Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry Reading Guide

Section 8.1 Define the following terms: (yesreally!) ionic bond:

electrostatic force:

covalent bond:

metallic bond:

Why are only valence electrons shown in Lewis symbols?

State the octet rule.

Section 8.2 Define the following term: lattice energy:

Why are ionic compounds so stable?

What TWO factors will influence the magnitude of the lattice energy for a particular ionic compound? Which is the more predominant factor?

When transition elements form ions, in what order are electrons lost by the atom? Remember that many transition metals form ions with multiple charges.

Section 8.4 Define the following terms: single bond:

double bond:

triple bond:

bond length:

What are the general characteristics of IONIC compounds? Of covalent compounds?

How does the octet rule determine the number of covalent bonds that an element will form?

How does bond length change a the number of shared electrons between two atoms changes?

Section 8.5 Define the following terms: bond polarity: non-polar covalent bond:

polar covalent bond:

electronegativity:

polar molecule (dipole):

dipole moment:

How do ionization energy and electron affinity influence electronegativity?

State the general periodic and group trends in electronegativity.

How does electronegativity difference influence bond polarity?

In a polar bond, which atom will have the higher partial negative charge (-)? Why?

You will NOT be responsible for calculating dipole moments but you should understand what a dipole moment tells us about the polarity of a molecule AND what is meant by a zero dipole moment. As the magnitude of the dipole moment increaseswhat is true about the polarity of the molecule?

What factors influence the magnitude of a dipole moment?

What is the generally accepted (simplest) approach to determining whether a compound is molecular or ionic?

As oxidation state of a metal increases, what effect does that have on the covalent nature of the bonds that metal forms with non-metals?

Section 8.6 Define the following term: formal charge:

You will have the steps for drawing Lewis Diagrams in your notes if you do not clearly understand them write them here!

How is formal charge on a particular atom determined?

What two guidelines for formal charge can help to determine what Lewis structures are most correct when dealing with several possible Lewis structures?

Read A Closer Look on page 318. What is the main difference between oxidation state and formal charge?

Section 8.7 Define the following terms: resonance structures:

aromatic molecules:

What effect does the concept of resonance have on bond lengths in a molecule? (Hint: what is true about the bond lengths in a molecule of benzene?)

Section 8.8 What are the three exceptions to the octet rule? Give an example of each. 1.

2.

3.

How is it possible to have MORE than an octet? What atoms are capable of this?

Pay close attention to the diagrams of the phosphate ion on page 324 and the formal charge argument that leads to determination of the better structure

Section 8.9 Define the following terms: bond enthalpy:

atomization:

Why is the value of bond enthalpy always positive?

What does the magnitude of the bond enthalpy tell about the strength of a bond?

Look at Table 8.4. Notice the effect of multiple bonds on bond enthalpies. Compare C-C single, double and triple bonds. What happens to bond enthalpy as the number of shared electrons increases?

When bonds form energy is ____________________? When bonds are broken, energy is _________________________? If a particular reaction requires MORE energy to break the bonds in the reactants than is released when bonds form in the products, what will be true about the NET energy change ( H) of the reaction?

Why might values of H obtained by using bond enthalpies vary slightly from values obtained using other methods of determining H?

What effect does bond length have on bond enthalpy? What happens to bond length as the number of shared electrons increases?

Section 9.1 What determines the overall shape of a molecule?

Why are Lewis structures inadequate to account for the shape of a molecule?

Section9.2 Define the following terms: electron domain:

non-bonding pair (lone pair):

electron domain geometry:

molecular geometry:

What is the main premise of VSEPR theory?

Why does the bond angle decrease as the number of non-bonding pairs of electrons increases?

What effect do multiple bonds have on bond angles? Why?

You will have a chart in your notes that depicts the electron-pair geometries and molecular geometries Compare your notes and the pictures in Tables 9.2 and 9.3 to help clarify your notes.

Section 9.3 How do bond dipole moments help to determine the polarity of a molecule?

How can a molecule have polar bonds and yet be a non-polar molecule? (example CO2)

What shapes of molecules will be non-polar if all terminal atoms are the same?

Where do dipole moments point toward? What does the size of the arrow signify?

Section 9.4 What does valence bond theory suggest about the electron density in a chemical bond?

Section 9.5 Define the following terms: hybrid orbital:

hybridization:

Explain why a Be atom would not be able to form a covalent bond without hybridization.

How many hybrid orbitals are formed in each of the following: sp sp2 sp3 sp3d sp3d2

How is the number of hybrid orbitals related to the number of bonds and/or lone pairs which are found in the electron pair geometry of a central atom in a molecule?

Section 9.6 Define the following terms: internuclear axis:

sigma () bond:

pi () bond:

localized bonding electrons:

delocalized electrons:

Which are stronger, sigma or pi bonds?

How do pi bonds prevent the rotation of bonds around the central atom (introduce rigidity into the molecule)?

How many sigma and pi bonds in the following? single bond ____ _____ double bond ____ _____ How can you determine if a molecule has delocalized pi bonds?

triple bond ____

_____

What effect does the existence of delocalized electrons have on a molecule?

Read A Closer Look on page 367it is pretty interesting stuff especially for all you biology people!! We will NOT be covering 9.7 or 9.8but you may end up seeing it in freshman chem in college!