR+AAR!896
Fig.,(green: ad(usted , need ad(usting track/ read: $$R class +,-,!/ blue: /germany high, low
) PSD coefficients of **+ track class
$$R track irregularities are gi%en in inch unit system

*ynamics of Railway ;ehicle )ystem.

;i(ay <. /arg, Rao ;. *ukkipati, $cademic #ress, 198-

as shown in following table.

Table: #)* coefficients of $$R track class under inch unit system
=odel
c$f in
!
#arameter ;alues of parameters by track class
)ymbol 3nit + 6 - , ! 1
$lignmen
t
(
(
(
!
!
! -
!
1
! !
!

+
+

A
S
$
1

1"
>-
in
!
/cpf
1"
>,
cpf
1"
>!
cpf
"., ".6 ".9 1.+ !.8 6."
1"." 1"." 1"." 1"." 1"." 1"."
6.+ 6.+ 6.+ 6.+ 6.+ 6.+
;ertical
#rofile
(
(
(
!
!
! -
!
1
! !
!

+
+

A
S
$
1

1"
>-
in
!
/cpf
1"
>,
cpf
1"
>!
cpf
".6 ".8 1.- !.6 -.6 7.9
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
-." -." -." -." -." -."
0ross
le%el
( (
(
!
!
! !
1
!
!
!

+ +

A
S
$
1

1"
>-
in
!
/cpf
1"
>,
cpf
1"
>!
cpf
"., ".6 ".7 1.1 1.+ !.,
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
-." -." -." -." -." -."
For compare among different track conditions and for con%enient application in dynamic
software, I)? metric unit system is recommended. For I)? metric unit system, a general form of
#)* e%en and real function representation is used

circle m m /
!

$$R track irregularities gi%en in metric unit system is gi%en in following table.
Take alignment irregularity as an e&ample

1m@,.!8"8 ft( k@,.!8"8

( )
( (
( (
1--
1
1--
1 1
1--
1
(
!
!
! -
!
1
! !
!
!
!
! -
!
1
!
!
!
, !

k
k k A
k
k k
k
A
k k
S
k k
S
+
+

1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

m
%
m#circle
In principle coefficient k reduce %ertical coordinate

1ft#circle@1/k m#circle

magnify
horiAontal coordinate. Further more unit in
!
in #)* should be changed to m
!

For cross le%el the con%ert formula is:

( )( )
!
!
! !
1
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1
!
!
!
, !
( (
(
1--
1
1--
1 1
1--
1
(

k k
k A
k
k k
A
k k
S
k k
S
+ +

1
1
]
1

+
,
_

1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

m
!
m/circle
Table: #)* coefficients of $$R track class under metric unit system
model
circle m m /
!

#arameter ;alues of parameters by track class

symbol 3nit + 6 - , ! 1
$lignmen
t
(
(
(
!
!
! -
!
1
! !
!

+
+

A
S
$
1

1"
>7
m
!
/cir./m
1"
>,
cir./m
1"
>!
cir./m
".+,6" 1."68, 1.9"6" ,.,8+7 6.9!+7 1".68,6
,!.8"8" ,!.8"8" ,!.8"8" ,!.8"8" ,!.8"8" ,!.8"8"
18.,-!6 18.,7!6 18.,7!6 18.,7!6 18.,7!6 18.,7!6
;ertical
#rofile
(
(
(
!
!
! -
!
1
! !
!

+
+

A
S
$
1

1"
>7
m
!
/cir./m
1"
>,
cir./m
1"
>!
cir./m
1."68, 1.+9,- !.9+,- 6.!917 9.6!61 1+.7!19
!,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7
1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,!
0ross
5e%el
( (
(
!
!
! !
1
!
!
!

+ +

A
S
$
1

1"
>7
m
!
/cir./m
1"
>,
cir./m
1"
>!
cir./m
".+,6" 1."68, 1.-817 !.,!8- ,.,8+7 -.8+8-
!,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7 !,.!9,7
1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,! 1,.1!,!
In general form, the coefficients listed in following table
Table: $$R track #)* in I)? metric unit system, general form representation

1/m

"
a
1
a
!
a
,
a
"
b
1
b
!
b
+ " " ".",,766 1 ".!,"7e>11 !.1-,6e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 "."989e>11 1.8!!+e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " 1."9,+e>9 " "
6 " " ".",,766 1 ".,8-6e>11 ,.67!-e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 ".168!e>11 !.91+,e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " 1.8!!+7e>9 " "
- " " ".",,766 1 ".+9!1e>11 +.-,"-e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 ".!7+9e>11 6.1",6e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " !.6617e>9 " "
, " " ".",,766 1 1.!,"6e>11 11.-,18e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 ".-9-6e>11 9.11,,e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " -.""99e>9 " "
! " " ".",,766 1 !.16,,e>11 !".""6+e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 ".89"1e>11 1+.-"-"e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " 6.8,!6e>9 " "
1 " " ".",,766 1 ,.8-6!e>11 ,6.7!-,e>9 "
! " " "."17!!! 1 1.6+!+e>11 !8.7981e>9 "
"# 9.,--6e>+ "."177+ 1 " 8.,8-,e>9 " "
1hile simulation in time domain, an irregularity sample is obtained form shape filter

which is
related to #)* function as following

see. -