INTERNATIONAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND International Journal of JOURNAL Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 TECHNOLOGY

Y (IJMET ) 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 431-436 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET
IAEME

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR IN THERMAL POWER PLANT

Vivek singh1 University institute of technology Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalya Bhopal, India Email- viveksingh_patel@yahoo.com Dr. A.C. Tiwari2 University institute of technology Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalya Bhopal, India Email- aseemctiwari@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) are used to control fly ash emitting from the boilers of the power plants. Coal used in Indian thermal power stations is of inferior grade, at power plant flue gas is often treated with a series of chemical process and scrubbers, having low calorific value(3500-4500)kcal/kg and high ash content due to drift origin. However, Indian power coal ash is specially known by its refractory in nature and low sulphur (below 0.5%) and alkalis (less than 1.5%) contents. In India maximum thermal power plant are used for controlling fly ash from ESP. In the present paper various attempts have been made to analyze the causes of problems in terms of the chemical constituents of ash, resistivity, conductivity, etc. A special emphasis was given to correlate the different forms of sulphur on E.S.P. performance. In this paper we discuss some methods which are being applied in Thermal Power plant to improve the collection efficiencies of ESP. Keywords: Resistivity, Conductivity, ESP, Emission INTRODUCTION The fundamental principle of operation of an ESP is that the particles are passed through an electrical field where they receive an electrical charge. Charged particles are then deflected across the field and collected on a grounded plate. Most industrial ESPs are based on a single stage approach in which both charging and migration across the field (precipitation) take place within the same set of electrodes, as shown in Figure 1

431

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

Fig.1 Basic parallel plate ESP arrangement In practice, for large gas flow rates, single stage ESP normally takes the form of a series of vertical parallel plates, usually termed collecting electrodes, which are normally at ground potential, having insulated discharging elements positioned midway between them. For a 400 mm collector electrode spacing, the discharging elements, ranging from simple 3 mm round wires to specially designed spiked forms, are typically energized at an average direct current (DC) voltage of around minus 70 kV. The voltage may be higher or lower for other collector spacing.

According to Deutsch, an early theoretical investigator, working in the mid 1920s, proposed that the performance, or collection, efficiency of an ESP took the form of an exponential equation. His work ultimately led to his now famous equation in which the efficiency, Ef, is given by Equation 1

Ef = 1 e A/vf
Where,

is the effective migration velocity, A is the area of grounded collecting electrode or plate, Vf is the actual gas volumetric flow rate. This equation has been modified in 1960s, which is known as effective migration velocity k:

k = ln [1/(1 Ef)]2 Vf/A

CALCULATION & OBSERVATION

.2

1. Effect of Increasing Fly Ash Resistivity: ESP has been operating with a fly ash having a resistivity of 1%108 ohm-m, shown as 1.0E+08 in ESPVI 4.0W, which is a moderate resistivity fly ash that collects well in an ESP. this resistivity is referred to as normally favourable dust. If the resistivity of the fly ash were to be raised, the 432

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME electrical conditions would have to be reduced to prevent the formation of reverse ionization or back corona. The reduction in the electrical conditions, as expected, would reduce the performance of the ESP. There are two methods for calculating the electrical condition. the Automatic V-I curve does have the feature that allows it to suggest when reverse ionization is starting. The Fixed V-I curve does not have the automatic stop for reverse ionization. In Automatic V-I curve, resistivity changes from 1.0E+08 to 1.0E+10 ohm-m and make V-I curve for different sections.

30 current density(nA/cm2) 25 20 15 10 5 0 26.1 28.1 29.1 31 33 35 36.9 38.9 minimum volt. average volt. peak volt

voltage(KV)

Fig 2 Automatic V-I with resistive dust.

3.5 3

current density(nA/cm2)

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 26.1 27.1 28.1 29 30 31 31.9 peak volt. minimum volt. average volt.

voltage (kv)

Fig 3 Fixed V-I with resistive dust.

433

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
It is shows that the performance of an ESP with a resistive dust will be worse than it is with a favourable dust. If an ESP in otherwise good condition is operating with a resistive dust, lowering its resistivity by a means such as gas conditioning will improve performance.

2. Specific power absorption on ESP efficiency:

An indicator of improved particle collection efficiency in an ESP is an apparent increase in the power that is used. Since the particle migration velocity is proportional to the voltage squared for field charged particles, it follows for a given electrode configuration, which determines the voltage/current relationship, that the efficiency is related to the specific power input (W/m3). It can be shown that the performance, or collection efficiency.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 40 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

collection efficiency (%)

specific d.c. power(w/m3)

Fig 4 Effect of specific power absorption on ESP efficiency

3. High tension insulator Modern ceramic materials, such as high alumina porcelains, alumina, silicon nitride, silica, and such, are currently used for high tension insulators. Two approaches are employed to support the discharge frame. The first is directly vertically loaded, such as the flower pot design, and the second is outboard post insulators, in which the dead load of the discharge frame is carried from a cross structure.
70 60

current density (nA/cm2)

50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 tracking no tracking

esp voltage,kv
Fig 5 Effect of tracking across high tension insulator

434

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

4. Effect of gas temperature on ESP efficiency

97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 coal A coal B

efficiency (%)

Gas temperature, 0c 5. Effect of gas velocity on ESP efficiency migration velocity cm/s
25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4

coal size 3.5 micro meter coal size 11 micro meter coal size 51 micro meter

axial velocity, m/s 6. The effect of sodium oxide in the ash on an ESPs efficiency
700 600 emission (mg/Nm3) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sodium in ASH (%) 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

435

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME 7. The effect of sulphur in coal and sodium in ash on ESP performance:
effictive migration veloc ity (cm/s) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

total % of sulpur in coal + % sodium in ash

CONCLUSION
It is possible to reduce the emission if decreasing the inlet gas velocity to the ESP has the effect of decreasing the volume of gas flow, which increases the SCA (specific collector area). Another method is seen that for increasing the height from 7.5 to 8.5 m, which increased the collection area by about 13 percent, reduced the emissions by about 22 percent. If the size of the ESP is further increased, so would the collection efficiency. These analyses are able to provide the ESP performance and using above method we increase the capacity of ESP with invaluable information on the probable fly ash resistivity and hence the potential ESP size for a specific efficiency.

REFERENCES
1. Bickelhaupt, R.E. A Technique for Predicting Ash Resistivity. EPA-600/7-79-204 [NTIS PB80-102379], August 1979. 2. Deutsch, W. Bewegung und Ladung der Elektricitatstrager im Zylinder Kondensator, Annalen der Physik 68, 335 (1922). 3. Chandra A, some investigations on ESP unit: Determination and Improvements of collection efficiency, Proceedings 7th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation, pp 499507, 1998. 4. Chandra A ,some experimental studies: performance improvement of electrostatic Precipitator, ICESP X-Australia 2006. 5. Chandra A, problems and solutions: electrostatic precipitator performance in Indian pulverized coal based thermal power stations, ICESP X-Australia 2006. 6. Chandra A, Effect of fogging, flue gas conditioning and sodium dosing of coal on fly ash Resistivity, an experimental investigation. International Conference on Energy and Environment: Strategies for Sustainable Development, New Delhi, pp418-423, 2004. 7. Chandra A, some investigations on ESP unit: Determination and Improvements of collection efficiency, Proceedings 7th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation, pp 499507, 1998.

436