Peaceful usage of nuclear energy

Konstantin German

II Letnia Szkoa Energetyki i Chemii Jdrowej

IISummerschoolofEnergeticandNuclearChemistry BiologicalandChemicalResearchCentreUW

Peacefulusageofnuclearenergy
KonstantinGerman
FrumkinInstituteofPhysicalChemistryandElectrochemistry ofRussianAcademyofSciences(IPCERAS),Moscow,Russia & MedicalinstituteREAVIZ

Discoveryofradioactivityand estimationofitsimportance
Becquerel
In1896foundout thatUraniumore isemittingsome newkindofrays.

CurieandSklodowska
Pierre Curie (a famous French physicist) and his young Pole assistant (radio)chemist Maria Sklodowska in 1898 were the first to separate a new element, Ra. They found out that Radium samples are more hot compared to the environments as long as for many months. They concluded that radioactivity is new and very important source of energy and proposed its usage for medical, pharmaceutical, , , purposes. Some other applications drugs and creams were considered important. VernadskyinRussiain1920predictedthatRa andalliedmattercouldbeaveryimportant keyfornewenergeticintheWorldscale.

MARIESKODOWSKACURIE BYGRZEGORZZAJC

In1945,twoexplosionsinJapanhave demonstratedthepowerofatomwith absoluteevidence

HBOMBTEST

DualityofNuclearTechnology

Obninsk,Russia,1954

HiroshimaandNagasaki,Japan,1945

IAEA startup - 8 December 1953 US President Dwight Eisenhower was not a scientist but an important governor. At the United Nations Meeting in New York in his Atoms For Peace speech he called for the institution of a UN agency to maximize the contribution of nuclear technology to the world while verifying its peaceful use.

Peacefulusesofatomicenergy
Supervised by IAEA : that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons Missions 3.1 Peacefuluses 3.2 Safeguards 3.3 Nuclearsafety 3.4 Criticism Nuclearpowerplants(electricity production,thermalsource, waterdistillationstations) Nuclearreactorpropulsion (icebreakers,specialplants) Radioisotopesources(closed RITEGsetc.,open) Nuclearmedicine(radiationuse, radioisotopeuse radiodiagnosticsand radiotherapy) Nuclearexplosions peaceful uses(historicalandprospective)

FirstNPP
AtthetimeofDwight Eisenhower speechonDec.1953the firstNPPwas85%constructedinObninsk,Russia,thestart updonein1954 ConstructionstartedonJanuary1,1951,startupwasonJune 1,1954,andthefirstgridconnectionwasmadeonJune26, 1954providingthecityofObninskwithelectrisity.Foraround 4 years,tillopeningofSiberianNuclearPowerStation, Obninskremainedtheonlynuclearpowerreactorinthe USSR;thepowerplantremainedactiveuntilApril29,2002 whenitwasfinallyshutdown. Thesinglereactorunitattheplant, AM1 (AtomMirny,or "peacefulatom"),hadatotalelectricalcapacityof6 MWand anetcapacityofaround5MWe.Thermaloutputwas30 MW. Itwasaprototypedesignusingagraphitemoderatorand watercoolant.ThisreactorwasaforerunneroftheRBMK reactors.

ClosedNuclearFuel Cyclebasedon Fastreactorsand U238(orMOX) fuel=prospective forlongtermuseof nuclearenergy

NuclearFuelCycle= thebackboneofnuclear industryand thekeyforpeaceful useofnuclearenergy

Nuclearreactoris adevicetoinitiate andcontrolasustainednuclearchain reaction.Nuclearreactorsareusedat:

Nuclearpowerplants(NPP) forgenerationelectricity Inpropulsionofships. Heatfrom nuclearfission ispassedtoaworkingfluid(wateror gas),whichrunsthrough turbines.Theseeitherdrivea ship's propellers orturn electricalgenerators.Nuclear generatedsteaminprinciplecanbeusedforindustrialprocess heat,fordistrictheatingorforwaterdistillation. Somereactorsareusedtoproduceisotopesformedicaland industrialuse,orforproductionof plutonium forweapons. Somearerunonlyforresearch.

NPPsaredifferentinthenatureof NuclearReactorType:
Thermalneutronsreactors Waterwater (WWER) Boilingwater (BWR) Heavywater Gascooled (MAGNOX,AGR) Graphitewater Hightemperaturegascooled Heavywatergascooled Heavywatercooled Boilingheavywater Fastneutronsreactors Sodiumcooled(BN300, 600,BN800) PborPbBicooled(BN 1200)
OTHERREACTORTYPESEXIST Moltensalt Homogeneous Researchreactors

USA+UK 80 RUSSIA 35 France 4

CivilNPPNuclearreactorsandNetOperatingCapacity intheWorld(1954 2011),GWe

CivilNPPReactorstartupsand shutdownsintheworld(1954 2011)

units

GlobalGrowthofNuclearPowerinProgress(2010)

www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0.1518.460011.10.html

NuclearEnergyProvidedin2005 %ofElectricityin:77%in France,55%inBelgium,45%inSouthKorea,20%inUSA

China* Brazil Pakistan India Netherlands Mexico South Africa Argentina Romania Canada Russia U.S. Spain U.K. Japan Czech RP Germany Switzerland Finland Hungary Slovenia Armenia Bulgaria Korea Rep. Sweden Ukraine Belgium Slovakia Lithuania France

% of Electricity from Nuclear

Source:NEI http://www.nei.org/

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percent

TheAFCIistheTechnologyDevelopmentComponentof theU.S.NuclearEnergyProgram
AFCIResearchCampaigns:

TransmutationFuels FastReactors AdvancedSeparations WasteForms Safeguards SystemsAnalysis GridappropriateReactors

* GordonJarvinen VIIIInternationalWorkshop FundamentalPlutonium Properties.September812,2008

NPPsinRussia

2012 RussianNPPsproduced 170*109kWt*hour Thefractionofnuclearpowerintotalelectricpower =16%inRussia,oftotalpower=11%

Waterwaterreactors
WWER1000(31reactorsinoperation)

1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,16 ,17 ,18 ,19 ,20

Boilingwaterreactor

PressurizedWaterReactor

Potentialofnuclear
Torelise thefullpotentialofUandPubredfromit requiresfastneutronreactors ThestockofdepletedUO2intheworldwhenusedin fastreactorswillprovidetheenergyequivalentto 4X1011 toil

http://www.worldnuclearnews.org

Fastreactors
BN60 BN300 BN600 Shevchenko Phoenix Superphenix BN800 BN1200 project

FR=thekeytoreallyclosed nuclearfuelcycle

FastreactorsinRussiaandChina Beloyarsk NPPCEFR China

Thesinglereactornowin China'sexperimental operationisaBN600fast fastneutronreactor breederreactor,generating600 CEFRhasbeen MWe.(1980 2014) connectedtothe LiquidSodiumisacoolant. electricitygridin2011 Fuel:369assemblies,each consistingof127fuelrodswith anenrichmentof1726%U235. ItisthelargestFastreactor in serviceintheworld.Three turbinesareconnectedtothe reactor.Reactorcore 1.03m tall,Diameter=2.05m.

Fast BN800 with mixed UO2PuO2 fuel and sodiumsodium coolant will start by 2014 in Russia. FastBN1200reactorwithbreedingratioof1.2 to1.31.35formixeduraniumplutonium oxidefueland1.45fornitridefuel,Mean burnup120MWtXdXkg.BN1200isduefor constructionby2020

http://www.worldnuclearnews.org

Fast Reactors Program in USA

Developanddemonstratefastreactortechnologythat canbecommerciallydeployed Focusonsodiumfastreactorsbecauseoftechnical maturity Improveeconomicsbyusinginnovativedesignfeatures, simplifiedsafetysystems,andimprovedsystemreliability Advancedmaterialsdevelopment Nucleardatameasurementsanduncertaintyreduction analysesforkeyfastreactormaterials WorkatLosAlamosfocusesonadvancedmaterials development,nucleardatameasurements,andsafety analyses
* GordonJarvinen VIIIInternationalWorkshop FundamentalPlutonium Properties.September812,2008

WorldprogramfornewNPPs installationsasseenin2009

UREX+1a Process Outline

Chopfuelanddissolvein HNO3;UandTcextractedin UREXstepwithTBPin hydrocarbon(HC)solvent Cs/Srextractedwith calixcrownandcrownether inFPEXprocess Transuranicsandlanthanide fissionproductsextractedin TRUEXstepwithCMPOand backextractedfromCMPO withDTPAlacticacidsolution Lanthanidefissionproducts extractedintodi2ethylhexyl phosphoricacidinHCsolvent leavingTRUelementsin aqueousphaseinTALSPEAK process

DissolvedFuel UREX FPEX TRUEX TALSPEAK LanthanideFPs U,Tc Cs,Sr NonLnFPs Np,Pu,Am,Cm

* GordonJarvinen VIIIInternationalWorkshop FundamentalPlutonium Properties.September812,2008

Technetium is a Long-term Threat to the Biosphere

Technetium is a key dose contributor in Yucca Mountain repository modeling if TRU elements are greatly reduced by UREX+ recycling. The long half-life of Tc (t1/2 = 2.14 x 105 years) and its high mobility and solubility as pertechnetate create a long-term threat to the biosphere. UREX process produces a separated stream of pure uranium and technetium recovering >95% of the Tc in the dissolved LWR spent fuel. Most remaining Tc is found in noble metal inclusions of MoTc-Ru-Rh-Pd found in the undissolved solids (UDS) from the dissolution of the spent fuel in nitric acid. Los Alamos workers have developed an anion exchange process to remove the Tc from the U, recover the Tc by elution with ammonium hydroxide, and convert the pertechnetate to metal or TcO2. Alloys of Tc with UDS metal inclusions, Zircaloy hulls or other metals (e.g., INL Metal Waste Form: Tc, 15% Zr, 85% stainless steel) and also oxide phases with the lanthanide and transition metal fission products are being studied as potential disposal forms.
* GordonJarvinen VIIIInternationalWorkshop FundamentalPlutonium Properties.September812,2008

Effectofthepowerproductionmode onthehealthofEuropeanpopulation
Lost Years of Life, Manyear per GWt*H produced
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Browncoal 2. Blackcoal 3. Gas

4. Nuclearpower 5. Sunlightpower 6. Windpower

SmallModularReactors(SMRs)
SmallModularReactors (SMRs)arenuclearpower plantsthatsmallerinsize (300MWeorless)than currentgenerationbase loadplants(1,000MWe orhigher). Thesesmaller,compact designsarefactory fabricatedreactorsthat canbetransportedby truckorrailtoanuclear powersite.

NPPs&Water locationproblem
FukushimaDaiichinuclear Disaster BWRRPV

Othercases

Corps of Calhoun on June Missouri

Engineers photo of the Fort Nuclear Generating Station 16, 2011 during the 2011 River Floods. Vital buildings

using AquaDams, a type of waterfilled perimeter flood barriers

were

protected

65ReactorsforNPPsUnder Construction byregion:

Asia FarEast
3 13

Asia MiddleEast andSouth EU27

36

OtherEurope
7

America

Sources:IAEAPRIS,MSC2011

Nuclearpowered propulsion
Nuclearpoweredicebreakersand complexusageships
Typhoon3RFVMFsubmarine NimitzUSNavyaircraftcarrier

Nuclearpoweredicebreakers
Icebreaker Lenin in 1959 was both the world's first nuclearpowered surface ship and the first nuclearpowered civilian vessel. ThesecondwasNS Arktika.Inservicesince1975, shewasthefirstsurface shiptoreachthe NorthPole, onAugust17,1977.

NSYamalandTaimyr

Ice to break : 2.25 m 3.5 m

Installed power: Propulsion: Speed: Two OK-900 nuclear reactors (2 171 MW), 90%enriched, zirconiumclad, Uranium fuel. Nuclear-turbo-electric Three shafts, 52 MW (comb.) 20.6 knots (38.2 km/h)

Northernsearoute
MapofNorthernSeaRoute Consumeupto200 grammsoffueladaywhenbreakingice. 500 kg of Uranium in each reactor,allowing for up to four years between changing reactor cores

OTHERAPPLICATIONS Science&Technology
Waterresourcemanagement:Isotopehydrology Pestcontrol:Sterileinsecttechnique Foodsafety:Irradiation Environmentalmanagement:Pollutioncontrol Cancertreatment:Radiotherapy NuclearMedicine:Diagnostics

TechnicalCooperationwithIAEA:
Addressescriticalproblemsindevelopingnations

Contaminateddrinkingwater Infectiousdiseases:TB,AIDS MalariaandSleepingSickness Malnutritionandfoodscarcity Pollution Shortageofknowledgeandskills

Radioisotopebattery
Nuclearbatteryorradioisotopebatteryisadevicewhichusestheradioactive decaytogenerateelectricity.Thesesystemsuseradioisotopes thatproducelow energybetaparticlesoralphaparticlesofvaryingenergies. Lowenergybetaparticles preventionofhighenergyBremsstrahlung radiation thatwouldrequireheavyshielding.

Radioisotopessuchas tritium,Ni63,Pm147,Tc99 havebeentested. Pu238, Cm242,Cm244,Sr90 havebeenused. Twomaincategoriesofatomicbatteries:thermalandnonthermal. Thenonthermalatomicbatteriesexploitcharged and particles.These designsincludethe directcharginggenerators, betavoltaics, the optoelectric nuclearbattery,andthe radioisotopepiezoelectric generator. Thethermalatomicbatteriesontheotherhand,converttheheatfromthe radioactivedecaytoelectricity.Thesedesignsincludethermionic converter,thermophotovoltaic cells,alkalimetalthermaltoelectric converter,andthemostcommondesign,theradioisotopethermoelectric generator.

Radioisotopebatteries byradioisotopes
Tritium lighteninginphosphors ProductofSNFdissolution Pm147 Heartbattery ProductofSNFdissolution Tc99 U235(n,f)Mo99()Tc99m()Tc99 separatedfromspentnuclearfuel (SNF)reprocessingsolutions
Cm242,Cm244 Pu239(n,)Pu240(n,)Pu241(n,)Pu242 SpaceRTG&RTUbatteries SNFdissolution,specialtargets Sr90 U235(n,f)Sr90 Separatedfromspentnuclear fueul reprocessingsolutions,)

Pu238 Np237(n,)Pu238 FromSNF SpaceRTG&RTUbatteries ProductofSNFdissolution

Attemptsof99Tcapplication inIPCERAS(19751987)

Electric battery based on b-emission of Tc (1978-1983, O.Balakhovsky) - Sources for eyeball medical treatment and defectoscopy (1983 1993, K. Bukov) Corrosion protection (1960-1975, Kuzina) Antifouling protection (1975 1987, S.Bagaev, S.Kryutchkov, K.German) Tc catalysts at ceramic supports (1975 2000, G. Pirogova)

Prof. V. Peretroukhin checks the electric battery based on -emission of technetium-99

A radioisotopethermoelectricgenerator (RTG, RITEG) isan electricalgenerator thatobtainsitspowerfromradioactivedecay. The heatreleasedbythedecay ofasuitable radioactive materialis convertedinto electricity bythe Seebeck effect usinganarray of thermocouples. RTGshavebeenusedaspowersourcesin satellites, spaceprobes and unmannedremotefacilities,suchasaseriesof lighthouses builtby theformerSovietUnioninsidetheArcticCircle.
RTGsareusuallythemostdesirable powersourcefor robotic or unmaintainedsituationsneedingafew hundred watts (orless)ofpowerfor durationstoolongfor fuelcells, batteries,orgeneratorstoprovide economically,andinplaceswhere solar cells arenotpractical. SafeuseofRTGsrequirescontainment ofthe radioisotopes longafterthe productivelifeoftheunit.

RTGuse
Implantedheart pacemakers

Lighthousesandnavigation beacons The USSRconstructedmany unmannedlighthousesand navigationbeaconspowered byRTGs. Poweredby strontium90 (90Sr),theywereveryreliable andprovidedasteadysource ofpower. Thermalregimeatouter planetinstruments(cars) Now

Inthepast,small "plutoniumcells"(very small 238PupoweredRTGs) wereusedin implanted heart pacemakers toensurea verylong"batterylife".[9] Asof2004,about90 patientswerealiveandthe batterieswerestillinuse.

DislocationofsomeRITEGs lighthousesinRussiaandAntarctica
NorthernSeaRoute Antarctica

NowadayswhensatellitesystemareusedfornavigationcontrolRITEGsatNSRare considerednormoreusefulandspecialprogramofdecommissioningwasrun

DecommissioningofRITEGs partnersimpact

Decomission fondings ofRITEG asassistedbythepartners byDec.2012(inunits)

2001

RITEGBETTA_MatFADDEYCITE damaged with with frozen frozen ice ice damaged

MOSTOFRITEGSWERESHIPPED TORUSSIAN REPROCESSINGFACILITIES

SPACEPOWERSYSTEMS(RPS)
RPSssafelyenableddeepspaceexplorationand AtMoon nationalsecuritymissions. RPSsconverttheheatfromthedecayofthe radioactiveisotopePu238intoelectricity. RPSsarecapableofproducingheatandelectricity undertheharshconditionsencounteredindeep Cassini'sphotooftheEarth spacefordecades. Safe,reliable,andmaintenancefreeinmissionsto studythemoonandalloftheplanetsinthesolar systemexceptMercury. TheMarsScienceLaboratoryrover,Curiosity, COOPERATIONFORSPACEEXPLORATION: launched2011,landedsuccessfullyatMarson Np237forproductionofPu238was August5,2012. 1st missiontousetheMultiMissionRadioisotope providedtoUSDOEbyRussianRT1. Np237isaproductofPOMAYAKRT1 ThermoelectricGenerator(MMRTG). plantthatreprocessRBMK 1000 TheRPSpoweredNewHorizonsspacecraftisthree spentnuclearfuel quartersofthewaytoaplannedPlutoencounterin 2015

Radioisotopethermoelectric generators
A glowingredhotpelletof plutonium238dioxidemadeby USDOEattheDepartment'sof LosAlamosNationalLaboratory tobeusedinaRTGforthe CassinimissiontoSaturn Eachpelletproduces62wattsof heatandwhenthermally isolated,canglowbrilliant orange

10Lcontainerfilledin withmetaltechnetium 99couldproduceabout 1wattofheatenergy duringthetimeupto 212000years

RadioisotopeHeaterUnits(RHUs)
RHUsusetheheat generatedbyPu238to keepaspacecrafts instrumentswithintheir designedoperating temperatures. Plutoniumisproducedby nuclearreaction: Np237(n,)Pu238 U235 U236 U237

RadioisotopeHeaterUnits(RHUs)

RadioisotopeHeaterUnits(RHUs) RHUsusetheheat generatedbyPu238tokeepaspacecraftsinstruments withintheirdesignedoperatingtemperatures. InJuneandJuly2003,NASAlaunchedtheMarsexploration rovers,SpiritandOpportunity,toexploreevidenceof wateronMars.EachroverhaseightRHUstokeepthe roverinstrumentswarmduringthecoldMartiannights. TheroverslandedatseparatesitesonMarsinJanuary2004 onaplanned90daymission.Spiritrovedthesurfaceof Marsforover6yearsuntilitbecamestuckinasandtrap. OpportunityisstillexploringtheMartiansurfaceand transmittingdataafter7yearsofoperation.NASAhasalso identifiedseveralnewmissionspotentiallyrequiringRHUs.

RTGsandRHUsforspaceexploration
ThroughastrongpartnershipbetweentheEnergyDepartment'sofficeofNuclearEnergy andNASA,RadioisotopePowerSystemshavebeenprovidingtheenergyfordeepspace exploration. TheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)anditspredecessorshaveprovidedradioisotopepower systemsthathavesafelyenableddeepspaceexplorationandnationalsecuritymissions forfivedecades. Radioisotopepowersystems(RPSs)converttheheatfromthedecayoftheradioactive isotopeplutonium238(Pu238)intoelectricity.RPSsarecapableofproducingheatand electricityundertheharshconditionsencounteredindeepspacefordecades.Theyhave provensafe,reliable,andmaintenancefreeinmissionstostudythemoonandallofthe planetsinthesolarsystemexceptMercury.TheRPSpoweredNewHorizonsspacecraftis threequartersofthewaytoaplannedPlutoencounterin2015. DOEmaintainstheinfrastructuretodevelop,manufacture,test,analyze,anddeliverRPSs forspaceexplorationandnationalsecuritymissions.DOEprovidestwogeneraltypesof systems powersystemsthatprovideelectricity,suchasradioisotopethermoelectric generators(RTGs),andsmallheatsourcescalledradioisotopeheaterunits(RHUs)that keepspacecraftcomponentswarminharshenvironments.DOEalsomaintains responsibilityfornuclearsafetythroughoutallaspectsofthemissionsandperformsa detailedanalysisinsupportofthosemissions. SPACEANDDEFENSEINFRASTRUCTURE DOEhassuccessfullyaccomplishednuclearpowersystemmissionsbymaintaininga uniquesetofcapabilitiesthroughhighlyskilledengineersandtechniciansandspecialized facilitiesatDOEnationallaboratories.OakRidgeNationalLaboratoryprovidesunique materialsandhardware.Plutonium238ispurifiedandencapsulatedatLosAlamos NationalLaboratory.IdahoNationalLaboratoryassemblestheencapsulatedfuelintoa heatsourcedesignedtocontainthefuelinpotentialaccidentsituations,integratesthe heatsourceandpowerconversionsystemintothefinalpowersystem,andassurestheir finaldelivery.DOEmaintainsuniqueshippingcontainersandtrailerstosafelytransport componentsandpowersystemsacrosstheDOEcomplexandtouseragencies.DOEalso maintainstheuniqueabilitytoevaluateandcharacterizethesafetyofthesesystems. SandiaNationalLaboratoriesleadsthedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftherequired analyticaltools,database,andcapabilities. Powersystemdesign,development, manufacturing,andnonnucleartestingareperformedbycompetitivelyselectedsystem integrationcontractors. RadioisotopeThermoelectricGenerators(RTGs) TheRTGsystemsareidealfor applicationswheresolarpanelscannotsupplyadequatepower,suchasforspacecraft surveyingplanetsfarfromthesun.RTGshavebeenusedonmanyNationalAeronautics andSpaceAdministration(NASA)missions,includingthefollowing. MarsScienceLaboratoryMission,CuriosityRover TheMarsScienceLaboratoryrover,namedCuriosity,launchedonNovember 26,2011,landedsuccessfullyonMarsonAugust5,2012.ItisthefirstNASA missiontousetheMultiMissionRadioisotopeThermoelectricGenerator (MMRTG).CuriosityiscollectingMartiansoilsamplesandrockcores,andis analyzingthemfororganiccompoundsandenvironmentalconditionsthat couldhavesupportedmicrobiallifenoworinthepast.Curiosityisthefourth rovertheUnitedStateshassenttoMarsandthelargest,mostcapablerover eversenttostudyaplanetotherthanEarth. NewHorizonsMissiontoPluto TheNewHorizonsspacecraftwaslaunchedonJanuary19,2006.Thefastest spacecrafttoeverleaveEarth,NewHorizonshasalreadyreturnedimagesand scientificdatafromJupiterandwillcontinueitsjourneyofthreebillionmilesto studyPlutoanditsmoon,Charon,in2015.Itmayalsogoontostudyoneor moreobjectsinthevastKuiperBelt,thelargeststructureinourplanetary system.DOEsuppliedtheRTGthatprovideselectricalpowerandheattothe spacecraftanditsscienceinstruments. CassiniMissionOrbitingSaturn InJuly2004,theCassinimissionenteredtheorbitofSaturn.Launchedin October1997,theCassinispacecraftusesthreeDOEsuppliedRTGsandisthe largestspacecrafteverlaunchedtoexploretheouterplanets.Itissuccessfully returningdataandimagesofSaturnanditssurroundingmoons,usingabroad rangeofscientificinstruments.ThismissionrequiresRTGsbecauseofthelong distancefromthesun,whichmakestheuseofsolararraysimpractical.The RTGshaveallowedthemissiontobeextendedtwice;themissionisexpectedto lastatleastuntil2017. VoyagerMissiontoJupiter,Saturn,Uranus,NeptuneandtheEdgeoftheSolar System Inthesummerof1977,Voyager1and2leftEarthandbegantheirgrandtourof theouterplanets.BothspacecraftusetwoRTGssuppliedbyDOEtogenerate electricity.In1979,thespacecraftpassedbyJupiter;in1981,itpassedby Saturn.Voyager2wasthefirstspacecrafttoencounterUranus(1986)and Neptune(1989). Voyager1and2arecurrentlyexploringtheheliosheathon theedgeofthesolarsystem,seekingouttheboundaryofinterstellarspace. Voyager1ispresentlythefarthesthumanmadeobjectfromEarth.Itis currentlymorethan11billionmilesfromearth.Bothspacecraftremain operationalandaresendingbackusefulscientificdataafterover35yearsof operation.TheRTGsareexpectedtocontinueproducingenoughpowerfor spacecraftoperationsthrough2025,47yearsafterlaunch.

PLANNEDPROGRAMACCOMPLISHMENTS ATUSDOE FY2013

MaintainoperabilityofSpaceandDefensePowerSystemsrelated facilitiestoachieveDOEandWorkforOthersmilestones. ContinuedevelopmentoftheASRGinsupportofapotentialNASA mission. CompletefabricationofPu238fuelatLANLforapotentialNASA mission. MaintaincurrentRPSsafetyanalysiscapabilityandmethodsasnew informationbecomesavailable. Completetheupgradeofanenvironmentalcontrolsystemfor powersystemassemblygloveboxatINL. ContinuetosupportdevelopmentoftheNuclearCyrogenic PropulsionStage(NuclearThermalRocket)withNASAsMarshall SpaceFlightCenter.

Peacefuluseofnuclearexplosions
Historical(19651988)
As part of Operation Plowshare USA and Programs 6&7 in USSR. Objectives: water reservoir development, dam & canal construction. creation of underground cavities for toxic wastes storage Searching for mineral resources with reflection seismology from ultrasmall bombs breaking up ore bodies, stimulating the production of oil and gas, forming underground cavities for storing the recovered oil and gas, gasfire stop.

Prospective

Largemeteorite destruction orredirection

CorrosionprotectionbyTc99
In196676Cartledge,Kuzinaand othershaveshownTctobea morepowerfulcorrosion protectorcomparedtoCrO42 6mgofKTcO4 addedtowater inhibitscorrosion ofArmcoiron during3months Tcimprovesalsochemical resistance,whenaddedasa componentofalloytostainless steel

Detectoscopyanddefectoscopy oflightmaterials
WatersignsatexUSSR banknotes

Tensometric detector

True, alterationof heavyandlight

Forged, onlyheavy

Painted ataglance

Samein Tcrays

Russian Tc - Transmutation program (1992-2003)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

99Tc(n,)100Tc()100Ru

75,00% Technetium-99 Burnup, %

Petten (NL) 1994-1998 Konings RJM Franken WMP Conrad RP et al. 18% 6%

50,00%

25,00%

Hanford (USA) 1989 Wootan W Jordheim DP Matsumoto WY

Dimitrovgrad (Russia) 65% IPC RAS - NIIAR 1999 - 2000 Kozar AA Peretroukhine VF Tarasov VA et al. 34%

= Pessimistic
0,67 %

0,00%

10.5 days

193 days

579 days

72 days

260 days

Irradiation time, days

Tc transmutationexperiment(IPCERAS NIIAR,19992008) InIPCRASasetofmetaldisctargets(10x10x0.3mm)prepared andassembledintwobatcheswithtotalweightupto5g. Transmutationexperimentwascarriedoutathighflux SM3reactor(NIIAR,Dimitrovgrad )

2nd batch: Ft > 2 1015 cm-2s-1 1st batch: Ft=1.3 1015 cm-2s-1
99Tc
1 19 18 9 17 -6 -5 -4 16 8 -3 7 2 3 15 96 86 3 95 85 94 93 92 84 83 82 72 71 3 -2 6 14 4 62 61 2 10 -7 4 76 75 66 65 5 56 55 54 53 52 51 46 4 45 44 43 42 41 1 -1 -9 -10 1 11 12 13 -8 20 21

burnups havemade: 34 6 % and 65 11 %

forthe1stand2ndtargetsbatches

The high 99Tc burnups were reached and about 2.5 g of new matter transmutation ruthenium were accumulated as a result of experiments on SM3 reactor These values are significantly higher of burnups 6 and 16 % achieved on HFR in Petten earlier

91 81 2

1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 7 -2 81 91 -

.5.

PreparationofartificialstableRutheniumby transmutationofTechnetium

Tctargetmaterial: Tcmetalpowder/Kozar (2008) Tc CcompositeTccarbide /German(2005)

Rotmanov K.etall.Radiochemistry, 50 (2008)408:NewRutheniumisalmost monoisotopic Ru100,ithasdifferent spectralproperties Itisavailableonlytoseveralcountriesthat developnuclearindustry

Nuclearmedicine
Radiodiagnostics Radiotherapy
Advantages: Nuclearmedicinetests differfrommostother imagingmodalitiesin thatdiagnostictests primarilyshowthe physiologicalfunction ofthesystembeing investigatedas opposedtotraditional anatomicalimaging suchasCTorMRI.

Radiationusefor metastasestreatment, sterilizationofmedical instruments,drugsand clothes

Nuclearmedicine
Practicalconcernsinnuclear imaging
Althoughtherisksoflowlevel radiationexposuresarenotwell understood,acautiousapproach hasbeenuniversallyadoptedthat allhumanradiationexposures shouldbekeptAsLowAs ReasonablyPracticable,"ALARP". Theradiationdosefromnuclear medicineimagingvariesgreatly dependingonthetypeofstudy.

Tc99
Amongmanyradionuclides thatwere discoveredformedicaluse,nonewere asimportantasthediscoveryand developmentof Technetium99m. Itwasfirstdiscoveredin1937byC. PerrierandE.Segreasanartificial elementtofillspacenumber43inthe PeriodicTable. Thedevelopmentofageneratorsystem toproduceTechnetium99minthe 1960sbecameapracticalmethodfor medicaluse. Today,Technetium99misthemost utilizedelementinnuclearmedicine andisemployedinawidevarietyof nuclearmedicineimagingstudies.

Nuclearmedicine
Mo99 Tc99Generator ProblemofMo99 Tc99 generatorinaccessibility UseofLEUforMo99 generatorsproduction Alternativemethodsfor Mo99 Tcsymposiums ItalianTERACHEM (Prof.Mazzi)1985 2010 IST/ISTR(Joshihara,Sekine )1993 2014(Japan, Russia,S.Africa,France) RadiopharmaceuticalSoc. Symp.

Radionuclides inNuclearMedicine
Nucleardiagnostics PET positronemission computertomography (beta+,T1/2=sechours) Fluor18 SPECT singlephoton emissioncomputer tomography gamma emitters100200keV, T1/2=hoursdays(Tc99m etc) Nucleartherapy Radiation Bettaemittes 2002000 keV, Alphaemitters EC orIEC radionuclides (electroncaptureof internalelectron conversion)

Radionuclides forPET

Nuclearmedicine
PET

Morerecentdevelopmentsinnuclear medicineincludetheinventionofthe firstpositronemissiontomography scanner(PET). Theconceptofemissionand transmissiontomography,later developedintosinglephotonemission computedtomography(SPECT),was introducedby DavidE.Kuhl andRoy Edwardsinthelate1950s Theirworkledtothedesignand constructionofseveraltomographic instrumentsattheUniversityof Pennsylvania. Tomographic imagingtechniqueswere furtherdevelopedattheWashington UniversitySchoolofMedicine.

TheseinnovationsledtofusionimagingwithSPECTand CTbyBruceHasegawafromUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco(UCSF),andthefirstPET/CTprototypebyD. W.TownsendfromUniversityofPittsburghin1998. PETandPET/CTimagingexperiencedslowergrowthin itsearlyyearsowingtothecostofthemodalityandthe requirementforanonsiteornearbycyclotron. However,anadministrativedecisiontoapprovemedical reimbursementoflimitedPETandPET/CTapplications inoncologyhasledtophenomenalgrowthand widespreadacceptanceoverthelastfewyears,which alsowasfacilitatedbyestablishing18Flabelledtracers forstandardprocedures,allowingworkatnon cyclotronequippedsites. PET/CTimagingisnowanintegralpartofoncologyfor diagnosis,stagingandtreatmentmonitoring.Afully integratedMRI/PETscannerisonthemarketfromearly 2011

PET/CT

SPECT

PET

F18,Ga68 Shortlived!!! cyclotron

PET/CTBetterChoiceThanBoneMarrowBiopsy forDiagnosis,PrognosisofLymphomaPatients
ByMedimaging Internationalstaffwriters13Aug2013 Diffusebonemarrowuptakepatternin18F FDGPET/CT.(AandB)Uptakelower than(A)orsimilarto(B)thatinliver wasconsiderednegativeforBMI. (C)Uptakehigherthanthatinliverwas alwayslinkedtoanemiaor inammatory processesandalso considerednegativeforBMI(Photocourtesyof
theSocietyofNuclearMedicineandMolecularImaging).

Amoreaccuratetechniquefordetermining bonemarrowinvolvementinpatients withdiffuselargeBcelllymphoma (DLBCL)hasbeenidentifiedbyFrench researchers.

PET/CTBetterChoiceThanBoneMarrowBiopsyfor Diagnosis,PrognosisofLymphomaPatients
ByMedimaging Internationalstaffwriters13Aug2013
18Ffluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)positronemissiontomography/computed

tomography(PET/CT)imagingwhencomparedtobonemarrowbiopsy,was foundtobemoresensitive,demonstratedahighernegativepredictivevalue, andwasmoreaccuratefordiagnosingthesepatients changingtreatmentfor 42%ofpatientswithbonemarrowinvolvement. DLBCListhemostfrequentsubtypeofhighgradenonHodgkinlymphoma, accountingfornearly30%ofallnewlydiagnosedcasesintheUnitedStates.In recentdecades,therehasbeena150%increaseinincidenceofDLBCL.Inour study,weshowedthatindiffuselargeBcelllymphoma, 18FFDGPET/CThas betterdiagnosticperformancethanbonemarrowbiopsytodetectbone marrowinvolvementandprovidesabetterprognosticstratification. Whilebonemarrowbiopsyisconsideredthegoldstandardtoevaluatebone marrowinvolvementbyhighgradelymphomas,18FFDGPET/CTisinfactthe bestmethodtoevaluateextensionofthedisease,aswellasavoidinvasive procedures,saidLouisBerthet,MD,fromtheCentreGeorgesFrancoisLeclerc (Dijon,France),andleadauthorofthestudy,whichwaspublishedintheAugust 2013issueofthe JournalofNuclearMedicine.

PET/CTBetterChoiceThanBoneMarrow BiopsyforDiagnosis,PrognosisofLymphoma PatientsByMedimaging Internationalstaffwriters13Aug2013

Theretrospectivestudyincluded133patientsdiagnosedwithDLBCL.Allpatientsreceivedbotha wholebody 18FFDGPET/CTscan,aswellasabonemarrowbiopsytodeterminebonemarrow involvement.Afinaldiagnosisofbonemarrowinvolvementwasmadeifthebiopsywaspositive, orifthepositivePET/CTscanwasconfirmedbyaguidedbiopsy,bytargetedmagneticresonance imaging(MRI)or,afterchemotherapy,bytheconcomitantdisappearanceoffocalbonemarrow uptakeanduptakeinotherlymphomalesionson 18FFDGPET/CTreassessment.Progressionfree survivalandoverallsurvivalwerethenanalyzed. Thirtythreepatientswereconsideredtohavebonemarrowinvolvement.Ofthese,eightwere positiveaccordingtothebiopsyand32werepositiveaccordingtothePET/CTscan.18FDG PET/CTwasmoresensitive(94%vs.24%),showedahighernegativepredictivevalue(98%vs. 80%)andwasmoreaccurate(98%vs.81%)thanbonemarrowbiopsy.Amongthe26patients withpositive 18FFDGPET/CTresultsandnegativebiopsyresults,11wererestagedtostageIVby PET/CT,whichchangedtheirtreatmentplans.18FFDGPET/CTwasalsodeterminedtobean independentpredictorofprogressionfreesurvival. Ourfindingsaddtotheliteraturetoprovethesignificanceof 18FFDGPET/CTincancer evaluationandtodemocratizethisimagingmethod,concludedDr.Berthet.Molecularimaging isthebestmethodtoadapttargetedtherapiestoeachpatient.TheemergenceofPET/MRIand novelradiotracerspredictsanexcitingnewfutureforourfield.

Thankyou fortheattention!