Prepared by: Al Jeanne M.

Romano

Vertebrates
o Having a backbone or spinal column. o There are several characteristics of vertebrates:

-Backbone -Protective skin covering -Inside skeleton - Muscles -Blood that circulates through blood vessels -Lungs or gills for breathing

Five groups of vertebrates

Fish
Reptiles Amphibians Mammals Birds

Vertebrates- Fish
Fish have a backbone.
Fish live in water. Breathe using gills. They absorb oxygen through the gills. Almost all fish are cold-blooded. Two of the exceptions are

the tuna and the Pacific salmon shark, which can raise their body temperature to some degree. Some fish have scales.

Examples of vertebrates-fish

CATFISH

STURGEON

SHARK

Vertebrates - Reptiles
Reptiles have a backbone.
Reptiles are covered in scales. Reptiles breathe with lungs.

Most reptiles lay eggs. Some reptiles, like the boa

constrictor, give birth to live young. Almost all reptiles are cold-blooded. One of the exceptions is the leatherback sea turtle, which can regulate its body temperature to some degree.

Examples of vertebrates-reptiles

GARTER SNAKES
AMERICAN ALLIGATOR

SEA TURTLE

Vertebrates - Amphibians
Amphibians have a backbone. Amphibians are cold-blooded. They cannot regulate their

own body temperature. Amphibians spend at least part of their lives in water and on land. Amphibians do not have scales and their skin is permeable (molecules and gases can pass through). Amphibians have gills for at least part of their lives. Some species have gills only as larvae, while others can have gills throughout their lives. Most amphibians go through metamorphosis.

Examples of vertebratesamphibians

FROG

SALAMANDERS TOADS

Vertebrates - Mammals
-All

mammals are warm blooded. -Most young are born alive. -They have hair or fur on their bodies. -Every mammal is a vertebrate. -All mammals have lungs to breathe air. -Mammals feed milk to their babies.

Examples of vertebrates -mammals

ELEPHANT

Vertebrates- Birds
Birds have bodies covered with feathers.
They do not have teeth but use their beaks to eat their

food. Their front limbs are adapted as wings, although not all birds fly. Birds breathe using lungs. Fertilization is internal and the females lay eggs with hard shells, usually in a nest. Most birds incubate their eggs until the eggs hatch.

Examples of vertebrates-birds

STORK

EAGLE

PENGUIN

Invertebrates
Animals without a backbone.
90% or more are invertebrates. Invertebrates live just about anywhere. They have been

recorded in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, in the driest of deserts and in the canopies of the wettest rainforests. They can even be found in the frozen Antarctic or on the deepest ocean floor.

Groups of invertebrates
Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods

Invertebrates-Cnidarians
- Also live in water. Animals in this group have a central opening surrounded by tentacles. They take in food and eliminate waste through this opening. .

JELLYFISH

Invertebrates-worms
o Ringed worms, also called true worms, have long, segmented bodies

with a definite head at their anterior end. They have short, stiff hairs, called bristles, in rows along the sides of their bodies. Most of these worms burrow in the sand or in the earth.
o Flatworms have flat bodies like tapeworm and the liver fluke, are

parasites.
o Roundworms are long, thin and pointed at both ends. Many

roundworms are also parasites. Some infest in the human gut. Although each one is only 20cm long, an infected person may have hundreds of them in the small intestine!

Examples of invertebrates-worms

EARTHWORM

TAPEWORM

Invertebrates-Mollusks
Mollusks have a muscular foot and a shell.
Sometimes the shell is inside the body, as in

the slug. Some aquatic mollusks have tentacles, such as the octopus and the squid. Most land mollusks have a radula, a tongue with many rows of tiny teeth.

Examples of invertebrates-mollusks
octupos
OCTOPUS SQUID

Invertebrates-echinoderms
Are water animals that have a central opening for

taking in food.

SEA STAR

Sand dollar

Invertebrates-arthropods
The arthropod groups includes all invertebrates which have a skeleton

on the outside of their bodies. The exoskeleton is made of chitin and the legs are jointed. This group is so large that it has been divided again into four subgroups: 1.Insects- have three parts to their body - the head, the thorax and the abdomen, three pairs of legs attached to the thorax, like housefly and dragonfly. 2.Crustaceans- have a hard, protective carapace on their backs, like lobster. 3. Spiders -All spiders have a head with eight eyes. The other part of the body is the abdomen which is usually larger than the head. They all have four pairs of legs.

the myriapod sub-group is represented by millipedes and centipedes. Millipedes are herbivores while centipedes are carnivores. The millipede has two pairs of legs attached to each segment of its body. It does not really have 1,000 legs! In fact millipedes can only have up to 710 legs. The centipede only has one pair of legs per body segment. A centipede may have between 28 and 354 legs.

4. Myriapods-

HOUSEFLY LOBSTER

SPIDER

THE END

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