February 26, 2014

Chapter 6: Thermochemistry Sec 6.1: The Nature of Energy Energy the capacity to do work or produce heat

Law of conservation of energy

nrg can be converted from one form to another (chemical to mechanical), but nrg cannot be created or destroyed

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Potential energy PE is stored nrg --found in chemical bonds --also called nrg of position Kinetic energy

KE--nrg of motion; KE = 1/2 mv2

--energy can be converted from one form to another

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temperature reflection of random motion of particles --proportional to KE --measure temp with a thermometer heat can't measure heat directly --measure the transfer of nrg between 2 objects at different temperatures Work force acting over a distance

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--the way that energy transfer is divided between work and heat depends on the specific conditionsthe pathway. The amount of energy change is independent on the path taken by the system, but the amount of work and heat produced will vary depending on the path. State function or state property

--property of a system that depends only the present state of the system --the final value of the system doesn't depend on the path taken --nrg is a state function, but work and heat are not

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Chemical Energy When we talk about heat, it is a transfer of energy between objects CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ------> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Systemthe object we are interesting in study its change of energy --in this case the system is the chemical reaction Surroundingsthe other object involved in the nrg change and everything outside the system that can exchange nrg with the system --surroundings may include the container

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Endothermic add nrg to the system

--nrg is a reactant --chemical reaction feels cold

Exothermic nrg leaves the system

--nrg is a product (chem. rxn feels hot)

Where does the energy released as heat during a chemical or physical change come from? *the energy gained by the surroundings must be equal to the energy lost by the system --the heat flow into the surroundings results from the lowering of the potential energy of the reaction system *in any exothermic reaction, some of the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds is being converted to thermal energy (heat)

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--figure 6-2 and 6-3

R
NRG
P

R = reactant P = product
P

NRG

R has a > PE than P --lose nrg---rxn is exothermic

P has > PE than R

R
Gain nrg --endothemic

Time

Time

Surrounding

NRG
System
Surrounding

NRG
System
E > 0 (+)

E<0

(-)

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Thermodynamics study of nrg and its interconversions

First law of thermodynamics law of conservation of energy --total amount of nrg in the universe is constant --all the nrg transferred between a system and its surroundings must be accounted for as heat and work

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Internal energy----E sum of KE and PE of particles in the system E = change in the internal nrg of the system --the unit for Energy is the Joule (J) J = Kg m2/sec2

Change in the internal nrg of the system is now:

E=q+w w = work and q = heat

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**In thermodynamics, quantities always consist of 2 parts: 1. a number-----tells magnitude of the change 2. a sign (+ or -)----tells the direction of heat flowfrom the systems perspective --when heat flows into the system, q is a + value (reactant) --the systems energy is increasing --when heat flows out of the system, q is a - value (product) --the systems energy is decreasing ***same will also be true for work Work: w = force x distance (F x d) or (F x

h)

--to convert between L atm and Joules: 1 L atm = 101.3 J

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Sec. 6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry Enthalpy (H)--heat content of a system at constant pressure **enthalpy is a state function H= E + PV

E = internal nrg (J) P = Pressure (atm) V = Volume (L)

generally use q and H interchangable

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H = qp = heat transferred to or from a system at constant pressure H = change in enthalpy H = Hproducts Hreactants H = E + P V

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Summarize key ideas that apply to thermodynamics: When heat transfer occurs (constant p) from a system to its surroundings (when a vapor condenses to a liquid) the process is exothermic w/respect to the system and H (qp) has a negative value. When heat transfer occurs (constant p) from the surroundings to the system (when a liquid changes to a gas) the process is endothermic w/respect to the system and H (qp) has a positive value.

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For changes that are the reverse of each other, H values are numerically the same, but their signs are opposite.

The change in nrg or enthalpy is directly proportional to the quantity of material undergoing a change. The value of H is always associated with a balanced equation for which the coefficients are read as moles, so that the equation shows the macroscopic amount of material to which the value of H applies.

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Energy always transfers spontaneously from the ________ to the ___________ object. Two important aspects of thermal energy should be understood: 1. The more energy an atom has, the faster it moves 2.The total thermal energy in an object is the sum of the individual energies of all the atoms or molecules in that object

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Calorimetry--

Energy Units Calorie(English measurement) amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1C (small unit)

Joule(metric unit) Kg m2/s2 1J = 4.18 cal

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Heat capacity(C) measures amount of nrg needed to change the temperature of an object Specific heat capacity (s) [s = J/gK or J/g C]

--the nrg needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C or 1 K

Molar heat capacity --amount of nrg needed to change temp of

1mol of a substance 1 C

C= C=

heat absorbed Increase in temperature q T

Specific heat capacitiesTable 6.1 (page 237)