Future with will We use the future with will in the following ways: 1 to give information about the

future: It will be cold next week. 2 to make predictions of future events and to say what we think will happen: I think life will be easier in the future. 3 when we decide to do something at the time of speaking, for example when we agree to do something: OK, I'll see you at the restaurant, then. 4 in threats and promises: Give me my money or I'll call the police. Future progressive We use the future progressive in the following ways: 1 to talk about something that will be in progress at a time in the future: Don't call after lunch. My father will be resting. 2 to talk about future events that are already planned or that are part of a routine: Would you like me to take these papers to the office tomorrow? I'll be going there anyway. 3 to ask about someone's plans in a polite way, especially if we want someone to do something for us. When we use the future progressive in this way, we often suggest that we don't want the other person to change his or her plans: Will you be using the car this morning? I was wondering if I could use it for just an hour. Future perfect

We can use the future perfect to talk about something that will be completed by (= not later than) a certain time in the future: By this time next year, I will have finished my degree. When we use the future perfect, we refer to a time in the future and look back from that time to say that something will be complete. Remember! We usually contract will to 'll in everyday speech and informal writing. We often use by or by the time with the future perfect. Learning tip Interview your friends about things that they will do/will be doing in the next few days. Also ask about what they will have done by the end of this month.

Future progresive When we use the future perfect progressive, we refer to a time that we look back at from a future point: They'll have been traveling all day by the time they get here. We often use the future perfect progressive with for to describe a period of time that precedes a point in the future: We'll have been living here for three years in March. We don't often use the future perfect progressive in the negative except in questions with a question tag: When you take your test, you won't have been driving for very long, will you? Remember! We often use for with the future perfect progressive. Learning tip

Write some things you will have been doing for some time by the end of the week, e.g. I'll have been waiting to hear from my friend for days / I'll have been studying hard for my exams. Present progressive

We use the present progressive for actions happening at the moment. I'm eating dinner. Alice is listening to music. We often use expressions like at the moment and now with the present progressive. Remember! We use the simple present for repeated actions or routines. Look out for words and expressions like every day, on the weekends, all the time or adverbs of frequency like always, usually, often. Learning tip Think about things you do every day, e.g. I go to school every day. and think about things you are doing now, e.g. I'm studying English. / I'm sitting on a chair. / I'm using my computer. Try and remember these sentences to help you if you're not sure when to use the present progressive. We use will/won't: - to make predictions. It will be an exciting game. We won't need to use pens and paper 100 years from now. - for future facts. My birthday will be on a Tuesday this year. - when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking. Would you like something to eat? Yes, please. I'll have a sandwich.

The phone's ringing! I'll answer it. -for threats and promises: If you forget Mom's birthday, I'll be really angry. I promise I won't forget! Remember! When we use will to make predictions, we often use the following verbs and expressions: think, expect, believe, be sure, be afraid, hope, e.g. I hope you'll be able to come to my party. We often use adverbs of probability (e.g. probably, perhaps, certainly) in this way too, e.g. Perhaps I'll buy the book of the movie. Learning tip Practice using will/won't by thinking about your life in ten years' time and making some predictions using will/won't, e.g. I think I'll be rich, etc. CUANTIFIERS Both means "one and the other" (for people and things) and is used with an affirmative verb in the plural form. Both of is also possible: Both of my children are at school right now. Both of can be used with object personal pronouns: Both of us would like to talk to the boss. If both of + object personal pronoun is the object of the sentence, we can have two structures: I've invited both of them. I've invited them both. If both is used as a subject pronoun, it goes after the subject and follows the auxiliary or the modal:

They both went to dance classes. (after the subject) We can both understand Greek. (after the subject and auxiliary) We use both ... and to balance two things or ideas: Both trade unions and journalists voiced the factory workers' protest. My colleagues are both younger and brighter than me. Either means "one or the other (of two)" and neither "not one and not the other (of two)". They are normally used with singular nouns and singular verbs: Order me pizza or pasta. Either one will do. Forget about those two chairs. Neither is comfy. Either/neither can be used as a pronoun, alone or with of + a determiner + plural nouns: "Would you like coke or lemonade?" "I don't mind. Either." Neither of my two best friends has a girlfriend. She doesn't understand either of her two language teachers when they speak fast. When used with plural nouns, either/neither of are normally followed by a singular verb: Neither of the teachers is very strict. However, a plural verb is possible when using an informal style, particularly in negative and interrogative sentences: I don't think either of them is/are taking it seriously. We use either ... or to talk about a choice between two (or more) options: Either you commit yourself to the job, or we'll have to dismiss you. They can't play either the piano, the trumpet or the flute.

We use neither ... nor to connect two negative things or situations, although this structure is more common in formal English: She can neither swim nor play tennis. (formal) Sometimes nor can be used after not, usually if we want to emphasize something: He didn't visit that day nor the next. Learning tip Consider pairs of objects and people and compare them using both ... and, or either ... or or neither ... nor. For example, Both Brazil and Germany have won a World Cup. I can neither sing nor dance. CONNECTORS

The most common expressions used to balance things or ideas are both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor, whether ... or and not only ... but also. He managed to both avoid the roadblocks and arrive on time. I'd like you to either fix the damaged tile or replace it. He neither could, nor wanted to, understand what she was saying. I can't decide whether to go out tonight or to stay home. She not only won a Nobel prize, but also raised four children. To balance two sides of an argument we use on one hand, ... on the other hand. You don't need to use the full expression every time: On one hand, he's very rich. On the other hand, he's very ugly. On one hand, he's very rich. On the other, he's very ugly. He's very rich. On the other hand, he's very ugly. Remember!

If the sentence starts with not only, then we need to invert the word order. Not only did he speak perfect French, but he could also imitate the local accent. Learning tip Choose a page from a newspaper or book and highlight any of the balancing connectors that you can find. Write some of the sentences in your notebook so you have some examples of these phrases in context.