Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault

Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

Properties of Functions
Function:
Any value of the independent variable can be associated with no more than one value of
the dependent variable. (Every “x” has no more than one “y”)

Vertical Line Test:

A vertical line can be drawn anywhere and will touch the function at most once.

Function
Not a
Function

Domain:
The set of all “x” values (the width of the function).

Range:
The set of all “y” values (the height of the function).

Function Notation:
F(x):
o Reads “f of x”
o Means the same thing.
F(5):
o “f of 5”
o Means what is the “y” value when “x” equals 5.

Image:
The “y” values are referred to as the images of the “x” values.

EX: image of 5? What does “y” equal when x equals 5?

GRAPHS ARE READ FROM LEFT TO

RIGHT!!!

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

Increasing:
o For x1 < x2 , f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x 2 )
o Moving from left to right, the “y” values are increasing.

INCREASING

Decreasing:
o For x1 < x2 , f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x 2 )
o Function going down from left to right.

DECREASING

Constant:
o For x1 > x2 , f ( x1 ) = f (x 2 )
o Horizontal line.

Intervals of increase and decrease are given by “x” values.

EX:

(1, 3)

(-4, -2)
(5, -3)

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

INCREASING [− 4,1]
DECREASING [1,5]
Pain in the Ass Point:
Constant intervals are attached to whatever interval you’re referring to.

INCREASING [0,2]
DECREASING [6,8]
CONSTANT [2,6]

Set Notation:
∀x1 , x2 ∈ [a, b] : x1 < x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )
∀ Means “for every”
∈ Means “element of” or “belongs to”
⇒ Means “implies that”

Intercepts:
“x” intercepts:
o The “x” values where the function crosses the “x” axis.
o Also called the zeros.
o To find in any function, let y = 0.

“y” intercepts:
o The “y” value where a function crosses the “y” axis.
o Also called the initial value/value at zero/f (0).
o To find in any function, let x = 0.

Extremes
Absolute Maximum:
o The absolute highest “y” value of a function.
o NOTE: ∞ cannot be a maximum!

Absolute Minimum:
o The absolute lowest “y” value of a function.
o NOTE: − ∞ cannot be a minimum!

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

Relative Maximum:
o The highest “y” value over an interval of the function (usually on vertex of an arc)

Relative Minimum:
o The lowest “y” value over an
B D interval of the function (usually on
vertex of an arc).

A: Absolute Minimum
A B: Relative Maximum
C
C: Relative Minimum
D: Absolute Maximum

Positive:
o The “x” values when the function’s “y” values ≥ 0 (above “x” axis).

Negative:
o The “x” values when the function’s “y” values ≤ 0 (below “x” axis).

Domain (Dom f): ]− ∞,+∞[

Range (Ran f): ]− ∞,+∞[
Increasing: ]− ∞,−4][2,+∞[
Decreasing: [− 4,2]
Zeros: -7, -1, 5
“y” intercept: -1
Absolute Maximum: NONE
Absolute Minimum: NONE
Relative Maximum: 2
Relative Minimum: -2
Positive: [− 7,−1][5,+∞[
Negative: ]− ∞,−7][− 1,5]

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

System of Equations
Definition:
2 or more equations, the solutions are the coordinates where the independent and
dependent variables are the same in both equations.
A.K.A.: the solution is the point of intersection on the graph.

METHODS FOR SOLVING:

Graphical method:
1. Draw the graph of each function on the same axes.
2. Estimate the point of intersection from the graph.

EX:
y1 = 3 x − 2 x y1 y2
y2 = x + 1 0 -2 1
1 1 2
Solution: ≈ (2.5,3.5) 2 4 3

Algebraic Methods (Comparison Method)

1. Isolate the same variable in both equations.
2. Equate equations.
3. Solve.
4. Plug answer back in to find the other variable.
5. Check in both equations.

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

EX. 1: EX. 2:
y = 3x − 2
y = 7 x − 12
y = x +1
y = −3 x + 8
3x − 2 = x + 1
7 x − 12 = −3 x + 8
3x − x = 2 + 1
7 x + 3 x = 8 + 12
2x = 3
10 x = 20
2
10
x=3 x=2
2
y = x +1 y = −3 x + 8
y = 3 +1 y = −6 + 8
2
y=2
y=5
2 = (2,2)
(
= 3 ,5
2 2
)
Word Problem Example:

Justin buys a pink scooter for $100 which costs $13 per day to operate. “What’s her face”
buys a gas duck for $150 which costs only $2 per day to operate. How many days would
it take before the pink scooter and the duck cost the same amount?

y = 13 x + 100
y = 2 x + 150
13 x + 100 = 2 x + 150
11x = 50
11
x = 4.55
y = 13 x + 100
y = 159.1
= (4.55,159.1)

Substitution Method:
1. Isolate one variable in one equation.
2. Substitute equivalent expression into other equation.
3. Solve for remaining variable.
4. Plug answer back in to find other variable.
5. Check in both equations.

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

EX. 1: EX. 2:
x + 3y = 5 → x = 5 − 3y x = 2 y + 10
7 x + 6 y = 20 3x + 5 y + 3 = 0
7(5 − 3 y ) + 6 y = 20 3(2 y + 10) + 5 y + 3 = 0
35 − 21 y + 6 y = 20 6 y + 30 + 5 y + 3 = 0
− 15 y = −15 11 y + 33 = 0
− 15 11y = −33
y =1 11
x + 3(1) = 5 y = −3
x = 5−3 x = 2(− 3) + 10
x=2 x=4
(2,1) (4. − 3)

Elimination Method:
1. Align both equations.
2. Multiply one or both equations to match coefficients of one variable.
3. Add or subtract equations (one variable must cancel out).
4. Solve for remaining variable.
5. Plug answer back in.
6. Check.

EX. 1:
x + 3 y = 5 → 2( x + 3 y = 5) → 2 x + 6 y = 10
7 x + 6 y = 20 − 7 x + 6 y = 20
− 5x − 10
=
−5 −5
x=2
OR
7( x + 3 y = 5) → 7 x + 21y = 35
7 x + 6 y = 20 − 7 x + 6 y = 20
15 y = 15
15
y =1
x + 3(1) = 5
x = 5−3
x=2

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Mathematics 334 Designed by Peter Nield Notes by Katherine Daignault
Westwood High School Grade 9 Student

EX. 2:
− 2 x − 3 y = −25 − 2 x − 3 y = −25
5 x + y = 30 → 3(5 x + y = 30) → + 15 x + 3 y = 90
13 x = 65
13
x=5
5 x + y = 30
5(5) + y = 30
y=5

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