Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Thank you to Ms.

Vaughn Burns High School

Types of Reactions
Combination (Synthesis) Decomposition Combustion Single Replacement Double Replacement (Metathesis)

Combination/Synthesis
Basic Form A + B AB
Rxns of elements with oxygen and sulfur C(s) + O(s) CO2 (g) Rxns of metals with halogens 2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl Synthesis rxns with oxides CaO(s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (s)

Decomposition
Basic Form AB A + B
Binary compounds 2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) Metal hydroxides Cu(OH)2 (s) CuO(s) + H2O (l)

More Decomposition Examples

Metal carbonates PbCO3 (s) PbO (s) + CO2 (g) Metal chlorates 2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) Oxyacids H2CO3 (l) H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Combustion
A substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large amount of energy in the form of light and heat. True or False: The products of every combustion reaction are CO2 and H2O

False

Combustion Examples
Reactive elements combine with oxygen
P4(s) + 5O2(g)
(This is also a synthesis reaction)

P4O10(s)

The burning of natural gas, wood, gasoline

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Single Replacement
Basic Form A + BY AY + B Metals by other metals 3Mg + 2FeCl3 2Fe + 3MgCl2 Hydrogen in water by another metal 2Na +2H2O H2 + 2NaOH

More Single Replacement

Hydrogen in an acid by another metal 2Li + 2HCl H2 + 2LiCl Halogens by more active halogens Cl2 + 2KI I2 + 2KCl

The Activity Series of the Metals

Lithium Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Zinc Chromium Iron Nickel Lead Hydrogen Bismuth Copper Mercury Silver Platinum Gold

Metals can replace other metals provided that they are above the metal that they are trying to replace. Metals above hydrogen can replace hydrogen in acids. Metals from sodium upward can replace hydrogen in water

The Activity Series of the Halogens

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine 2NaCl(s) + F2(g) MgCl2(s) + Br2(g) ??? Halogens can replace other halogens in compounds, provided that they are above the halogen that they are trying to replace. 2NaF(s) + Cl2(g) No Reaction

Double Replacement (Metathesis)

Basic Form AX + BY AY + BX
One of the compounds formed is usually a precipitate, an insoluble gas that bubbles out of solution, or a molecular compound, usually water. How do you tell if a precipitate will form? Use your Solubility Rules!!!

Mostly Soluble
Ion NO3ClO4Na+ K+ NH4+ Cl-, ISO42Solubility Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Exceptions None None None None None Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+ Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Hg2+

Mostly Insoluble
Ion CO32PO43OHS2Solubility Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble Exceptions Group IA and NH4+ Group IA and NH4+ Group IA and Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+ Groups IA, IIA, and NH4+

The Solubility Rule Song!!!!

(Sing to Rhythm of 99 Bottles) Alkali metals and ammonium salts,Whatever they may be, Can always be depended on for solubility When asked about the nitrates The answer is always clear, They each and all are soluble, Is all we want to hear. Most every chloride's soluble At least we've always read Save silver, mercury one And chloride of lead Every single sulfate Is soluble, 'Tis said 'Cept barium, strontium, mercury one And calcium and lead. Hydroxides in general don't dissolve at all But, barium, strontium and calcium Are slightly soluble *but don't forget * Alkali metals and ammonium salts Whatever they may be Can always be depended on For solubility The carbonates are insoluble, It's lucky that it is so, Or else, our marble buildings Would melt away like snow. *but, once again, don't forget * Alkali metals and ammonium salts Whatever they may be Can always be depended on For solubility

Net Ionic Equations

Written to show only the species that react or undergo change in aqueous solution. Steps for writing net ionic equations 1. Write a balanced molecular equation 2. Rewrite the equation to show the ions that form in solution 3. Identify and cancel spectator ions Spectator Ions do NOT participate in the reaction

Sample Problem
What compound precipitates when solutions of Fe2(SO4)3 and LiOH are mixed? Write the complete chemical reaction for the reactants above. Write the net ionic equation. List any spectator ions.

Another Type of Metathesis

Acid/Base Reactions Two Types Neutralization
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Gas Formation
2HCl +Na2S H2S(g) + 2NaCl HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2CO3 H2CO3 H2O + CO2(g)

Oxidation Reduction Rxns

Electrons are transferred Oxidation = Loses Electrons Reduction = Gains Electrons

LEO goes GER!!

Redox Rxn
0 0 +1 1

2 Na + Cl 2 2 Na Cl
Each sodium atom loses one electron
0 +1

atom gains one electron:

Na Na + e
1

Each chlorine atom gains one electron:

Cl + e Cl

LEO says GER :

Lose Electrons = Oxidation
0 +1

Na Na + e
0

Sodium is oxidized

Gain Electrons = Reduction

1

Cl + e Cl

Chlorine is reduced

Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents

The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent The substance oxidized is the reducing agent
0 +1

Na Na + e
0

Sodium is oxidized it is the reducing agent

Cl + e Cl
Chlorine is reduced it is the oxidizing agent

Rules for Assigning Oxidation #s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Atoms in elemental form are always zero Monatomic ions equal the charge on the ion Oxygen is usually -2 (except peroxide is -1) Hydrogen is +1 with NM and -1 with M Fluorine is always -1 Sum of the ox #s of all atoms in a neutral compound is zero Sum of the ox #s in a polyatomic ion = the ion charge

Sample Problem
Determine the oxidation #s for the following:

H2S S8 SCl2 Na2SO3 SO42-

Oxidation of metals by acids and salts

Similar to single replacement rxns, sometimes called Displacement Rxns General form
A + BX AX + B

Examples Zn(s) + 2HBr (aq) ZnBr2(aq) + H2 (g) Mn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Mn(NO3)2 (aq)+ Pb(s)

Rules for Balancing Redox Rxns

1. 2. 3. 4.

Assign oxidation #s Determine which species are being oxidized or reduced Divide the equation into 2 half-reactions Balance each half reaction
a. b. c. d.

Balance elements other than H and O Balance O by adding water as needed Balance H by adding H+ as needed Balance charge by adding e-

Multiply half reactions by integers so # of e- are the same in each reaction 6. Add half reactions together, simplifying when you can 7. Check to see if equation is charge and mass balanced
5.

Sample Problem
Balance the following MnO4-(aq) + C2O42-(aq) Mn2+(aq) + CO2(aq)

Other Rxns
Metal Oxide in Water
MO + H2O BaO + H2O MOH Ba(OH)2

Nonmetal Oxide in Water

NO + H2O oxyacid N2O3 + H2O HNO2

Solutions

Solute
A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution.
Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinks Carbon dioxide in soda drinks

Solvent
A solvent is the dissolving medium in a solution.
Water in salt water Water in soda

Definition of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

An electrolyte is: A substance whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current. A nonelectrolyte is: A substance whose aqueous solution does not conduct an electric current. Try to classify the following substances as electrolytes or nonelectrolytes

Which of the following are electrolytes? Pure water Tap water Sugar solution Sodium chloride solution Hydrochloric acid solution Lactic acid solution Ethyl alcohol solution Pure, solid sodium chloride

Answers
ELECTROLYTES: Tap water (weak) NaCl solution HCl solution Lactate solution (weak) NONELECTROLYTES: Pure water Sugar solution Ethanol solution Pure, solid NaCl

Electrolytes & Net Ionic Equations

Ionic CompoundsDissociate NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgNO3(s) Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq) Na2SO4(s) 2 Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) AlCl3(s) Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq)
These compounds should be written as ions in net ionic equations.

Strong acids such as HCl are completely ionized in solution. So they are written as ions in the net ionic equation Other examples of strong acids include: Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Nitric acid, HNO3 Hydriodic acid, HI Perchloric acid, HClO4

Weak acids such as lactic acid usually ionize less than 5% of the time. So they are not written as ions in the net ionic equation.

Molarity
The concentration of a solution measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.

mol = M L

Sample Problem
How many grams of sodium chloride are needed to prepare 1.50 liters of 0.500 M NaCl soln?

Serial Dilution
It is not practical to keep solutions of many different concentrations on hand, so chemists prepare more dilute solutions from a more concentrated stock solution. MstockVstock = MdiluteVdilute

Sample Problem
What volume of stock (11.6 M) hydrochloric acid is needed to prepare a 3.0 M - 250. ml solution?

Sample Problem
How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HNO3?

Sample Problem
A sample of 70.5 mg of potassium phosphate is added to 15.0 mL of 0.050 M silver nitrate, resulting in the formation of a precipitate. a. Write the molecular equation for the reaction b. What is the limiting reactant? c. Calculate the theoretical yield, in grams, of the ppt that forms.

Sample Problem
45.7 mL of 0.500 H2SO4 is required to neutralize a 20.0 mL sample of NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH solution?