History of Espionage http://www.sovhistory.neu.edu/hist1389s.htm HIST1389-SUMMER1 cx-6636-007 Professor Jeffrey Burds at: j.burds@neu.

edu 269 Holmes Hall Boston, MA 02115 Voice: 617-373-2079 Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday 11:40-1:20 Office Hours: T, W, Th, 10:30-11:15, or by appt.

Course Description There are very few reliable histories of espionage, and with good cause. The sources lie, are lost, are nonexistent, are withheld. Journalists (often) lack the patience, scholars (often) lack the clout to gain access, to stay the course, to outlast those who would with both good and malign intent seek to influence the writer's conclusions. --Robin Winks, 1994

Commonly referred to as the worlds "second oldest profession," espionage is an intrinsic part of the relationships between communities, institutions, states. D rawing from a wide variety of published and unpublished primary and secondary so urces, supplemented by modern theoretical and social science perspectives, liter ature, and films, this course explores the history of espionage through a series of case studies: from ancient Rome, Greece, China; the Reformation; the Age of Discovery; the French Revolution; the American Civil War; World War I and the Ru ssian Revolution; World War II; the Cold War; and the post-Cold War era. Students will create a framework for understanding the alternative r oles of espionage in war time and peace time, as well as the standard methods fo r establishing and running agent networks in hostile conditions. They will apply these lessons in three in-class examinations and one semester paper.

Final grades will be calculated with attention to the following formula:

Regular attendance is required: Perfect attendance will be rewarded with a bonus for students who can score at least 70 percent on film exams. Each unexcused ab sence will result in a deduction of 2 points from the semester grade. Any studen t with four or more unexcused absences will be issued a failing grade. Film quiz grades: 10 percent, based on answers to questions on six films Three quiz grades: 60 percent One semester final paper of 10+ pages should be well-written, well-argued, and i nformative: 30 percent This paper normally consists of a book report based on a reading approved by the

instructor. A student must complete ALL REQUIREMENTS in order to receive a passing grade for this course. Pass/Fail is not an option. Semester Paper Requirement Each student is required to write one semester paper, double spaced, 10 pages in length. Normally this is a book report based on a single book or the equivalent in a series of articles, parts of books, or documents. The topic is open, but m ust involve some aspect of the history of espionage. Most interesting is a case study: how espionage affected or changed an historical outcome. For example, you could write a short study of Agent CICERO in Istanbul, Turkey, during World War II. Or a study of the role of espionage in the defeat of Napoleon. Note that al l papers must be based on published materials: scholarly articles, scholarly boo ks. No paper may cite or use internet web pages as sources. All papers should conform to the History Style Guide, and all written work shoul d be checked closely for spelling and grammatical errors. Footnotes and citation s are required. All papers are expected to be your original work, and must be su bmitted digitally via TURNITIN on Blackboard, where they will be checked for pla giarism. Here is a link to possible readings and topics. Sample Paper One Sample Paper Two Readings All required readings for this course are available on line. Most document files appear in Adobe PDF format, and require a free download of the Adobe Acrobat Re ader. The WEB page also includes references and links to relevant materials whic h may assist students writing papers. A Statement on Academic Honesty All written work in this course must be the students own original work. Plagiar ism--"the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of an other author and the representation of them as ones own original work"--is a se rious violation. Please note that the same shortcuts that make plagiarism so eas y in our day also facilitate the instructors verification of each students wor k. In this course, all student work is checked closely for plagiarism. Northeast ern University relies on Turnitin technology: "Every paper submitted is returned in the form of a customized Originality Report. Results are based on exhaustive searches of billions of pages from both current and archived instances of the i nternet, millions of student papers previously submitted to Turnitin, and commer cial databases of journal articles and periodicals." The point? If you misuse ma terials and submit other peoples work as your own, you will be caught. Any stud ent caught plagiarizing will automatically FAIL this course, and you will be for mally charged for violation of university guidelines on academic honesty. Northeastern Universitys Official Policy on Academic Honesty & Integrity How Turnitin Works Six Required Films This is a 4-credit semester course that meets in a 4-credit sequence. To make up the missed hours from Mondays, students must see the following six films:

Benedict Arnold-A Question of Honor (2003), 100 minutes The Lincoln Assassination (A & E DVD Archives, 2004), 100 minutes Queimada [Burn!] (1969), Directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, 112 minutes Valkyrie (2008) Director: Bryan Singer, 120 minutes Nosenko, KGB (1986) Charlie Wilson's War (2007) Director: Mike Nichols, 102 minutes

LINKS

Useful Links Federation of American Scientists Intelligence Resource Program--with guides to intelligence services around the world National Archives British Public Record Office [Press for Catalogue Search] University of Michigans Guide to U.S. Federal Government Historical Documents Yale Universitys Avalon Project Lexis-Nexis Congressional (NU only)- Full text access to congressional hearings, reports, bills, legislative histories, etc. This includes the contents of Congr essional Information Service. U.S. Department of State on-line edition of Foreign Relations of the United Stat es

Espionage History Links University of Michigans On-Line Index to the documents of the National Security Agency National Security Agency -- contains links to two key collections: the VENONA ar chive of captured Soviets coded communications; and documents on the Cuban Missi le Crisis. National Security Archive CIA--www.cia.gov allows full-text search a growing number of key Cold War era do cuments, including 896 declassified analyses/assessments of the Soviet Union, 19 51-1991; 771 documents on the Bay of Pigs; 756 documents on US intervention in G uatemala; 179 documents on "Lt. Col. Oleg Penkovsky: Western Spy in Soviet GRU"; and 70 documents on "Francis Gary Powers: U-2 Pilot Shot Down by the Soviets." FBIs Electronic Reading Room - Full-text Declassified facsimile files of the U. S. war on communism.

International Spy Museum

Russian FSB -- the former KGBs home page

AGENTURA.RU -- a Russian-language guide to the Kremlin

Turkish Emniyet

MI6--SIS Secret Intelligence Service of the United Kingdom

MI5--UKs Homeland Security Service

Ministry of Public Security (UB) of Poland Dossiers of Security Police members from 1944 in English Torture methods of the Polish UB, 1944-1963

CSIS--Canadian Secret Intelligence Service

Week 1 Tuesday, 7 May. Introduction. DISCUSSION: What is espionage? Intelligence as a force multiplier READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 1 Related (not required) Materials Aleksandr Orlov, Handbook of Intelligence and Guerilla Warfare (Ann Arbor: Unive rsity of Michigan Press, 1963). Wednesday, 8 May. Espionage among the Ancients PPT READ For Discussion: Sun Tsu, The Art of War, Chapter 13: "The Use of Spies"

SYNOPSIS: Introduction. Discussion of Sun Tzu's The Art of War, Chapter 13: The Use of Spies. Comparative study of spies in ancient China, the Near East, Greece. Traces the use of spies in ancient Rome: case studies on Julius Caesar; c

ounter-intelligence and the defense against Hannibal; intelligence and the conqu ering of southern Britain; intelligence failures in the German lands. Reflection s on a thousand years of spying as primarily military intelligence. The Vatican's use of spies. READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Related Title Michael Warner, "The Divine Skein: Sun Tzu on Intelligence," Intelligence & Nati onal Security Volume 21, Number 4 (August 2006): 483-492. Alex Roland, "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzant ium, 678-1204," Technology and Culture Volume 33 Number 4 (October 1992). Thursday, 9 May. The Age of Exploration, Part One. Espionage in the Time of the Religious Wars P art Two. The British Gunpowder Conspiracy, 1605 PPT plottersREAD: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 SYNOPSIS: Marks the significance of the discovery of America against the backdro p of the early modern European religious wars. The establishment of the first mo dern spymaster (Sir Francis Walsingham) in England in the 16th Century; Catholic conspiracies in Elizabethan England; the life and death and intrigues of Mary, Queen of Scots. We close this lecture on espionage during the religious wars with a close study of the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605 of Catholic conspirators to dest roy the British House of Parliament and with it the Protestant government of Eng land.

Week 2

The Age of Revolutions

Tuesday, 14 May. Native American Intelligence & the European Settlers in New Eng land; Pirates as Non-State Agents PPT SYNOPSIS: Traditional histories of the European settlements in the New World hav e failed to identify the role of Native American spies who tried to utilize part nerships with European settlers to the detriment of other rival tribes. This seg ment focuses on the negotiations between Massasoit and John Carver at Plymouth C olony in 1621. And the sad fact that despite Massasoit's clever leveraging of Euro pean support, epidemic diseases would wipe out more than 90 percent of the indig enous population during the next decades, in this way destroying any gains that the wily Native American tribes had won through espionage. Marks the significance of the discovery of America against the backdrop of the e arly modern European religious wars. When the Spanish exploitation of the wealth of the Americas threatened to shift the power balance to Catholic Europe, the P rotestants of northern Europe (England, the Netherlands, Germany) relied on pira tes as the first maritime spies to interdict the flow of gold from the New World for the British crown. General observations about European espionage at the end of the early mod ern era.

READ: Charles C. Mann, "Native Intelligence," Smithsonian (December 2005): 94-10 8. [Agent problems]

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 7 Wednesday, 15 May. The American Revolution PPT SYNOPSIS: Part One, Domestic Operations: Focuses on George Washington's use of spi es; and the relative weakness of British espionage in the New World. Part Two, Foreign Operations: Focuses on the Silas Deane controversy, and the intrigues of American and British spies to win French support for the Ameri can Revolution against the British crown.

FILM: Benedict Arnold-A Question of Honor (2003) [100 minutes]

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 READ: Sean Halverson, "Dangerous Patriots: Washingtons Hidden Army during the A merican Revolution," Intelligence and National Security Volume 25, Number 2 (Apr il 2010): 123-146.

Links Spy Letters from the American Revolution George Washington Papers, 17411799 Collection of approximately 65,000 documents written by or to George Washington includes materials on his use of spies. Thursday, 16 May. Spies and the French Revolution; Spies in the Age of Napoleon PPT Quiz One. SYNOPSIS: Focuses on the curious intelligence operation; surveys s to destabilize France; and the ution from spreading abroad once rumors that the French Revolution was a British the actual British support for covert operation mad rush in England to contain the French Revol Louis XVI had been overthrown.

Codebreaking and the British defeat of Napoleon's forces at Waterloo; Ameri ca's first overseas spy operation: Thomas Jefferson's covert war against the Barbary pirates.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 10 and Chapter 11

Related Title Alfred Cobban, "British Secret Service in France, 1784-1792," The English Histor ical Review, Vol. 69, No. 271. (Apr., 1954), pp. 226-261. Week 3 The Great Game

Tuesday, 21 May. American Civil War PPT SYNOPSIS: Part One, Foreign Operations. Surveys the covert operations in Europe by the North to block British or French aid to the southern Confederacy.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 12 Wednesday, 22 May. The American Civil War PPT SYNOPISIS: Part Two, Domestic Operations: Focuses on Northern versus Southern es pionage strategies in the American Civil War. Surveys the curious reliance on wo men and African-American spies as assets for the North. Explores the culture of spying. Early signals intelligence and the telegraph.

FILM: The Lincoln Assassination (A & E DVD Archives, 2004) [100 minutes]

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 13

Related Titles David Hepburn Milton, Lincolns Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpoo l Network (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 2003). Harriet Chappell Owsley, "Henry Shelton Sanford and Federal Surveillance Abroad, 1861-1865," The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 2. (Sep., 19 61), pp. 211-228. Thursday, 23 May. The Great Game: The Russian-British Confrontation in Central A sia; The Age of Colonial Empires PPT SYNOPSIS: Explores the covert war between Russia and England during the rapid ad vance of Russian influence in Central Asia; the Russian threat to India; spies i

n the Crimean War. Explores the escalation of covert operations around the world correspondi ng to the aggressive grab for overseas colonies by European states.

FILM: Queimada [Burn!] (1969), Directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, 112 minutes.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 14 Week 4 World War I

http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_rus_05.jpg

Early Soviet Poster (1918) "The Enemy is at the gates! He will bring slavery, famine and death! Annihilate the black scoundrels! Everyone to [our] defense!" Tuesday, 28 May. The Information Revolution: Intelligence & the Rise of Modern E uropean Nation-States World War I: Foreign Intelligence& Espionage PPT SYNOPSIS: Surveys the foreign covert operations of the Germans in England, Franc e, Russia and the United States; Colonel Redl as a Russian double-agent; British operations in Germany; Mata Hari. World War I: Counter-Intelligence PPT SYNOPSIS: Explores German, British and American responses to foreign covert oper ations.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 15 Chapter 16 and Chapter 17

Related Materials Documents from the British National Archives about Spying in World War I Profiles of German Spies in the UK in World War I

Wednesday, 29 May. Spies & the Russian Revolution, 1918 PPT SYNOPSIS: The Lockhart Plot; Sidney Reilly, Ace of Spies; the abortive Allied la nding at Arkhangel; the Communist use of foreign plots to justify the `Red Terror.'

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 18

Thursday, 30 May. The Interwar Period PPT Quiz Two. SYNOPSIS: Stalin's War against Fifth Columnists in the Far East; the western borderl ands; the Caucasus; German and Japanese intrigues; Operation Pike; the Cambridge Five.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 19

Week 5 World War II Spies-German-reprisal.jpg German reprisal against Soviet spies on the eastern front. The placard reads: The y were activists of the Bolshevik [communist] sabotage and spy organization. [Private Collection] Tuesday, 4 June. World War II: Part One PPT SYNOPSIS: Nazi-Soviet Pact; Operation Pike; the Maginot Line; Operation Barbaros sa, the Soviet failure to heed the reports of 84 separate espionage networks reg arding the German invasion in June 1941; The Soviet Red Orchestra; the German Black Orchestra; German Agent Max; Operation Zeppelin; Operation Pickaxe; etc.

READ: L. Dvoinikh and N. Tarkhova, What Military Intelligence Reported Historians Have a Chance to Analyze: Soviet Intelligence Dispatches on the Eve of War, in B ruce W. Menning, ed. At the Threshold of War: The Soviet High Command in 1941 in Russian Studies in History: A Journal of Translations Volume 36, Number 3 (Wint er 1997-98), pp. 77-93.

READ: Peter Kahn, The Intelligence Failure of Pearl Harbor, Foreign Affairs Volume 70, Number 5 (Winter, 1991): 138-152.

READ: Ken Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II (Oxford: Osprey, 2009), pp. 55-58, 76-86.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 20 Wednesday, 5 June. World War II: Part Two PPT SYNOPSIS: The XX Committee of J.C. Masterman; Bletchley Park and the breaking of the German Enigma code; MAGIC: America's program to read Japanese military cipher s; Operation Stella Polaris.

READ: Stephen Budiansky, "Prologue: Midway," in Battle of Wits: The Complete Sto ry of Codebreaking in World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), pp. 1-2 4.

READ: Ken Kotani, Japanese Intelligence in World War II (Oxford: Osprey, 2009), pp. 86-90.

NOT REQUIRED READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espio nage, Chapter 21 Thursday, 6 June. World War II: Part Three PPT

SYNOPSIS: The XX Committee; Operation Overlord; Operation Bodyguard; the Decisio n to Drop the Atomic Bomb VIEW: The Invasion of Normandy, Scene 2 of Saving Private Ryan READ: P. R. J. Winter, British Intelligence and the July Bomb Plot of 1944: A Rea ppraisal, War in History Volume 13, Number 4 (2006): 468-494. (Cohen) SEE FILM: Valkyrie (2008) A very accurate portrayal of the July 20, 1944, plot to assassinate Adolph Hitle r and its aftermath READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 22, Chapter 23

OPTIONAL: J. C. Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939-1945. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1972.

Week 6

Cold War

bdit http://mosnews.com/files/11140/sovb.jpg Soviet Cold War Posters: "Be Vigilant!" Tuesday, 11 June. The Dawn of the Cold War: Operation Rollback: From World War t o Cold War PPT SYNOPSIS: Traces the reorientation of U.S. and British espionage from German to Soviet targets from 1943-1948. Covert U.S. and British operations to use all meas ures short of war to destabilize the Soviet Union; Soviet counter-intelligence op erations that effectively blocked Western operations; GLADIO

Kathryn S. Olmsted, "Blond Queens, Red Spiders, and Neurotic Old Maids: Gender a nd Espionage in the Early Cold War," Intelligence and National Security Volume 1 9, Number 1 (Spring 2004): 78-94.

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 24 Wednesday, 12 June. Atomic Spies; VENONA & the McCarthy Era PPT SYNOPSIS: Examines the controversy over the Soviet operations to steal American nuclear secrets in the Manhattan Project; Klaus Fuchs; the roles of espionage in the Soviet atomic bomb program versus the hydrogen bomb program; the Rosenbergs ; Examines the American effort to decrypt Soviet espionage ciphered communicatio ns at Arlington Hall in the Venona Project; the Gouzenko defection; the Volkov d efection; Elizabeth Bentley; the flight of Burgess and Maclean of the Cambridge Five from Washington to Moscow.

Handout: Venona Materials

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Thursday, 13 June. Espionage & the Cuban Missile Crisis PPT SYNOPSIS: Focusing on the two key espionage agents of the era, Feklisov and Penk ovsky, this lecture unravels the mysteries surrounding the escalation of SovietAmerican relations to the very brink of nuclear war during twelve days in Octobe r, 1962. The author also draws on recent new discoveries to show how deliberate Soviet disinformation brought the world closer to nuclear war than any other tim e in history: while President Kennedy believed (on the basis of C.I.A. assessmen ts) that the Soviets silos were not yet ready, in fact the Soviets already had a rmed and in place more than 100 SS2 medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba at the time of the crisis.

Documentary Film: ABC News Nightline (10/24/1996): Inside the Oval Office The JF K Tapes: Inside the Cuban Missile Crisis (327 megshigh speed only)

READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 27

The Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 NOTES PPT

Please see the documentary film, The Yom Kippur War Week 7 Late Cold War, Post Cold-War

Tuesday, 18 June. The Nosenko Controversy and the End of American Counter-Intell igence PPT SYNOPSIS: Soviet defectors as Cold War celebrities of the 1950s and 1960s; the J FK assassination; Anatolii Golitsyn; Yuri Nosenko; the Nosenko scandal and the f all of James Angleton in the C.I.A.; the C.I.A.'s transition from HUMINT (Human In telligence) to SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) and its long-term consequences

READ: The Great Molehunt," in Jeffrey T. Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intellig ence in the Twentieth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 286 -292. SEE FILM: Nosenko, KGB (1986) READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 28

Optional

Listen to an interview with Tenant Bagley regarding Nosenko as a False defector (3 0 minutes)

Listen to podcast of FBI (David Major), KGB (Oleg Kalunin), and CIA (Jack Platt) attacks against the false defector thesis (17 minutes)

Listen to Nosenko's 1998 talk to the CIA (more than an hour)

More about Nosenko [from his CIA/FBI/KGB supporters] Wednesday, 19 June. Spying and Guerilla Wars of the Late-Twentieth Century; Corp orate Espionage PPT SYNOPSIS: Explores the emergence of asymmetrical warfare as a weapon of covert o perations in the modern era. Focuses on the U.S. war in Indochina; the French wa r in Algeria; and modern terrorists as non-state covert operatives; the role of assassination; technological espionage

NOT REQUIRED READ: Roger Trinquier, Modern Warfare: A French view of counterinsu rgency (London & Dunmow: Pall Mall Press, 1964). Translated from the 1961 French edition. SEE FILM: Charlie Wilson's War (2007), directed by Mike Nichols (102 minutes) The true story of playboy congressman Wilsons efforts to fund Afghanistans def ense against the Soviet invasion of the 1980s. READ: Burds, The Second Oldest Profession: A World History of Espionage, Chapter 29, Chapter 30

Related Materials Martin Thomas, "Insurgent Intelligence: Information Gathering and Anti-Colonial Rebellion," Intelligence & National Security, Volume 22, Number 1 (February 2007): 155-163. John A. Nagl, Learning to East Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). U.S. Department of Defense (General David A. Petraeus), U.S. Army Counterinsurge ncy Handbook (December 2006). John A. Gentry, "Intelligence Learning and Adaptation: Lessons from Counterinsur gency Wars," Intelligence and National Security Volume 25, Number 1 (February 20 10): 50-75. Thursday, 20 June. The Main Enemy: Soviet-American Espionage in the Late-Cold Wa r Era PPT Quiz Three.

SYNOPSIS: Examines espionage at the end of the Cold War era; the irony that even as they lost the Cold War, the Soviets successfully penetrated U.S. national se curity with the Walkers; Aldrich Ames, and Robert Hanssen; spying in the post-Co ld War era.

NOT REQUIRED READ: "Historians of Secret Service and their Enemies," The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (New York: The Overlook press, Richard J. Aldrich, " 2002): 1-16, 637-645.

NOT REQUIRED FILM: Breach (2007) [110 minutes] Film reconstruction of the arrest of Robert Hanssen. FBI agent Robert Hanssen sp ent over 20 years selling government secrets to the Russians, making him the mos t egregious traitor in U.S. history. He was an Opus Dei Catholic and a devout ch urchgoer who was also a sexual deviant, a straitlaced company man so trusted by his employers that they once appointed him to lead an investigation designed to reveal who the spy was--when in fact it was Hanssen himself.

Related Materials "Operation Unthinkable: Russia: Threat to Western Civilization," British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff [Draft and Final Reports: 22 May, 8 June, and 11 J uly 1945], Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 "Use of Special Intelligence by Official Historians," Report by the Joint Intel ligence Sub-Committee [JIC (45) 223 (0) Final] 20 July 1946, Public Record Offic e, CAB 103/288/109123. Semester papers and any extra credit work due: Wednesday, 26 June by noon via TU RNITIN and email attached file. NO PAPER COPY IS REQUIRED. There is no final examination in this course.