TULIAO, Maria Athena E.

2 ELM

33 HISTORY

1. How did William Henry Scott make the conclusion that the Kalantiaw Code is a fake Historical code? - The first reason is the lack of historical evidence. There are simply no written or pictorial documents from that time in Philippine history. The second reason is the lack of evidence for a Kalantiaw legend. 2. How does the country's geography affect the Filipino? - Geography is both a natural science and a social science as it examines people and their environment and serves as a bridge between the physical and cultural worlds. Some specialize in physical geography by devoting their study to distributions of climate, vegetation, soils, and landforms. Among the many topics they explore are weather forecasting, watershed management, coastal planning, the utilization of forest resources, and soil erosion, to mention but a few. Other geographers concentrate on the spatial associations resulting from human activities. Among the latter, economic, social, and political geographers investigate migration and immigration, territorial disputes, the location of industrial and service facilities, cultural diffusion, and the incidence of pollution.Geograpy afffects the the world like global warning affectes the weather. 3. Describe the culture of the indigenous people of the Philippines. - The indigenous peoples of the Philippines consist of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups living in the country. They are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines who have managed to resist centuries of Spanish and United States colonization and in the process have retained their customs and traditions. 4. Why do modern day scholars oppose Bayer's waves of migration theory? - There is no definite evidence, archaeological or historical, to support this "migration theory". On the contrary, there are sufficient reasons for doubting it, including the following: Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion as the basis for his hypothesis. These methods have now been proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines. The empirical archaeological data for the theory was based on surface finds and mere conjecture, with much imagination and unproven data included. Later findings contradicted the migration theory and the existence of the "Dawn Man" postulated by Beyer. Undue credit is given to Malays as the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural transmitter.

5. How did the teachings of Islam influence the Filipino society? - Islam in the Philippines has absorbed indigenous elements, much as has Catholicism. Moros thus make offerings to spirits (diwatas), malevolent or benign, believing that such spirits can and will have an effect on one's health, family, and crops. They also include pre-Islamic customs in ceremonies marking rites of passage--birth, marriage, and death. Moros share the essentials of Islam, but specific practices vary from one Moro group to another. Although Muslim Filipino women are required to stay at the back of the mosque for prayers (out of the sight of men), they are much freer in daily life than are women in many other Islamic societies. 6. Discuss the cultural evolution of the early inhabitants of the Philippines - Philippines was first inhabited by negritos, who lived on hills, then waves of austronesian people then settled on the islands. After a few thousands years, waves of Chinese and Arab traders came to settle there. 7. What promised the Europeans to search new lands in the 14th century to the 16th century? - For quite sometime after 'discovering' primarily North America, the Europeans (France, Spain and England - perhaps I should include the Netherlands) saw the land mass as more of a nuisance like a hurdle in what they originally desired to be a clear path across the Atlantic to India. Much of the time of explorers was spent mapping territory to find the North-West Passage around and/or through North America in which ships could safely and easily travel to Asia. The first settlements were actually points of departure for those exploring in this search. Discoveries of natural resources, etc. came as a bi-product of this initial exploration. 8. How did the Spaniards succeed in promoting Hispanic culture among the early Filipinos? -First and foremost, the Spaniards (Magellan as a pioneer) set out on a voyage to establish connections with Asian kingdoms and to make them a part of the Spanish Empire. On March 17, 1521, he landed on an island called Homonhon, a part of the Philippines. The Spaniards brought two things: a cross and a sword. They used Christianity and converted the pagans into Christians just to rule over their land. And so those who became Christians became followers of the Spaniards and those who refused fought with them. For more than 300 years, they have conquered Philippines, until after Jose Rizal's (their national hero) death which became the catalyst that roused anger to the Filipinos and brought some sense of nationalism to them. In other words, the Spanish succeeded in promoting their culture to the Filipinos. they

were the ones responsible for bringing Christianity to it. Also, the Filipino language is actually a mix of Indian, Chinese and Spanish and English and Tagalog words. Also I have read that until in the 70's, Philippines was a trilingual country. It was necessary for Filipino students to study Spanish and English but that was until they changed their education curriculum. In another part of Philippines, a place called Bicol, their local dialect is like about 50% based on the Spanish language. 9. Why did the early Filipino revolts fail? Cite examples - Filipinos were like puppets to their colonists. The Spaniards, for example, forced Christianity and traditions upon them, to the extent that they brutally punished those that didn't do certain practices like joining in processions. The Japanese made slaves out of them. These Colonists had them believe that they were an inferior race. That it was pointless to fight back. Thus, when revolts broke out, it lacked manpower and sufficient weaponry. 10. What were the efforts Filipino propagandists to achieve peaceful reforms? - A prominent Propagandist was Graciano Lopez Jaena who left the Philippines for Spain in 1880 after publishing a satirical novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), describing the life of a rural friar. In 1889 he started the newspaper, La Solidaridad (Solidarity), that circulated both in Spain and the Philippines and was the medium of the Propaganda Movement. Another Propagandist was a reformist lawyer, Marcelo del Pilar, who was active in the anti-friar movement. He fled to Spain in 1888 and became editor of La Solidaridad. The most famous Propagandist was Jose Rizal. He studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in the Philippines and in 1882 went to complete his studies at the University of Madrid. He took an interest in anthropology with a view to discrediting the racial notions of Filipino inferiority through the scientific study of the history and ethnology of the Malay people. His more popular works were his two novels Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Subversive) published in 1886 and 1891 respectively. The novels portrayed the authoritarian and abusive character of Spanish rule in the colony. Despite their ban, the books were smuggled into the Philippines and widely read. Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892 and founded a national organization for peaceful reform - La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League). He was soon arrested for revolutionary agitation and exiled to the isolation of Dapitan on Mindanao. 11. When is a revolution justifiable? - When govt. becomes an impediment to the well being of the people, no matter what the form, the question of revolution comes to mind. This question has even been raised today in this country. This happens when the people no longer feel that they are represented in the decisions of govt. We are dangerously close to that now, and it is up to us to take our govt. back, before it is completely gone, from the rich and powerful who have taken it while we

slept. The following is excerpted from the lips of those who made that decision here in 1776. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

12. What prompted the U.S.A to declare the Spanish-American War? - Demands by Cuban patriots for independence from Spanish rule made U.S. intervention in Cuba a paramount issue in the relations between the United States and Spain from the 1870s to 1898. America had much sympathy for the Cuban insurgents, especially after the savage Ten Years War (1868-78) and the unsuccessful revolt of 1895. After efforts to quell guerrilla activity had failed, the Spanish military commander, Valeriano Weyler Y. Nicolau, instituted the reconcentrado, or concentration camp, system in 1896; Cuba's rural population was forcibly confined to centrally located garrison towns, where thousands died from disease, starvation, and exposure. Even though the majority of Americans, including President McKinley, wanted to avert war and hoped to settle the Cuban question in a peaceful manner, a series of incidents early in 1898 intensified U.S. feelings against Spain. The first of these was the publication by Hearst of a stolen letter (the de Lme letter) that had been written by the Spanish minister at Washington, in which that incautious diplomat expressed contempt for McKinley. This was followed by the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 men. Although Spanish complicity was not proved, U.S. public opinion was aroused and war sentiment rose. 13. Explain the significant Independence in 1898?
- Independence

of

the

proclamation

of

Philippine

was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldosome 30 kilometers South of Manila. The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the Philippines, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza, and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national anthem, now known as Lupang Hinirang, which was composed by Julin Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabonmarching band. The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read byAmbrosio Rianzares

Bautista in Spanish. The proclamation of Philippine independence was, however, promulgated on 1 August, when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo. Later at Malolos, Bulacan, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States. 14. Why is the separation of the Church and the government necessary? - Religion and government must be separate because our society is multifaceted with numerous religious denominations and every other degree of belief and non-belief in deities. A government-sponsored religion would choose one and then force the people to obey the doctrines of that religion. Its doctrines would inform the laws, its religious leaders will gain too much power and that type of power corrupts. Religious majorities have historically been extremely unfair to minorities. The separation between church and state must be guarded in order to preserve freedom. 15. Discuss the reasons behind the Filipino-American war (1899-1906) - The insurrection may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the United States but was not recognized by Filipino leaders, whose troops were in actual control of the entire archipelago except the capital city of Manila. Although an end to the insurrection was declared in 1902, sporadic fighting continued for several years thereafter. Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay on the morning of May 1, 1898, but could not occupy Manila until ground troops arrived three months later. On August 13 Manila fell after a bloodless "battle." Spanish Governor Fermn Judenes had secretly arranged surrender after a mock show of resistance to salvage his honour. With American troops in possession of the city and Filipino insurgents controlling the rest of the country, conflict was inevitable. The war began with shooting on the outskirts of Manila on the night of Feb. 4, 1899. Throughout the spring of 1899, American troops pushed north into the central Luzon Plain, and by the end of that year the Filipino general Emilio Aguinaldo retreated into the inaccessible northern mountains. The period of conventional battles ended, but insurgent leaders in many provinces continued bitter guerrilla warfare. Fighting flared with increased bitterness on the island of Samar in 1901. General Jacob F. Smith, enraged by a guerrilla massacre of U.S. troops, launched a retaliatory campaign of such indiscriminate ferocity that he was court-martialed and forced to retire. After 1902 the American civil government regarded the remaining guerrillas as mere bandits, though the fighting continued. About 1,000 guerrillas under Simen Ola were not defeated until late 1903, and in Batangas province, south of Manila, troops commanded by Macario Sakay resisted capture until as late as 1906. -

16. What were the cultural changes brought about by the Americans to the Filipino? - American Influences can still be seen in the countrys system of education, literature, art, architecture, science, industry, home, food, clothes, religion, past times, music and dances. Filipinos took education seriously which resulted to the high social status of some Filipinos. The Filipinos learned how to read, speak and write English in a short matter of time, The social status of Filipino Women during the American period were allowed to participate in politics, to work in the government, and to pursue their studies in college. Matters like health and cleanliness were improved. Transportation and communication in the Philippines were developed. 17. How did the militant groups in the country operate during the American administration? - There are four major terrorist groups active in the Philippines today: The Moro National Liberation Front, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Abu Sayyaf and the New People's Army. The first three are Islamic groups that operate primarily in the south of the nation, where most of the country's Muslim minority live. The Communist New People's Army operates in the northern Philippines. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris that ended the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S. The nation was under American administration until the Japanese took control during World War II. In 1946, the Philippines became an independent representative democracy. From 1946 to 1992, the U.S. maintained air and naval bases in the Philippines. They were closed at the request of the Philippine government in 1992. In 1952, the two nations forged the U.S.-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) and in 1998, they concluded the Visiting Forces Agreement, paving the way for increased military cooperation. The U.S. conducts ship visits to Philippine ports and engages in military exercises with Philippine forces. In May 2003,President Bush announced that the U.S.would designate the Philippines as a major non-NATO ally. The Philippines receives various forms of U.S. military assistance. The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, $2.4 million in FY 2003, was the largest in Asia and the second largest in the world. The Philippines is the number one recipient in Asia of Excess Defense Articles from the U.S. military. The U.S. and the Philippines also maintain strong trade ties. The Philippines ranks as America's 19th-largest export market and 20th-largest supplier. The U.S. is the Philippines' largest foreign investor.