WRINKLING OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

A Report submitted in partial fulllment for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Aerospace Engineering by

SARVESH KUMAR
pursued in Department of Aerospace Engineering IIST To

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Thiruvananthapuram FEBRUARY 2014

WRINKLING OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

A Report submitted in partial fulllment for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Aerospace Engineering by

SARVESH KUMAR
pursued in Department of Aerospace Engineering IIST To

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Thiruvananthapuram FEBRUARY 2014

ii

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled WRINKLING OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE , submitted by SARVESH KUMAR, to the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, towards partial fulllment of the degree of B.Tech. in Aerospace Engineering, is a record of the research work done by him under my/our supervision. The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any degree or diploma.

PRAVEEN KRISHNA Supervisor Address Assistant Professor, Aerospace Engineering

Place: Thiruvananthapuram FEBRUARY 2014

iii

iv

DECLARATION
I declare that this project report titled WRINKLING OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE submitted in partial fullment of the degree of B. Tech in Aerospace Engineering is a record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of PRAVEEN KRISHNA, and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientic information, due acknowledgements have been made wherever the ndings of others have been cited.

Place: Thiruvananthapuram FEBRUARY 2014

SARVESH KUMAR SC10B027

vi

ABSTRACT
Membrane structures are being increasingly used for space applications. The major problem with the realisation of membrane structures is the difculty in obtaining perfectly smooth surfaces. But in some applications a slightly wavy surface may be acceptable, and hence engineers are now more concerned about estimating the extent and amount of waviness or wrinkles. Numerical analysis done using ABAQUS nite element package.

vii

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE DECLARATION ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 Eigen Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonlinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii v vii xi xiii 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8

2 HOLLOW CANTILEVER BEAM ANALYSIS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Aim: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load, Boundary Condition and Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 HOLLOW CYLINDER ANALYSIS 3.1 3.2 3.3 Aim: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eigenvalue Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 Load and Boundary condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Result: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load and Boundary condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Result: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-linear Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

4 RECTANGULAR MEMBRANE IN SIMPLE SHEAR 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Aim: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assumption of analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Material property: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Load,Boundary Condition and Analysis: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.6 5 Step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using S4R element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using S8R5 element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 14 15 16 16 16 17

Results: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FUTURE WORK 5.1 5.2 Rectangular Membrane under Shear: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square Membrane under Corner Load: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Eigenvalues of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2.2 Eigen value comparison between Fine Mesh and Coarse Mesh Table 3.1 Eigenvalues of Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3.2 Eigen value comparison between Fine Mesh and Coarse Mesh Table 4.1 Eigen values S4R elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 4.2 Eigen values S8R5 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 7 7 13 15

xi

xii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Critical Load for Eigenvalue and Non-linear Analysis . . . . Hollow Cantilever Beam Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 2 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.08 . . . . . . . . . . Mode 3 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.43 . . . . . . . . . . Mode 9 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.99 . . . . . . . . . . Deformed Shape of cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 4 5 8 10 10 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 15

Model of Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper edge of Membrane is moved by 0.5 mm . . . . . . . . Upper edge of Membrane is moved by 3 mm . . . . . . . . . Mode 1 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 2 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 3 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 4 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 1 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mode 2 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 4.10 Mode 3 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 4.11 Mode 4 of membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

xiv

1 INTRODUCTION
Thin membranes are increasingly being used as a key element in the next generation of space structures like spacecrafts, deployable mirror surfaces, solar collectors, sunshields and solar sails. The major advantage of membrane structures are that they are light in weight and require less storage space. Some of their applications like deployable antenna reectors require very smooth surfaces or high surface accuracy and in applications like solar sails slightly non-smooth membranes are acceptable, provided that the size and shape of the deviation from the nominal shape are sufciently small. It is often much simpler and cheaper to realise wrinkled or partially wrinkled membrane structures compared to structures with completely smooth surfaces. Hence for those applications in which a slightly wavy surface may be acceptable, engineers are now more concerned about estimating the extent and amount of waviness or wrinkles. Wrinkling is local buckling effect which reduces desire shape and performance or even break system function. Thin sections are having lower value of exure stiffness in comparison to the in-plane stiffness. So when external load is applied it give rise to compressive deformations in a membrane structure, so due to lower value of exural stiffness wrinkles are generated. There are two primary means to perform a buckling analysis.

1.1 Eigen Analysis

The theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic structure is predicted by this method. The structural eigenvalues are computed for the given system loading and constraints. This is known as classical Euler buckling analysis. But in real structural imperfections and nonlinearities prevent reaching their predicted buckling strength (by eigenvalue analysis). So Eigen value analysis over-predicts the expected buckling loads. This

method cannot be used for accurate measurement of buckling load. An estimate of critical load is generated (which induce buckling) using eigenvalue analysis.

1.2 Nonlinear
For accurate buckling analysis nonlinear analysis is better as compare to Eigen value analysis; because nonlinear buckling analysis, accounts for geometric imperfection, load perturbations, material nonlinearities etc. Nonlinear buckling analysis is a static analysis. In this analysis gradually increasing load is applied till the point which small change in load create large deection changes.

Figure 1.1: Critical Load for Eigenvalue and Non-linear Analysis

2 HOLLOW CANTILEVER BEAM ANALYSIS

2.1 Aim:
It is a basic analysis for familiarization with ABAQUS software and to learn eigenvalue analysis.

2.2 Model description:

Model is made using shell shape and by extrusion. Model having 10 cm square cross section and length of 200 cm. Material properties such as Young modulus and Poissons ratio equal to 2E + 5N/cm2 and 0.3. Beam thickness is assumed to have a thickness of 0.1 cm.

Figure 2.1: Hollow Cantilever Beam Model

2.3 Load, Boundary Condition and Analysis:

One end of beam is xed and other end is free,a unit load is applied to the perpendicular direction of beam and linear buckling analysis is carried out. S4R elements are used for 3

mesh. Eigenvalues are calculated using linear bucking analysis and convergence study is carried out to insure that results are conversed by doubling the number of elements.

2.4 Results
Linear buckling analysis for rst eight mode of Eigenvalues which are shown in Table 2.1. Mode shape are shown in Figure 2.2- Figure 2.4 Table 2.1: Eigenvalues of Analysis Eigen Mode Greater than 200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Eigen value 202.08 202.08 202.10 202.14 202.14 202.25 202.32 202.49

Figure 2.2: Mode 2 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.08

Figure 2.3: Mode 3 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.43 For convergence study mesh is made ne and same analysis is carried out. Comparison of results are shown as Table2.2. 4

Figure 2.4: Mode 9 and Eigen Value is equal to 202.99 Table 2.2: Eigen value comparison between Fine Mesh and Coarse Mesh Eigen Mode Eigen Value Coarse Mesh Greater than 200 (1260 elements) 1 202.08 2 202.08 2 202.10 4 202.14 5 202.14 6 202.25 7 202.32 8 202.49 Eigen Value Fine Mesh (7693 elements) 202.00 202.08 202.43 202.47 202.49 202.49 202.73 202.90 change in Eigen Value Percent Change 0.04 0.00 -0.15 -0.16 -0.17 -0.12 -0.20 -0.20

2.5 Conclusion
Eigen mode are too closer in shell model (Figure 2.2- Figure 2.4). It is very difcult to differentiate among them. Result are properly converged and difference between the values are less than 0.2 percent. Figure 2.4 shows that in higher modes wrinkles are clearly seen.

3 HOLLOW CYLINDER ANALYSIS

3.1 Aim:
Non linear analysis of cylinder using Riks method. The essence of the method is that the solution is viewed as the discovery of a single equilibrium path in a space dened by the nodal variables and the loading parameter.

3.2 Model Description:

Cylinder model is made using shell. Cylinder is having 0.25m cross section and hight 0.5 m and thickness of cell 2mm. Cylinder is made up of Al 6061. Material properties such as Young modulus and Poissons ratio equal to 69.9E + 9N/m2 and 0.33 respectively is assigned.

3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis:

3.3.1 Load and Boundary condition
One end of the cylinder is made xed and other end where load is applied is kept free only in z-direction. Unit load applied and distributed uniformly over the edge.

3.3.2 Analysis:
Meshing is done using S4R elements. Linear buckling analysis is done using ABAQUS software package. 6

3.3.3 Result:
Linear buckling analysis results are shown in Table3.1. Eigenvalues are order of 106 . Table 3.1: Eigenvalues of Analysis Eigen Mode 1 2 3 4 Eigen value 1.0596E+6 1.0622E+6 1.0622E+6 1.0704E+6

Convergence test is conducted using more number of elements in analysis and same analysis is carried out. Results are found to be in good agreement and shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Eigen value comparison between Fine Mesh and Coarse Mesh Eigen Mode . . 1 2 2 4 Eigenvalue Coarse Mesh (12172 elements) 1.0596E+6 1.0622E+6 1.0622E+6 1.0704E+6 Eigenvalue Fine Mesh (31086 elements) 1.0572E+6 1.0574E+6 1.0574E+6 1.0583E+6

3.4 Non-linear Analysis:

3.4.1 Load and Boundary condition
Boundary conditions are kept same as Eigenvalue analysis. Load is applied equal to rst Eigenvalue.

3.4.2 Analysis:
Meshing is created using S4R elements and number of element should be equal to same as in Eigenvalue calculation. Riks buckling analysis is carried out to evaluate non-linear buckling load. 7

3.4.3 Result:
Load is equal to 1.05 106 N . For that solution is not converged. Deformed shape of cylinder is shown in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1: Deformed Shape of cylinder

3.5 Conclusion:
Eigenvalues are too close as mentioned in last chapter. Non linear Analysis is not converged due to large deformation in cylinder shape.

4 RECTANGULAR MEMBRANE IN SIMPLE SHEAR

4.1 Aim:
To study wrinkles in membrane under shear stress.

4.2 Assumption of analysis:

Assuming that membrane is initially at, stress free, linear elastic and only shear load is there.

4.3 Material property:

Membrane is made up of Kapton. Kapton young modulus is equal to 3500N/mm2 , Poissons ratio is equal to 0.31 and density is equal to1.5 106kg/mm3 . Beam is used made up of steel. Steel young modulus is equal to 21500N/mm2 and Poissons ratio is equal to 0.35. Upper section membrane is connected with beam which made up of steel. Beam having section with thickness 30mm and 15 mm wide and length is equal to upper edge or 380mm. It is connected with membrane using Tie constraint. Membrane ABAQUS model shown in Figure 4.1.

4.4 Load,Boundary Condition and Analysis:

Analysis is carried out in 3 steps. 9

Figure 4.1: Model of Membrane

4.4.1 Step 1
This step provide pre-stressing in perpendicular direction of membrane.

Boundary condition: Bottom edge is made xed. Side edges of membrane can move only load direction and shown in Figure4.2

Figure 4.2: Upper edge of Membrane is moved by 0.5 mm

Load Upper edge is moved by 0.5 mm in y direction as shown in Figure4.2.

Analysis: Static analysis is done using non-linear geometry. 10

4.4.2 Step 2
Boundary condition: Bottom edge is made xed. Side edges of membrane is made free by modifying boundary condition.

Figure 4.3: Upper edge of Membrane is moved by 3 mm

Load Upper edge is moved by 3 mm as shown in Figure4.3 in x-direction.

Analysis: Eigenvalue analysis is carried out.

4.4.3 Step 3
This step is carried out in two sub-steps. First is pre-stressing part and other is Eigenvalue analysis

Boundary condition: For rst sub-step bottom edge is made xed. Side edges of membrane can move only load direction. For second sub step bottom edge is kept xed. Side edges move only 11

translation but all rotational degree of freedom are restricted. Upper edge is restricted all degree of freedom expect x direction

Load In rst sub-step Upper edge is moved by 0.05 mm in y direction. Lower value because pre-stressing is not required that is done in step 1 and if more displacement is given then it effect results in step 2. Second sub-step upper edge is moved by 3 mm in x direction

Analysis: In rst step static analysis is carried out using non-linear geometry. Second sub-step Eigenvalue value analysis is carried out. All step are repeated for two type kind of element rst S4R and second S8R5

4.5 Results:
Linear Buckling Analysis give Eigen values. It is done for S4R and S8R5 elements. Eigenvalues are too close.

4.5.1 Using S4R element

Linear Buckling Analysis give Eigen values as shown in Table 4.1. Mode shapes are shown in Figure 4.4- Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.4: Mode 1 of membrane

12

Figure 4.5: Mode 2 of membrane

Figure 4.6: Mode 3 of membrane

Figure 4.7: Mode 4 of membrane

Table 4.1: Eigen values S4R elements Eigen Mode Greater than 0.2042 1 2 3 4 Eigen value 0.20425 0.20427 0.20437 0.20447

13

4.5.2 Using S8R5 element

Linear Buckling Analysis give Eigen values as shown in Table4.2. Eigenvalues are too close. Mode shapes are shown in Figure 4.8- Figure 4.11

Figure 4.8: Mode 1 of membrane

Figure 4.9: Mode 2 of membrane

Figure 4.10: Mode 3 of membrane

14

Figure 4.11: Mode 4 of membrane Table 4.2: Eigen values S8R5 elements Eigen Mode Greater than 0.2042 1 2 3 4 Eigen value 0.20424 0.20428 0.20433 0.20447

4.6 Conclusion:
Convergence test is carried out then more number of modes are generated. So it is difcult to tell solution is converged and difference mode values of values is very less for avoiding convergence problem more number of element is taken in analysis it self. Initially Analysis gives lower value of Eigen mode value. These are local mode value.so that avoid that problem minimum value asked for solution is equal to 0.2042. Results from S4R element mesh and S8R5 mesh are almost same. So S4R element mesh is more effective in this case which takes lower time and resource to solve the problem.

15

5 FUTURE WORK

5.1 Rectangular Membrane under Shear:

Composite material, temperature, thickness of membrane and nonlinear elastic material effect on wrinkling of rectangular membrane.

5.2 Square Membrane under Corner Load:

Corner load ratio, element type effect composite material, temperature, thickness of membrane and non elastic material effect on wrinkling of square membrane. If time permit then experiment on corner load ratio. Compression of result with experimental results.

16