ENT 255 Heat Transfer

Laboratory Module

EXPERIMENT 1
HEAT CONDUCTION
1.0 OBJECTIVES
by conduction. 1.2. To investigate Fouriers Law for the linear conduction of heat along a homogeneous bar

1.1. To examine the temperature profile along a homogeneous bar and radial of cylinder

2.0

EQUIPMENT

The equipment comprises two heat conducting specimens! a multi section bar for the examination of linear conduction and a metal disc for radial conduction. " control panel provides electrical and power digital for display heaters in the specimens as well as the selector switch for data acquisition system " small flow of cooling water provides a heat sin# at the end of the conducting path in each specimen.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10

Figure 1$ Unit Assembly for Heat Conduction Study Bench %o 1 2 * , &tem 'ontrol (anel )eater (ower &ndicator )eater (ower +egulator )eater (ower Temperature &ndicator

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. 0 2 3 14

Temperature /elector 1ain (ower /witch Temperature /ensors +adial 1odule Linear 1odule

2.1 Spe i!i "#i$%& a5 Linear 1odule 'onsists of the following sections$ i5 )eater /ection 1aterial $ 6rass 7iameter $ 2- mm ii5 'ooler /ection 1aterial $ 6rass 7iameter $ 2- mm iii5 &nterchangeable Test /ection - &nsulated Test /ection with Temperature /ensors "rray 86rass5 87iameter 9 2-mm! Length 9 *4 mm5 b5 +adial 1odule 1aterial $ 6rass 7iameter $ 114 mm Thic#ness $ * mm c5 &nstrumentations Linear module consists of a maximum of 3 temperature sensors at 14 mm interval. For radial module! . temperature sensors at 14 mm interval along the radius are installed. :ach test modules are installed with 144 ;att heater.

'.0

INTRODUCTION ( THEOR)

Thermal conduction is the mode of heat transfer! which occurs in a material by virtue of a temperature gradient. " solid is chosen for the demonstration of pure conduction since both liquids and gases exhibit excessive convective heat transfer. &n a practical situation! heat conduction occurs in three dimensions! a complexity which often requires extensive computation to analy<e. &n the laboratory! a single dimensional approach is required to demonstrate the basic law that relates rate of heat flow to temperature gradient and area.

ENT 255 Heat Transfer

Laboratory Module

'.1 *i%e"r C$%+u #i$% He"# Tr"%&!er

dx

d Q

dT

Figure 2$ Linear temperature distribution &t is often necessary to evaluate the heat flow through a solid when the flow is not steady e.g. through the wall of a furnace that is being heated or cooled. To calculate the heat flow under these conditions it is necessary to find the temperature distribution through the solid and how the distribution varies with. =sing the equipment set up already described! it is a simple matter to monitor the temperature profile variation during either a heating or cooling cycle thus facilitating the study of unsteady state conduction.

dT

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THS

kH THI

kS

kC

TCI XH XS XC TCS

FiFigure '$ Linear temperature distribution of different materials Fouriers Law states that$ # = !" where! > 9 heat flow rate! ?;@ W # 9 thermal conductivity of the material! Km " 9 cross sectional area of the conduction! ?m2@ dT 9 changes of temperature between 2 points! ?A@ dx 9 changes of displacement between 2 points! ?m@ From continuity the heat flow rate 8>5 is the same for each section of the conductor. "lso the thermal conductivity 8#5 is constant 8assuming no change with average temperature of the material5. )ence! dT d 815

A (dT ) A (dT ) AH (dT ) = S = C (dx H ) (dx S ) (dx C )

i.e. the temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area.

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Laboratory Module

AC AH AC Q AC

XH

XS

XC

Figure ,$ Temperature distribution with various cross sectional areas '.2. R"+i"- C$%+u #i$% He"# Tr"%&!er .C/-i%+ri "-0

Ti

Temperature Distribution

To
Ri Ro

Ri

Ro

Figure 1$ Radial temperature distribution ;hen the inner and outer surfaces of a thic# walled cylinder are each at a uniform temperature! heat rows radially through the cylinder wall. From continuity considerations the radial heat flow through successive layers in the wall must be constant if the flow is

ENT 255 Heat Transfer

Laboratory Module

steady but since the area of successive layers increases with radius! the temperature gradient must decrease with radius. The amount of heat 8>5! which is conducted across the cylinder wall per unit time! is$

Q =
where!

2Lk (Ti To ) R ln o Ri

8*5

> 9 heat flow rate! ?;@ L 9 thic#ness of the material! ?m@ W # 9 thermal conductivity of the material! Km Ti 9 inner section temperature! ?A@ To 9 outer section temperature! ?A@

+o 9 outer radius! ?m@ +i 9 inner radius! ?m@

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,.1.

EXPERIMENTA* PROCEDURE
H$2$ge%e$u& 3"r

1. 1a#e sure that the main switch is initially off. Then &nsert a brass conductor 82-mm diameter5 section intermediate section into the linear module and clamp together 2. 'onnect the ninth sensor 8TT1! 2! *! ,! -! . B 0! 2! 35 leads to the linear module with the TT1 connected to the end left plug on the linear. *. Turn C% the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to drain. This should be chec#ed at intervals ,. Turn the heater power control #nob control panel to the fully anticloc#wise position and connect the sensors leads -. /witch C% the power supply and main switch! the digital readouts will be illuminated. .. Turn the heater power control to 1- ;atts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all nine sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter 8>5. +epeat this procedure for input power at 14 watts and - watts. "fter each change! sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions. +ecord all your data in T"3-e 1. 0. :nd of experiment Note: i5 ;hen assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler ta#e care to match the shallow shoulders in the housings. ii5 :nsure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal axis of the unit. ,.2. 1. 2. 4"-- $! " /-i%+er 1a#e sure that the main switch is initially off. 'onnect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain.

ENT 255 Heat Transfer

Laboratory Module

*. ,.

-. .. 0. 2.

3.

'onnect the heater supply lead for the radial conduction module into the power supply soc#et on the control panel. 'onnect the six sensor 8TT1! 2! * B 0! 2! 35 leads to the radial module! with the TT1 connected to the innermost plug on the radial. 'onnect the remaining five sensor leads to the radial module correspondingly! ending with TT 3 sensor lead at the edge of the radial module Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to drain. This should be chec#ed at intervals Turn the heater power control #nob control panel to the fully anticloc#wise position. /witch on the power supply and main switch! the digital readouts will be illuminated Turn the heater power control to 1- ;atts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter 8>5. +epeat this procedure for input power between 14 watts and - watts. "fter each change! sufficient time must be allowed to achieve steady state conditions. +ecord all your data in T"3-e 2 :nd experiment

5.0.

DATA ANALYSIS

Experiment - H$2$ge%e$u& 3"r 1$. (lot the temperature! T 8D'5 versus sensor distance! x8meter5 in figure 1 from data in
T"3-e 1. 25. From the graph in figure 1 calculate the thermal conductivity at heater power is watts.

Experiment - 4"-- $! " /-i%+er 1$. (lot the temperature! T8D'5 versus sensor distance8radius5! r 8meter5 in figure 2 from
data in T"3-e 2.

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6.0

DATA ( RESU*TS

EXPERIMENT - H$2$ge%e$u& 3"r

T"3-e 1 He"#er TT1 P$7er8 Q .9C0 .4"##&0 14 124

TT2 .9C0

TT' .9C0

TT, .9C0

TT1 .9C0

TT6 .9C0

TT: .9C0

TT; .9C0

TT< .9C0

Figure 1

Temperature versus 7istance

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EXPERIMENT - 4"-- $! " /-i%+er

T"3-e 2 Te&# He"#er TT1 P$7er8 Q .9C0 .4"##&0 14 124 TT2 .9C0 TT' .9C0 TT: .9C0 TT; .9C0 TT< .9C0

" 6 ' 7

Figure 2

Temperature8o'5 versus radial8x5

ENT 255 Heat Transfer

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0.1.

DISCUSSION = EVA*UATION ( QUESTION

6riefly summari<e the #ey results of each experiment

0.2.

:xplain the significance of your findings

0.*.

:xplain any unusual difficulties or problems which may have led to poor results

0.,.

Cffer suggestions for how the experimental procedure or design could be improved.

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ENT 255 Heat Transfer

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0.-.

'ompare your experimental values with theoretical values given

0..

7efine thermal conductivity and explain its significance in heat transfer.

T"3-e 1 M"#eri"-8 k.4=2.>0 6ric# 8insulating5! 4.16ric# 8red5! 4..4 'oncrete! 4.24 Glass! 4.24

0.0

+efer to T"3-e 18 which would ma#e for better insulation for your homeF :xplain your answer

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ENT 255 Heat Transfer

Laboratory Module

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;.0. CONC*USION (Based on data and discussion, make your overall conclusion by referring to experiment objective)
The conclusion for this lab isH

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