Mobile Computing Unit2 P2

(1KMEF5-Mobile Computing)
Mob. Comm. Systems
Unit-3
Mobile communication systems: Cellular system infrastructure, Registration, Handoff parameter and underlying support Roaming support, Multicasting, Security and privacy, Firewall and system security. E iting wireless system: !M"S, #S$%&, 'SM, #M($ )***.
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Unit-III
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. .
Registration Handoff Parameters and Underlying Support Roaming Support Multicasting Security and Privacy !ire"alls and System Security
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[Mobile Computing]
Cellular Systems
Cellular system infrastructure. (MSC) mobile switching center ( S!") #$blic switched tele#hone networ% (&SC) &S controller 25/09/2013
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Unit-III
Cellular System Infrastructure
#ac$ %S &%ase Station' consists of

(Major Components)
1' 2'
BTS &%ase (ransceiver System' and BSC &%ase Station )ontroller' AUC &*ut$entication )enter' EIR &e+uipment ,dentity register' HLR &Home -ocation register' VLR &.isitor -ocation Register'
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Unit-III
Bl ck !ia"ram f the Cellular System Infrastructure
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Unit-III

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VLR contains information a/out all visiting MSs in t$at particular area of MS) VLR $as pointers to t$e H-R0s of visiting MS VLR $elps in /illing and access permission to t$e visiting MS AUC provides aut$entication and encryption parameters EIR contains identity of e+uipments t$at prevents service to unaut$ori1ed MSs
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Unit-III

6)
VLR 2 HLR provides support to mo/ility 2 ena/le use of same Mo/.3 over a "ide range HLR is located at MSC "$ere MS is initially registered for /illing 2 *ccess ,nformation VLR contains information of all MSs visiting t$at perticular MS) and points to t$e H-R of t$e visiting MSs for e4c$anging related information 5MS
7)
8)
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Unit-III
#e"istrati n
#ac$ MS &Mo/ile Station' must /e registered at one of t$e MS)s &Mo/. Station )ontroller' ($is is done /y e4c$anging beacon si na!s.
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Unit-III
Beac n Si"nal
Beaconin "
%ase Station periodically /roadcasts 6%eacon signals7 to determine and test near/y MSs &Mo/ile Stations'
Eac+ MS listens for ,eacon Signals and if it +ears from new ,S, it adds it to t+e active -Beac n $ernel %a&le.
* p$one outside t$e su/scription area
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Unit-III
'pplicati ns f Beac n Si"nals
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Unit-III
Registration
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8ireless system needs to 9no" "$et$er MS is currently located in its $ome area or some ot$er area &routing of incoming calls' ($is is done /y periodically e4c$anging signals /et"een %S and MS 9no"n as %eacons %S #e$io%ica!!& /roadcasts /eacon signal &1 signal per second' to determine and test t$e MSs around #ac$ MS listens to t$e /eacon: if it $as not $eard it previously t$en it adds it to t$e ac'i(e beacon )e$ne! 'ab!e ($is information is used /y t$e MS to locate t$e nearest %S ,nformation carried /y /eacon signal; cellular net"or9 identifier: timestamp: gate"ay address ,< of t$e paging area: etc.
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Unit-III
Steps for the Registration

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MS listens to a ne" /eacon: if it0s a ne" one: MS adds it to t$e active /eacon 9ernel ta/le ,f MS decides t$at it $as to communicate t$roug$ a ne" %S: 9ernel modulation initiates $andoff process. MS locates t$e nearest %S via user level processing ($e visiting %S performs user level processing and decides; (Who
the user is?, What are its access permissions?, Keeping track of billing)
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Home site sends appropriate aut$entication response to t$e current serving %S ($e %S approves=disapproves t$e user access
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Unit-III
HANDOFF ,s a Change of radio resources from one cell to an ad>acent one. * free c$annel must /e availa/le in a ne" cell "$enever $andoff occurs for *n%is$*#'e% service.
Handoff depends on cell si/e, boundary lengt+, signal strengt+, fading, reflection, etc.
Handoff can be initiated by MS or BS and could be due to 1. Radio lin !. Net"or #anage#ent $. Ser%ice issues
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Unit-III
HANDOFF &ara#eters Radio lin0$type +andoff is due to mobility of t+e MS and depends on t+e relative values of t+e radio lin0 parameters ,t depends on; 1. ?um/er of MSs in t$e cell 2. ?um/er of MSs t$at $ave left t$e cell 3. ?um/er of calls generated in t$e cell 4. ?um/er of calls transferred from t$e neig$/oring cells 5. ?um/er and duration of calls terminated in t$e cell . ?um/er of calls t$at "ere $andoff to neig$/oring cells @. )ell d"ell time
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Unit-III
HANDOFF &ara#eters
?et"or9 management may cause $andoff A if t$ere is drastic im/alance of traffic in ad>acent cells and optimal /alance of resources is re+uired
Service related +andoff is due to t+e degradation of 1oS 23uality of service4 and Handoff could be invo0ed w+en suc+ situation is detected. Factors t+at define Handoff: 5
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Unit-III
HANDOFF &ara#eters Factors t+at decide the time of t+e Handoff: 5

&. ). 6. %. 7.
Signal strengt+ Signal p+ase Combination of above two ,it error rate 2,ER4 8istance
?eed for Handoff is determined /y; 1' Signal strengt$ 2' ),R &carrier to interference ratio'
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Unit-III
'ypes of Handoff
1. 2.
Hard $andoff &Break before make' Soft Handoff &Make before break'
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Unit-III
'ypes of Handoff
Ha$% +an%o,, &Break before make'

1.
2.
Releasing current resources from t$e prior %S /efore ac+uiring resources from t$e ne4t %S !<M* 2(<M* follo" t$is type of $andoff
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Unit-III
So,' +an%o,, &Make before break'

1.
2.
,n )<M*: since t$e same c$annel is used in all cells: &,f code is not ort$ogonal to ot$er codes /eing used in t$e ne4t cell: t$e code code could /e c$anged' ($erefore: it is possi/le for t$e MS to communicate simultaneously "it$ t$e prior %S as "ell as t$e ne" %S: >ust for some duration of t$e time &t$erefore it0s called as ma9e /4 /rea9
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Unit-III
Roa#ing Support
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(o move from a cell controlled by one MSC area to a cell connected to anot+er MSC ,eacon signals and t+e use of H9R$:9R allow t+e MS to roam anyw+ere provided t+e same service provider using t+at particular fre3uency band, is t+ere in t+at region
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Unit-III
Roa#ing Support ?um/er of cells are controlled /y a MS): and depending on t$e destination: t$e signals go t$roug$ t$e infrastructure /et"een t$e MSs and e4isting $ome or commercial telecommunication systems. MS)s are connected to t$e /ac9/one net"or9 via different gate"ays. &Ref !igure' the #eal pr &lem: is routing of t+e pac0ets to appropriate end points of t+e bac0bone networ0.
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Unit-III
Roa#ing Support
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Unit-III
Roa#ing Support
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!ssume MSC& to be t+e +ome of t+e MS for registration, billing, aut+entication, etc. ;+en +andoff is from position -a. to -b., t+e routing can be done by MSC& itself ;+en +andoff is from position -b. to -c. , t+en bi$directional pointers are set up to lin0 t+e H9R of MSC& to :9R of MSC) ;+en +andoff occurs at -d. or -e., routing of information using H9R$:9R may not be ade3uate 2-d. is in a different paging area4 Concept of ,ac0bone networ0 25/09/2013
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Unit-III
Information Transmission Path when MS Hands Off from b to c
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Unit-III
Illustration of MSC Connections to Bac bone !etwor " #outin$%#eroutin$
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Unit-III
Bac bone Net"or

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Routing done according to t$e topology and connectivity of t$e /ac9/one net"or9 ($e dotted lines s$o" t$e possi/le pat$s for a call $eaded for different MS locations Bne option is to find a router along t$e original pat$: from "$ere a ne" pat$ needs to start to reac$ t$e MS) along t$e s$ortest pat$
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Unit-III
Home &$ents 'H&() *orei$n &$ents '*&( and Mobile IP

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(wo important software modules are associated wit+ routers, h me a"ent 2H!4 and f rei"n a"ent 2F!4 MS is registered wit+ a router, mostly a router closest to t+e +ome MSC can be used to maintain its H! ! router ot+er t+an closest one could also serve as an H! <nce a MS moves from t+e +ome networ0, a software module in t+e new networ0 F! assists MS by forwarding pac0ets for t+e MS (+is functionality is somew+at similar to H9R$:9R
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Unit-III
Home MSC and Home &$ent 'H&( for the Pre+ious !etwor
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Unit-III
Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*&
($ere are 13 s'e#s to esta/lis$ a call using H*A!*
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Unit-III

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;+enever a MS moves to a new networ0, it still retains its initial H! (+e MS detects t+e F! of t+e new networ0, by sensing t+e periodic beacon signals w+ic+ F! transmits MS can also itself send a"ent s licitati n messa"es to w+ic+ F! responds ;+en F! detects a new MS, it allocates a C ' 2care of address4 to t+e MS, using dynamic +ost configuration protocol 28HC"4 <nce MS receives Co!, it registers its Co! wit+ its H! and t+e time limit binding for its validity Suc+ registration is initiated eit+er directly by MS to t+e H! of t+e +ome router or indirectly t+roug+ F!
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Unit-III
Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*& 'Conti..(

>4 ?4
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&*4
&&4 &)4
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H! confirms its binding t+roug+ a reply to t+e MS ! message sent from an arbitrary source to t+e MS at t+e +ome address is received by t+e H! ,inding is c+ec0ed, t+e Co! of t+e MS is encapsulated in t+e pac0et and forwarded to t+e networ0 #f Co! of t+e F! is used, t+en pac0et reac+es F!, it decapsulates pac0et and passes to MS at t+e lin0 layer #n an internet environment, it is called ( &ile I) !fter binding time, if MS still wants to +ave pac0ets forwarded t+roug+ H!, it needs to renew its registration ;+en MS returns to its +ome networ0, it intimates its H!
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Unit-III
Registration "rocess ,etween F!, MS, and H! ;+en t+e MS Moves to a "aging area
clic9 345 end

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Unit-III
)refi* r +/,-iSuffi* r . st-i- part
Recap
*ssignment of ,P *ddressC I !ddress is designed to "ork "ith #tationar$ %osts& %ecause part of t$e ,P address defines net"or9 to "$ic$ t$e Host is attac$ed Real ,ssue of ,P *ddress D. 1' Stationary Host 2' Mo/ile Host
to 0 r o w to net s e d n e o ne m o e r r f u t ves s struc o m s st e o r d H d A n ! d e e + i " f # i ; od +e ( m , r e b +e anot
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192,1(),25',1 192,1(),25',2 ,,,,,,,,, Recap
192,1(),25',25' /&! 0.1 n/w n$mber 123.145.367.. n/w mas% 255,255,255,0 &roadcast 123.145.367.366 - o. machines 25'
192,1(),25',11
e.
10,25',25',5 e1
10,0,0,1 10,0,0,2 ,,,,,,,,,
10,0,0,15
10,0,0,5 e.
/'+ 003 n/2 num&er 10.134.134.4 n/2 mask 133.133.133.131 Br a-cast 10.134.134.4 0 f machines 1
10,25',25',(
e1
/'+ 001 nBw number 10.0.0.11 nBw mas0 )77.)77.)77.)6% ,roadcast &*.*.*.6) C of mac+ines )*
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3'
to 0 r o etw ds to Recap n e on ee n m o e r r f s c tu e u v r t o s st m ddress o H A n ;+e (+e #" ! modified er, be + t o n a
!our Solutions; 1. -et t$e MH c$ange its address: as it goes to ne" net"or9 &<H)P is used to o/tain ne" address' 2. (o assign Static *ddress: it must /e $eboo'e% 3. <?S ta/le must /e revised: so t$at every $ost on t$e internet is a"are of t$is c$ange 4. ,f MH moves from one net"or9 to anot$er: A <uring t$is transfer: t$e data e4c$ange is in'e$$*#'e% E Because Client &
Server process must use same IP Address and Port Number during the session
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Unit-III
Recap
Mobile Internet roto!ol (Mobile I )" Here Mobile Host has two IP addresses, One is called #ome $%%ress & Another is called C&re '( $%%ress (COA) Here Mobile Address is always perm&nent, And C'$ changes as Mobile host moves from one networ to another networ !
(o ma9e t$e 6c$ange of address7 transparent to rest of t$e internet: "e re+uire *gents. )alled as Ho-e A en' &H*' and .o$ei n A en' &!*'
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Unit-III
Recap #$ (Home Agent), F$ ("oreign Agent) & Mobile I Conce#t$
10.1.3.1 10.1.3.1
Inte rne t
10.1.3.11 ( &ile . st
+/2-I!: 10.1.3.0
. me +et2 rk
+/2-I!: 14.0.0.0
osition of
14.13.15.6
Ho-e A en' .o$ei n A en'

. me '--ress: 10.1.3.11 C7' 8Care 7f '--ress9: 14.13.15.6 : rei"n +et2 rk
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Unit-III
Recap
Point to note; ?ormally !* 2 H* are processes of *pplication -ayer #ome $gent (#$)" Is a %o&ter attached to the Home 'etwor of the Mobile Host! HA acts on behalf of M# when remote host sends #ac ets to the MH! (he HA receives #ac ets from MH & send it to F$ : rei"n '"ent 8:'9: #s a Router attac+ed to t+e Foreign Detwor0. :' receives E delivers pac0ets sent by .'
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Unit-III
Recap
More #ophistication can be done ''&
MH itself can act as .A in other "ords( MH an% .A can be sa-e/ 2 ma>or t$ings are re+uired for t$at D. 1. MH must /e a/le to receive )B* &)are of *ddress' /y itself: "$ic$ is done t$roug$ <H)P. F 2. MH needs necessary soft"are to allo" it to communicate to HA 2 to $ave t"o addresses 2 3. ($is must /e transparent to t$e application programs.
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Unit-III
Recap
C -l cate- Care f '--ress: 8$en MH acts as !*: ($e )B* is called as )A)B*
*dvantage <isadvantage )A)B* is t$at: MH can move to any ot$er net"or9 "it$out "orrying a/out availa/ility of .A
MH needs e4tra soft"are 2 functionality to acts its o"n .A
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Unit-III
Recap
)ommunication of Remote Host&RH' 2 Mo/ile Host&MH'; (o communicate "it$ RH: MH goes t$roug$ 3 p$ases 1' *gent discovery 2' Registration 3' <ata (ransfer
( &ile I): 8oes not use any new pac0et format type for !gent advertisement, it uses t+e router advertisement pac0et of #CM", and appends an agent advertisement message.
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Unit-III
Recap <ate (ransfer is done !rom RH to H* !rom H* to !* !rom !* to MH !rom MH to RH
)r&nsp&ren!y Issues" )! %H is &naware of any movement or mobility of the MH *! %H send data # ts &sing home address of MH as a destination address +! %H receives # ts that have home address of MH as a so&rce address ,! (he above movement is totally trans#arent! (he rest of the internet is not aware of the mobility of the moving host
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'2
Unit-III
Recap
?o" /ac9 to DDDD. s!i%e031

/earn abou t this
Mo/ile ?et"or9 -ayer Mo/ile (ransport -ayer
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Unit-III
Mobile I
Bnce MS moves from $ome net"or9 to a foreign net"or9: a soft"are agent in t$at ne" net"or9 i.e. !* assists MS /y for"arding pac9ets for t$e MS.
(+e functionality of .'-:' is somew+at analogous to t+e ./#-;/# pair, e cept t+at it supports mobility in a muc+ broader sense and even in un0nown territory as long as t+ere is agreement E understanding about roaming c+arges between different service providers.
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''
Unit-III
Messa$e *orwardin$ usin$ H&-*& Pair
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Unit-III
#outin$ in Bac bone #outers
Ho2 .A ,in%s HA o, '+e MS3

1.
Bne approac$ is to $ave a glo/al ta/le at eac$ router of eac$ MS) so t$at t$e route from !* to H* for t$at MS can /e determined <isadvantages; ,nformation too large: one net"or9 mig$t not li9e to give out information a/out all its routers to any e4ternal net"or9 &only gate"ays information is provided' Use of 4is'$ib*'e% Ro*'in Sc+e-e
2.
3.
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Unit-III
Illustr&tion o( &ging $re&s ( $s) &n% *&!+bone ,outer Inter!onne!t
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Unit-III
Illustr&tion o( &ging $re&s ( $s) &n% *&!+bone ,outer Inter!onne!t
<istri/uted Routing (a/le and -ocation P*s
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Unit-III
-.&t is tunneling/
($e process of creating indirect lin9s and $aving virtual /idirectional pat$s /et"een H* and !* is 9no"n as tunneling and is very useful in supporting indirection in suc$ a mo/ile environment.
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$) o e2 Ho ob!e5$
8e $ave follo"ing information mo/ile $ost $ome address ; 13G.45. .@=1 mo/ile $ost careAofAaddress ; 14.5 .H.I=H remote $ost address ; 2GG.4.@.14=24 $ome agent address ; 13G.45.1G.2G=1 foreign agent address ; 14. @.34. =H S$o" contents of t$e ,P datagram $eader sent from t$e remote $ost to t$e $ome agent.
refer I)-in-I) encapsulati n < IC() re"istrati n re=uest f rmat i.e. re"istrati n reply < resp nse f rmat
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Unit-III
Multi!&sting
/ddress ($e internet aut$orities $ave designated some multicast addresses to specific groups. 22',0,0,0 22',0,0,1 22',0,0,2 22',0,0,' 22',0,0,5 22',0,0,( 22',0,0,+ 22',0,0,) 22',0,0,9 22',0,0,10 22',0,0,11 25/09/2013
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0ro$# 1eser2ed /ll systems in this S3&"4! /ll ro$ters in this S3&"4! 56M1 1o$ters 7S * 1o$ters 8 S! ro$ters S! hosts 19 2 1o$ters 901 1o$ters Mobile /gents 51
($e categories are; "$ic$ starts "it$ 2246161 prefi4
I $%%ress Cl&ssi(i!&tion
Prefi8 or !%9-id Suffi8 or Host-id :art
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Unit-III
Multi!&sting
1'
Process of transmitting messages from a source to multiple recipients /y using a $o*# a%%$ess for all $osts t$at "is$ to /e t$e mem/ers of t$e group Reduces num/er of messages to /e transmitted as compared to multiple *nicas'in Useful in video=audio conferencing: multi party games
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Unit-III
Multi!&sting (!onti0)
a4
Multicasting can be performed eit+er by building a s urce &ase- tree or c re &ase- tree #n source based tree , for eac+ source of t+e group a s+ortest pat+ is maintained, encompassing all t+e members of t+e group, wit+ t+e source being t+e root of t+e tree #n core based tree, a particular router is c+osen as a core and a tree is maintained wit+ t+e core being t+e root
b4
c4
$$ -very so&rce forwards the #ac et to a core ro&ter, which then

forwards it on the tree to reach all members of the m&lticast gro&#
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Unit-III
1)
Bi7%i$ec'iona! T*nne!in &%(' and Re-o'e S*bsc$i#'ion a##$oac+es $ave /een proposed /y ,#(! for providing multicast over Mo/ile ,P ,n %( approac$: "$enever a MS moves to a foreign net"or9: H* is responsi/le for for"arding t$e multicast pac9ets to t$e MS via !* ,n Remote Su/scription protocol: "$enever a MS moves to a foreign net"or9: t$e !* &if not already a mem/er of multicast group' sends a tree >oin re+uest
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Unit-III
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Remote Su/scription /ased approac$ is simple and prevents pac9et duplication and non optimal pat$ delivery ,t can cause data interruption till t$e !* is connected to t$e tree ,t results in a num/er of tree >oin and tree leave re+uests "$en MS are in continuous motion ,n contrast: in t$e %( approac$: t$e H* creates a /iAdirectional tunnel to !* and encapsulates t$e pac9ets for MS !* t$en for"ards t$e pac9ets to t$e MS
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Unit-III
I'
%( approac$ prevents data disruption due to t$e movement of MS %ut causes pac9et duplication if several MSs of t$e same H*: t$at $ave su/scri/ed to t$e same multicast group move to same !* *lso causes T*nne! Con(e$ ence 5$ob!e-: "$ere one !* may $ave several MSs su/scri/ed to t$e same group: /elonging to different H*s and eac$ H* may for"ard a pac9et for its MSs to t$e same !*
1G'
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Unit-III
$) o e2 Ho ob!e5$
81) 9+a' is '+e :T*nne! Con(e$ ence 5$ob!e-;3 E<#!ain 2i'+ i!!*s'$a'i(e e<a-#!e6 '3( How Pac et ;u:lication occurs in the BT Tunnel &::roach
)lue; Mom &i.e. Mobi!e M*!'icas' 5$o'oco!' tries to solve t$is issue /y forcing t$e H* to for"ard only one multicast pac9et for a particular group of !* DD.
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Unit-III
Security and Pri+acy

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(ransfer t+roug+ an open air medium ma0es messages vulnerable to various attac0s <ne suc+ problem is ->ammin". by a very powerful transmitting antenna Can be overcome by using fre3uency +opping. Many encryption tec+ni3ues used so t+at unaut+ori/ed users cannot interpret t+e signals
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(1KMEF5-Mobile Computing)

Mob. Comm. Systems

Cellular System Infrastructure

#ac$ %S &%ase Station' consists of

3' 4' 5' '

Bl ck !ia"ram f the Cellular System Infrastructure

1(/0)/2013 *riday 25/09/2013

Cellular System Infrastructure

Cellular System Infrastructure

* p$one outside t$e su/scription area

'pplicati ns f Beac n Si"nals

Steps for the Registration

HANDOFF &ara#eters Factors t+at decide the time of t+e Handoff: 5

Ha$% +an%o,, &Break before make'

So,' +an%o,, &Make before break'

Information Transmission Path when MS Hands Off from b to c

Illustration of MSC Connections to Bac bone !etwor " #outin$%#eroutin$

Bac bone Net"or

Home &$ents 'H&() *orei$n &$ents '*&( and Mobile IP

Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*&

($ere are 13 s'e#s to esta/lis$ a call using H*A!*

Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*&

Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*& 'Conti..(

Call ,stablishment usin$ H&-*&

clic9 345 end

192,1(),25',1 192,1(),25',2 ,,,,,,,,, Recap

10,0,0,1 10,0,0,2 ,,,,,,,,,

to 0 r o etw ds to Recap n e on ee n m o e r r f s c tu e u v r t o s st m ddress o H A n ;+e (+e #" ! modified er, be + t o n a

Recap #$ (Home Agent), F$ ("oreign Agent) & Mobile I Conce#t$

Ho-e A en' .o$ei n A en'

MH needs e4tra soft"are 2 functionality to acts its o"n .A

Recap <ate (ransfer is done !rom RH to H* !rom H* to !* !rom !* to MH !rom MH to RH

?o" /ac9 to DDDD. s!i%e031

Mo/ile ?et"or9 -ayer Mo/ile (ransport -ayer

Messa$e *orwardin$ usin$ H&-*& Pair

#outin$ in Bac bone #outers

Ho2 .A ,in%s HA o, '+e MS3

Illustr&tion o( &ging $re&s ( $s) &n% *&!+bone ,outer Inter!onne!t

Illustr&tion o( &ging $re&s ( $s) &n% *&!+bone ,outer Inter!onne!t

<istri/uted Routing (a/le and -ocation P*s

($e categories are; "$ic$ starts "it$ 2246161 prefi4

$$ -very so&rce forwards the #ac et to a core ro&ter, which then

Security and Pri+acy

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Home &$ents 'H&() orei$n &$ents '&( and Mobile IP

($ere are 13 s'e#s to esta/lis$ a call using HA!

Messa$e orwardin$ usin$ H&-& Pair