Chapter 2

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and

Graphical Methods
Learning Objectives
1.

Learn how to construct and interpret summarization procedures for qualitative data such as :
frequency and relative frequency distributions, bar graphs and pie charts.

2.

Learn how to construct and interpret tabular summarization procedures for quantitative data such as:
frequency and relative frequency distributions, cumulative frequency and cumulative relative
frequency distributions.

3.

Learn how to construct a dot plot, a histogram, and an ogive as graphical summaries of quantitative
data.

4.

Be able to use and interpret the exploratory data analysis technique of a stem-and-leaf display.

5.

Learn how to construct and interpret cross tabulations and scatter diagrams of bivariate data.

2-1

Chapter 2

Solutions:
1.
Class
A
B
C

2.

a.

1 - (.22 + .18 + .40) = .20

b.

.20(200) = 40

Frequency
60
24
36
120

Relative Frequency
60/120 = 0.50
24/120 = 0.20
36/120 = 0.30
1.00

c/d
Class
A
B
C
D
Total
3.

a.

360 x 58/120 = 174

b.

360 x 42/120 = 126

Frequency
.22(200) = 44
.18(200) = 36
.40(200) = 80
.20(200) = 40
200

Percent Frequency
22
18
40
20
100

c.

No
Opinion
16.7%

Yes
48.3%
No
35%

d.

2-2

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

70
60

Frequency

50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes

No

No Opinion

Response
4.

a.

The data are qualitative.

b.
TV Show
Millionaire
Frasier
Chicago Hope
Charmed
Total:

Frequency
24
15
7
4
50

c.

2-3

Percent
Frequency
48
30
14
8
100

Chapter 2

30

Frequency

25
20
15
10
5
0
Millionaire

Frasier

Chicago

Charmed

TV Show

Charmed
8%
Chicago
14%

Millionaire
48%

Frasier
30%

d.
5.

Millionaire has the largest market share. Frasier is second.

a.
Major
Management
Accounting
Finance
Marketing
Total

Relative Frequency
55/216 = 0.25
51/216 = 0.24
28/216 = 0.13
82/216 = 0.38
1.00

b.

2-4

Percent Frequency
25
24
13
38
100

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

90
80

Frequency

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Management

Accounting

Finance

Marketing

Major
c.

Pie Chart

Management
25%

Marketing
38%

6.

Accounting
24%

Finance
13%

a.
Book
7 Habits
Millionaire
Motley
Dad
WSJ Guide
Other
Total:

Frequency
10
16
9
13
6
6
60

Percent Frequency
16.66
26.67
15.00
21.67
10.00
10.00
100.00

The Ernst & Young Tax Guide 2000 with a frequency of 3, Investing for Dummies with a frequency

2-5

Chapter 2

of 2, and What Color is Your Parachute? 2000 with a frequency of 1 are grouped in the "Other"
category.
b.

The rank order from first to fifth is: Millionaire, Dad, 7 Habits, Motley, and WSJ Guide.

c.

The percent of sales represented by The Millionaire Next Door and Rich Dad, Poor Dad is 48.33%.

7.
Rating
Outstanding
Very Good
Good
Average
Poor

Frequency
19
13
10
6
2
50

Relative Frequency
0.38
0.26
0.20
0.12
0.04
1.00

Management should be pleased with these results. 64% of the ratings are very good to outstanding.
84% of the ratings are good or better. Comparing these ratings with previous results will show
whether or not the restaurant is making improvements in its ratings of food quality.
8.

a.
Position
Pitcher
Catcher
1st Base
2nd Base
3rd Base
Shortstop
Left Field
Center Field
Right Field

9.

Frequency
17
4
5
4
2
5
6
5
7
55

Relative Frequency
0.309
0.073
0.091
0.073
0.036
0.091
0.109
0.091
0.127
1.000

b.

Pitchers (Almost 31%)

c.

3rd Base (3 - 4%)

d.

Right Field (Almost 13%)

e.

Infielders (16 or 29.1%) to Outfielders (18 or 32.7%)

a/b.
Starting Time
7:00
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00

Frequency
3
4
4
7
2
20

2-6

Percent Frequency
15
20
20
35
10
100

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

c.

Bar Graph

8
7

Frequency

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7:00

7:30

8:00

8:30

9:00

Starting Time
d.
9:00
10%

7:00
15%

7:30
20%

8:30
35%
8:00
20%

e.
10. a.

The most preferred starting time is 8:30 a.m.. Starting times of 7:30 and 8:00 a.m. are next.
The data refer to quality levels of poor, fair, good, very good and excellent.

b.
Rating
Poor
Fair
Good
Very Good
Excellent

Frequency
2
4
12
24
18
60

2-7

Relative Frequency
0.03
0.07
0.20
0.40
0.30
1.00

Chapter 2

c.

Bar Graph

30

Frequency

25
20
15
10
5
0
Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

Rating
Pie Chart

Fair
Poor
3%

7%

Good
20%

Excellent
30%

d.

Very Good
40%

The course evaluation data indicate a high quality course. The most common rating is very good
with the second most common being excellent.

11.
Class

Frequency

Relative Frequency

Percent Frequency

12-14
15-17
18-20
21-23
24-26

2
8
11
10
9
40

0.050
0.200
0.275
0.250
0.225
1.000

5.0
20.0
27.5
25.5
22.5
100.0

Total

2-8

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

12.
Class
less than
less than
less than
less than
less than

Cumulative Frequency
10
24
41
48
50

or equal to 19
or equal to 29
or equal to 39
or equal to 49
or equal to 59

Cumulative Relative Frequency

.20
.48
.82
.96
1.00

13.

18
16
14
Frequency

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

1.0

.8

.6

.4

.2

10

20

30

2-9

40

50

60

Chapter 2

14. a.

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

b/c.
Class
6.0 - 7.9
8.0 - 9.9
10.0 - 11.9
12.0 - 13.9
14.0 - 15.9

Frequency
4
2
8
3
3
20

Percent Frequency
20
10
40
15
15
100

15. a/b.
Waiting Time
0-4
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
Totals

Frequency
4
8
5
2
1
20

Relative Frequency
0.20
0.40
0.25
0.10
0.05
1.00

c/d.
Waiting Time
Less than or equal to 4
Less than or equal to 9
Less than or equal to 14
Less than or equal to 19
Less than or equal to 24
e.

Cumulative Frequency
4
12
17
19
20

Cumulative Relative Frequency

0.20
0.60
0.85
0.95
1.00

12/20 = 0.60

16. a.
Stock Price ($)
10.00 - 19.99
20.00 - 29.99
30.00 - 39.99
40.00 - 49.99
50.00 - 59.99
60.00 - 69.99
Total

Relative
Frequency
0.40
0.16
0.24
0.08
0.04
0.08
1.00

Frequency
10
4
6
2
1
2
25

2 - 10

Percent
Frequency
40
16
24
8
4
8
100

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

12

Frequency

10
8
6
4
2
0
10.0019.99

20.0029.99

30.0039.99

40.0049.99

50.0059.99

60.0069.99

Stock Price
Many of these are low priced stocks with the greatest frequency in the $10.00 to $19.99 range.
b.
Earnings per
Share ($)
-3.00 to -2.01
-2.00 to -1.01
-1.00 to -0.01
0.00 to 0.99
1.00 to 1.99
2.00 to 2.99
Total

Relative
Frequency
0.08
0.00
0.08
0.36
0.36
0.12
1.00

Frequency
2
0
2
9
9
3
25

2 - 11

Percent
Frequency
8
0
8
36
36
12
100

Frequency

Chapter 2

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-3.00 to
-2.01

-2.00 to
-1.01

-1.00 to
-0.01

0.00 to
0.99

1.00 to
1.99

2.00 to
2.99

Earnings per Share

The majority of companies had earnings in the $0.00 to $2.00 range. Four of the companies lost
money.
17.
Call Duration
2 - 3.9
4 - 5.9
6 - 7.9
8 - 9.9
10 - 11.9
Totals

Frequency
5
9
4
0
2
20

Relative Frequency
0.25
0.45
0.20
0.00
0.10
1.00

Frequency

Histogram

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2.0 - 3.9

4.0 - 5.9

6.0 - 7.9
Call Duration

2 - 12

8.0 - 9.9

10.0 - 11.9

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

18. a.

Lowest salary: $93,000

Highest salary: $178,000

b.
Salary
($1000s)
91-105
106-120
121-135
136-150
151-165
166-180
Total

Relative
Frequency
0.08
0.10
0.22
0.36
0.18
0.06
1.00

Frequency
4
5
11
18
9
3
50

c.

Proportion $135,000 or less: 20/50.

d.

Percentage more than $150,000: 24%

Percent
Frequency
8
10
22
36
18
6
100

Frequency

e.

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
91-105

106-120 121-135 136-150 151-165 166-180

Salary ($1000s)

19. a/b.
Number
140 - 149
150 - 159
160 - 169
170 - 179
180 - 189
190 - 199
Totals

Frequency
2
7
3
6
1
1
20

c/d.

2 - 13

Relative Frequency
0.10
0.35
0.15
0.30
0.05
0.05
1.00

Chapter 2
.

Number
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than

Cumulative Frequency
2
9
12
18
19
20

or equal to 149
or equal to 159
or equal to 169
or equal to 179
or equal to 189
or equal to 199

Cumulative Relative Frequency

0.10
0.45
0.60
0.90
0.95
1.00

e.

Frequency

20

15

10

140
20. a.

160

180

200

The percentage of people 34 or less is 20.0 + 5.7 + 9.6 + 13.6 = 48.9.

b.

The percentage of the population that is between 25 and 54 years old inclusively is
13.6 + 16.3 + 13.5 = 43.4

c.

The percentage of the population over 34 years old is

16.3 + 13.5 + 8.7 + 12.6 = 51.1

d.

The percentage less than 25 years old is 20.0 + 5.7 + 9.6 = 35.3.
So there are (.353)(275) = 97.075 million people less than 25 years old.

e.

An estimate of the number of retired people is (.5)(.087)(275) + (.126)(275) = 46.6125 million.

21. a/b.
Computer
Usage (Hours)
0.0 2.9
3.0 5.9
6.0 8.9
9.0 - 11.9
12.0 - 14.9
Total

Frequency
5
28
8
6
3
50

c.

2 - 14

Relative
Frequency
0.10
0.56
0.16
0.12
0.06
1.00

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

30

Frequency

25
20
15
10
5
0

d.

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

0.0 - 2.9

3.0 - 5.9

6.0 - 8.9

9.0 - 11.9 12.0 - 14.9

Computer Usage (Hours)

6
0

5
0

4
0

3
0

2
0

1
0

0
3
6
9
1
2
1
5
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
U
s
a
g
e
(
H
o
u
r
s
)
e.

The majority of the computer users are in the 3 to 6 hour range. Usage is somewhat skewed toward
the right with 3 users in the 12 to 15 hour range.

2 - 15

Chapter 2

22.

23.

24.

7 8

4 5 8

0 2 2 5 5 6 8

0 2 3 5

Leaf Unit = 0.1

6

5 5 7

1 3 4 8

3 6

10

0 4 5

11

Leaf Unit = 10
11

12

0 2

13

0 6 7

14

2 2 7

15

16

0 2 8

17

0 2 3

2 - 16

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

25.

26.

8 9

10

2 4 6 6

11

4 5 7 8 8 9

12

2 4 5 7

13

1 2

14

15

Leaf Unit = 0.1

0

4 7 8 9 9

1 2 9

0 0 1 3 5 5 6 8

4 9

5
6
7

2 - 17

Chapter 2

27.
4

1 3 6 6 7

0 0 3 8 9

0 1 1 4 4 5 7 7 9 9

0 0 0 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8

0 1 1 3 4 4 5 7 7 8 9

0 2 2 7

or
4

1 3

6 6 7

0 0 3

8 9

0 1 1 4 4

5 7 7 9 9

0 0 0 1 3 4 4

5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8

0 1 1 3 4 4

5 7 7 8 9

0 2 2

28. a.

2 - 18

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

5 8

1 1 3 3 4 4

5 6 7 8 9 9

2 3 3 3 5 5

6 8

3
3

6 7 7 9

7 8

5
5
6

b.
2000 P/E
Forecast
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39
40 - 44
45 - 49
50 - 54
55 - 59
60 - 64
Total

Percent
Frequency
6.7
20.0
20.0
20.0
6.7
0.0
13.3
3.3
6.7
0.0
0.0
3.3
100.0

Frequency
2
6
6
6
2
0
4
1
2
0
0
1
30

29. a.

Total

11

13

10

12

Total

18

12

30

b.

2 - 19

Chapter 2
y

Total

100.0

0.0

100.0

84.6

15.4

100.0

16.7

83.3

100.0

c.

d.

27.8

0.0

61.1

16.7

11.1

83.3

Total

100.0

100.0

Category A values for x are always associated with category 1 values for y. Category B values for
x are usually associated with category 1 values for y. Category C values for x are usually
associated with category 2 values for y.

30. a.

56
40

24
8
-8
-24
-40
-40

-30

-20

-10

10

20

30

x
b.

There is a negative relationship between x and y; y decreases as x increases.

2 - 20

40

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

31.
Quality Rating
Good
Very Good
Excellent
Total

10-19
53.8
43.6
2.6
100.0

Meal Price
($)
20-29
33.9
54.2
11.9
100.0

30-39
2.7
60.5
36.8
100.0

40-49
0.0
21.4
78.6
100.0

As the meal price goes up, the percentage of high quality ratings goes up. A positive relationship
between meal price and quality is observed.
32. a.
Sales/Margins/ROE
A
B
C
D
E
Total

0-19

EPS Rating
20-39
40-59
1

1
3
4

1
2
4

4
1
1
6

60-79
1
5
2
1

80-100
8
2
3

13

60-79
11.11
41.67
28.57
20.00

80-100
88.89
16.67
42.86

Total
9
12
7
5
3
36

b.
Sales/Margins/ROE
A
B
C
D
E

0-19

EPS Rating
20-39
40-59
8.33

14.29
60.00

20.00
66.67

33.33
14.29
33.33

Total
100
100
100
100
100

Higher EPS ratings seem to be associated with higher ratings on Sales/Margins/ROE. Of those
companies with an "A" rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, 88.89% of them had an EPS Rating of 80 or
higher. Of the 8 companies with a "D" or "E" rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, only 1 had an EPS
rating above 60.
33. a.
Sales/Margins/ROE
A
B
C
D
E
Total

A
1
1
1
1
4

Industry Group
Relative
Strength
B
C
2
2
5
2
3
1
1
2
11
7

D
4
3
2
1

10

1
1
2

Total
9
12
7
5
3
36

b/c. The frequency distributions for the Sales/Margins/ROE data is in the rightmost column of the
crosstabulation. The frequency distribution for the Industry Group Relative Strength data is in the
bottom row of the crosstabulation.
d.

Once the crosstabulation is complete, the individual frequency distributions are available in the
margins.

34. a.

2 - 21

Chapter 2

80

Re lative Price Stre ngth

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

EPS Rating

b.

One might expect stocks with higher EPS ratings to show greater relative price strength. However,
the scatter diagram using this data does not support such a relationship.
The scatter diagram appears similar to the one showing "No Apparent Relationship" in Figure 2.19.

35. a.
900.0
800.0

Gaming Re ve nue

700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
0.0
0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

Hote l Revenue

b.

There appears to be a positive relationship between hotel revenue and gaming revenue. Higher
values of hotel revenue are associated with higher values of gaming revenue.

36. a.

2 - 22

800.0

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

Vehicle
F-Series
Silverado
Taurus
Camry
Accord
Total
b.

Frequency
17
12
8
7
6
50

Percent Frequency
34
24
16
14
12
100

The two top selling vehicles are the Ford F-Series Pickup and the Chevrolet Silverado.

c.

Accord
12%
F-Series
34%

Camry
14%

Taurus
16%
Silverado
24%

37. a/b.
Industry
Beverage
Chemicals
Electronics
Food
Aerospace
Totals:

Frequency
2
3
6
7
2
20

2 - 23

Percent Frequency
10
15
30
35
10
100

Chapter 2

c.

8
7

Frequency

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Beverage

Chemicals

Electronics

Food

Aerospace

Industry
38. a.
Movie
Blair Witch Project
Phantom Menace
Beloved
Primary Colors
Truman Show

c.
39. a-d.

Frequency
Percent Frequency
159
36.0
89
20.2
85
19.3
57
12.9
51
11.6
Total
441
100.0
The percent of mail pertaining to 1999 cover stories is 36.0 + 20.2 = 56.2%
b.

Truman
12%
Colors
13%

Witch
36%

Beloved
19%
Phantom
20%

2 - 24

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

Sales
0 - 499
500 - 999
1000 - 1499
1500 - 1999
2000 - 2499
Total

Relative
Frequency
0.65
0.15
0.00
0.15
0.05
1.00

Frequency
13
3
0
3
1
20

Cumulative
Frequency
13
16
16
19
20

Cumulative
Relative
Frequency
0.65
0.80
0.80
0.95
1.00

e.

14
12

Frequency

10
8
6
4
2
0
0-499

500-999

1000-1499

1500-1999

2000-2499

Sales
40. a.
Closing Price
0 - 9 7/8
10 - 19 7/8
20 - 29 7/8
30 - 39 7/8
40 - 49 7/8
50 - 59 7/8
60 - 69 7/8
70 - 79 7/8
Totals

Frequency
9
10
5
11
2
2
0
1
40

Relative Frequency
0.225
0.250
0.125
0.275
0.050
0.050
0.000
0.025
1.000

b.
Closing Price
Less than or equal to 9 7/8

Cumulative Frequency
9

2 - 25

Cumulative Relative Frequency

0.225

Chapter 2
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than
Less than

or equal to 19 7/8
or equal to 29 7/8
or equal to 39 7/8
or equal to 49 7/8
or equal to 59 7/8
or equal to 69 7/8
or equal to 79 7/8

19
24
35
37
39
39
40

0.475
0.600
0.875
0.925
0.975
0.975
1.000

c.

12

Frequency

10
8
6
4
2
0
5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

Closing Price
d.

Over 87% of common stocks trade for less than $40 a share and 60% trade for less than $30 per
share.

41. a.
Exchange
American
New York
Over the Counter

Frequency
3
2
15
20

Relative
Frequency
0.15
0.10
0.75
1.00

b.
Earnings Per
Share
0.00 - 0.19
0.20 - 0.39
0.40 - 0.59
0.60 - 0.79
0.80 - 0.99

Relative
Frequency
Frequency
7
0.35
7
0.35
1
0.05
3
0.15
2
0.10
20
1.00
Seventy percent of the shadow stocks have earnings per share less than $0.40. It looks like low EPS
should be expected for shadow stocks.
Price-Earning

Relative

2 - 26

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

Ratio
0.00 - 9.9
10.0 - 19.9
20.0 - 29.9
30.0 - 39.9
40.0 - 49.9
50.0 - 59.9

Frequency
3
7
4
3
2
1
20

Frequency
0.15
0.35
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1.00

P-E Ratios vary considerably, but there is a significant cluster in the 10 - 19.9 range.
42.
Income ($)
18,000-21,999
22,000-25,999
26,000-29,999
30,000-33,999
34,000-37,999
Total

Frequency
13
20
12
4
2
51

Relative
Frequency
0.255
0.392
0.235
0.078
0.039
1.000

25

Fre que ncy

20

15

10

0
18,000 - 21,999

22,000 - 25,999

26,000 - 29,999
Pe r C apita Income

43. a.

2 - 27

30,000 - 33,999

34,000 - 37,999

Chapter 2

8 9

0 2 2 2 3 4 4 4

5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9

0 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4

5 6 8

0 1 3

b/c/d.
Number Answered
Correctly
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
Totals
e.

Relative
Frequency
0.050
0.200
0.375
0.225
0.075
0.075
1.000

Frequency
2
8
15
9
3
3
40

Cumulative
Frequency
2
10
25
34
37
40

Relatively few of the students (25%) were able to answer 1/2 or more of the questions correctly.
The data seem to support the Joint Council on Economic Educations claim. However, the degree
of difficulty of the questions needs to be taken into account before reaching a final a conclusion.

44. a/b.

High Temperature

Low Temperature

3 6 8

0 0 0 2 4 4 5 5 7 9

1 4 4 4 4 6 8

1 8

3 5 7 9

2 4 5 5

0 1 1 4 6

0 2 3

c.

It is clear that the range of low temperatures is below the range of high temperatures. Looking at
the stem-and-leaf displays side by side, it appears that the range of low temperatures is about 20
degrees below the range of high temperatures.

d.

There are two stems showing high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher. They show 8 cities with
high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher.

e.

Frequency

2 - 28

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

Temperature
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
Total

High Temp.
0
0
1
7
4
5
3
20

Low. Temp.
1
3
10
2
4
0
0
20

Low Temperature

45. a.

80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
40

50

60

70

80

90

100

High Temperature

b.

There is clearly a positive relationship between high and low temperature for cities. As one goes up
so does the other.

46. a.
Occupation
Cabinetmaker
Lawyer
Physical Therapist
Systems Analyst
Total

30-39

40-49

2
7

30-39

40-49

10

50

Satisfaction Score
50-59 60-69 70-79
2
4
3
2
1
1
5
2
1
1
4
3
10
11
8

80-89
1
2
3

Total
10
10
10
10
40

b.
Occupation
Cabinetmaker
Lawyer
Physical Therapist
Systems Analyst
c.

20

Satisfaction Score
50-59 60-69 70-79
20
40
30
20
10
10
50
20
10
10
40
30

80-89
10
20

Total
100
100
100
100

Each row of the percent crosstabulation shows a percent frequency distribution for an occupation.

2 - 29

Chapter 2

Cabinet makers seem to have the higher job satisfaction scores while lawyers seem to have the
lowest. Fifty percent of the physical therapists have mediocre scores but the rest are rather high.
47. a.
40,000
35,000

Re venue $mil

30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

Employees

b.

There appears to be a positive relationship between number of employees and revenue. As the
number of employees increases, annual revenue increases.

48. a.
Fuel
Type
Year Constructed Elec Nat.
Gas
1973 or before
40
183
1974-1979
24
26
1980-1986
37
38
1987-1991
48
70
Total 149
317

Oil
12
2
1
2
17

Propane Other
5
7
2
0
0
6
0
1
7
14

Total
247
54
82
121
504

b.
Year Constructed
1973 or before
1974-1979
1980-1986
1987-1991
Total

c.

Frequency
247
54
82
121
504

Fuel Type
Electricity
Nat. Gas
Oil
Propane
Other
Total

Crosstabulation of Column Percentages

2 - 30

Frequency
149
317
17
7
14
504

100,000

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

Fuel
Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas Oil Propane Other
1973 or before
26.9
57.7
70.5
71.4
50.0
1974-1979
16.1
8.2
11.8
28.6
0.0
1980-1986
24.8
12.0
5.9
0.0
42.9
1987-1991
32.2
22.1
11.8
0.0
7.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
d.

Crosstabulation of row percentages.

Year Constructed
1973 or before
1974-1979
1980-1986
1987-1991
e.

Fuel
Type
Elec Nat.
Gas
16.2
74.1
44.5
48.1
45.1
46.4
39.7
57.8

Oil
4.9
3.7
1.2
1.7

Propane Other
2.0
2.8
3.7
0.0
0.0
7.3
0.0
0.8

Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Observations from the column percentages crosstabulation

For those buildings using electricity, the percentage has not changed greatly over the years. For the
buildings using natural gas, the majority were constructed in 1973 or before; the second largest
percentage was constructed in 1987-1991. Most of the buildings using oil were constructed in 1973
or before. All of the buildings using propane are older.
Observations from the row percentages crosstabulation
Most of the buildings in the CG&E service area use electricity or natural gas. In the period 1973 or
before most used natural gas. From 1974-1986, it is fairly evenly divided between electricity and
natural gas. Since 1987 almost all new buildings are using electricity or natural gas with natural gas
being the clear leader.

49. a.

Crosstabulation for stockholder's equity and profit.

Stockholders' Equity ($000)

0-1200
1200-2400
2400-3600
3600-4800
4800-6000
Total
b.

50. a.

200-400
1
10
3

18

2
16

Profits ($000)
400-600
600-800

3
6

1
2

800-1000

1000-1200
1

2
1
1

1
2

Total
12
16
13
3
6
50

800-1000
0.00
12.50
7.69
33.33
0.00

1000-1200
8.33
0.00
7.69
66.67
0.00

Total
100
100
100
100
100

Crosstabulation of Row Percentages.

Stockholders' Equity ($1000s)

0-1200
1200-2400
2400-3600
3600-4800
4800-6000
c.

0-200
10
4
4

0-200
83.33
25.00
30.77
0.00

200-400
8.33
62.50
23.08
0.00
33.33

Profits ($000)
400-600
600-800
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.08
7.69
0.00
0.00
50.00
16.67

Stockholder's equity and profit seem to be related. As profit goes up, stockholder's equity goes up.
The relationship, however, is not very strong.
Crosstabulation of market value and profit.

2 - 31

Chapter 2

Market Value ($1000s)

0-8000
8000-16000
16000-24000
24000-32000
32000-40000
Total
b.

51. a.

27

Profit ($1000s)
300-600
600-900
4
4
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
13
6

900-1200

Total
27
12
4
4
3
50

900-1200
0.00
16.67
25.00
25.00
0.00

Total
100
100
100
100
100

2
1
1

Crosstabulation of Row Percentages.

Market Value ($1000s)

0-8000
8000-16000
16000-24000
24000-32000
32000-40000
c.

0-300
23
4

0-300
85.19
33.33
0.00
0.00
0.00

Profit ($1000s)
300-600
600-900
14.81
0.00
33.33
16.67
50.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
66.67
33.33

There appears to be a positive relationship between Profit and Market Value. As profit goes up,
Market Value goes up.
Scatter diagram of Profit vs. Stockholder's Equity.
1400.0
1200.0

Profit ($1000s)

1000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
0.0

1000.0

2000.0

3000.0

4000.0

5000.0

Stockholder's Equity ($1000s)

b.

52. a.

Profit and Stockholder's Equity appear to be positively related.

Scatter diagram of Market Value and Stockholder's Equity.

2 - 32

6000.0

7000.0

Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Methods

45000.0

Market Value ($1000s)

40000.0
35000.0
30000.0
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0.0

1000.0

2000.0

3000.0

4000.0

5000.0

6000.0

Stockholder's Equity ($1000s)

b.

There is a positive relationship between Market Value and Stockholder's Equity.

2 - 33

7000.0