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The Fates
m. ansilo
(EliiBsmil
^cxt-gook cdc6.
VERGIL'S AENEID,
BOOK
II.
JOHN HENDERSON.
AND
M.A.
E.
W.
HAGARTY.
B.A.
TORONTO:
THE
COPP,
CLARK COMPANY,
Limited,
MAY
"S^'^V
1972
<\%
OF
TO?.^
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninetj'-eight, by Tub Copp, Clark Company, Limited, Toronto,
Ontario, in the Office of the Minister o* Agriculture.
hT-t!'^
PREFACE.
It
is
hoped
fulfill
first,
to
assist
and secondly,
literature.
to arouse
it is
an interest
in,
and a
While
work he
is
reading.
The
editors
in
his
work by
John Henderson.
E.
W. Hagarty.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
The Fates
Frontispiece
Maecenas
Paris
...... .......
.
opp- P-
'
Introduction Introduction
i,
opp. p.
.
xvii,
opp. p. opp. p.
Text
Text
Minerva Bellica
Laocoon
7,
opp. p.
9,
Text
Helen of Troy
Flight of Aeneas
Funeral of hector
30
LIFE OF VERGIL.
Publius Vergilius
on the fifteenth
of Birth.
October, B.C. 70, in the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes (now Pietola), a small village
near Mantua.
Transpadana)
many
of his predecessors
The parents
obscure birth.
of
Vergil,
like
those
of
Horace,
were
of His Parents
Some
Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married. Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or The childhood of possessor of an estate near Mantua. Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of
the poet with the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood of his
native
toral life
town may account for the exquisite touches of which appear in the Eclogues and the Georgics.
pas-
The English equivalent of Vergilius is often spelt Virgil. Indeed the poet is best known by the name thus spelt. However, it is better to adopt the spelling that harmonizes with what is undoubtedly the correct Latin form. The form Virgilius was
not common till the middle ages. Every Roman citizen had regularly three names denoting the individual, the gens or clan, and ihe familia. Thus in Publius Vergilius Maro, Publius is the praenomen, marking the individual; Vergilius is the nomen, denoting the gens or clan while Maro is the cognomen, or family name. Sometimes
;
2B.C.
49.
VI
LIFE OF VERGIL.
HU studies
begin B.C. 55.
we
are told,
assumed the toya virilis on the same day on which Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted, having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the
he
critic,
Quinctilius Varro.
B.C. 53.
After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Mediolamim (Milan), the poet went to Rome. In the capital,
Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of
and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhetorician, Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, vSiron, the poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but a weak voice and a diffident manner were insuperable barriers
rhetoricians
the teacher of
in the
way of
Vergil
renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch of learning is plainly observable in many of his extant writings.* In a minor poem,
generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange
of poetry
and rhetoric
for
with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetoricians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and, away with you, Stilo, Tagitius, and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat ; you, empty cymbals of the classroom. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great Siron, and we mean to redeem our life from all distrac:
"
Away
Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the truth, I have found how sweet you were and yet, I pray you, look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals."*
tion.
:
Goes to Naples.
Rome Vergil
of
724
where,
we
was
to
his
instructor.
* '
Lucretius,
;
added
the
Eclogue VI
Catalepta
Qeorg.
219
Aen.
i,
743
vi,
Georg.
ii,
475-492.
vii.
De
Remm Natura.
LIFE OF VERGIL.
teachings of his instructors, gave, no doubt, his mind a strong beat towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of Returns the war between Pompey and Caesar, B.C. 49. It is also likely
Vll
till
and that he employed his time in gaining by observation materials which he afterwards employed in his great didactic poem, the Georgics.
party
of
The formation
Roman world
to
Gauls (except Gallia Narbonensis) fell Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity
of
the
legionaries
of
the
Triumvir,
the
farms of the
...
neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con- /arm. fiscated were those of the poet's father. C. Asinius Pollio,
the prefect of Gallia
Rome
jiggains his
genial tastes
and a recognition
may
have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius, Pollio was deposed from -^ second 1 rf 1 1 office, and Alfenus Varus appointed his stead. Another tiim loseshis division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been"^""^*"' deprived of his estate the second time.^ His friends, Gallus, Pollio, and Varus, however, interposed and saved his farm. By them he was introduced to Maecenas, the patron of ^'^l^lf' literary men afterwards the prime minister of Augustus, foi-tunes of
.
Vergil
With
his friend
and patron,
of
enjoyed at court,
'
is
ix.
shewn by
Eclogues
and
LIFE OF VERGIL.
Bis
residences.
went to Brundisiiim along with Maecenas, when the latter was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony. ^ Through the muniticent kindness of his patrons he was He had a magnificent house raised to luxury and affluence. in Rome on the Esquiline, near the residences of Horace and Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples.^ The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian residence was his favourite abode.* From the date of his early Eclogues till his death, little need be said of his life except that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of
his immortal works.
Death.
Epitaph.
Brundisium three days after he landed, 22nd September, He was buried near Kaples on the road leading to 19 B.C. His epitaph, said to have been dictated Puteoli (PuzzuoU). by himself in his last moments, was as follows
:
Mantua me genuit ;
Parthenope.
It
is
destroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state. His friends however dissuaded him, and the poem was after-
wards edited and published by Varius and Tucca under the sanction of Augustus and Maecenas.
Vergil
frame,
is
homely
generally described as of taU stature, delicate features, and dark complexion, abstinent iv
Horace is said the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement. ^^ the to have had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote
lines thus
8
rendered by Conington
Horace Satirea i, 5 and 10. Geo. IV, 563. lUo Vergiliwtti me tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, stiidiis fiorentem iijnobilin oti. Some have taken the last line to refer to the Ecloguea, the Georgics, anJ tbr
Aeneid.
>i
Hor. Sat.
i,
S, 29-34.
LIFE OF VERGIL.
" The man
is
IX
In social circles of fastidious taste ; His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth style,
His shoes ill-fitting-, may provoke a smile But he's the soul of virtue ; but he's kind But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."
He was
the
so pure
of
name
Parthenias, or the
He
is
said to
have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in eradicating. He was distrustful of his own powers, which
his high ideas of literary excellence led
him
to underrate.
he had the strongest reliIn the midst of gious sentiment in the midst of vice he remained virtuous ;
an
irreligious age,
many
of his
brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the highest truths of morality and virtue.
Works.
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem^^ Early works on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Cidex, Moreturn, Ciris, Copa, and those that pass under the name Catalepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction.
1. The writings that first established the reputation of Vergil were the Eclogues,'* pastoral poems, ten in number,
Eclogues.
had already reached its in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- Theocritus perfection ^ as a pastoral c liuence may be traced in many writers from the days ot poet. The IdylP of Theocritus Vergil to those of Tennyson. exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life, the joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains,
unknown
in Italy,
though
'
napOevo';, a
maiden.
i''EclogTie VI, 3.
These were called by the generic term Bu.colica (^ovkoKiko., soil. Trot^jiara, from attend cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Greek inKoyrj, a choice collection, and may mean that the poems under that name were a collection from a large number. Spenser wrote the word ^Eglogue and followed the derivation of Petrarch,
'*
/SouKoAe'o), to
ofjoais" or "
picture.
tales of goatherds."
SeiSiiAAov,
little
X
Theocritus
WORKS OF VERGIL.
Vergil
and
compared,
and
the piny woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea -1,-^1 , o- -i it skjr of bicily. V ergil s Eclogues, on the other hand, can
life.
.1,11
His shep-
than to the
earlier
district of
Mantua.
too
artificial.
Still
the
poems
of
Their
melodious
style, ^^
art.
were admired by
Georgics.
Becw^itH of
**^*'^'''^'''*'
2. The Georgics/' in four books, was written (between B.C. 37-B.C. 30'*) at the request of Maecenas,^^ to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies While the largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.^" Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the same subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and
to a subject,
which
in
'"Sat.
'''
I,
10, 45.
Georgica yeMpyiKa, from yfa = yri, the earth and ipyov, a work.
historical events alluded to in the Georgics are
i,
:
the death of Julius wars ended by the battle of Philijipi, 42 B.C. (B. i, 490); the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony, and those on t!:e Rhine under Agrippa (B. I, 509); the battle of Actium and the submission of the East, B.C. ?0 (B. 11, 172 III, 27-32 iv, 562); the irruptions of the Daci on the Ds^iube, ^.0. 30 (B. 11. 497).
"The chief
"See
and
iv.
^"Hesiod's Works
*> Civil
non
itUiui
aratro
WORKS OF VERGIL.
XI
Addison peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which pronounces " the most complete, elaborate and finished piece Contents of
of all
tilling
antiquity,"
was written.
treats
oiG^orgics.
the
fields,
care of horses
and cattle, and the foicrth of bees. The two most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons.
Aeneid. 3. The Aeneid,^- in twelve books, written between 29 B.C.Aeneas from 19 B.C.. recounts the story of the escape of burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a
home which
the fates had promised, his final settlement in Roman Empire destined in after
No
^^^^^.^
from the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. The chaniedwHh "O'^^rism. Romans were original in no department of literature, except ^ Jurisprudence. perhaps in the departments of History and Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
of his
countrymen in other spheres of letters. The object of Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the various steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing this,
he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek literature as an important element in moulding Roman thought.
De/ecte. Vergil has been severely censured ^3 for (1) depower of invention, (2) intermixture of Greek
traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his
^^?^.'^^^
and Latin
presenting
mode
of re-
the character of
Aeneas,
(5)
the
sameness of
These are the main charges the individual characters. brought by his detractors, and granting the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim
of being one of the greatest of epic poets.
No doubt
his
than Homer's, no doubt he did intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome (for
power
of invention is less
22
The
first
we have
is
written probably
was on an expedition ag-ainst the Cantabrians. De Aenea quidemmeo, simehercule iamdignumauribushaberem tiiis, libenter mitterem : sed tanta inchoata res est, ut paene vitiu mentis tantum opus ingresBus mihi videar, cum praesertim, ut scio, alia quoque studia ad id opus multoque potiora
when the
latter
impretiar.
Macrob. Sat.
l,
24, 12.
23 Especially
by the Emperor
Caligula, Markland,
and Niebuhr.
XU
'
we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachronism, but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton, and there is no doubt that his hero Aeneas is cold-blooded
this, as
age),
and uninteresting.
Excellencies.
These
defects,
"There is in tenderness of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That
Vergil a great
counterbalanced by his
many
he excels in pathoS, as
opinion,
Homer
by a
in
sublimity,
is
an old
is
and
it is
This pathos
given
as
at times art
by a
single epithet,
;
slight touch,
is
with graceful
by an
indirect allusion
this tenderness
more striking
The poet never becomes affected or senhe hardly ever offends against good taste he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence as well as in his speech ; Vergil, as Wordsworth says, is a master of language, but no one can really be a master of language unless he be also a master of thought, of which language is the expression. To the above-named qualities may be added
majesty of the verse.
;
timental
picturesqueness in description
in grouping incidents
;
also
dramatic powcr,
Books
Vergil ejen e
.
and
iv.
:
" The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things, a national poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech, which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to Thus eclipse, so much as to do honour to, early literature. those bards who, like Ennius and Naevius, had done good service to Rome by singing, however rudely, her history, find
Thus their imaijines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. they met with the flamens and jjontiffs, who drew up the with the antiquarians and pious scholars, ritual formularies
;
meaning in the immemorial names, custom or person with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages,
to find a
of place or
had
Roman
greatness.
XIU
-'
variously stated
in writing the Aeneid is ohject of ^^w^^*^by writers. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that the poem was written with a political object to reThis view is concile the Romans to the new order of things. also held by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a that its political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendour "Augustus is evidently typitied under the of their origin. character of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel
they were and uninteresting their wisdom and policy were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious that he was acting a part, as his last words show and the contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, whenever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to
both are free from the perturbations of passion
cold, unfeeling,
; ; ;
have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid as the epithet phis, so constantly applied to him shows, was filial piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more
ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius
Caesar
METRE.
The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the Romans ; the dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient The viz.
:
dactylic
as well as the
most
It and Romans. beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans. Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of
form of verse among the Greeks was cultivated at an early period, far
dignified
verse
among the
Latins.
XIV
spondee.
The following
is
the scheme
is
long.
and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen. sing, So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short.
The following special rules may be helpful ; in fact to scanning easy they must be continually referred to.
1.
make
in the
same word
is
short.
illius, etc.
A vowel
is
liquid)
3.
mute and
is
Before a The
Both
mute and
liquid
(e.g., pi.
tr)
a vowel
common.
4.
and the
naturally short.
5.
They may
and
of course be long
by
position.
for quantity
h does not count as a consonant. For instance, as in D6lo\pum mdnus\ hie, B. n, 29, the ms is short as if before one consonant ; and in meininiss[e) horret, B. ii, 12, e is elided
letter
hie
as before a vowel.
Peculiarities of Metre.
of dactyls and sponno definite rule can be given. Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrange^pondees!^ ment is varied to avoid monotony. ^ A succession of dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g.:
1.
number
No. of
dees
a sudden feeling,
B.
ii,
120:
XV
suddeM act
extulit
B.
ii,
553
dcxtraque coruscum
ac lateri capulo teims abdldit enscm.
:
agitated feeling
B.
ii,
735:
quod trepido male numen amicum coiifusam eripuit mentem. On the other hand a succession of spondees may be employed to describe a laboured effort B. ii, 561. ut regem aeqiiaevum crudeli vulnere vidi
hie mihi nescio
:
Where
So
is
described.
also, B.
416:
quondam
turbine venti
When
2.
is
strife.
Rarely the
constitit,
called
a spondaic^^ line
e.g.,
B.
ii,
68.
:
'*"
his audience is
3. When the last syllable of a word remains over, after the ^g,.^ Caesura. completion of a foot, that syllable is called a caesural syllable, in consequence of its being separated, or cut off, as it were, from the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term caesura^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice,
which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of
the caesura.
^^^^^
The
meter are:
(a)
first syllable
^.,
Penthemimeral
'
B.
ii,
et\
_
Caelo.
first sylla-
(b)
^^^J'^^i
Caesura.
B.
II, 2.
we have 28 spondaic
lines
trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable.
2'Frora
caesura.
ireVre, five;
is
fiixi,
half;
/ae'pos,
fifth -half-foot
This
masculine caesura.
28From oaesun.
e'TTTa,
seven;
JJ^t,
ptMr\ Aen(i\ds"
sli-\
B.
II, 3.
(d)
Caesura.
foot
when
B.
ii,
99.
Invfd\g(um) dmhtgii\ds
It
quderere" \cunscius\drnd.
may be
may have
is
one,
best divided
The
last
word
in a dactylic
hexameter
most part a
a trisyllable. quadrisyllable is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Sometimes, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a
dissyllable,^^ or
line,
est,
an elision
Metrical
figures.
See B.
ii,
Metrical figures Elision occurs when a word ends in a vowel or diphthong, or with the letter -m preceded by a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter When such is the case the last syllable of the word so h. ending in a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a
5.
(a)
vowel
is elided, i.e.,
is
not regarded as a part of the verse, as B. ii, 1, Cdntlcu\er(e) 6m\nes in\tenti\qu(e) ord t<in\ehant,
B.
II,
62
In the
first
the e final
is
and
in
intenthjue before
occumhere.
-em
in
iuvenem
is
"Also
Thi.s
called the
weak or feminine
in the
caesura.
by Verpil
caesura
is
common
poems
of Theocritus.
"Leavinsf out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid 420 dissyllabic ; 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic ; 2 quadrisyllabic endings.
we have
Paris.
XVll
initial Hiatus.
The
non-elision of a
vowel or
(c)
h, or
diphthong
called
hiatus
'
B.
Ii,
16.
Posthabi\td
c6lti\tssi
Sam\6.
Hlc\
lirius\
drmd.
in Synaerwis. as
SynaeresiS is defined as the union of two vowels sound which should be properly pronounced separately:
B.
II,
339
Addunt\
B.
II,
se s6ci\os
Rlp\eus
et\
mdxhniis\ drmis.
391
_
da
[
Anna
This
(d)
is
h iin tlp\sl.
Sir.
|
fdtils
deind^
cdm dntem.
\
Synapheia
It Synapheia.
sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m preceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before an initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line
:
B.
ii,
745.
incil\sdvi
I
Qziem won
d\mens hd'mi\numquSdS\6rum\qu{e).
The
.
aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urhe ? -que is joined to the aut of the next line.
,
rical lines.
the beat of the foot which corresponds with j^j, This naturally falls on the the elevation of the voice (apcrtc). first syllable of a foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring
(e)
Ictus
is
in
its
is
B.
ii,
663.
pdrvl\ casus
I\uli.
See also B. ii, 411. N6strorum\ ohrui\mur, orU\urqiii mis\errimd\ cdedes. Note that -us in domus (Norn.) ia long, and -ur in ohruimur.
This happens
when the
and not in The legend is that once there was a wealthy and powerful city named Ilium or Troja on the
as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic
xnu
desses,
In a contest between the three godVenus, Juno and Minerva for the Apple of Discord, Venus was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince Paris, who at the Paris (or Alexander), son of King Priam. time was being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and had been chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus with the promise that she would give him the most beautiful woman in the world for wife. This woman proved to be Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta.
Paris,
on a
visit to
him
to Troy.
Menelaus, to recover his wife and punish the Trojans for harboring her, assembled a large army of Greeks, led by various petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus' This brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae.
years,
After the siege had lasted ten by the stratagem of a huge' wooden horse filled with soldiery the city was captured and burnt, and all but a remnant of the inhabitants put to the sword. This remnant
army
localities around the coast of the According to the Roman legend, Aeneas, led by the Fates, conducted a party of Trojans to the west coast of Italy and there founded the colony from which
scattered to different
Mediterranean.
Aeneas was the soif of Anchisea and Venus, and thus connected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead When the Greeks, after a his followefs against the Greeks.
siege of ten years, took the city, according to Vergil,
Lea ves
rr
J roy
Aeneas Anchises, takes young on his shoulders the aged s , Ascanius by the hand while Creusa follows behind, ana
carries off
^/'2eneag^
His wife Creusa, in the confusion of He appears to have left the burning city at the end of the war, when, with a fleet of twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail from
escapes to
Ida.
Mount
the siege,
is lost
in the darkness.
Troy
Thrace.
in Thrace,
by the fates. He first lands and begins to build a city, but is deterred by the
XIX
home
and is driven by a storm to At the Strophades, Leueadia, and Chaonia, where he finds Helenus, strophades. a seer, son of Priam, and king of that country, who tells
Dardanus.
Again he
sets sail
Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in the country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna, when Achaemenides, whom Ulysses had left behind in the cave
of the Cyclops, advises
'""
phemus.
them to flee from the land of PolyGuided by Achaemenides, Aeneas passes Scylla and He Cliarybdis and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. then starts out for Italy, but stress of weather drives him on Juno, aware that Rome At Karthage the coast of Africa, near Karthage. one day would conquer her beloved Karthage, had an unrelenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let Neptune, howloose the winds and wreck the Trojan fleet. The ever, interferes in time and calms the troubled waves. Trojans find a sheltered harbour for the seven remaining They afterwards discover that ships and soon they land. they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome Surrounded by a to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore They see the towers and walls of the youthful the country. city, and are surprised to find their missing comrades holding
audience with the queen.
Under the
guise
of
Ascanius,
Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast of Dido. Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the fates had in Mercury is sent to remonstrate with Aeneas. store for him. In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the order is given Dido, Dido kills to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for Italy. through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the funeral pile and He Arrives at stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her body. arrives a second time at Drepanum, and then for nine days Sicily a *'*<^" '"'^ celebrates the funeral games in honour of his dead father, Anchises. While the games were in progress, some of the Trojan women, despairing of ever having a settled home, fire the ships. Jupiter sends rain and puts out the fire, but not Aeneas leaves in Sicily till after four ships are destroyed. all the elderly people and all weary of roaming, where they
' '
found Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the SiV^yl, under whose guidance he descends to the lower world and learns the full details of his future life. Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had a daughter Lavinia, whose hand is sought for by Turnus,
king of the Rutuli.
allies
from
all sides
Wars in
Italy.
to repel
the foreigners,
Evander, and seeks the assistance of the Etrurians. "While he is absent, the Trojan camp is attacked without success by Turnus and the Latins. Aeneas returns and displays his prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.
The
first
off
the coast
fell
storm
upon the fleet of Aeneas, and drove it upon the shores of Libya, where he and his comrades were hospitably received by Dido, queen of Karthage, in her newly-built capital. At the conclusion of a royal banquet given in their honor. Dido entreats Aeneas to tell the tale of Troy's destruction and his own wanderings. The second and third books of the Aeneid
contain the narrative of these events.
Compare with
1-13.
biddest
Aeneas, amid breathless silence, thus begins : "Thou queen, and thus renew me tell a tale of woe, unutterable sorrow, but, though my mind shudders at the
12-24. Baffled in all their attempts to capture Troy, the Greeks build a huge wooden horse, in which they conceal their They pretend it is a votive offering to The Greeks most noted leaders. sail to ensure a safe return home. They then withdraw Minerva to Tenedos. with all their ships to Tenedos, an island near Troy.
The wooden
Joy of
the
Trojans.
Conflicting
opinions re-
gardin^ the
horse.
25-39. The Trojans, in joy at the departure of their enemies, sally forth and delight to inspect the deserted shore. Conflicting opinions prevail as to what should be done with the horse. Some advise to destroy it ; others to bring it into
the city.
xxi
gifts."
To emphasize
mighty spear against the belly which gives an ominously hollow sound.
of the
Meanwhile a j"oung Greek named Sinon has been Sinon is dragged before King Priam. He has pur- i^gscene"^ posely thrown himself in the way, with the object of deceiving the Trojans. He simulates fear, but is reassured by the Trojans, who bid him give an account of himself.
57-76.
captured, and
own
onto
Ulysses, his
of Ulysses.
own
companion-in-arms,
jjjg gucape
He
tragically breaks
ofif
}ie
from
the
them
to slay
him
at once
leaders.
Burning with
him proceed, and he does so, feignThe Greeks had long desired to return home, ing emotion. and had been prevented only by adverse weather, particularly when they had erected this horse to propitiate Minerva. An oracle of Apollo informed them that, as they had appeased the winds, on leaving Greece, by the blood of a slain virgin, so now they must seek return by the sacrificing of a Grecian life. Calchas, the seer, after ten days' silence, named Sinon as the doomed one, and all acquiesce. As the day of sacrifice approaches he snatches himself from death by fleeing to a
curiosity the Trojans bid
marsh and hiding till the Greeks have gone. Sinon concludes his tale, by a most pathetic reference to the probable fate of his family at home, and breaks down in tears.
145-198. His tears
his fetters to be
have the desired effect. Priam orders binonprej,removed, bids him forget the Greeks, become tends to
a Trojan,
and
tell
built.
much"
Greeks by the stealing of the Palladium the sacred image of Minerva, on the possession of which the safety of Troy depended. Calchas declared that they must return to Greece
auspices.
set
up
it
this
it
into
would
Sinon.
Fate of Laocoon.
199-233. And now, as if to abet the treacherous Sinon, Minerva sends from Tenedos two serpents to attack Laocoon,as he is sacrificing at the altar.
swim the two sons of the After strangling the two boys, they turn upon
Side by side they
for the
make
Laocoon himself as he comes to the rescue. His horrifying At last the serpents, their deadly work shrieks rend the air. over, seek the shelter of Minerva's statue, and nestle at her
feet.
This intimation
is
is all
Laocoon's warning
now regarded
and his
fate
The horse
enters the
city.
234-249. Deceived
the Trojans
singing of
by Sinon and influenced by the omen, make an opening in their walls, and, with the boys and girls, draw the monster into the city.
Four times it is halted, and four times the arms within give But blinded and heedless the forth an ominous sound. Trojans persist, and station the horse in the very citadel.
Cassandra prophesies the dreadful result, but, as usual, is Ignorant of their pending fate the hapless disbelieved. Trojans deck themselves and celebrate the event.
The Greeks
by
niijht
250-267^
of the
city
take possessioti
of the
city.
the Trojans rest in peaceful slumbers from the unwonted excitement and merry-making of the day the fleet steals back from Tenedos ; and Sinon, under cover of tlie
Greeks
watches are
The nightdarkness, releases the pent-up Grecian heroes. slain, and, admitting their comrades through the
of
murder and
his
flee
268-297.
The shade
of Hector
The shade of Hector appears to Aeneas in him of the true situation, bids him
warns
A eneat.
the city. Hector places the image of Vesta and the sacred Are in Aeneas' hands and tells him to build for the household gods of Troy a new city beyond the seas.
298-317. Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's house, and beholds the city in flames. He frantically seizes
Aeneas
aroused.
XXUl
necessary,
to die fighting.
318-369.
of Apollo,
As he rushes
forth, he is
met by Panthus,
priest Panthus
^j'^^",'/*
who
In response
Panthus tells how the city has been captured. ^^,jg^^ ^^ Aeneas hastens towards the scene of conflict and is joined by a hand of
to enquiries,
several Trojans,
among whom
is
to
Exhorted by Aeneas, this band moves on like a pack of hungry wolves. Terrible is the slaughter, and
Cassandra.
"** rescue.
Not
all
on one side
is
the carnage.
.
and a
large
band
On the suggestion of Coroebus, the victorious voraniy. the armour of the fallen Greeks, and continue their deadly Dismay is spread among the Greeks. work in disguise.
But, alas
!
gj-
it is useless
and rushes
Coroebus to her
Here weapons
many
of the Tro-
who
whelm
and the Greeks, suddenly from all quarters and overCoroebus and others fall, the
way
'
two followers, now makes his Destruction Here the brunt of the battle Priam's Palace. rages, the Greeks assaulting and the Trojans stoutly defendAeneas enters by a secret door in the rear and goes out ing. upon the roof. He pries up a turret and hurls it down upon the Greeks beneath. Many are crushed by the fall, but
434-505. Aeneas, with only
to the abode of Priam.
,.
.
Pyrrhus, in glittering armour, smashes in the door, and through the opening the terrified inmates can be seen. Meanwhile despair and confusion reign within. The Greeks, led by Pyrrhus, come pouring in like the resistless tide The household is slain and the palace wrecked.
506-558.
of a river.
The aged king, seeing his palace in the hands of Death of enemy, girds on his armour, resolved to die in arms. His -f"*"'wife, Hecuba, as she clings to the altar in the middle of the cour't sees him and calls upon him to take refuge with her. Pohtes, one of Priam's sons, rushes in and is slain by Pyrrhus
th
XXIV
when he
concealment by the temple of Indignant at the thought of her returning home in Vesta. triumph from the city which she has ruined, he is on the point of slaying her, but he is suddenly checked by his godPrevented from slay- dess mother, Venus. The latter bids him think of rescuing ing her by Not Helen, but the leaving Helen to her fate. hi^ mother, his family, Venus. gods have brought about the downfall of Troy. The gods are
Helen crouching
in
then revealed to Aeneas assisting the Greeks in the destrucAeneas' eyes are opened to the futility of tion of the city. further resistance, and, protected by Venus, he passes to his
home.
Aeneas prepares
city.
to
leave the
634-729. Aeneas endeavours to persuade his father to flee, but the latter refuses. In vain do all the household implore Aeneas in despair calls for his arms, and is him to yield. about to rush forth to his death, when Creusa beseeches him Suddenly a to remain and defend his home and family.
supernatural light plays harmlessly about the head of the young lulus. It is regarded as an omen by Anchises, who
upon Jupiter to
ratify
it.
a prodigy.
accompany Aeneas.
The
latter
takes his father on his shoulders, and, with lulus at his side and Creusa following at a distance, hastens out of the
city.
Loss of Creusa.
Aeneas
730-770. Hurrying along, in terror at every sight and sound, is suddenly alarmed by approaching foes, .and in the
Not till he excitement becomes separated from Creusa. reaches the temple of Ceres outside the walls, does he miss His anguish then is heart-rending. her.
Leaving father, son and companions, he returns in quesc of From place to place he goes. The Greeks aold everything ; yet he fills the air with cries for the lost Crei sa.
Creusa.
LITERARY NOTES.
771-795. Suddenly the shade of Creusa confronts him.
affectionate terms she bids
XXV
/v..
i-i-Tihim
bow
grieve for her no longer, but ajipears She then unfolds his future ^"-
CI
li^/ Creusa
In The nhade
to
career,
vanishes.
796-804. Recovering from his astonishment, Aeneas returns Aeneas fiees He finds a pitiable throng collected to '" ,;.^g to his companions.
And now as the morning star exile. above Ida, he again takes his father on his shoulders and "flees to the mountains."
LITERACY NOTES.
If the
Aeneid
is
to be read at
all, it
art.
Were mere
facility in translating
Latin aimed
kept at prose authors until he graduates from the High School. Our curriculum, however, is based upon the theory that while the young
student
is
he can to some degree be brought face to face with the fact that the literature with a living, material he is working with is literature, breathing soul, and a more or less attractive body ; that the two great divisions of literature prose and poetry existed in Latin as they do in
English
in
and that the distinction between the two was as keenly felt the days of Horace and Vergil, as it is in the days of Tennyson and
;
Browning.
this fact, without even that of the teacher, is a matter Still what would be thought of our methods of to be thankful for. teaching English literature, were they founded upon the principle that unconscious absorption of the beauties of poetry is all that our school programme requires ? A knowledge, however limited, of the technicali-
own
part, or
itself.
If
why
those same
some simple and easy manner the devices by which that poet sought
to render his message attractive.
The following brief notes, framed along this line, are inserted here with the hope that they may prove to some small degree suggestive, but suggestive merely, to the enthusiastic teacher of Latin.
XXVI
Studies in Vividness.
Hector, 270-229.
The
city in flames as seen from Anchises' house-top, 298-312. Scenes of carnage amid the darkness, 360-369.
438-505.
Note the
different points of
:
view
vieio : the door battered in, and the household seen through the opening, 469-485.
Death of Priam, 506-558. The gods at work in the destruction Aeneas leaving the city, 721-734.
the site of
; ;
(6)
the tragedy, the altar on the shore ; the they swim the channel ; the tragedy itself, of the father ; the sequel the serpents retire
of the serpents
inmensis orbibus
pectora inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque sanguineae superant undas pars cetera pontum pone legit.
(other details
may
Show the
?
XXVll
Harmony
(prevalence of liquids).
ad summa dracones ;
Pathos
manibus
parva
corpora natorum
post
tranquilla
iiimenais
Redemption of Pain
Studies in Pathos.
lUi
me comitem
ab annis, 86-87.
ferentis, 137-1'44.
nee mihi
Death of Laocoon, 215-224. Appearance of Hector, 270-279. Sacra manu inctosque deos parvumque nepotem, 320. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, 325.
Cassandra, 403-406.
486-490.
515-525.
sedebant ; Hecuba meus nunc adforet Hector haec ara tuebitur omnes ;
Death
et
Creusa
direpta
domus
et
parvi casus
luli, 562.
G06-607,
tu nequa parentis
673-678,
Cui
jJciter et
Inplicuit sequiturque
aeqiiis, 724.
Grief of Aeneas in seeking for Creusa, 763-765t Creusa's farewell, "0 didcis coniunx," etc., 776-795.
"iamque
iugis
(Notice here the veil of tender sadness thrown over the scenes of that
terrible night.
"A tale of
it is
is
and the
XXVIU
light of that desolate
CREUSA
FAREWELL.
morning on which, with hope faintly struggling new and distant home. And the central figure of it all is Aeneas, with the wound of Creusa's loss still aching. What a hush would fall upon the listening throng in Dido's banquet-hall as Aeneas thus sadly draws to a
into their breasts, the exiles are to face the world in quest of a
close this terrible chapter of his life
!)
" This having said, she left me all in tears, And minding much to speak but she was And subtly fled into the weightless air.
;
gone.
my hands' vain
with mine arras to accoll her neck hold the image escape,
I
to
my feres
swarmed men;
And
there, wondering,
find together
to whatsoever land
By sliding seas me listed them to lead. And now rose Lucifer above the ridge
Of lusty Ida, and brought the dawning
light.
Of help there was no hope. Then gave I place. Surrbt. Took up my sire, and hasted to the hill."
CREUSA'S FAREWELL.
768795.
The
name Creusa
(h)
through
of
particularly in v. 784.
of the
The
fright
and terror
Spectre.
II.
TuK
"
Farewell.
of,
dulcis coniunx."
The
tenderness
(a)
(b)
Her
loss decreed
by Heaven.
liini.
(Note
the
xinselfishness
iu
tibi.")
QUESTIONS.
(c)
XXix
life
She
is
of a captive
slave
" Graiis
The
little
son luhis
lives, as
The Sequel.
of
The
Creusa his
frantic efforts to
Deseruit
" Observe
word;
it is
whom
the exquisite
judgment
at the
harmless, while
same time
it
and
his
affection
towards his
Henry.
QUESTIONS.
1.
Womanhood,
Old age,
e.g.,
e.g.,
Aeneas, Pyrrhus.
2.
Make
method
3.
Book
ii.
How far
4.
this subjective ?
Make
list of
ii.
essential
N.B.
The
of
similes are
italicized in
5.
is
"The
art
shown
;
parison
is
in its
workmanship rather than in the choice vividness, beauty, and truth of detail
simile.
is
.
.
the com-
This
.
what we may call the primitive use of the however a modern use of the simile which
open Shelley we read
:
There
If
is
quite different.
we
XXX
together.
Here there
is
Examine
the aptness of Mr. Sidgwick's criticism with reference to each of the similes in the book.
Point out the beauty of "workmanship" in the simile that 6. compares the fall of Troy to the fall of a stately ash, G26-631.
7.
Grammar
as used
by VergiL
See
grammatical
peculiarities.
It is obvious that the sort of merit that is implied by facts like these cannot be explained to the learner in a few pages of preface to a schoolbook. To appreciate Vergil thoroughly requires a fine natural sensibility
and intimate knowledge of Latin and perhaps some and even then it cannot be taught, it must come from within. Much, however, can be done even by beginners, if the poet himself be read with care, and with desire to appreciate. Some
to poetry, a real
experience of
life
bj"^
(e.g.,
Conington and Bo wen), and the best criticisms on the poet's work [e.g., Prof. Ncttleship's "Suggestions Introductory to a study of the Aeneid," Sidgwick. Prof. Sellar's treatise and an essay by Mr. F. W.H. Myers)."
Further, in characterizing the Second
great books," viz.,
ii,
Book
as one of
"the three
iv,
and
vi,
:
which
XXXI
" In the first of these, the Tragedy of Troy, we fiiid perhaps the best specimen of tlie truly epic quality of Vergil the stately and pathetic
:
The
poet
subject also affords full scope for other special characteristics of the
;
power
of fate,
human
life.
and shown in
doomed
;
city,
assist in their
own
destruction
fates of
Laocoon and Cassandra ; the cruel death of Priam and his house."
the metre it must suffice to say broadly that Vergil truly created and that it died with him Vergil alone unfolded and commanded its full resources. In one word his superiority consists, on the more technical side, in a far greater variety of rhythm, by his use of elision, pause, caesura, and arrangement of feet ; and on the higher side in an infinitely more subtle sense both of sound and of the power
it,
"Of
of language."
"Lastly, there
those referred
to,
is
the more peculiar quality, closely connected with but more profound, which only the greatest poets
whereby the words that seem the simplest, and are naturally spoken of the incidents and actors in the drama, have somepossess: the art
how a wider
significance and touch deeper springs in our nature words which haunt the memory with a charm and a force which we cannot ever fully explain Dr. Newman sjjeaks of Vergil's " single words and phrases, his pathetic half lines giving utterance as the voice of nature herself to that pain and weariness yet hope of better things which is the experience of her children in every time." Sidgwick.
;
In connection with the above it would be a fruitful exercise for the student to cultivate the habit of discerning and noting these "single words and phrases" that "haunt the memory." For example take " Dis aliter visum," " qxLorum pars magna fui," and " adsensere omnes,
et,
quae
sibi
xxxii
Imitations of Homer.
A.eneid
ii.
Od. ix 2 sqq.
8 36
307
"the night
XI 330
viii 506
II.
,
wooden horse
290-603 Troy
from
its
height
xiil 772
. .
342
361
shepherd hearing the noise afar lover of Cassandra promised aid to Priam who can count the woes ? as a traveller starts back from a snake
the conflict of the winds
dis aliter visimn
iv 455
xiil 3G4
Od.
ill 11.
II.
m 33
ix 5
I
Od.
II-
234
snake fed on poisonous herbs " not you, the gods are to blame
she took the mist from his eyes
xxii 93
"
in 164
605
127
610 626
774
xii 27
.xiii 3S9
was choked
:
xxiv 59
792
embrace
thrice
it fled
away
Od. xi 206
i a ^ >
i S
o
"di "^
j^
a
S
^ > ^
^ o
3 P
CI.
o
;=;
c
.-
r
V-
il
ei
t;
^
:S
2
-3
1)
JJ
en
,Q
1)
^
U
rt
oi
(Ji
in
3
.
g i
-"
^^
>
>s
T3
^ r-;o fo
.^il,
:^
C/I
IsSsS
W W u r
?.
^ "^
,-!^
-r
O ^ > o w s S
:s
^^
H W H ^
u
^1.
hJ
::i
cJ
^ ^ 1
/t^
^ '^ >>^<^
,-^
f=^
cy
M M
'''
<:
"^ p5 c^ ''i
gg^^g
p^
c/}
c/3
^^
^-0
.-
^s'
^^^
"^-^
J O
Ph
CO e4 <
VERGIL, THE
ROMAN
POET.
P.
Troianos ut opes
eruerint Danai,
et
et
lamentabile regnum
vidi,
Myrmidonum Dolopumve
temperet a lacrimis
praecipitat,
?
et
p.
II.
sed
si
tantus
nostros,
lo
et breviter
ductores
Danaum,
tot
iam labentibus
annis,
15
:
instar montis
equum
votum pro
reditu simulant
sortiti
ea fama vagatur.
corpora furtim
lateri,
penitusque cavernas
20
Conflicting opinions
of the
horse.
as to the disposal
est in
insula, dives
opum, Priami
et static
dum
male
regna manebant,
fida carinis
:
25
panduntur portae
Dolopum manus,
30
donum
;
exitiale
Minervae,
molem mirantur
equi
primusque Thymoetes
iam Troiae
sic fata
ferebant
p.
II.
6
35
at Capys, et
quorum melior
sententia menti,
aut pelago
Danaum
insidias suspectaque
dona
:
Laocoon's Warning.
"
Timeo Danaos
primus
et
He
ibi
magna comitante
;
40
dona carere
dolis
Danaum ?
notus Ulixes
.'*
45
machina muros
urbi
inspectura
equo ne
credite, Teucri.
quidquid id
est,
timeo Danaos
et
dona
ferentes.'
50
contorsit.
stetit ilia
fata
deum,
si
fuisset,
;
55
Troiaque nunc
staret,
Priamique arx
alta,
maneres.
SiNON's Perfidy.
Sinon appears on the scene
ecce,
manus iuvenem
pastores
p.
II.
60
utrumque paratus,
accipe nunc
Danaum
ab uno
65
disce omnes.
namque
constitit,
'
ut conspectu in
quae
me
aequora possunt
70
accipere
cui
Dardanidae
poenas
cum
sanguine poscunt
et
omnis
hortamur
fari
quo sanguine
sit
cretus,
quidve
ille
ferat,
memoret, quae
fiducia capto.
fatur
:
75
haec, deposita
tandem formidine,
Sinoti's story
'
0/ persecution by Ulysses.
cuncta equidem
'
:
quodcumque, fatebor
:
vera,' inquit
neque
si
me
hoc primum
finxit,
nee,
80
fando aliquod
ad aures
Belidae
gloria,
nomen Palamedis
et incluta
fama
85
me comitem
in
et consanguinitate
propinquum
ab annis.
pauper
misit
p.
LIB.
II.
gessimus.
postquam
pellacis Ulixi
oris,
90
superis concessit ab
et
vitam
in tenebris luctuque
trahebam,
casum
insontis
mecum
;
indignabar amici.
fors si
me,
qua
tulisset,
patrios
unquam remeassem
victor
ad Argos,
95
vulgum ambiguas,
et
quidve moror,
si
hoc Ithacus
turn vero
velit, et
magno mercentur
ardemus
quaerere causas,
105
Instigated by
dooms him
relicta
;
to death.
fecissentque utinam!
interclusit
saepe
illos
aspera ponti
no
hiemps,
et terruit
Auster euntes.
praecipue,
cum iam
suspensi
mittimus
*
115
P.
LIB.
II.
Argolica.'
quae vox
ut venit
ad aures,
1
20
quae
sint
ea numina divom,
et
quemquam
et
magnis
me
destinat arae.
quae
sibi
quisque timebat,
130
circum tempora
Sinon
tells
King Priam
takes pity
on him, welcomes him as a citizen of Troy, and bids him explain the object of the horse.
eripui, fateor, leto.
me,
et vincula rupi
in ulva
135
dum
vela darent,
si
forte dedissent.
nee mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi, nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem
;
quos
illi
fors et
effugia, et
quod
per,
te
si
qua
quae
restet
intemerata
fides, oro,
miserere laborum
vitam damus,
et
miserescimus
levari
ultro.
145
Minerva Belllca.
p.
LIB.
II.
noster eris
quis auctor
belli
?
.-"'
50
quae
religio aut
quae machina
Sinon resumes
The
ille
horse
was
erected to atone to
Minerva for
ad sidera palmas
violabile
non
vestrum
155
numen,"
ait,
quos
fas
fugi,
qua tegunt
tu
modo
160
Troia fidem,
vera feram,
si
magna rependam.
omnis spes
Danaum
Palladis auxiliis
semper
impius ex quo
templo
165
Palladium, caesis
summae
custodibus arcis,
ex
illo
spes
Danaum
170
simulaerum
arsere coruseae
sudor
iit,
mirabile dictu
p.
LIB.
II.
emicuit,
parmamque
ferens
hastamque trementem.
;
175
omina
ni repetant Argis,
et curvis
numenque
reducant,
carinis.
quod pelago
et
secum avexere
180
omina Calchas.
SinorCs viaster-stroke
The
into the
attollere
iussit,
molem
185
caeloque educere
ne recipi
moenia
possit,
tueri.
nam
turn
si
vestra
manus
violasset
dona Minervae,
in
magnum
!
convertant
sin
190
:
manibus
vestram ascendisset
in
urbem,
ultro
bello
venturam,
carinae.
tremendum200
StE PAGE 84
p.
LIB.
II.
horresco referens
tendunt
205
quorum
pone
fit
legit,
sonitus
spumante
salo.
lambebant
illi
agmine certo
Laocoonta petunt
et
215
et
iam
medium
220
aram
securim.
iaurus
at
summa
sub'
dracones
225
orbe teguntur.
cunctis
et scelus
expendisse merentem
Laocoonta
ferunt,
230
laeserit, tergo
10
p.
lib.
ii.
City.
urbis.
moenia pandimus
235
scandit fatalis
:
machina muros,
armis
manu
contingere gaudent.
mediaeque minans
inlabitur urbi.
240
o patria, o
divom domus
!
moenia Dardanidum
substitit,
monstrum
245
tunc etiam
fatis aperit
Cassandra
futuris
nos delubra
ille dies,
deum
festa
Night falls
Sinon
horse.
no.K
releases the
Oceano
250
involvens
Myrmidonumque
conticuere
et
;
fusi
255
cum
regia puppis
extulerat, fatisque
deum
ct
defensus iniquis,
inclusos utero
Danaos
pinea furtim
patefactus ad auras
illos
promunt
260
p.
LIB.
II.
11
dims
Ulixes,
demissum
Acamasque, Thoasque,
Epeos.
;
265
caeduntur
omnes
erat,
maestissimus Hector
270
raptatus bigis, ut
quantum mutatus ab
illo
275
Danaum
squalentem barbam,
vulneraque
ilia
muros
accepit patrios.
compellare virum,
'
280
ut te post
multa tuorum
labores
hominumque urbisque
285
foedavit voltus
ille nihil,
nee
me quaerentem vana
moratur,
heu
ait,
'
eripe flammis.
hostis habet
muros;
ruit alto
a culmine Troia.
290
12
p.
II.
sat patriae
Priamoque datum
si
Pergama dextra
his
moenia quaere,
295
magna
sic ait, et
manibus
vittas
effert
Vestamque potentem
penetralibus ignem.
aeternumque adytis
City.
300
armorumque
ingruit horror,
summi
fastigia tecti
305
boumque
labores,
Danaumque
patescunt
310
in
armis
manum
bello et concurrere in
arcem
315
cum
sociis
ardent animi.
furor iraque
mentem
in armis.
praecipitant,
p.
II.
13
manu
res
320
amens ad limina
Panthu
?
tendit.
?
quo
summa
loco,
cum
'venit
summa
dies et ineluctabile
fuit
tempus
325
Dardaniae.
gloria
fuimus Troes,
ferus
Ilium et ingens
Teucrorum.
:
transtulit
insultans
portis
alii
bipatentibus adsunt,
330
;
umquam
venere Mycenis
obsedere
oppositi
stricta,
;
alii telis
angusta viarum
mucrone corusco
parata neci
vigiles, et
portarum
caeco Marte
resistunt.'
335
Maddened
and
is
joined
by several Trojans.
talibus
in
Othryadae
et in
dictis et
numine divom
quo
tristis
flammas
arma
feror,
Erinys,
et sublatus et
ad aethera clamor.
maximus armis
340
Mygdonides.
ad Troiam
forte diebus
infelix,
furentis
345
audierit.
14
p.
LIB.
II.
and
together they
in proelia vidi,
'
pectora,
si
350
succurritis urbi
incensae
moriamur,
et in
una salus
sic
victis nullani
sperare salutem.'
inde, liipi ceu
355
faucibus exspectant
siccis,
per
tela,
per hostes
in
aequare labores
.''
urbs antiqua
ruit,
domos
et religiosa
deorum
;
365
nee
soli
quondam etiam
luctus,
victis redit in
praecordia virtus,
crudclis ubique
ubique pavor,
et
The
tide
of
battle turns
Androgeos
and
and
his
band of
Greeks surprised
slaughtered.
primus
se,
Danaum magna
comitante caterva,
370
Androgeos
agmina credens
p.
II.
15
'
festinate viri
nam quae
tarn sera
moratur
segnities
? alii
Pergama
dixit
;
primum a navibus
itis
375
et
extemplo
fida satis
obstipuit, retroque
abibat.
passim
et
formidine captos
385
among the
invaders.
Multos
Danaum
demitti7nus Oreo."
socii,
qua prima,'
iter,
inquit,
'
fortuna salutis
se dextra,
monstrat
quaque ostendit
sequamur
mutemus
aptemus.
clipeos,
Danaumque
sic fatus
insignia nobis
?
390
arma dabunt
deinde comantem
spoliis se
395
multos
Danaum
demittimus Oreo.
cursu
alii
ad naves,
et litora
fida petunt
400
16
p.
II.
Coroebus, by the
fidere divis
!
rescue of
heu
quemquam
frustra,
405
nam
non
tulit
banc speciem
mente Coroebus,
agmen.
et sese
medium
iniecit periturus in
consequimur cuncti
hie
primum ex
alto delubri
culmine
telis
410
armorum
facie et
415
quondam
iurbitie venti
et laetus
Zephymsque, Notusque,
:
Eois
Eurus
equis
aequora fundo.
etiam,
si
umbram
420
fudimus
insidiis,
;
adparent
obruimur numero
primusque Coroebus
ad aram
425
procumbit
visum
p.
LIB.
II.
17
eonfixi a sociis
nee
te tua plurima,
Panthu,
texit.
labentem
pietas,
430
Iliaei eineres, et
tester, in
vitavisse vices
Danaum,
et si fata fuissent,
ut caderem, meruisse
manu.
divellimur inde
Iphitus et Pelias
mecum
et
quorum
Iphitus aevo
435
tecta ruentes
440
445
his se,
extrema iam
in
alii strictis
;
mueronibus imas
450
obsedere fores
roof
18
p.
LIB.
II.
usus
relicti
dum
regna manebant,
455
unde
manu
460
eductam
et
tectis,
videri
castra,
Danaum
solitae
Achaica
summa
labantes
465
cum
But
sonitu trahit, et
Danaum
incidit.
in
vain
An
opening
subeunt
aena
470
tumidum
bruma
tegebat,
Jiitidtisque iuventa,
ad solem,
et
475
equorum
agitator Achillis
vellit
480
p.
II.
19
adparent Priami
et
primo.
485
domus
;
interior
miscetur
femineis ululant
turn pavidae
ferit
tectis
490
Pyrrhus
procumbunt cardine
aditus,
via vi
rumpunt
primosque trucidant
495
non
sic,
aggeribus ruptis
exiit,
cum
vidi
vidi ipse
furentem
:
500
Hecubam centumque
illi
nurus,
Priamumque
per aras
procubuere
505
Death of Priam.
forsitan et, Priami fuerint
quae
fata, requiras.
casum convulsaque
vidit
limina tectorum, et
medium
in penetralibus
hostem,
20 arma
p.
II.
ferium
510
in hostes.
Hecuba
et
515
condensae
et
dira,
miserrime coniunx,
?
'
inquit.
520
non
tali auxilio,
;
nee defensoribus
si
;
istis
tempus eget
non,
ipse
meus nunc
adforet Hector.
ad
sese, et sacra
longaevum
in
sede locavit.
525
tela,
per hostes
et
premit hasta.
530
concidit, ac
multo vitam
cum
in
sanguine
fudit.
hie Priamus,
quamquam
tenetur,
non tamen
abstinuit,
qua
quae
talia curet,
at
non
ille,
satum quo
te mentiris, Achilles
540
I'Wn
Helen of Troy.
sin FNIO'K
LIISMTON
p.
II.
21
talis in
hoste
Priamo
reddidit
Hectoreum, meque
in
mea regna
ictu
remisit.'
coniecit,
et
545
summo
cui Pyrrhus
'
Pelidae genitori
illi
mea
tristia facta
hoc dicens,
altaria
ad ipsa trementem
nati,
550
inplicuitque
comam
laeva, dextraque
coruscum
haec
sorte
finis
tulit,
Priami fatorum
Troiam incensam
tot
prolapsa videntem
555
Pergama,
quondam
regnatorem Asiae.
nomine corpus.
espies Helen,
and in rage
is
me
turn
;
primum saevus
circumstetit horror,
obstipui
ut
imago,
560
regem aequaevum
;
vitam exhalantem
et direpta
domus,
quae
respicio, et
sit
me
circum copia
lustro.
565
Tyndarida aspicio
22
erranti
p.
II.
570
ilia sibi
ob Pergama Teucros,
et
poenas
Danaum
subit ira
cadentem
:
575
sumere poenas
aspiciet,
regina triumpho
videbit,
?
?
comitata ministris
580
Priamus
Dardanium
non
ita.
toties sudarit
etsi
sanguine
litus
namque,
tamen
et
sumpsisse merentes
585
flammae,
et cineres satiasse
meorum.
when he
is
checked by Venus,
who
reveals to
him
the
fated des-
cum mihi
obtulit, et
non ante
videndam
590
refulsit
videri
quanta
solet
dextraque prehensum
:
continuit, roseoque
'
?
?
quid
aut
quonam
595
non prius
liqueris
aspicics, ubi
?
Anchisen
p.
II.
23
mea
cura resistat,
iam flammae
600
non
tibi
umida circum
605''
nubem eripiam
tu
ne qua parentis
tridenti
6io
quatit,
prima
respice, Pallas
615
limbo
efifulgens et
Gorgone saeva.
ipse Pater
sufficit
;
ipse deos in
Dardana
suscitat arma.
labori.
eripe,
nusquam
dixerat
;
620
umbris.
adparent dirae
facies,
inimicaque Troiae
in ignes
imo
verti
Neptunia Troia
625
ornum
24
p.
II.
et tremefacta
comam
concusso verticcnutat^
supremum
630
Passing
to his
flammam
inter et hostes
635
vos
o,
640
me
si
una superque
urbi.
et
captae superavimus
ipse
miserebitur hostis,
645
exuviasque petet.
divis et inutilis
annos
me divom
pater atque
hominum
rex
650
nos contra
effusi lacrimis,
to
him
rursus in
arma
feror,
mortemque miserrimus
655
nam quod
p.
II.
25
mene
efferre
?
pedem, genitor,
te
posse relicto
excidit ore
?
sperasti
si nihil
et sedet
660
ianua
leto,
iamque
aras.
eripis, ut
Ascanium patremque
alterum
in alterius
meum
:
iuxtaque Creusam
?
arma,
viri, ferte
arma
;
reddite
proelia.
670
parvumque
abis, et
patri tendebat
lulum
si
penturus
675
sin
in armis,
quondam
?'
monstrum.
680
summo
de vertice visus
luli
et
26
p.
LIB.
II.
at pater
extulit, et caelo
'
flecteris ullis,
aspice nos
hoc tantum
et, si
pietate
meremur,
firma.'
690
umbras
cucurrit.
tecti,
illam,
summa
695
silva,
signantemque vias
tum longo
limite sulcus
ad auras,
700
est
di patrii
servate
domum,
nepotem
est.
comes
ire recuso.'
and
city.
his
et
clarior ignis
705
quo
res
erit.
'
710
comes,
et
vos, famuli,
Flight of Aeneas.
p.
II.
27
715
religione
unam.
:
manu
patriosque penates
et
caede recenti,
donee
me
flumine vivo
720
haec
fatus, latos
umeros subiectaque
colla
;
succedoque oneri.
inplicuit,
Loss OF Creusa.
Hurrying along
alarm
separated
from
his wife.
;
725
ulla iniecta
movebant
Graii,
tela,
suspensum
et pariter
iamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito
visus adesse
omnemque
videbar
730
cum
creber ad aures
pedum
'
umbram
propinquant
:
prospiciens,
nate,' exclamat,
fuge, nate
735
confusam
eripuit
namque
avia cursu
dum
heu
!
incertum
nostris.
reflexi,
740
28
p.
II.
quam tumulum
venimus
defuit, et
:
hie
demum
una
fefellit.
Leaving
his father
and son
in search of Creusa.
hominumque deorumque 1
1
745
commendo
ipse
Stat
sociis, et
urbem
omnemque
reverti
750
portae,
et vestigia retro
et
lumine
lustro.
755
domum,
ignis
;
si
forte
pedem,
si forte, tulisset,
me
refero.
omne
tenebant.
ilicet
edax
summa ad
fastigia vento
;
volvitur
exsuperant flammae
furit
aestus ad auras,
760
custodes
Phoenix
et dirus Ulixes
praedam adservabant.
incensis erepta adytis
mensaeque deorum
765
umbram
vocavi.
clamore
vias,
maestusque Creusam
770
p.
II.
29
comae,
et
vox faucibus
dictis
:
haesit.
demere
775
o dulcis coniunx
non haec
sine
numine divom
eveniunt
fas aut
nee
te
ille sinit
longa
et
tibi exsilia, et
780
inter
illic
opima virum
leni fluit
agmine Thybris
coniunx
res laetae
tibi
;
regnumque
et regia
parta
785
me magna deum
oris.
iamque
communis amorem.'
et
multa volentem
790
comprensa manus
imago,
up
sic
his
aged father,
socios
^^
demum
consumpta nocte
795
numerum, matresque
virosque,
30
p.
II.
terras,
8cx)
iamque
summae
;
ducebatque diem
FUNERAL OS BSCIOR.
THE TROJANS.
Jiippiter=Electra
Scaniander
Teucer
Dardanus
Batea
Krichtlionius
Tros
IlU3
Assaracna
Laomedon
Priam
Hector
Capys
Aiichises=Venu3
Aeneas
Asoanius or lulus
11.
Book
P.,
Primary Latin
conticnere
tenebant
"
all
close attention."
The
were hushed and were fixing their gaze in perfect (contictiere) describes a single comora
may be
cp.
Aen.
of
conticuere,
i.e.,
"held
their
ora,
utterance,"
etc.
opposed
to solvere ora,
movere
then
figuratively, i.e.,
"speech."
This Met. g, J IJ, and Gk. exe aT6na = (ji-ya, Eurip. Suppl. jij. Conticuere ; habit of modified repetition in Vergil is well known.
con, intensive
:
orsus
scil. est,
from ordior
:
in the perfect
"high "above
to
the others as a
mark of honor.
:
infandum
tell is
is
the
woe thou
bid'st
me
recall."
Greek,
to
renovare dolorem
narrando
"how
F. 178,
P. 99 (d).
lameutabile
adjs,
:
passive as here.
is
With
This
the sentiment
cp.
is
remembering happier
33
34
5
Vergil's aen.
quaeqiiefui
dolorem.
b. ii.
"and
The
"
narrative of Aeneas
;
both of these clauses are explanatory of is largely personal and deals with
is
the capture of
Troy only
quaeque
taliafando
in telling
told,"
in a secondary way.
Myrmidonum
Aeneas purposely mentions the most The Myrmidones and Dolopes were the soldiers from Phthia in Thessaly under the command of Achilles and his son Neoptolemus, while Ulixes, " the
wiliest of
Dolopum UUxi:
men,"
cp.
is
duri,
Homeric TroAvr/ldf Ulixi, from the form Ulixeus (cp. Hor. Od. i, 6, 7), gen. UHxei and then contracted Note the into Ulixi; so also Achilles, gen. Achillei, Achilli. difference between -z/^ disjoining membersof the same class and aut
"hardy":
the
temperet a lacrimis
F. 139 (a)
tion
it is
;
"could
(g).
:
refrain
from tears"
is
rhetorical question
P. 98
What answer
caelo praecipitat
now
past midnight.
;
"is speeding down the slope of heaven ; Night was said by the Romans to rise and
:
set as
the sun
v.
:
1^0. caelo
F. 309, 37
P. 85 (k),
i.
suadentque
lating,
somnos
"and
:
10
11
si, scil.,
estvobis
F. 120, 3
:
P. 82
(f),
i.
suprcniuni
laborem
" the
last
the euphemistic
6(56f vaTUTj],
eii'^Tesslons, dies
supretnus,
last
12
quamquam
refiigit:
"though
my
and has ever shrunk back from it in sorrow, I will begin." Distinguish between the construction of quamquam and quanivis F. 196 ; Note the difference in the tense of horrct and refugit ; P. 99 (i). the former describes the present feelings of Aeneas and the latter an instantaneous act in the past whenever the request was made.
:
13
incipiam
usually translated
"
I will
I will i, I,
un92.
14
Danaum = Danaorum
Achivorum
;
so also
Teucnim=Teucrorum
;
virum^-virorum
divum
divorum.
annts
iot
Achivum
:
NOTES.
35
:
"when
15
so
many
years were
now
slipping past"
abl. absol.
Troy
was taken
ittstar 7nontis
"as huge as a mountain." In Vergil instar is always accompanied by a genitive, except in Aen. 6, 865, quantiim instar in ipso, " what a model in himself:" cp. Aen. 3, 637 ; 7, 707. It is an indeclinable noun used in the nom. and ace. ; generally derived from root STA, "to set up," hence, " something set up," therefore
" an image."
the Trojans.
divina
arte.
Juno did
'ttttov
See also
II.
>
rov
16
secta abiete
"with
it
interlacing planks of
ahiete
abiete,
abl.
i.e.
of instrument.
In scanning
this verse i
consonantal in
is
intexunt
are placed horizontally across the ribs of the horse just as the hori-
the warp.
Abiete
esse:
I12
trabibus acernis.
17
votum
not
;
scil.
"they pretend
is
jeturn."
" dissimulare,
:
is."
is
18
hue incliidunt
implied
in
delecta
in it;" note
hue
used as motion
is
virttm
literally,
"having
by lot;" simply,
we
Vergil
is
ad
v.
or
36, peIago
= in
pelagus
v.
85,
neci=ad necem.
20
penitusqiie
clause.
caver nas
complent,
a mere variation
of the
preceding
21
in conspectu
scil.
the Troad.
22
dives
opum "rich of store " F. 61, 3 P. 81 (f) i. Compare dives and decline opum F. 57 and 279 P. 12 and 54 (a). dum manebant F. 216, 3; P. 99 (f).
: ;
:
36
23
malejida:
literally,
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
"treacherous."
;
With words
meaning
24
hue
:
it
contradicts
it.
selves
"hither they proceed and conceal themon the deserted shore." deserto sliows a change in the
fortunes of Tenedos.
25
rati
sell,
see note v.
2.
breeze."
Myceiias = in Graeciam
Greeks
is
26
luctu
away."
luctu, ablative of
with
:
27
panduntur portae a sign of peace cp. Hor. Od. 3, 5, 25 poriuvat tasque non clausas ; Ars. Poetica, 199, apertis otia portis. Dorica=Graeca the Dorians were one of the leading scil. vos. here put for the whole nation. tribes in the war of Troy
29
hie solebant
scil. vela,
tendebat
" used
30
pars
sttipet
tniratitur
is
stupeo
is
transitively.
number
one case
in the
mind of the
Minervae
:
objective genitive
literally,
uSisic
donum,
Athens
"gift to Minerva."
Inttuptae
"virgin,"
"unwedded:"
at
"a
Thymoetes
duci,
scil.
the
first
that advised
set
{i.e.
the horse) be
citadel."
arce.=in
in the
19.
arce
see note on v.
Poetry,
The
infini-
Note
an
;
55,
520
hortor,
74
hortor, v. 627.
:
34
siveferebant
"whether
vvv
in guile or
Distinguish nunc,
"now," Gk.
NOTES.
often fero
I
37
sic,
is
sucli as ita,
without an object
25, 2, ut opinio
et
2,
belief."
35
quorum
3
;
menii,
82
(f ),
:
scil.
i.
erai
:"
F. 120,
r.
36 flK/
Capys advises three courses: (i) to hurl the horse burn it ; (3) to examine it. The first ; (2) to two involve the destruction of the horse, and hence are connected \iy que ; the main alternative is marked by ant between courses (l) and (2) on the one hand and (3) on the other. See note on -ve and
latebras
aut
V. 7
pelago-=-in pelagus
:
39
scinditur viilgus
the crowd are divided in opinion as to whether draw the horse within the walls, or (b) destroy it (marked by (i) and (2) ), or explore "the hidden caverns" (marked by (3) ), some adopting the advice of Thymoetes (a), others that of
they should
(a)
Capys
40
41
(b).
a great throng
"eagerly."
arce: Pergama,
or the citadel of Troy which Laocoon was the son of Priam and Hecuba
and
42
priest of
et procul, scil.
is
often omitted
cp. v.
287,
ille
nihil,
:
Pyrrhus.
P. 85
:
44
carere dolis
" are
free
:
I ;
(h)
).
Dan-
aum = Danaorum
sic
Uiixes
we have said before, see note taken throughout the Aeneid as a type of Greek cunning
Homeric
epithets noXii/xTjng, iroTivrpotrog,
TzoTi.vfiijxavog.
cp. the
45--aut Achivi:
ligtio
hoc
in
hoc ligno
As Gladstone
in his
Inventus
Mundi
Greeks he uses the adjective Graius, originally applied to a tribe of Epirus and probably after the time of Ennius applied by the Latin to the whole country.
calls the
Vergil following
Homer
Achivi,
Danai
or Argivi,
never
Graeci,
although
38
\&fabricaia
:
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
The
ulttis.
abofninatus, amplexus,
mediiaitis^
confessus,
dimensus,
exsecratus,
moderatus,
47
is looked upon as an engine of war f'war/i/wffj which would look down on the houses of the city as a turris in a
siege.
urbiin
tirbem.
:
4:Serror, "
49
trick." ~nee^uo
page
135).
:
et^etiam.
The
gifts
cp.
Soph. Ajax,
664:
aTC/v
tor' akrjBijq
t]
fifioruv napoi/iia
kx^puv aSupa
cp.
:
is
ablative of manner
join
vi-ith
contorsit
and main."
of a spear,
last is
Of
by Vergil
intorqueo
cotttorqueo, the
the strongest;
"with
all
fully strong
man."
h\~in~-ah>um
" against the flank and against the belly of the monster rounded with jointed timbers." Note the emphasis gained by the repetition of the preposition in. compagibus ablative of manner. Note also that -que is added for explanation.
;
52
ilia,
scil.
hasta.
uteroque
"the
recti s so
"by
the
reverberation
of the
womb
53
:" literally
womb
re- echoing."
cavae: perhaps to be ttaken predicatively, "sounded hollow," or the structure may be the same as that of v. 38. Note the repetition of
the
same sound
:
in cavae cavernae.
In
in insoniiere is intensive.
54
Icuva
the
word laevtis was originally derived from the language of Augurs and meant primarily uupropilious as all omens, accordthe
ing to the Greeks appearing on the left were unpropitious, though the opposite of this was the case with the Romans. Both Greeks
and Romans regarded the east as the lucky quarter and the west unlucky, but the Greek in taking omens looked -north and hence apiartpoc "the left hand" was with them unlucky and Serine "on
The secondary meaning was "awkward" from the awkwardness of the left hand cf. Fr. gauche, gaiuherie. " if the fates of the gods had not been adverse to us, Translate
the right" w.as lucky.
: :
NOTES.
39
if our mind had not been blinded:" note the zeugma in laeva. deum=deontm. Conington says that with fata ovAy fuissent bhould be supplied: "had fate so willed it, had out mind been wise:"
55
inipulerat = iipulisset
"he had surely moved us to mangle with the sword the hiding places of the Greeks." The indicative is more
:
vivid
and picturesque than the subjunctive in the apodosis of a more reality and force are given to
this line both staret vtaneret and stares maneres as well maneres (Ribbeck). Which of these the most lively?
is
We
have in
as staret
What
hands
3
;
figure of
speech?
The
imperf. subj.
standing
would
ii).
now be
This
;
remaining."
tied
mantts
P. 83 (e)
cp.
medium amplexi
(v.
217)
exttvias indutus
273).
:
5Qq!<i-i>iorti
"who,
to
compass
this
to the Greeks,
had
;
way
as they
approached him
either issue,
either to
work out
death."
tory of
locative.
qui
animi
82
genitive
of respect or
aperiret
morti:
:
(F. 120,
P.
(e)
ii).
Troiavique
it
Achivis
64
certantque
prisoner."
capto "and they vie with each other in r^r/arg takes the infinitive illudere after
; :
jeering at the
for the
more
common
ut illitdant : (F. 181, 3) (P. 99, a, 2) so also we have impulerat foedare (v. 55); ardemus scitari (v. 64); adgressi avellere ivipulit (v. 165) ; tendit divellere (v. 220) ; glomerare ardent (v. 455)
;
cingi
(v.
:
520).
certant
see
Note the change from the singular ruit note on line 30.
request
:
to plural
65
Vergil
Aen.
all."
assents to Dido's
I,
Die
insidias,
inquit,
Danaum
753.
66-
om7ies, scil.
Danaos
know
According to the
hands of Varius
but ultimately
left
it
in the
40
and Tucca,
liis
Vergil's aen.
b.
ii.
Ea
co?iditio7ie
ne quid
In
this
vs. 234,
720, 767.
67
namque,
like
Greek
'yap,
introducing a narrative
ut,
may be
altogether
turbatus, "confused,"
showing a want of
in conspectu,
"
68
circimispexit
the heavy spondees bring out well the slow and measured
word
is
?<;;f=Greek vvv, "at present moment." " now at last," " after all." ia7n deniqtte
:
cui
poscunt
my life
P.
:
" who have neither any place among the Greeks and
like-
wise the Trojans with hostile feelings {iu/ensi) clamor for the
of
3
;
forfeit
(literally,
(f),
i).
my life
with
my blood."
(F. 120,
82
et
sanguinem.
poena
money paid
to purify
:
in
atonement
for a
crime committed
73
quo impetus
"by
so
74
hortatnur fari
see note on v.
is
64.
qtto
safiguine oetus,
scil. jiV
sprung:" dependent question (F. 176; r*. 99 (b) ) ; so also fei-at, sit. The words quo capto in oblique narration answering to quo sanguine cretus sis, quidveferas, memora,
quae
P. 82
sit
fiducia
i.
(tibi)
capto
\\\
direct narration.
capto,
F. 120,
3;
(f),
n^/uerit quodcumquf. "whatever may betide," literally, "whatever shall have come of it " it is belter to take /iterit as the future per:
"I
shall confess
whatever shall
my
78
79
hoc
pyimum,
^z\\.
Jatebor.
fiec^Jinget
in malice
"nor,
if
fortune hath
made
make him
NOTES.
80
vauH/n, one wlio asserts what
is
41
mistake
%\fando
lugent:
by hearsay, any name of Palamedes, a all reached your ears, and his glory of
famous renown,
bade the war
for the
whom on
down
to
death, though he
;
was innocent, on wicked evidence because he fornow they bewail him bereft of light." Belides here,
Belides.
more common
is
KLU, "
to \itdir," gloria
= clu-oria
c lauds
cf. cliens.
-proditione=^crimine. Note
insontem
6, 11
;
the emphasis
infando indicio.
7teci=ad
perf. part.
Iliad I,
oi careo.
casstim
3,
cassiun
:
mortuum
cp.
Homeric
(h).
83 -falsa
''^
stib
sub
falso
Servius
"Under
false
etc.
:
false
charge of
treason."
in the
" At a time
when
there
was a
alarm of treason
.
camp. "
Henry
cf.
84
quia
vetabat.
F.
Note the
148,
2; P. 99
86
illi
annis
"
as his
me
comrade and nearly related in blood, my hither to the war from my early years."
:
father,
illi:
Note the emphatic position of this pronoun in arma {\) = in belluni, (2) "to the profession of arms." primis ab aimis (i) initio belli, or, (2) "from the first years of my manhood =^3 ineufite
:
aetate."
88
dum
gessimus
in
won
F. 201
:
P. 99
(f.).
regno = in regno;
yepSvTov.
so consiliis=
in consiliis
cp. the
Homeric
jiovTii]
90
pellacis
first
said of one
who
According to Festus
Vergil had evidently
applies to
est.
in
his
Homer
Ulysse?
42
91
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
hand
the
ignota loquor
:
\\\\\\ igfiota
scil.
vobis or mihi.
In the
first
case
meaning is you kncnv the sloty : in the second, / speak things notfron mere hearsay. suptris oris " he left the upper regions," ora properly the coast line ; then a dividi.e., " the world above."
Here
it
:
means the
cf.
world
Lucretius
22, in
luminis eras,
9.3
et
Iraheham
"crushed
dragged on
life in
gloom and
grief."
my
guiltless friend."
\vi\-periec\.%
mectim
alone by myself.
trahebat>i, ituiiguabar.
F. 2l6, 3
97
(1j)>
line.
94
nee
movi
"nor
in
my
madness did
it
hold
my
tongue, and
vowed,
my native by my words I
;
cp. afpuv.
tulisset
:
remeassein
mad
subjunctive of
oblique narrative
remeavero. Argos:
we
96
97
also
his
words would be si quae fors unquani ttilerit from the form Argi, Arxorttm (masc. pi.);
and
ace. neut. sing.
have Argos
norti.
tiltorem
vie ftitttrtim
esse ultorem.
verbis:
"by my
:
threats": abl. of
this
means:
<?/
is
epexegetic.
hinc
prima malt
labes
lish,
" the
first slip
labes
shp.
98
hinc
arma:
my
"from
this
me
by new charges,
ing
F. 216,
3,
note 2; P. loi
is
(d).
where vu/gus
arma
100
)iic
masculine: F. 275 5 P- 48 (b). quaerere conscius others take this to mean, "to seek allies as a conspirator."
ministro:
Calchas."
is
"and, indeed, he did not rest till by the aid of Note the artful way in which Sinon breaks off when he
just on the point of arousing the curiosity of his audience and compare the sjieech of Marc Antony over the body of Caesar in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2, Calchante tninistro
:
NOTES.
ablative absolute.
is
43
This
yet,
called
by the grammarians
101
sed
revolvo?
"but
\why do
e.g.
recollections ? "
no purpose unroll these bitter ; nequidquam stiscipit frtistra laboretn, " he under-I to
\
"he begs
scroll.
revolvo: metaphor
is
taken from a
102
quidve
est:
"or why do
class,
and
is
sufficient to
orditie.
orditte
in
ttito
audio
be called
/loi
this
Achaeans in (name of
like
-= appellor,
:
the
op.
:
kqkSjc
Eurip. Ale.
:
Ttt recte
3, 6.
quod
atidis
Milton's
Paradise Lost,
Or hearst thou rather, pure ethereal Whose fountain who shall tell ?
stream,
YYiiamdudum
iamdttdum sumendas: sttmite poenas sumite poenas "take the vengeance, you should have taken long ago." With
dare,
104
Aoc
ve/it
98
"
this,
II
(b)
Ithactis
I
;
= diix
P. 85
?nagtto:
"at a great
105
ittm
causas
"then, indeed,
;
we
cause."
\{)^
tuni vero
-ignari
Pelasgae:
craft."
For the genitive F. 61, 3; P. 81, b (i). Pelasgae: the Pelasgi were a Thessalian or Epirotic tribe, applied afterwards to The word the Greeks in Eurip. Or. 857 and often in Vergil. seems to come from the same root as Tre/lAof, koIloq^ Keli6q Lat.
:
palleo, pallidus,
lOlJictopectoi-e:
pectore here
"with
heart." F.
71,
/; P. 85
(e).
Possibly
= " emotion.
note the repetition: "often the Danai desired to take
\0% saepe
saepe:
saepe
would be
44
expressed thus:
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
"As
:
vented them."
aipiere
= cupierttnt
;
bello goes
v/'v\.\\.fessi.
\\Qfectsse)tt(jtie ututain
mood and
tense
with titinam
Ill
F. 138, 4 (c)
"barred their way." Auster: from tiro, avu, parch; here the parching wind. eu7ifes "just going." This wind would be adverse for those sailing from Troy to Greece.
:
\2praecipt<e
nimbi
:
framed
In
v.
the sky."
in v.
86,
as of oak.
if.
abl.
means.
rtf//i;
113
siaret=esset,
Heyne, Forbiger
full
force of staret
is
114
scitantem.
for
Another reading
is
scitattim,
Livy
21,
6:
legati a
Sagutitinis
bellum orantes.
at Patara,
The
great
oracle of Apollo
Delos and
other places.
115
adytis
:" cp.
116
sanguine
et
"with the blood of a maiden slain." The Greek fleet was detained by head winds at Aulis till Agamemnon consented to sacrifice liis
daughter Iphigenia to Diana.
\Ylcum primumveniitis
v.
F. 203,
2; P. 99 (F.) v; io ut
venit,
119.
:
118
121
litandttm
iretnor parent;
parent
is
is
pendent question.
of each other, "for
The meaning
whom
doom."
quae
flagilat
;
"demands what
"all the while
that
F. 176
P.
124
iam canebant
many
It is best to
they were
NOTES.
125 126
artificis: bis
45
"the contriver,"
:
?.iJ.,
Ulysses.
regulariy used with adverbs for the
quinos
the distributive
is
cardinal numeral.
/^^/5
either,
"shut up
in his tent" or
"con-
128
129
.
v.
104.
silence :" literally
"by
concert."
fui'/jv.
130
*
ttdere'.
"the
ills
each
feared for
unhappy man."
All
sentence
is
extremely sarcastic.
ills
men
ills
of others
tide7-e
when such
do not
affect themselves.
:
converteriint et iulertoit
With
tidere: cp.
//^^/i?.
and carried
root TLA,
to very destruction."
cp. Scottish
with
"bear;"
:
132
sacra parari
i\\Q
parari: historical
infinitive: F. 216, 3,
note 2;
P. loi (d).
133
salsae friiges
the coarse barley meal mixed with salt (mohz salsa) was sprinkled on the head of the victim just before the sacrifice c\).
:
ovTjoxvrai.
vitlae not
merely the
priest,
rttpi:
:
confess
it,
I burst
my
bonds,"
ablative of separation.
sacrifice
:
Human
;
victims were
usually
bound
3.
for
Ovid. Eleg. ex
Pont
135
limosoque
lacti
"and
in
Vergil
who
at
obscurus in ulva
Minturnae when he was trying to escape the soldiers of "screened amid the sedge."
:
13&~deidui: from
sails, if
delitesco. dimi
dedissent
"till they
duiii
dareid
if
might
:
set their
for the
F. 201, 4
P.
99
(f), iii.
With darent
sail
"
till
they set
dod)
have
F. 207, 7
P. 107 (b).
scil. est.
%Zl-^fnihi
spes tdla,
46
138
dulces natos
:
veroil's akn.
b. ii.
some find a difficulty here, for in v. 87 the children of Sinon must have been considerably advanced in years.
139
quos
reposcent:
;
"of them
flight."
my
(f).
poenas:
two accusatives:
14015/
piabunt
"and
death of mine."
141
Note the
"therefore,
is
F.
19, 5
P. 92 (a).
quodferentis:
whom
pity
the truth
sullied that is
by the gods above, by the deities to known, I beseech thee by all the faith yet un* any where left among mortals ; pity woes so great,
;
an undeserving
:
sufferer."
6,
adjurations
oro.
cp.
Aen.
per:
903
:
363,
is
quod te per caeli iuciinduni lumen the whole clause, siquaJides: Aen.
venia hostibus oro
:
>
10,
6,
per si qua
12, 56.
est viciis
cp.
Aen.
4,
3'7
459;
resist:
What would
in
restat express?
F. 192,
laborufn miserere
word
is
= Gk.
un ; and
in
P. 99 (h). temerare,
intemerata:
"to profane."
distinguish
;
P, 8 1
W^his lacrimis:
require.
indirect
object.
ultra):
the
we
146
viro
also pity
:
"we
grant
others take
it
as the ablative of
separation
being f/rz/w
147 148
dictis
:
F. 138
P. 85 (h),
ablative of manner.
antissos
obliviscere Graios
hy prolepsis=amitte Graios
et obliviscere:
What
(f) iii.
is
F. 146, 7
P. 81
The meaning
:
;
the
Greeks are
149
noster:
being understood.
cf. a/ie/ius,
F. 205
"a
foreigner."
A Roman general
:
mihi roganii
him with
the words
quisquis es nosier
my
question."
NOTES.
150
47
quo
" to what end have they built this huge and monstrous immanis from in "not," and root MA, "to measure": hence immeasurable in size. Note the repeated questions well mark
:
siatuere
horse."
quis auctor ?
it
"
151
quaereligio?
prefix
RED
or
"what religious purpose did it imply?": religto horn RE LIG, "bind": the restraining feeling from a belief
:
machina
connected with
uf/So/uai, fifjri^,
root MA,
:
(irixavTi,
fivxoQ
152
t//e, i.e.,
Sinon.
:
dolis
Pelasga
:
" stored
of the Grecian
the heiidisee v. 83.
wiles "
cf. II. 4,
339
Note
adys in dolis
et
arte Pelasga
(abl. of
means).
For Pelasga
153
szistulit
-wilh. palma, cp. Tra/la//^ ablative of separation. palmas "blade of .an oar": root PAL or pad, "to spread": cf. palor, pando. Note the treachery of Sinon.
:
vinclis:
' : '
falmas:
154 155
ignes
heavenly bodies.
:
ensesque nefandi
cial knives.
"and ye
sacrifi-
156
"to strike:"
H&nce,
t/ie
Festus.
thitig strtick.
151/as itira
to
"it
is
right for
me
the Greeks."
:
established right by
According to Servius sacratum itis = sacramentiun, the ordinary oath of a Roman soldier and iusiurdivine law
ins,
human
law.
158
Note
qtia
aphora).
omnia sub
auras',
"bring
18, 13
;
things to light":
cp.
Ilor.
si:
Od.
F.
1,
159
= quae,
after
132,
2; P.
26:
secret."
160
tu
repettdam
and
shall
reveal
the
truth
make a
:
large recompense."
is
"Whh promissis
tnanere,
the ablative
coepti
local or of means.
162
Danaui = Danaori(fn.
it
belli:
"confidence
in
undertaking
48
163
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
Palladis
stetit:
"by
used in the sense of "to remain firm," "to stand secure": cp. Verg. Georg. 4, 208: stat
phalic position of Palladis.
slo is often
firm."
Note
the em-
Fortuna donius
164
Hor. Od.
3,
3,
42
stet
Capiiolium.
auxiliis
is
ablative of instrument.
sed
enitii
impius,
made bold to tear the fated Palladown the sentries on the towered on account of Diomede wounding Venus (Homer
cut
:
330"347):
scelertim inventor
ex quo,
scil.
ternpore
we have
;
always an
:
words
" but (a change came) for, tic." fatale the preservation of Troy was linked by fate (fatalis) with the preservation of the Palladium or image'of Pallas ; cp. M. Arnold "Backward and forward rolled the waves of fight round Troy but while this stood Troy could not fall." caesis ctistodibus,
which may
in this case
:
be supplied thus
aKpr/ rroAtg.
?netts
seized
dared with bloody hands to touch the maiden chaplets of the goddess, from that time the hope of the Greeks ebbed and slid away back-
virgineas vittas
mind of the goddess estranged." was worn by both matrons and maids, which in some respects differed cf. the "snood " worn by maidens and the "coif" or " curch " worn by the married women among the Scottish women of the former days. Scott's Heart of Midlothian, " Tresses of long, fair hair, which chap, xxii Effie dared
wards, their strength was broken, the
:
the
fillet
no longer confine with the snood or riband, which implied purity of maiden fame." So also Una in Spencer's Fairie Queen, I, 3, 4
From her
ex
illo,
faire
head her
fillet
she undight.
historical infinitive
scil.
:
Jluere ac tempore.
7-eferri,
=/fMx:V
ac relata est
final
tide.
The
neemonstris
" and by no uncertain tokens did the Tritonian goddess give signs thereof." Tritonia scil. dea derived probably from TpirSg "third"; yiyvo/^ac "to be born": therefore "born on the third of the month," hence called TpcT6fi7/ucg, or from the three phases of the moon. Other derivations are given. See Proper Names.
:
NOTES.
ea signa
:
49
cp.
Aen.
12,
has poenas;
468,
;
hoc metu.
"news
of this"
7,
:
595,
from
hence
"a
warning."
are fond of put-
arsere
where we would place one clause subordinate to the other {hypotaxis) ; "scarcely was the image placed in the camp, when there flashed forth sparkling flames from its upraised /positum scil, est', see v. 10. eyes." castris=itt castris. minibus ablative of separation. arreciis, raised eyes were significant of fury just as downcast eyes were a sign of sullen anger cf.
ting co-ordinately (parataxis)
Aen.
173
I,
482
diva
aversa ienebat.
;
salsus sudor:
sweat
cp.
naturally salt
of the description.
The sweating
portentous
27, 4,
174
terque
trenteniem
tell,
"and
thrice
herself,
wonderful to
spear."
etnicuit:
175
and 3;
P. 105.
must be hazarded
in flight,
nor
may
at Argos, and bring back that divine presence which they have borne over the deep on their carved ships. " temptanda scil. esse alluding to the dangers
:
of the deep.
pi.
citadel of Troy"
bury:
to the
cp. 'Kvpy6Q,
"tower": English
burgh,
borotigh,
"the
"a
fortress."
ni repetant, alluding
Roman custom
to take
Rome
:
from the
camp
anew
For subjunctive: F. 193, ii (b) ; P. 99 (h). Argis from the nom. pi. Agri -drum we also find Argos neut. nom. and ace. from root ARG, "bright," hence ihQ vforA mz.Y Taea.n Brighton cp.
:
argentum, apyog.
pelago: the
Cic.
Fam.
X,
Livy,
37,
14
Aegaeo
60
b.
ii.
cariiiis
abl.
of accompaniment
cp.
the
vrjeg Ko'iXai.
180
et
nunc aderunt: "and now in that they have sought their native Mycenae with the wind and are gathering arms and gods to attend
quod
ii,
:
remenso
V. 46.
fact
F. i8i, 2; P.
209.
see
from remetior
181
digcrit: literally,
"arranges" /.e., " expounds " must be taken to propitiate the gods.
:
in detail
what course
183
/lancpiaret
for the
"this image at his warning they reared in recompense Palladium and the injured deity, to expiate the horror of sacrilege." moniti scil. ab Calchante. pro nunihte laeso, i.e., to
make amends
ut ea: F. 184
deity.
quae=
P. 93, iv.
185
hanc
tueri: " yet Calchas bade them raise it to this vast size with oaken cross-beams, and build it up to heaven that it might not find entry within the gates nor be drawn within the city, nor protect your people under the shelter of the old faith." tamen in spite of the protestations of Sinon that the withdrawal of the deity would hasten Note that we have Sinon's own words 180-188, the doom of Troy.
:
and 189-194; the words of Calchas are in oblique narrative. caelo Note that ne aut are =^ ad caelum: v. 19. portis intra portas. cumulative, the aut connecting parts of the same general idea, neque
= necque,
189
domim
direct
future
perfect
of
F. 207, 7
P. 107
(b).
\^()quodconvertant: "which
reaches you.
scil.
evil
may
4
(c)
the gods
;
first
turn on himself:"
i.e.,
P.
98 {x).prius,
before
ipsum
Calchanta.
Yi\fnturum,
192
im])lied in iussit.
sin
\^Zullro
"unchallenged," see
v. 59.
\\o\\\6. further
war against
them.
by Pelops.
NOTES.
194
et
51
" and such destiny awaited the descendants of us :" with nepotes eafata; cp. vtagnuin exilium,y. 190. nostras', of us Greeks.
: :
-.
V^operiuri per in periuro, perhirus, perfidits is not per intensive as in permapius, but a remnant of the same word found in Gk. napd " hence, "away frona." cp. napd(j>puv, "beside one's self
:
196audita
scil.
est: so
mptz
scil.
suwus.
I,
coactts,
"forced," hence,
"unnatural:"
cp.
Ovid, Am.,
8,
197
Note nequenec
non non : such variations are not allowable in Larissaeus, from Larissa, the chief town in Phthia, a district prose. ofThessaly, from which Achilles came, meaning "Rock-town" according to Leaf. It is found in both European and Asiatic Greece.
;
and
far
more
ter-
120,
presented to us hapless mortals." iem scil. nobis: F. The famous group of statuary representing P. 82 (e) ii.
the death of
Laocoon and
his
two sons was discovered in A.D. 1506 tlie Esquiline hill and is now in the
Compare
"What are the discrepancies and how would you account for them? Note (l) the serpents /ri"^ {primtim) kill the two sons and afterwards {post) seize the father as he comes to the rescue ; but according
to the sculptor the serpents are
kill
In the statuary the figures are nude; in the story, the prob-
any
rate,
would have on
his priestly
vestments.
Henry
Such
is
says,
successive acts
the
.
.
no more than a
poetry.
The
day and
night,
and
for
years together,
on one
object
mind
as
many
improvida pectora:
i.e.,
iOl
Neptuno
82,
f,
P.
i:
ductus sorte:
literally
"drawn by
lot," i.e.,
chosen by
52
lot
:
Vergil's aen.
a
b. ii.
Roman custom
54
:
is
cp. Tacitus
Ann.
I,
sorte
dudi
e primoribus civilatis
wius
et viginii, soiIus
202
soUemnes:
= tohts
:
and
annus
203
held yearly
*hence,
accustomed.
ecce: observe the
"but
from Tenedos over the tranquil deep I shudder while I tell the tale two serpents with enormous coils press down the seas and advance side by side to the shore." gemini often used for dtto:
lo!
cp.
Aen.
5,
tmtnensis
mane
:
6,
7^9
orbibiis
ablative of quality
F.
131,9: P. 85
(c).
206
"rear up."
The
traditional sea-serpent
had a
^aiCLV Tjlvde;
:
Pyth. lO, 47 : koX 7roiKt?.ov Kapa ApaKovruv <p6Plautus Amphi. 5, I, 56: devolatit an^ues jiibaii.
Livy 43, 13 in aede Forturiae anguetn jubatttm a comp'.uribus visum esse. Evidently Pliny, a good authority in Natural History,
disbelieves the truth of this
:
cf.
Ii, yj,
non
reperitur.
account
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, Of huge extent, sometimes, with brazen eyes And hairy mane terrific. 207
pars
legit
the other part (of the body) skims the sea behind, and
monstrous backs."
The verb
lego
Gk.
:
2*' )-w
German
9,
lege7i) is
:
one's steps
cp.
Aen.
392
Here
209^^
is
recurring
{onomatopoeia)
Note the hissing sound imitated by the "as the sea surges into foam, a sound
:
heard."
1\0 ardentesque
ora;
ace.
"and with
and
fire,
:
ocidos
212
F. 98, 3
P. 83 (e)
iii.
Note
also
agmine
certo
hence
a moving, advance.
NOTES.
53
213 According
braeus
:
to Hyginus the two sons were Antiphantes and according to others, Ethron and Melampus.
their fangs."
Thym-
215
morsn
" with
2\&^ost=postea.auxi!io:
dative of purpose
:
"to
I,
their
l
;
help," literally,
:
F.
34,
P. 82 (c)
some say an
instrument.
The
force of sub:
sttbire,
cp. v. 467.
218
dati
bis
tmesis (a
to
" twice encircling his waist, twice encircling his neck with dati-circumdati is an example of circtwi figure in which the preposition is separated from the verb
which
:
it
belongs). c^//^
is
adative. ^f^r^'-a
is
accusative of specifi-
cation
see v. 56.
altis
:
219
superant
necks."
capite
cervicibus
" they tower above him with their heads and lofty ablative of measure: F. 58, 6; P.
:
85
(lO:
22Qille
dit divellere
22\perfustis
veneno:
"having
his
fillets
venom": for the accusative see "to bend" or " twist together "
felloe": English
w/Z/^f.
scil.
note
:
"a
223
qua/is mugitus:
saitcii:
toUit=iales mugitus
is
tollit
" he
raises
such bellowing as
is
(the bellowing) of a
II,
bull."
The
simile
found in Homer,
20,
gnomic
The
simile
tliat
time
(v.
202).
Laocoon was engaged in sacrificing a bull The bellowing and the struggling of a victim
signs.
at the altar
sit
In fugitexcus-
we have an example
22'ii/icertamsea(rim: "shakes from his neck the erring a\e."iHcertam, i.e., ill-aimed; cp. certa hasta, "an unerring spear": cnta
sagitta,
"an arrow
aimed
at."
seairim: what
225 at:
"glide in flight":
:
lapsu
abl.
i.e.,
to
aTap.gemini see note v. literally "with gliding "to delubra ad suinma of manner. the ciude\.de/zibrum (from de and
cp.
'.
= 2.ovu, "wash")
"a
shrine."
64
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
drak,
to
"look"
(cp.
hence "the bright eyed;" aiigids (from ango, o.yX^i "choke"), "that which chokes or squeezes its prey": serpens (from
serpo=-kpTru "creep"),
"
that
which
adj.
creeps.
226
we have
Tritonis, gen.
7riiotiidis
and
for
\-i\.saevae\ in with-
see v. 163.
:
227
tegnnt!(r=se iegu7it
passive voice.
228
a*nctis
= cuncioyuin
229et/eru}tt: "and they say that Laocoon has paid the penalty of his crime deservedly." scelus=poenas scehris Aen. II, 208: cp. scelerum poenas expendimus nines.
\
230
qmtm
is
4;
P. 93,
iv.
Compare
who
killed
231 tergo
and 52 where the "side," "belly," and "womb" of But tergus, tergoris and tergum, -i may mean simply "hide" and may apply to all parts of the body. laeserit
:
cp. v. 51
is
the beast
struck.
narrative.
233
see note
v. 66.
234
dividimtis
tirbis
to
view
MUN, "to
:
defend ")
(
\^
an outer wall of a
the
purposes
mums
= rminrus from
same
root)
kind.
235
accingunt=se accingunt
'.
j'.^.,
which were tucked up for active work : hence succinctus, cucinctus, "active"; discinctus, "idle." rotarum lapsus = rotas labentes "smoothly gliding wheels": cf. Hor. Od. I, 12, lO fluminum lapsusJlumina labentia : cp. Soph. Elec. 216 -pox^JV j3aattg.
237
siuppea
intenditnt
"draw
taut
upon its neck the hempen bands :" young nobles of Rome drawing the
NOTES.
tettsae
55
drawn
capitol.
virts
hymns chanted
240
minans
with
"towering high glides into the midst of the city:" meaning of minor cp. Aen. i, getninique tnittanhir in caelum scopidi: from root MIN, "project": cp. tnoiis mitiae, "the
:
urbi
this
241
Note
old
sill
The
line
is
a quotation
from Ennius.
242
Dardaiiidum = Dardaiiida7-um.
it
ipso
:
siibstitit
stood
still."
:
limen = iigmcn
from
iigo,
of the door
porlae:
connected
with per,
TvopoQ, Trcpdu
"to go."
243 244 245 246
ulero
:
ablative of specification.
' :
immemores
sac)-ala
'
regardless.
:
v. 8.
hi7!c
Teucris:
that
lips to
speak the
doom
by heaven's command, never believed by the Trojans." etiamx besides other warnings. For the story see Cassandra in Proper Names. credita verbs that govern a dative
lips,
:
was
in poetry
have we a few examples of the personal use of such verbs Horace has imperor, invideor: Ovid, credor more than once.
Ttucris
:
dative
F. 164,
I ;
P.
II,
57.
248
nos
urbem:
last,
whom that day was to be the deck the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal
"we, poor
esset
wretches, to
boughs. "
qnibus
the subjunctive
i.e.,
may be
either causal or
or quamvis ttobis esset: F. 196 and 198; P. 99. vehimus coronamus : Aen. 3, 405 ; 3, 545 ; 5, 72 cf. Homer II. I, 39
:
fZ -KOTE
The
:
leaves
would be those of
;
god
of laurel, to Apollo
oak, to
Jove
66
250
vertitur
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
Jiox
The
cf.
Milton,
Paradise Lost,
9,
52
and now from end
to
end
Night
ing day.
is
said to
'
rush
'
in pursuit
of the retreat-
251
Note the
et
effect
^I^fiisi per w-bcm: "stretched out to rest throughout the town": so fusi per herbani, said of the revelling crew of Aeneas Aen. i, 214.
:
254
Tenedos
"and by
this
from
Tenedos with
its
array of ships."
navibus
note
255
tacitae
lunae
"amid
moon."
Two directly
Some moon was quietly shining, was no moon shining. Some quote in support of
:
And
Hid
silent as the
moon,
When
in
From v. 340 we know that the moon was up. Vergil brings out prominently the light and calm of the night so as to further the
designs of the Greeks.
256
flammas
extiilerat
"when
is
is
:
fire
With regia
3: poop."
Sc.
ptippis
art
Pt.
I,
Act
(f)
3,
"Thou
For quuia with the indie, see F. 203, 2; P. 99 word "to raise " the standard.
:
257
fatisqiie
iniquis
zeugma
and
258
Note
the
up
in the
womb
NOTES.
263
57
the
first
It is difficult to see if
Machaon was
to issue
why he
It
may be an
iroi/xeva
Homer, II. II, 505: apiarEvovra Maxaova, some translate it " peerless."
265
so/nno vinoqiie sepultum
best to
:
hence
"buried in a drunken slumber." It is an example of hendiadys = 5(7w(? -vinoso. Ennius (A. 8) has the expression vino domiti somnoque sepiilti. Hence some look on sepultum in this passage of Vergil as a zeugma,
make somno
vinoqtie
in sleep,"
abl. of
means.
:
agmina
iunguut
scil. sibi
bands."
268
7nortaHbus
7-aptatus
aegris
bigis
:
cf.
Homeric
6tilolGL (ipoTolai.
car,
272
as formerly."
After
slaying
Hector,
it
body
to his chariot
and
dragged
thrice
:
273
traiectus
lora
We
sometimes find Latin verbs used in a middle sense expressing the action done to one's self by some one else, or done to one's self, The accusative in this case resembles in imitation of the Greek. cp. note on mamts, v. 56. the accusative of specification
:
274
zY/ti
cp. iKeiwf,
"that
illustrious
Hector": F. 118,
P. 92
(c).
275
qui
donned the
spoils of Achilles."
is
tlie
perfect rediit.
exuvias
we
can say in the active, exuvias mihi induo, and in the passive, exuvias
ego induor or exuviis vie induo
as
if
and
exiiviis ego
induor. Achilli:
from the nominative Achilleus, gen. Achillei, contracted Achilli: Hector slew Patroclus, who had donned see note on Ulixi: v. 7. the armour of his friend Achilles.
276
vel
igftis
scil.
qui redit
"who
note V. 36.
277
squalentetn
barbam
patrios,
scil.
qualis erat
'
'
Ah me
how
sad
he looked, wearing as he did a squalid beard and hair all matted with blood, and all the many wounds which he received around his
58
ancestral wcills."
Vergil's aex.
vuhiera
:
b. ii.
the
279
ultro
v.
tears too
myself"
'.
281
lux Dardaniae
vi. 6, 0d6jf
lux
is
6'ETapoiGiv t&i/Kev: 2
Homeric ^dof, "safety": cp. Horn. II. Sam. xxi, 17, when David is called Luke ii, 32, ^6Jf f a-rrom'Xv'ijJiv eOvuv.
the
' :
'
283
expectate
come?"
:
itt:
The meaning of tit in such cases must be context, here zdut libente "how gladly "
mus.
!
l^^^labores
285
quae
'.
cp. vrt^wf
"sufferings."
cruel cause has
voltus?
?
"what
thy face
"
scil.
287
iUe
mihi,
5,
respondit:
see
note v. 42.
:
nee
7noraiur\
:
"nor
my
Aen.
Epist.
400,
I,
7iec
dona moror,
"nor can
I for gifts"
so Horace
15,
illius
orae:
2,
I,
164:
nii
im7iatedea: "goddess-bom"
290
ruit
II.
iQxded: F. 156, 4: P. 85
very summit
is
(h).
:
Troia
13, 772,
:
its
sinking in ruins"
cp.
-Kaaa
kcit'
aKpyg
'ITiiog anrEivij.
291
.frt/
to
fulfilled
satis
a legal
phrase forgiving security for payment of a debt, here for the pay-
ment
292 293
hac
:
itself,
satisfacere.
" by
this (right
sacra stiosqtie
Penates:
"her
rites
sacra:
What the penates were it is difficult to say. They were probably national deities represented in little images of wood or stone, and the word may be derived from PA, "to protect" or " feed " cp. pater, pascb, pcnus.
a particular term.
:
294
his
ponto:
city,
a mighty
city,
which thou
shalt
Rome.
vioenia quaere,
magna magna is
quae',
with
predicative:
NOTES.
59
The other punctuation, howis common. " (the image oQ Vesta wearing
"which thou
296
viitas
shalt build
mighty."
magna, pererrato,
:
VestajuqiieVestam vittatam
"
:
fillet
hendiadys.
:
297
aeternum
iptem
with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. In the temple of Vesta at Rome, " the eternal fire " was maintained, the extinguishing of
doom
more
of the
city.
298
diverso
is filled with tumultuous woe "throughout the city meanwhile confusion reigns with manifold cries of agony." Iticiu the wailing for the lost. Possibly diveiso means " in a distant quarter of the city." Note the emphatic position oi diverso. This, with the latter
htctu:
" meanwhile
the town
freely,
interpretation,
is
particularly significant as
:
marking the
transition.
299
viagis
magis
by
clearer
and clearer." secreta obtecta both predicates of recessit: " though my father Anchises' house lay deep withdrawn and
:
screened
trees."
In
Homer
Anchises
is
not an inhabitant of
20\armoruique
ingruit
grits
: :
"and the clash of arms rolls onward." gar, "to call" or "shout": cp. garrire, gartdtts, ylpavo^, jTjpvsiv. Note the imitative harmony produced by
root
horror:
302
excutinr
?\q^^.'''' fastigia
properly
iecti,
itself.
Fastigia
a sloping or ridged
roof.
304
The construction
The
simile
is
is
The
contrast
is
between Aeneas listening to the din of battle and the shepherd hearing the roaring of a conflagration or a torrent from the top of a crag.
suggested by Homer,
II.
4,
455.
Cp.
Thomson's
Autumn,
:
v.
idp'T^a^.furetitibiisAustris:
abl. abs.
:
montano JlumiMe is a kind of ablative of quality with iorrens "a whirling mountain torrent," or "the roaring torrent of a mountain
stream."
306
sternit
sternit
cp.
}p.i^,
ftiimtisfuit
560, subiit
subiit.
boumque labores
483, adparet
adpare7tt
the
-.
499, vidividi:
(iouv.
is
Homeric ipya
60
307
inscius
:
Vergil's aen.
not
b. ii.
knowing what
to
make of it because he
"the truth
is
is still
dazed.
309
manijesta:
makeyft/(jj-
Others one of the nominatives to patescunt, but the two distinct predicates have double the force and energy of a single predicate.
evident."
:
perhaps a predicate,
Danaum
310
d^d/i
see v.
:
\i,.^fides here
:
is
cp. iriarig
ISovaa
Tvlariv.
rtnnam
"has
"has made a
fall."
dare,
from root
DHA
cp.
Tid?;/j.i
is
"make":
attacked
is
That the house of Deiphobus was evident from Homer, Od. 8, 517
vSfiovg eOtike.
:
okTMv
noTuv Kepac^efiev
anvfiv,
dcjfiara A7j'i(j)d^ov
311
Vukano superante
gontis quae
7tymy).
figure.
abl. abs.
"amid
p)oxi7nus
is
the owner
effect
312
igni
relucent
is
"gleam with
the blaze."
-e,
What words
;
in the
(c).
:
3rd
declension
may have
the ablative in
or -i? F. 40
P. 49
313
This
the
r'j.
314
necarmis
satis.
is
sat
315
bello
"but
my
feelings
for
war.
ZX^^furor
armis:
is
it is
"fury and wrath drove me headlong, and I think succurrit literally, "it occurs to to die in arms." noble" cp. Horace, Od. 3, 2, 13: dtdce et decorum
:
:
318
telis
ablative of separation
:
F. 309, see F.
27; P.
85, k.
75.
i.
Z\^Othryades
321
trahit:
for patronymics
304(h); P.
zeugma: " carries the sacred vessels and the conquered gods in his hands and hurries along his little grandson." For the latter meaning cp. v. 457> puerum Astyanacta trahebat, Sacra scil. vasa.
NOTES,
Henry, however, remarks on this:
sacra,
''
61
Deos
is
the explanation of
is,
not
'tlie
because Panthus
would be too much encumbered by three different objects sacred things, gods' images, and his grandson : and secondly, because we find ^acr^z by itself and without explanation meaning 'sacred images.' Ovid, Met. lo, 696 and Fasti i, 527."
cursu:
322
qtio
"distractedly":
literally
"to
Panthu?
our state
literally
?
"in what
/(7cci:=^/<^
position
is
"how
sit
is
fares
res
"(7^
statu: Hor.
Ep.
12,
Romaua
loco.
stimma
25: quo
res
res
summa
an old phrase for the later res publica, "our all," "the main chance." Others take the meaning to be, "where is the struggle Panthu vocative: Panthus -TldvBovq = JlavQooq voc. hottest?"
TiavQoe, HavQov.
premlimus
the indicative
is
far
more
vivid than
"what
stronghold are
we
to
occupy?"
Henry's interpretation is : " If we throw ourselves into the " arx" what kind of an ^^arx" shall we find it to be? Is the " arx" any
longer defensible?"
Certainly this interpretation, although some-
what
the
which otherwise
to
characterizes
first,
'^
quo
summa
to
loco?'''
The
fact that
go thiiher
(v.
Zl'icumreddit
F, 203, 2
P.
v.
99
(f.
v.
Ii.
itiehictabile
hour"
in Gray's Elegy.
Dardaniae
iempus
:
cp.
"the
in-
dative.
:
Zlhfuimusfuit; the perfect of ^; is oken.\x?,edi euphemistically "we were," but "are no longer" cp. Tib. 3, 5, 3, sive erimus sett nos " whether we shall be alive or whether the fates fata fuisse velint
:
" cp. Gen. xlii, 13, "the youngest is this day with our father and one is not:" Matt, ii, 18, "Rachel weeping for her children and would not be comforted because they
will that
we
should be dead
are not."
327
transtitlit:
destruction bearing
cp. v, 351.
62
328
VERGIL'S AEN.
arduus
B. II.
equus:
lire
:
"the
horse, as
it
men and
moenibiis
spreads
and
confusion. "
"
:
330
bipatentibus
quot.
332
angtista
viarum:
"the narrow
streets,"
ot
viarum "
333
Stat
stricta: vigiles
:
334
primi
first
"the guard
at the entrance," or
"the guards
attacked."
336
337
numine
tn'stis
"by
the will."
Erinys:
"fell Fury."
:
Wagner
demon
339
of battle
:
cp.
Lucan,
4, 187, civilis
Erinys,
niaxivuis armis
oblati
340
per lunam
"meeting us
(a).
Scan
this verse
amove
:
"
it
so happened that he
had come
to
Troy
in these
(direful)
days
fired
Cassandrae:
objective genitive.
Z\?>
insano
belli
"because
it
hurried
;
him
to his ruin."
Conington.
amoris
I,
(i)
quiu
tempore amabat
est.^'
Seri.e.,
vius.
The second
insane non bonum est, and Ovid Art. pauxiUiim amare sane Amat. I, 371 insano iuret amore mori. Understood in this sense,
:
the epithet raises our respect not only for Coroebus but for Cassandra, in the
it.
same degree
as,
it
lowers
Henry.
was considered complete
:
344
gener used proleptically because he does not seem to have ever According to Roman custom, after betrothal married Cassandra.
relationship {affinitas)
XII,
cp, Tacitus
Ann.
onibiis (said of
Lucius Silanus
daughter, Octavia.)
who was newly betrothed to Caesar's The meaning then is " in hope of becoming
:
audierit
listen
NOTES.
346
347
63
See note on
quos
v. 230.
vidi
I see those
into battle."
.S48
from confercio
It is best to
with his
" thereupon
349
si
sequi'.
:
daring
350sir.
351
F. 176; P. 99(d).
scil.
excessere
ex urbe Troia.
It
belief
among
were heard crying on the day of Pentecost "let us go hence " cp. Aesch. Theb. 207
: ;
fierajiaivujiev hrevdev,
a?iX' ovi>
deovq
Tov^
So
also Milton,
Ode on Nativity
leaving.
352
"by whose
see v. 56.
:
353
position
:
"in flames
is
sucatrritis
a conative
j^resent.
it
epexe-
explaining
how
they would meet death: "let us meet death by rushing into the
heart of the foe."
is
explained as an example
of varepov Trpdrepovi "let us die and let us rush into the midst of
the
and die."
arma =
armatos
354
una
salutem:
note the emphatic position o{ una: " the only safety " with salus scil. est. is to expect no safety
:
355
animis:
"courage."
additus
"kvmoi
scil.
est
lupi
ceu: this
may be an
;
16,
356
improba: generally denoting excess of all kinds in Vergil: cp. im" probus ira, " excessive in rage " improbus anser, "greedy goose
:
64
Vergil's aen.
:
b. ii.
With improba
"wicked,"
Hetiry IV.
vcntris
rabies
toil."
may be compared
cp.
the Shakespearian
"belly-pinched wolf."
i.e.,
"painful;"
"villainous saltpetre."
King
at
357
excgit caecos:
forth,"
i.e.,
to
prowl
random.
358
siccis
The second
tela,
,part
of the simile
is
with/^r
per
hostes.
359
mediaeque
city."
iter:
:
"and we pursue
is
our
way
:
into
mediae urbis
a genitive of quality
F. 124
P. 81
(e).
360
nox umbra "dark night hovers round us with encircling gloom." Henry claims that nox here is figurative for "the gloom of death," referring to Aen. 6, 866, and Horn., Od., 20, 351.
quis
361
labores?
his tears."
"who
can unfold the carnage of that night, who (can who is able to measure its troubles
a.\\iter3Ltion,
by
/unera /ando
lacrimis
fando labores.
363 364
see note v. 6.
dominata :
' '
phirima limina
corpses."
strewed the
With
inertia corpora
:
Homer.
v. 72.
360 367
" pay
forfeit
with their
life
" cp.
quo7ida?n Danai:
"at times even to the hearts of the vanquished valour returns and the victorious Greeks fall." Note the alliterations z^iV/wwV/z^j
victores.
368
crudelis
:
'
:
'
ruthless.
final syllable
369/awr
long,
of pavor
-.
possibly
because
on
it
3,
370
se
offer
" comes
to
:
meet us."
socia
agmina
[j^ssc)
crcdens.
it
so also infelix,
345
sancius, v.
" unaccosted by
us."
NOTES.
374:
65
rapiunt-^feruntqiie
Kal ayeiv)
perty,
is
:
/brre
'rekmng
and a^ereio the "driving" of captives or cattle. Here there little or no distinction betwreen the words: Tr. "plunder and
pillage."
377
settsit
hostes
se
delapsuni esse
:
cp.
y'adero
kfiTveauv.
So
And knew
i.e.,
that she
was
eating.
:
So
quam
videtis hospites
379
F., 309, 37
Iliad, 3, 33.
P. 85, k.
Homer
380
refugit
dactyls
381
attollentem
blue throat."
tumeiitevi "as in anger and puffs out ca^r/a = caelulea from caelum, "sky,"
it
rises
its
deep
hence,
"skyblue."
382
visii
may go
' :
'
abibat
was beginning
is
385
388 389
for the
:
more usual
dextrani.
insignia
that
mark
would serve
Perhaps
in English.
390
dolus
reqtiirat
utrum
dolus {sit
adhibendus)
an
"who
fraud or courage
to be
in the case of a foe would ask whether employed ? " requirat : rhetorical question.
391
ipsi
i.e.,
the
enemy
against them.
392
393
comantem
indnitur:
cingitur.
galeam
cp.
Homeric K6pv^
or
iTnroSaaEla.
"dons":
reflexive
middle
use:
cp.
511,
ferrum
66
396
veruil's aen.
b. ii.
haud
nostra
'.
of our
own
gods."
By
donning the Greek armour they were no longer under the protection of the Trojan gods.
397
caectim
noctem:
see v. 340.
in
"meeting
(the Greeks)
we engage
many a
battle."
see v. 36.
6p6fio>.
398
399
Danaum:
moored.
see v. 14.
Orco = ad Orciun:
5,
265: cp.
fortnidine turpi
"in craven
fear.
v.
scandtint'.
32.
diint:
ing to
402
heu
divis'.
it
is
all to
the
With
;
fas supply est. Distinguish /aj- est = xpv, said of the will of heaven jus est=6El, said of human right.
403
passis crinibus
pando,
tresses all
means
passis
from
404
a templo Minervae
Minerva."
off");
temphim
Gk.
refxevog) is
"to cut
adytum (a, "not," Sveiv, "enter") is the " unenterable The Oilean Ajax place where the image of the goddess was kept. was said to have dragged Cassandra and the image to which she was
clinging from the temple.
The
altar
precincts of religious buildings have from time immemorable : cp. " The Sanctuary " at Westminster. The
especially inviolable
:
was considered
xxiii, 25.
cp.
I.
Kings,
ii,
28
406
raised in prayer.
407
Coroebus
:
sight. "^/i<rw/a
408
perittirtis
for
see note
v.
377.
Tr.
"
409
NOTES.
410
411
l>io\.&
67
(v.
pritnum
eiiam
420).
itosiforum,
tity
scil.
sociortan or atnicoriim.
obriiimur.
3,
of -ur.
it is
final
:
syllable
naturally short
4,
may be
when
4:\2facie
;
caesural
friends.
cp.
Aen.
64;
464.
miserrimax because
inflicted
by
"appearance,"
:
literally
"make"
{hom. facio).
Graecarttm
:
errore iiibarutn
" by
subjective genitive.
413
ereptae
ira
"in wrath
is
maid."
virginis
;
causal
is
genitive.
Latin
their place
often supplied
by the
ab itrbe condita,
"from
the foundation of
;
Of Turniis
for
Lavinia disespoused.
414
accerrimiis
"most
fiercely"
felt
aggrieved at the
415 416
gemini Atridae
adversiequis
'.
and the
east
wind
laetus
equis
Dawn."
adversi, predicate.
is
the
Homeric
l-n-Trioxapfiyg.
418 Note
the alliterative
harmony of
"(then) creak
up the seas from their sptimeus equally applicable to the angry god and
angry
421
tota
sea.
:
ttrbe
is
the usual
construction
when
:
totus
accompanies a noun.
422
423
mentita
07-a
"false"
:
see v. 46.
signani
literally,
In
Homer
424
ilicet
Vergil means
"thereupon."
Originally ilicei=^ire
licet,
Then came
interjectional meaning.
425
divae: Minerva.
68
426
Vergil's aen.
unus
12,
:
b. ii.
additional force
imparts to superlatives or to adjectives of a superlative idea an cp. tf aptaroc, "by far the best " : Homer, Iliad, :
elc olcjvbg apujTog,
243:
afivveadaL
Trepi
ndrpTig.
Tr.
"the
428
i/is
'
"heaven willed otherwise." The meaning of course is cp. Homer, Od. I, 234 vvv irepug efiovldvro deal /ca/cd fiT/riouvreg. Seneca recommends his friend on the occasion of any loss to say constantly without complaining, di's aliter visum est, or rather di melius scil. detit.
Heaven's ways are not ours
'
: :
visum:
fi"
430
labentem
TOL
"in thy
fall."
nee
texit
cp.
Homer,
II.
i,
2S
^lij
vv
Kot
(jTe/xfia deoio.
AZX^flamma 7neorum
The
burnetc.
:
Jiam/ua,
Supply
move"
vices:
I
cp. Felkelv
'*
" a change,"
turn "
English weak.
fall,
manu
si
fall)
German
:
weichen,
"if
fate
had so
.^
earned (my
by
my
deeds
ui
and not
to t?ieruisse.
iS6^~ravior
"somewhat
enfeebled."
subjective genitive.
438
hie
at the royal
(I3).
palace of Priam.
;
ceu forent
F. 193
note 2
:
441
"
acta testudine
"by
The
iestudo
consisted of a
and
held
them
:
Women
over
heads
cp.
Tennyson,
Dream of Fair
heroes
tall.
Upon
442
parietibus
:
see note
on
v.
18
it
may be
a dat, or abl.
postesque
gradibus
"and hard by
gradibus
:
the rungs,"
443
clipeosque
obiciunt:
their
"and
with their
left
hands
present
"
left
hand they
present
them
NOTES.
4A^fastigia: "battlements."
\^^tt'cta
69
446
/lis
ctdmina " the roof covering." " with such weapons, when they see that
:
feizs
is
come,
now
:
448
449
451
c/crora alia
"
stately splendour."
:
instaurali
aiixilio
:
anlmi
sunl
"our
spirits are
braced anew."
452
453
"to
:
aid "
dative of purpose.
limen
"there was a threshold, and a secret door and a passage connecting the chambers of Priam's palace one with limen = ligmen\ another, and a gate in the rear unobserved," ' that which binds, " hence the sill or U7itel. peryius usus properly,
'
tergo
by entering the door, one had access to the different rooms. relicti perhaps means overlooked by the assailants and unnoticed by the
defenders.
455
457
infelix
soceros
:
in the masculine term are included Priam to her parents " and Hecuba, the 'father and mother of her husband Hector. avo = ad aviim see v. 36 ; cp. Plato Apol. 24, D. wf Eioayuq Tovroiat
"
Kal KUTj/yoptlg.
458
"to
{ox fastigia
302.
:
460
itt
praecipiti
:
"on
scil.
suinmisqiie
lectis
"and
:
462
Danauin
adgressi
sefe
14.
solitae,
sunt.
What
verbs are
semi-
deponent
?
:
463
impulimusque
weak
it
stories afforded
joinings,
tions
and push
forward."
we wrench it from its deep foundasumma tabulata are the stories that rise
465
467
eatrahit
siibeimt
:
"
it
" come
:
469
vestibulu7n
derive
ve-sto.
it
from ve-sti-bu-lum,
"a
Some
:
from
70
470
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
telis
aena
:
" gleaming
in
13,
note
tlie
A^n-
*diadys
cp.
Homer
II.
avyrj -^aTiKELTj
KopvQuv anb
Tiafnvo-
fuvaov.
471
qualistrisukis
whom
its
chill
now
mouth
all
new,
its
slough cast
off,
rolls
makes
its
was a common belief among the ancients that the snake drew its venom from the food on which it fed. The simile is taken from the Iliad 22, 93, when Hector is
three-forked tongue quiver."
6e
SpaKUV
ettI
(xivtjfftv,
"As
and
Shelley's Hellas
ad finem
like
a snake renew
Two
Voices,
when he
An
veil,
0/ that old husk ; /roi head to tail Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.
476
no7'iis
iuvcnta
'.
probably Vergil
is
name
Unguis of means. agilalor equoriim = 'Homer\c 477 Scyria pubcs Pyrrhus brought
abl.
:
of Pyrrhus, Neoptolemus,
"young
warrior."
local ablative.
ijvioxoQ Jtttcjv.
his grandfather
19, 325:
479 480
duralivtina
action,
" the
:
for
v. 458.
perrumpitvellit
and
"
:
also
an attempt:
dedit a momentaiy complete "and now having cut out a panel, he has hewn a breach in the stout oak and made a huge opening with a yawning mouth." The
wrench
act
:
NOTES.
hinges (cardines) in a
71
Roman
the side of the door, but were pivots working in sockets, one in the
lintel
(limen stipenim ) and the other in the sill (limen). The cardo : froin KRAD, "to move,"
"to swing"
486 487
a/
marks a change
miscetur:
the
"is in confusion."
cavae aedes
The
(/^/z/j-
in the back.
or
= cavaediiim,
:
either the "vaulted " or " hollow halls," an opening in the roof of the atrium over the
impluvium or
488
ululare
often said of a
It
woman's shriek of
grief as vagire
is
of an
infant's wail.
may be
is
etymo-
cp. English
aurea
tectis.
the contrast
is
and the
489 490
The
tectis
= in
kisses
cp.
Ovid Metam.
13,
Dura
licet
amplexas.
491
vifatria: "in
might "
abl.
manner.
Achilles
was
labat
crebro
:
ram."
Scan
v. 16.
i93emoli
494 496
" wrenched
:
"
aditus
sic
cognate object
non irahit:
" not so furiously when the river bursting his banks has gone forth foaming and has beaten down the opposing dykes with its whirling tide, it rushes raging over the fields in a mass and throughout all the plains it carries away the herds and the stalls No doubt this together." Note the double alliteration in v. 498. would be a familiar image to Vergil seen both on the Mincius and
the Padus.
cumulo
abl. of
manner.
499
ipse
"with
my own
eyes."
72
501
centtwiqiie nurtis
:
Vergil's aen.
according to
b.
ii.
Homer
(Iliad 6, 244),
Priam had
fifty
sons and
fifty
daughters.
refer
to both daughters-in-law
503
////
'
'
those famous.
:
504
barbarico
barians,
to
a Greek,
all
especially the
Asiatic nations.
The
phrase
:
were bar"barbaric
Milton's
cp.
Paradise Lost,
2,
Or when
the gorgeous East with richest hand Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
The Romans
h^^^forsitan
and temples
requiras limina
:
: :
fortasse,
the subjunctive.
507
convuka
dlO^ferrum
^\\^fertu7'
cingitur
middle
use.
7?ioriturits
:
512
7ittdoqtteaxe
Vergil has
the
main hall of a Roman house ia which were the images ofthe peiiates and an altar. The roof of this was partly open and below the open Around it ran a pillared portico space was a cistern (impluvium). to which rooms opened, with an altar to Jupiter hospitalis (Zeif
ifiKlLoq).
513
laurus
we
medio
in penetralibus altis.
to the
custom of planting
trees
tecta
around the
:
22
nempe
:
inter
cp.
cp. I, 10,
516
praecipites
Tennyson, In Alemoriat/i, xv
"
518
"donning
his youthful
519
mens dira
520
521
reflexive.
"such defenders
hope
is
:
as you."
The
idea
is
that in
I, 2:
NOTES.
For the dearth,
73
The
make
it
and
Your knees
522
non
scil. ege7-et
beside
"retire,
beseech thee,
or
"come
is
is
high time."
time."
524
moriere siviul:
"you
:
52&-^e/a/>sus
caede
527
porticibus longis
"flies
:
adown
abl.
of the road
"
traverses."
ilhitn
inse-
quitter:
infesto = infensto
cp. defendo, 6eivcj.
root
GHAN, Gk.
fev
Lat.
530
tarn iamqiie
note that the repetition of iain makes the description " now now he holds him in his grasp, and follows hard upon him with his spear." The meaning is not that he actually holds him in his grasp, but he is so close to him that he seems to have caught him cp. Vergil Aen. 12, 754 ; iant, iamque tenet, similisque tenenti mcrepuit malts, said of a hound after a deer.
:
vivid
533
qttamquatu
tenettir
"though he
is
now hemmed
in
by death on
every side."
535
at:
cries, if there is
a frequent particle in imprecations: "Nay, may the gods, he any kind power in heaven which regards such deeds, render you all the thanks you deserve, and yield you your due
reward, for such a crime, for such a sacrilege, you
me
my
son before
pietas
my
eyes,
father's face
commonly used
feeling of
men
who have
claim on them.
men:
so Aen. 5, 68S.
;
F. 1S8
P. 93,
iv.
quae caret: consecutive use of the relative qui fecisfi: direct address: "thou who hast
made."
is
The
:
infinitive cernere
cernerem./oedasti
74
540
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
atPriamo
you
note
are,
V.
'
:
was not
485.
'
hero, Achilles, whose son you falsely say you in the case of Priam, his foe." ai: see sat urn from sero. quo ablative of origin. in koste Daphnis me mains urit, ego cp. Vergil Eel. 8, 83
'
but
tliat
like
and conduct showed him to be no "he respected the right and trusts of a suppliant."y?^rw snpplicis the confidence reposed by the suppliant and the protection iu return. ertibuit Tjffero, yaxi'vero.
ittra enibnit
'.
542
corpttsqtie
after the
Achilles to beg the corpse of Hector. and allowed him to depart in safety.
544 545
sine ictn
ratico:
:
"without
inflicting a
wound."
"hollow sounding": root RU, "roar": cp. 6-pv-/jaydoc, u-p'v-u rumor, riigire, r/imcn ( = nt^^nwii ) A. .S. riia, rune repulsiim, scil. est. (originally "a murmur")
:
546
umbone
the
in such a
leather:
way as to turn aside a weapon. It was covered with root ambh, "to project," cp. tcmbilicns, ojKbaTu)^.
t?-istia
:
548 550
553 555
"
fell."
lateri=in
ttilit
latiis
= abstulit.
:
556
popttlis terrisqiie
"proud
in so
many
" abl. of
cause.
b51litore = in
litore. Vergil may have in mind the sad fate of Pompey. According to Servius, Priam's body was exposed on the Sigetlm promontory.
saevus
horror:
"fell dead."
animum.
desolate.
tell
deserta
'
:
'
any irregularity
in the scansion.
:
more usual
copiae
cp.
Aen.
11,
734
565
deseruere
dedere
"all had
left
me
wit'i utter
had sunk
NOTES.
75
567 This
is left out of all good MSS., though Servius was written by Vergil but left out by Varius and Tucca. The main argument against the genuineness is that in Aeneid 6, 570 seqq. Helen is spoken of as betraying Deiphobus to the Greeks. adeo: (op. (5?/) emphasizes the word super eram=^sitpercra77i, tmesis.
episode of Vergil
it
says
to
which
:
it is
joined.
Q'JOerranii
till V.
He
632.
\V\\X\
571
sibt
goes
" she
self the
Trojans
who were
hostile to her
calls
Helen vvfKpOKlavrog
it
" unseen."
575
animo=in
51Qscelerataspoenas = scelerispoe7ias
for guilt."
577 578
scilicet
" forsooth
Trojan
ladies.
:
579
coniugiutn
reniiges
:
concrete coititv^em
cp.
rernigium for
Aen.
after the
(Orestes 473) Tyndareus and Leda are represented as being alive death of Clytemnestra, but Homer (Od. Ii, 298) introduces
Leda
580
in the shades.
:
comitata
indignation that an event spoken of as future should be realized. The sense is "shall she return now that Priam has been murdered, " Troy burned, Dardania bathed in blood ?
584
585
habet
nefas
'
'
brings with
it.
= nefastam, "the
wicked one."
sumpsisse merentes
poena s
animumqueJlammae: "and
it
shall
my
589
fire.
"
No
be where
my
else
genitive,
cumdeam: "when my
my
sight,
76
and she shone
obtulit:
vergil's aen.
b. ii.
form and
superiority in size
no need of supplying se esse. qualis et quatita physical and beauty^were according to the Greek and Roman inseparable from mental superiority in size and beauty cp.
there
is
:
deam:
cum
Homeric
592 593
J/t'f
re ii'iyaq rt.
:
reprensum continnit
rosea
"she
:
seized
ore
' :
'
Aen.
i,
402
rosea cervice.
594
595
dolor
indignation.
recessit ?
' '
qiionam
nostri:
596
non aspicies:
hqucris
non = nonne.
prins
:
dependent question.
de-
597
superet conjnxne
pendent question
599
ni
ensis
"unless
my
guardianship were
still
withstanding them,
of
enemy would have drained their blood." The ordinary form would be resisteret tulissent. The present represents a continuous
effort,
if
relaxed.
601
tibi
603
acnbnine:
quae
vision
to the
bottom
"
:
"completelvj"
604
"which now veils your sight and dims your mental and lies damp and dark around yoft." caligat: root skal, Note the emphatic "to cover:" cp. squal-or, Kelaivog, K7/?Jg. position of tu, "do you not," no matter what others do.
%
caligat
608amilsaque saxis
of separation.
saxa
"and
saxis
ablative
609
undaiitein
hands.
"rolling in billows."
the founder of Troy,
is
610 Neptunits,
own
612
Scaeas:
from aumdq, "]eft"or "west," hence the gate looking westward to the sea, for the Greek augur when he divined looked north, and hence " west " or "left " were with him synonymous cp. Horn.
:
NOTES.
Od.
77
aKOiov piov, " ihe western headland": others connect 3, 295 with Siko, tlie name of a Trojan hero, or demigod, and see the remnant of the same word in Sigeuvi, Sichaeus, Scamaiider.
:
it
615
iani
hisedit
"already,
lo,
of the citadel."
616
limbo: "robe," or "border," referring to the "KETzXaq: another readGorgone: on the is nimbo, "a halo." was the head of the Gorgon Medusa.
ing
shield or aegis of
Minerva
619
eripefiigam
with an intima-
tion that he
all
dangers.
Italy,
620
Referring to the
inimica
fact that Aeneas would be safely conducted to which was the original home of the Trojans.
622
numina
:
Jupiter, Juno,
and Minerva.
into the flames."
624 625
considere in ignes
ex imo
ac
cp. e
culmine
v.
603.
626
ruinam: "and even as when on the top of mountains, hacked by the steel and hard plied axes the woodmen with rivalry strive to threateningly it ever hangs and trembling cut down an aged oak shakes its foliage with quivering top." The fall of a hero is often
:
compared to the fall of a tree cp. Hom. II. 4, 482 when the fall of Simoisius is compared to that of a poplar ; so also the fall of the boxer Entellus in Aen. 5, 448, is compared to that of a hollow
: :
pine tree
ut
quondam cava
concidit aut
Erymantho.
So
also Macaulay,
Lay of Horatius
And
As
Luna
on Mount Alvemus
oak.
A thunder-smitten
630
vtdnerihtis
ruinam:
"till gradually
overpowered by blows
its
it
gave
one
in
final
congemuit
traxit
i.e.,
ridge
it
falls in iniin."
iicgis
ablative of
separation.
632
dco
deae,
Venus.
:
633
expedior= me expedio
I find
my way
out."
78
634
perventiim,
P.
scil. est
Vergil's aen.
mihi=pe7-veni
:
b. ii.
F. 164, 2;
96
:
(b).
it
637
excisa
is
is
exscijidere
more probable that exscissa is the correct reading, urbem is common but not excidere urbetn.
:
as
638
quibus sangtns
solidaeque
vigour
:
is
scil. est.
aevi
anxius aevi; or a
639
vires
firm
in
all
its
native
641Note
ducere
(v.
:
from spinning
6,
637).
Metaphor taken
Comes
And
slits
642jfl/M
urbi:
(it is)
we have
Laomedon. superare is used here for "the capture of a city" ; see note v. 413.
"laid out for burial."
the utterance
adfati
:
superesse.
cp.
KEifiEvoq,
"having
referring
to
{conclat>tatio)
of the words
pile:
Aen.
:
6, 231,
506;
11, 97.
645
fnami
either
of the foe," or
"by my own hand," or, as Heyne says, "at the hand "by attacking the foe." The latter part of the line
either put
would seem to imply that the enemy would through compassion an end to his life, or accord him the rite of burial by casting three handfuls of earth upon his remains ; see next note.
^\^^acilis
the
sepulcri
is
is,
"a trifling
thing
and
Od.
will
Another
:
interpretation, suggested
by Horace,
28, 35,
is
as follows
is
"The
in token of burial
usually
an easy thing (and one which the enemy surely iacttira, from iacio, although it
means "a
loss,"
act of throwing,"
Sepulcri
NOTES.
79
would be an easy and natural metonymy ; and facilis, literally "doable," would not be strained into "slight," "trifling" or "easily Moreover, it is a question whether the tragic despair sufferable."
indicated in a willinj;ness to forego burial and llms submit to eternal
not just a
little
too improbable to be
artistic,
and
at
any
rate
and
his pathetic
effects
v.
wherever possible.
645.
It all
Taking the
the
will
"I
my
body of
spoils
and
Quamquam
festinas,
non
est
mora longa
licebit
G48
annos demoror
either
"long
"long have
"since."
ex quo
scil.
tempore:
&\^^flttminis
igni:
" blasted
me
of. his
thunderbolt and
smote
me
Anchises
is
per-
haps Vergil
fiery
wind.
:
650
perstabat memora7ts
"he
:
<5<rAft
leyuv.
sumus
652
ne
smnns.
his weight
to
&oZfatoque
vellet
doom
654
haeret
:
that
to
add
the
an example of
zeiigfua:
"and he
and
sticks to the
same spot." Often the preposition is omitted before the former and expressed with the latter of two nouns,
656
qiioddabatur:
"what
:
us?"
657
C07isiliti7)i
:
plan or what chance was any longer offered means of human safety, ^^r/^^wa divine aid.
:
" did you expect, my father, that I could withdraw and thee, and has so unnatural an expression fallen from a
te
is
father's lips?"
relido
ablative absolute.
posse
speravisti
"hope,"
excidit
according to Servius,
80
Aeneas uses
his father
:
Vergil's aen.
this
b. ii.
cp.
deis
Homeric,
:
659
superis
et
scil.
660
anivio
"and
ablative
= /
animo.
peiituraeque iitvat
peritiu-ae.
this
is
anhno
:
local
if it
is
te"
"and
doomed
661
isti'.
662
iam
"straightway."
"
:
viidto
llie
de
sanguine:
blood
or "fresh from
:
flowing blood."
663
pdtris, pdtre7n
such variations are common when a mute is followed by a liquid: cp. tenebris (Georg. 3, 551; 3, 401): pharetravi, pharetram (Aen. I, 336, 324) ; retro, retro (Aen. 11, 405 ; 5, 428) duplex, diiplicem (Aen. 12, 198; i, 655) ; so also Theocr. 6, 19;
TO,
fifj
aala KaXa
-Kii^avTaL
Hom.
II.
5,
31
Tioiye.
odtruneat = obtriincare
consiievit.
664
hoc
darts,
you rescued me through the might see the enemy in my inmost chambers, and Ascanius and my father and Creusa by their side, one slaughtered in the blood of the other?" quod im eripis is the
it
cernam ?
" was
for
this that
through the
fire,
that I
"
this
and hoc = propter hoc. note cernatn after ut was your object all along that I may now see," or it
may be
668
armaarma: emphatic repetition: cp. Shakespeare, Richard Act 5, Sc. 4 "a horse a horse my kingdom for a horse "
:
! ! !
669
sinite
revisar/i
sitiite ut
rezu'sam
ut
is
come"
cally.
licet aheas,
et
"you may
go."
:
irtstaurata
used prolepti-
=revisam
itistaurem proelia
" allow me
to seek again
and
renew."
670
nunquam
49
:
nu7iquani hodie
:
&l\accingor
672
clipeoqiie
aptans
"and
was
fitting
my
left
hand
left
the shield."
The
imperfect
may
he had
which he
the palace.
It
is
NOTES.
81
noteworthy that the strap or handle of the shield through which the
left
called iiisertorium.
:
674
Where Andropericula
675
periturus'.
all
"determined
in
omnia
scil.
"to
dangers.
676
sin:
"but
if,
arms."
678.
experius
:
on experience, you rest your hope on resorting to literally, " having tried arms," scil. arma.
:
:
quondam
dictxi
a bitter taunt
:
680
mirabile
manus
at
:
(F. 174
P. 105).
681
inter
07-a
in the
was
late
once above the face of Creusa and that of Aeneas. Trans"for while held in the hands and between the faces of his
sorrowful parents."
C82
ecce
pasci: "lo! a light crest seemed to shed a lustre from the head
and
and with harmless touch {it seemed) to lick his wavy locks around his temples." Distinguish in meaning levis and apex is properly the point of the cap of a visus scil. est. levis, here the flamen, something like the spike of a modern helmet
of lulus,
to play
was originally wound round with wool: root tactu: abl, of reference. AP, 'to tie,' 'to wind': cp. apto, aptus. pasci : metaphor of cattle or sheep moving quietly while feeding
'tongue of
fire.'
It
685
688
on pasture land.
trepidare
caelo
:
historical infinitive
:
= ad caelum
scil.
690
691
hoc tantum
precor
"this
is
my
only prayer."
deinde marks a sequence
:
deinde:
This
is
the
MSS.
Ribbeck and others read aiiguriurn to harmonize with Aen. Ill, 89, where almost the identiWe have followed cal expression ^^ da pater augurizim" is used.
the
MSS., but
it
may be a
MSS.
tell
ratify
693
into7tuit
laevum
"
left
it
Thunder on the
see note v. 54.
thundered on the left " cognate accusative. was a good sign according to Roman augury
82
694
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
Stella
luce:
A meteor or shooting
stition
trail accompanied with much light. was a phenomenon regarded with superamong the ancients. Cp. Aen. 5, 523 so also Shakespeare,
"a
star
drawing a
star
2, Sc.
When
So
also
2,
Sc.
The meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth,
;
And
of kings.
696
Idaea
silva
for
which they
stay
the fiery
that
some would
;
behind
their long
voyage
the furrow
(stdcus), that
would be by sea
697
signanteniqtie vias
hi7>i
htceni:
:
'.
"and marking
out
its
way"
(in
the heaven).
"then
turn
699
hie vera
7nora
:
for the
more usual
iutn vera.
auras:
se
:
Anchises was
see v. 644.
est,
700
delay on
my
part.
seqiior,
mark
702
at first as
birds
avis, root
Troia
704 cedo
706
"
I yield,"
"
I resist
no more."
propritisque vohnint:
object
:
"and now
subject
the
others
rolls
take
^z^j'/?/^
fiery flood."
707
imponere passive used a middle sense = impone. 708 subibo hiimeris '.'support you on my shoulders. " labor
:
in
/.?
iste
"the
NOTES.
711
longe
83
leading up to
is
is
tlie loss
of Creusa.
ani-
Note
that dicayti
future indicative.
my
It is rare to find
animum
advertere or
713
"there is to you having left the city": or "as you quit the city there is " cp. icri gol slaTrleovTi rbv KoTinov acTV " as you sail into the harbor there is a city."
'.
714
desertae
'.
"lonely": temples
to Ceres
were usually
in
a solitary
715
religioue
patrum
:
"by
the veneration of
my
forefathers."
Derive
religione
v. 151.
1\^.~sedem
"trysting place."
ex diverso
:
" from
for
different quarters."
718 Note
it is a sin to handle "As the emphatic position of ffie them, having come away from so bloody a war and from recent
me,
carnage."
719
donee
tion
abluero
:
running water was held indispensable for purificaTwelve Apostles where baptism is
ordered to be fv
721
latos
spread over my broad shoulders and my neck stooped (to receive the burden), the tawny lion's hide as a covering."
leonis:
"I
:
latos
Passingveste
umeros
is
the
Homeric evpeac
:
cjuovg
cp.
Tennyson,
T/ie
of Arthur:
"Make
Avei^ht."
super: adverb.
:
pelle
'
:
hendiadys.
724
implicuit
'
clung
:
tight.
12oopaea locorum
" through
Graiai
:
"nor
ex'\s
opposing ranks, but were also hurling their darts from these ranks.
729
suspensutn
"hesitating."
:
731 omnemque viani "and I thought that I had passed safely through " the thick trampling of feet." all my iomnQy." crebersonii us
:
732
84
735
hie
Vergil's aen.
b.
ii.
mentem
me
:
"here
bereft
of
my
senses in
:
know
736
some unfriendly power confused and panic." nescio quod: literally, "I a weak aliquoJ. tnale amicum see note on
it
was
that
my
male fida
namque
places,
loca.
viartim
I speedily
cursu:
regione:
cp.
avia
scil.
'direction,'
:
the
recta
original
meaning from
'I direct':
Livy, 21, 31
738
heu
incertum
"alas
to
my
sorrow
my
me
by
say."
The
down being
weary,
cannot
ent question
may be
sit
down?"
The minor
alternative
is
rejlexi:
:
"nor did
till
thoughts to her
ancient Ceres."
antiquae
742
I look back for my lost wife or turn my had come to the mound and holy abode of amissam scil. coniugem. tumulum = ad tumtilum. I
demum
una
:
idem or
(2)
adverbs
turn,
jam
"here
at last,"
743
I^AfefelUtx
"was
missed by."
Note
that /a//^
is
is transitive.
745
Note
149--cingor
750
Stat
" my purpose
"life."
:
fixed "
1 2,
see note
:
v.
660.
678
stat conferre
lh\ caput:
752
753
ohscura limina
"the dark
I
qua
lustro
my
"by which
our footsteps I
with
eyes."
had taken my departure and tracing back follow them through the darkness and scan them
756
siforte:
"if haply
if
haply
she
hope.
cp.
Greek
el.
NOTES.
1^%ilicet
'
85
'
forthwith.
lQ\foi-uibus
asylo
Juno
local ablative.
Perhaps Vergil
is
thinking of the
shrine of
in the capitol of
Rome.
":
l&bauro
770
771
solidi=ati7-o solido:
:
abl. of description.
higemitians
tectis
furenti
tectis
see note
V. 528.
ll'^nota major
after
confiaetl "
like the gods, the dead no longer "cribbed, cabined or were larger than mortals so Romulus when he appeared death according to Ovid Fasti, 2, 503 pulchei- et huinano
:
viator.
774
Note the
48
ic, 338):
1~5adfari
demere
:
historical infinitive.
']~%asportare
"to take."
is
lIQ^fas
781
as well as re^nator
subject oi sinit.
:
terrani=adiei-7-am Hesperiam
EGKcpia^
Italy
was
c'AX^'l
Hesperia: (Greek,
"
"evening": root
VAS,
Hesperia- -Lydlns
(Herod,
i,
94),
the Etruscans were said to come from Lydia and the Tiber flowing by Etruria is called Ttisctis
I,
Ttberis (Georg.
499).
:
7S2
opima virum
"rich in men": others take virum ^'\\\\. ama "the rich lands tilled by the husbandmen ": cp. Homeric, ipyg. avdpuv.
:
783 Note
IMparta
regmimrei^ia
"riches,
realm and a
royal bride."
tibi,
scil.
possessed.
est: "is already won for thee": though not yet Creusae Prophecy describes the future as present.
:
objective genitive
785
nan ego note the emphatic position so for Andromache: II. 6, 454, ore kzv
:
also
tiq
Hector had
this fear
'Axaiuv
xo-^k-oX'-'^^^^^
AaKpvotaaav
ayrjTat.
7S6
servittim iho
"shall go to be a slave."
Explain
this construction
787
Dardanis
'.
female patronymics.
86
788
Vergil's aen.
b.
ii.
deum genetrix
lacrimantem
ter
" mother of the gods ": Cybele, a Phr}'gian goddess, and also a patroness of Troy.
me.
lines are translated
:
790
792
scil.
sotnno:
These
from Od.
ii,
204,
where
eTJeiv re
fie
Bv/iuq avuyei,
7/
/loi
nal
'oveipcf)
enraTo.
" Thrice sprang
Thrice she
I
flitted
towards her, and was minded to embrace her from my hands as a shadow or even as a dream."
:
So
also
Wordsworth's Laodamia
Again that consummation she essayed But unsubstantial Form eludes her grasp As often as that eager grasp was made.
somno
exsilio
itself.
dative of purpose.
:
animis
parati
:
ire or sequi
to go.
800
pelago deducere
"
to lead
the regul.nr
803
"the light bringer. " The story goes that star of Venus guided Aeneas to Italy. spes opis either " hope of giving aid," or " hope of receiving it."
:
the
804
cessi:
used in two senses: metaphorical, literal, " I left " the scene.
"I
yielded" to
fate,
and
A'.=noun;
?i.
stij^.= singular.
Acama-S,
-ntis
;
N. m.
:
v. 2C2.
Aene-as, -ae
N. m.
See Introduction.
Achaic-us,
adj. : of or belonging to Achaia, a district of Southern Greece -a, -um or the Peloponnesus (now the Morea) ; hence Greek or Grecian; see note v. 45.
; ;
Achill-es, -is N. m. Achilles, the chief Grecian hero in the Trojan War, son of Peleus and of the sea-goddess Thetis. He was slain by Paris shortly before the fall see v. 547. of Troy
: ;
Achiv-i,
-orum
N. m.
pi.
the Greeks
:
Agamemnon,
Agamemnon, commander-in-chief -onis; N. m. army in the Trojan War, Iving of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus.
Greek
Ai-ax, -acis ; N. m. : Ajax, a Grecian hero, son of Oileus, kin<? of the Locri in Greece. Sometimes called the lesser Ajax to distinguish him from the greater Ajax, son of Telamon, who, being defeated by Ulysses in the contest for the Anns of Achilles, went mad and slew himself. The Oilcan Ajax mentioned in Aen. ii as figuring in the siege of Troy, violated Cassandra in the temple of Minerva, and as a consequence was shipwrecked on his voyage home.
Anchis-es, -ae
He was, both by his father, ; N. m. : Anchises, father of Aeneas. Capys, and by his mother, Themis, descended from the royal house of Troy, whose ancestor was Dardanus. His beauty equalled that of the immortals. He was beloved by Venus, and by her became the father of Aeneas. For divulging and
boasting of the origin of Aeneas he was struck by a flash of lightning, which, according to some tradition, killed, according to others, blinded or lamed him. Vergil makes Anchises sui-vive the capture of Troy, and Aeneas carry his father on
his shoulders
the
first arrival
from the burning city. Anchises. according to Vergil, died soon after of Aeneas in Sicily, and was buried on Mt. Eryx.
;
Androg-eos,
-ei
N. m.
;
see v. 371.
;
f.
Andromache, wife
:
of
Hector
v. 457.
pi.
note
v. 45.
;
:
ArgoliC-US,
to Argolis, or
87
OO
VERGIL
;
AEN.
;
B. II.
ArgOS
N.
n. sing,
also A.rgi,
-orum,
pi.
masc.
Argos, a
of
Agamemnon.
Asi-a, -ae
;
N.
-i
;
f.
Ascan-ius,
N. m.
;
Ascaimis or
:
Ixilus,
son of Aeneas.
of
Astyan-ax, -actis
;
N. m.
:
Astyanax^ son
Atrid-es, -ae N. m. a patronymic, son of Atreus. and Jlenelaus, leaders of the Greeks against Troy.
Auster,
-tri
N. m.
the
Automedon,
-ntis
N. m.
Automedon, charioteer
B.
of Achilles.
see Palaniedes.
Calcha-s, -ntis
N. m.
:
Cap-ys, -yos
N. m.
;
Capys, a Trojan
f.
:
see
v. 35.
Cassandr-a, -ae
Cassandra, daughter of Priam, inspired by Apollo with the On the cav>ture of gift of prophecy, but doomed by him always to be disbelieved. the city, she fell to the lot of Agamemnon and accompanied him to Mycenae. See
N.
also Ajax.
Cer-es, -eris
N.
;
f.
Ceres,
:
Goddess of Agriculture.
Coroeb-US,
in the
-i
N.
m
.
:
Trojan army
;
see v. 341.
Creus-a, -ae
;
N.
Cybel-e, -es N. f. a Phrygian goddess, identified with Rhea, or Ops, as the great mother of the gods, wife of Saturn, and daughter of Heaven (Uranus) and
:
Earth (Ge).
D.
Dana-i, -orum, or
note
V. 45.
;
-um
f.
:
N. m.
hence Greeks
see
Dardani-a, -ae
N.
Troy.
Dardanid-ae, -arum
Deiphob-US,
-i
;
N.
:
pi.
hence, Trojans.
N. m.
v. 310.
Diomed-es,
D6l6p-es,
-is
N. m.
N. m.
-um
-a,
who came
to Troy with
Doricus,
-um
;
Grecian.
D^ma-s,
-ntis
N. m.
E.
E6-US,
-a,
-i
-um
;
adj.
:
eastern
(^l\h><;).
Epe-os,
N. m.
see
v. 264.
89
N. m.
;
Epytus, a Trojan.
:
Erin-ys, -yos
N.
f.
Fury.
Deities, a
personification of curses.
Bur-US,
-i
N. m.
-i
:
East wiiul.
;
Eurj^yl-US,
Eurypylus, a Greek
v. 114.
F.
Fortun-a, -ae
N.
f.
G.
Gorg-O,
a Gorgon, a creature with serpent locks and the power of turning beholders into stone. The head of one of them. Medusa, was fixed by Minerva upon her shield (ydp-yos, grim) v. 616.
or -on, -onis
;
N.
f.
Grai-us,
-i
p'.
Graii or Grai
N. m.
Greeks
see note
on
v. 45.
H.
Hect-or, -oris
;
N. m. : Hector, son of Priam and bravest of the Trojans, slain by had pursued him thrice round Troy. His body was
dragged to the Grecian fleet at the wheels of Achilles' chariot, and was afterwards ransomed by the aged Priam, who, securing a twelve days' truce, performed the funeral obsequies. The story is to be found in Horn. Iliad, xxii and xxiv. See
vv. 270
and
540-543.
;
Hecub-a, -ae
Helen-a, -ae
;
N. N.
f.
Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Eloped with Paris to Troy in fulfilment of Venus' promise to give Paris the most beautiful woman in the world for wife, in return for his awarding to her (Venus) the apple of Discord.
f.:
Upon
this fateful event hinged the Trojan war. Menelaus, gathering an army of Grecian heroes and their followers, sailed to Troy and besieged it in order to recover his faithless spouse. Helen was frequently taunted by the Trojans as the cause of the war. At the close she returned home with her husband, and in the Odyssey, Bk. iv, we find her discharging the duties of hostess-wife as peacefully
as
if
Tyndaris,
v. 567.
In
v.
569 she
is
called
flesperi-us,
or Asia
-um;
:
adj.: Western,
(icrirepla).
flypan-is,
-is
N. m.
Hypanis, one
of the Trojans
the
night of the
fall of
Troy.
I.
id-a, -ae
Mt. Ida, a range of mountains close to Troy, noted for the luxuriance and veitlure of their forests. Noted in Mythology as the scene of manj' fables,
;
N.
f.:
of Paris.
Idae-us,
ilaac-us,
-a, -a,
;
-um -um
n.:
ili-um,
-i
N.
same
city.
In recent
90
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
years wonderful discoveries have been made through the excavations of Dr. Schlieniann in the Troad. Remains of a prehistoric cilj- of great wealth and grandeur have been unearthed beneath the ruins of the historical citj', Ilium, on the site of the present town of Hissarlik. The destruction of the Homeric Ilium
is
The
historic Ilium
B.C.
Iphigreni-a,
ae daughter of Agamemnon. To avert the wrath of Artfimis (Diana), whom Agamenmon had enraged by killing a sacred hind, and who detained the
Greek
fleet at Aulis, Iphigenia was to be sacrificed ; but a hart was miraculously substituted for her, and she was conveyed in a cloud to Tauris, where she became
priestess to Artfiniis.
There
is
v. 116.
iphit-us,
-i
N.
ra.:
IphiHis, a Trojan.
Ithac-us,
lul-US,
-i
;
-a,
-una;
an island
west of
Greece, the
home
of Ulysses.
N. m.: lulus, son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius. The Julii (family of the Caesars, originally belonging to Alba Longa), were fond of tracing their descent to lulus (couAo9, "down").
;
lun-O, -onis
Troy.
N.
f.:
(Sans.
Dyaus "bright,"
;
luppiter, lovis
gen. of
Zeu's),
= Diu-pater,
cp. Aids,
Lacaen-a, -ae
Helen
N.
f.
Spartan woman.
in v. 601
(Adicaira).
Laocoo-n,
note
sacrificing to
V. 199.
-ntis; N. m.: iaocoon,- priest of Apollo, although at v. 201 we find him Neptune. For story of his death see vv. 41 and 199 seti see also
;
Larissae-us,
Lucifer,
-i;
-a,
-uni
adj.
an epithet
came from
Thessaly.
fero).
Lydi-us,
-a,
-um
adj.: belonging to
the original
home
of the Etrurians.
Lydia, a district of Asia Minor, on west coast, In v. 782 the Tiber is called Lydian, because
Italy,
Etrurians of
who were
originally Lydians.
M.
Macha-on,
Mar-S,
fighting.
-onis
N. m.
of Aesculapius.
God
of
War.
In
v.
335 by
metonymy
for
war,
battle,
Menela-US,
-i;
Agamenmon, husband
of
Minerv-a, -ae; N. f.: Minerva, Goddess of Wisdom and the Arts, identified with Pallas, who aided the Greeks against Troy. (Probably akin in derivation to metis.)
Mycen-ae, -arum N. f.: Mycenae, royal city of Agamemnon in Argolis. Mygdonid-es, -ae N. m.: patronymic, soyi of Mygdon, epithet of Coroebus. Myrmidon-es, -um; N. m.r a people of Thessaly and the subjects of Achilles'
;
;
hence,
Mynnidons=followers of Achilles.
91
Neoptolem-US,
name
also called Pyrrkus, son of Achilles. His from the fact that he came late to the tvar. See the beautiful passage in Odyssey xi, 105, and compare the account there given with the picture presented by Vergil, Aen. li, vv. 491-500 and 526-555.
-i
;
N. m.
NeoptoUmus
(yeos n-ToAeynos)
Neptuni-us,
-a,
-i
;
-um;
adj.: connected
with Neptune.
;
Nep tun-US,
N. m.: Neptune, God of the Sea the constant enemy of Troy owing to a breach of faith on the part of King Laomedon, who had bargained to reward him and Apollo for building the walls of Troy. After the fall of Troy he befriended Aeneas. (Probably from root niq, "to wash"; cp. ci'^w, I'lTrTo/u.ai, ci<^os nix,
;
nivia.)
Ner-eus
N6t-us,
(dissyll.) -ei
of
Oceanus and
man
of the sea."
q. v.
O.
Ocean-US,
-i
Olymp-us,
gods.
-i
(Sansk. lup,
-i
;
"to break,"
Lat. rup.)
epiryco
Orc-US,
or
ipyco,
"to
confine
").
Othryad-es, -ae;
N. m.
e..
Pan thus
see
v. 319.
P.
Palamed-es,
Pallad-ium,
-is; N. m.:
of Ulysses.
:
N. n.
the Palladium,
an image
of Pallas (Minerva),
supposed to
In the
On
off
its
Pall-as, -adis N. f., Pallas or Minerva: the former was the Greek name for the goddess of war, wisdom and the arts.
Panth-us,
-i(Voc.
;
Panthu);
:
Par-is, -idis N. m. Pari, also called Alexander, son of Priam and Hecuba. When born he was exjjosed on Mount Ida, because his mother dreamed that she was delivered of a blazing torcli, which was interpreted by the seer Aesaeus to mean that the child would be the destruction of Troy. Paris was brought up by shepherds, and 60 signalized himself in protecting the people that he obtained the name of "man defender "('A AfffaiSpos). He married the nymph Oenone. Afterwards he was chosen a judye in the dispute about the golden apple. Having awarded the prize to Venus, against Juno and Minerva, he incurred the hatred of the two latter goddesses. He went to Sparta, carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, and hence the Trojan war.
Pelasg-i,
Greece.
-drum;
See note
;
Peli-as, -ae
N. m.
Pelias, a Trojan,
comrade
of Aeneas.
92
Pelid-es, -ae
;
Vergil's aen.
b. ii.
i.e.,
descendant of Pelcus,
v. 263.
whom
all
adj.: belonging to Pelops, an ancient king of Elis, after Southern Greece was called Peloponnesus or " island of Pelops." Hence
Grecian.
Penat-es, -atium;N. m.
"food," root PA, "feed"
;
pi.:
Penele-us,
-i
Pergam-a, -orum
Periph-as, -antis
ing of Troy.
;
N. n.
pi.: 1.
Pergama, the
citadel of
Troy
2.
Troy.
N. m.: Periphas, one of the companions of Pyrrhus at the sack, " radiant one
Ptloeb-US,
-i
N. m.
;
(<^oi^os,
").
Phoen-ix,
of Troy.
-icis
N. m.
siegfc
Phryg-es,
-um
;
N. m.
;
pi.:
Phthi-a, -ae
N.
f.:
Polit-es, -ae N. m.: Polites, a son of Priam, eyes during the sacking of Troy v. 526.
;
:
by Pyrrhus before
his father's
Priam-US,
N. m.: Priam, King -i by the Greeks. Under him Troy and splendour.
;
of
is
Priamei-US,
Pyrrh-US,
-i
;
-a,
-um
adj.: of or belonging to
Priam,
i.e.,
Trojan.
q. v.
(Uvppot,
"red-haired.")
R.
Rhip-eus,
-ei
Scae-us,
-a, -um; adj.: Scaean; used in the phrase Scaeae portae, the famous Scaean or Western Gates of Troy. (Skoios, "on the left hand," i.e., western, because the Greek soothsayers turned their faces to the north.)
; :
Scyri-US, -a, -um adj. belonging to Scyros, one of the Sporades opposite Euboea, ami the birth-place of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles ; hence Scyria pubes^tYie Scyrian youth, i.e., a body of soldiers from Scyros led by Pyrrhus.
Sige-us,
-a,
-um
;
adj.
:
Sigean.
Sin-on, -onis N. m. Sinon, the young Greek who indxiced the Trojans to admit the wooden horse into their city. He was a relative of Ulysses, whom he accompanied
to Troy.
Spart-a, -ae N. f. the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus, and home Menelaus and Helen Sparta, sometimes called Lacedaeinon.
;
:
of
Sthenel-us,
-i
N, m.
93
Tened-OS,
-i
N.
f.
hence Teucri,
Teucria, -ae
f.
land of Troy.
;
Thessandr-us,
Tll6-as, -antis
;
-i
N. m.
Tisandrus.
Thoas, one of the Greeks in the wooden horse.
;
N. m.
Thybr-is
N. m.
old
name
on
which Rome
situated.
;
See
:
Lydius.
Ttljniioet-es, -ae
N. m.
who was
the
first
to counsel that
Tritoni-a, -ae Tritonis, -idis or -idos N. to have been born at Lake Triton in Africa.
;
;
f.
Pallas or Minerva,
who was
said
Troi-a, -ae
N.
f.
Troian-us,
-a,
;
-um
;
adj.
:
Trojan.
Tydid-es, -ae
patronymic, son of Tydeus, i.e., Diomede, one of the bravest Grecian heroes he was king of Argos, and after the Trojan war founded Argos Hippium, afterwards Arpi, in Apulia, southern Italy.
N. m.
-idis ; N. f. : daughter of Tyndarus (or Tyndareus), Menelaus, and sister of Castor and Pollux. See Helena.
i.e.,
Tyndar-is,
Helen, wife of
U.
UcalegO-n, -ntis
thix-es,
-is or
-i
; ;
N. m.
:
Ucalejon, a Trojan.
See
v.
312.
cleverness in strategy.
among the Greeks for his His wanderings on his return home after the fall of Troy constitute the subject of Homer's Odyssey, upon which much of the Aeneid is modelled. He is always referred to by Vergil as a type of Greek cunning.
N. m.
Ulysses, king of Ithaca, noted
Vest-a, -ae
N. f. : Vesta, goddess of the hearth and home. ; dwells or tarries," Sansk. root vas, " to dwell or tarry.")
-i
;
('EcrTia,
"she that
N. m.
Z.
Zephyr-US,
-i
N. m.
ABBREVIATIONS.
is,
active.
interj.
interjoctioii,
abl
ablative.
mascaline.
neuter.
ace adj
accusative.
adjective.
adv
adverb.
nom. num.
part,
pass,
perf.
nominative.
numeral.
participle.
comp
conj.
.
comparative.
conjunction.
passive.
cp
dat
compare.
dative.
perfect.
plural.
pi.,
prep,
dep
f
deponent.
feminine.
preposition.
pron
sing,
pronoun.
singvilar.
fr
from.
frequentative.
indeclinable.
indefinite.
freq
sup.
sujierl
supine.
superlative.
indecl
indef
verb.
N.B.
It
originall}'
mind that
in Latin
The words
akin to
it.
94
VOCABULARY.
A.
from. To denote the direction from which an object is viewed a tergo, in the rear. To denote the agent : 62/. ((XTTO.)
a,
adeo,
abl.
adv. to such
an
extent
giving'
emphasis, indeed.
adfligo, (aff) ere, flixi, flictum, strike down, crush adflictus, crushed, dejected, dashed down.
;
abdo,
hide
;
Sre, dldi,
ditum, put
").
away
adflo, (aff)
are,
avi,
atum, breathe
plunge
upon
blast.
adfluo,
re,
to.
fluxi,
fluxum, flow
to
abeo,
retire.
Ire,
ivi
or
ii,
itum, go
away
throng, flock
(adfor),
Stis
f.
ari,
abies,
(abl.
abiete
fir.
abyiite
as
fari).
trisyll., V. 16),
pine,
Itli,
adglomero, (agg-)
wash
off,
are, avi,
atum,
abluo,
ere,
Ifltum,
roll to,
adgnosco, (agn-)
recognize.
;
nitum,
abnego,
are, a\i,
ili,
atum, refuse.
tentum, hold aivay hold ").
'
abstineo, ere,
re/ra in (abs = ab
;
adgredior, (agg-)
advance
to,
i,
gressus sum,
teneo,
'
attack, undertake.
abstim,
ac,
esse, fai,
am away,
absent.
adhuc,
of hoc,
see atque.
Jell;
cut
aditus,
proach (ad
m. entrance
i,
root
in eo,
accingo,
6re,
nxi,
admiror,
be astonished.
wonder,
for
get
adoro,
pear
are, avi,
accipio,
5re, c5pi,
ceptuni, receive
adpareo, (app-)
;
Itum, ap-
accommodo,
dat.,/t
to,
are,
to.
avi,
atum, with
adsentio,
sent,
fasten
approve
"think").
acer,
AC,
adservo,
closely
\
acernus,
(acer,
um,
adj. of
maple wood
battle
adspiro,
breathe upon,
"maple-tree").
iei,
f.
am favourable
stiti,
acies,
edge
line of battle
no sup. stand
erect.
ace.
to,
towards
adsum,
am
present
am at
near, beside.
ere, didi,
hand, approach.
ditum, add, join
to
addo,
adversus,
95
a,
um,
(do, "give").
96
adverto,
attend
to (ad,
VOCABULARY.
ere,
ti, sum, observe, heed, "towards " verto, "turn ").
(pi. ali-qui,
-quae,
one,
any
in sing, temple
in plur.
aedif ico, are, avi, atum, build "house"; root fac, "make").
aeg"er, gra, grum, adj.
sad, sorroivjul.
(aedes,
.alii,
alii
almus,
(aio,
um,
ium,
adj.
nurturing kindly
;
sick, iceary
"nourish").
n.
pi.
aenus,
aes, ae.is
a,
um,
adj. of brass
= aer-nus,
altaria, "high").
altar
(altus,
"bronze").
a,
;
aequaevus,
(aequus, "equal"
altgri), adj.
alter, tera, terum (gen. alterlus dat. one of two, another, a second;
;
other.
;
aequo,
are, a\d,
Cris,
altus, a, um,
as subst.
aequor,
n.
surface
sea
altum,
alvus,
equal, fair.
fern, belly.
aequus,
aeratus,
(aes).
a,
level,
a,
of brass, brazen
aes,
of one's m,ind.
aestus,
us,
m, heat
billows
life,
aijjicus,
a,
um,
sA]. friendly.
age (for
amitto,
ere, mlsi,
is,
missum,
;
amnis,
everlasting
?.qua).
m. stream
aeternus,
(aetas).
a,
um, adj
aether,
firis,
aii
amor,
oris,
to.
m. love
air
ether {al8^p).
eager desire
n. age,
ni,
aevurn,
Ager.
acre).
i,
(acwi/).
ampleotor,
Eng.
i,
agri.
amplus,
(am,
''
a,
um,
agger,
6ris, n.
bank,mound{3id,gero),
or.
agitator.
Oris,
m. driver
(agito).
'"
anguis,
squeeze "
;
uis,
m. and
e\ii).
snakt ;ango,
agito, are, avi, atum, keep moving, ptirsue ponder (freq. fr. ago).
;
Gk.
agmen,
oj
inis, n. course,
stream.
i
band
hence
angUStUS, a,um, ,m1j. narrow (ango). anima, ae^ i. breath, life (Sans. an.
" to breathe ").
soldiers
on
is
the
march
(ago.
").
set in motion
animus,
itume
i,
m. mind
;
in pi. spirit,
ago, 6re, Cgi, actum, drive, lead age, come now f {ayui).
-.
courage (avejuos
see anima).
annus,
(ager,
i,
m. year.
agricola.
colo).
ae,
ii:.
hiisbanaman
ante,
adv.
ace. before.
antiquus,
;
um,
ait.
(=anticus,
fr.
ante).
VOCABULARY.
aperio,
(ab, pario,
ire,
fli,
97
us,
ertuin, opeji
reveal
ascensus,
asper,
era,
m.
ascent.
adj. rough, fierce,
pi.).
emm,
apex, Icis, m. point, spike ; tip of a flame, pointed flame (ap, "join to," cp.
aptus).
aspicio,
hold.
splcgre, spexi,
spectum,
be-
apto,
apud,
ara,
among.
ae,
altar.
f.
arbor,
arceo,
astrum, asylum,
ary
;
i,
n. star {aarpov).
i,
n.
Oris,
tree.
{a.(Tv\ov).
ere,
Qi,
no sup. confine
adj.
re-
ater,
tra,
ardens,
ardeo,
ntis,
o/i
fire,
eajer
atque
;
(ac), conj.
and ( = ad "in
ad-
blazing (ardeo).
ere,
arsi,
arsum,
am
on
atrium,
fire,
i,
n.
entrance-hall ; court.
am eager.
arduus,
aries,
a,
attollo,
fire,
no
up
um,
(ad, tollo).
attrecto,
tracto).
are, avi,
atum, handle
(ad,
m. ram
n. plur.
battering -ram.
auctor,
(augeo).
oris,
m. author, originator
arma,
attack
orum,
arms
means of
"to
(apui, "fit,"
"adapt").
n.
audeo,
audio,
ere,
armentum,
plough
").
i,
herd (aro,
or il, Itum, hear (cp. Lacon. aBs = o5s, Eng. ear, Lat. auris).
ire, Ivi,
augurium,
call ").
li,
n.
omew by
;
the utter-
armipotens,
arms.
ntis,
adj.
powerful
171
aura,
are, avi,
armo,
atus,
aro,
atum,
arm
arm-
as subst. a7i
are, avi,
armed man.
auratUS,
um,
atum, plough.
raise
aureus,
auris,
a,
um,
adj. golden.
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, lift, up (ad rego "keep straight ").
;
is, f.
i,
ars,
artis,
f.
art, skill
cunning.
aurum, ausum,
aut,
facio,
i,
artifex,
Icis,
m. and
(ars,
f.
cunning, work-
conj. or.
man,
contriver
"art";
autem,
crease
").
conj. but.
il,
"make").
auxilium,
us,
a,
n. help (augeo,
"in-
artus,
m.
joint,
limb{apm, "fit").
artus,
um,
n.
arvum,
arx,
i,
pass., to be carried
away,
i.e.,
to
sail
"to plough").
place of defence, citadel (arceo, "to enclose" ; apxeia, oA/oj).
arcis,
f.
away.
avello,
tear aivay.
ere,
velli
or vulsi, vulsum,
ascendo,
scando).
Sre,
di,
sum, climb
(ad,
aversus,
averto,
a,
um,
ti,
adj.
turned away.
ere,
98
avius,
via.),
VOCABULARY.
a, uni, adj. (a,
;
capio,
prisoner,
take
pathless
n.
avium,
captus,
a,
path.
prisoner, captive.
i,
avus,
axis,
m. grandfather, ancestor.
captlVUS,
taken as
um,
adj.
plundered,
is,
m.
axle,
heaven, heaven.
capulus,
caput,
m.
n.
head; top
(Ke<^aATj).
barba,
(Sop^apo!,
ae,
f.
heard.
cardo,
careo,
inis,
m. hinge, pivot,
socket
(akin to Kpa&aCvia,
ere,
"to
swing'').
abl.
fti,
tongue
itum, with
am
keel
iceipu)).
f.
bellum,
test
ship.
bigae, arum, f. -pi. pair-horse chariot ( = bi-iugae; bis, iugum, "a yoke").
carus,
a,
um,
bipatens,
teo,
ntis, adj.
doubly open
(pa.-
"to open").
is, f.
deprived
bipennis,
"wing").
double axe
(bis,
penna,
camp.
hazard
casus,
iitiice (
us,
m.
fall, accident,
= duis).
bos,
bo vis,
m. ox
i,
(/Sous).
caterva,
catulus,
cub.
ae,
i,
f.
crowd, band.
;
bracchium,
breviter,
(=brevima).
n.
arm (jSpaxiwc).
day
winter
m. a young dog
whelp,
bruma, ae,
the shortest
causa,
reason.
also
(caussa),
ae,
f.
cause,
cavema,
C.
ae,
f.
cavern, hollow.
cavo,'
to
are,
avi,
cado,
stars
:
Sre,
cecldi,
set
;
to
sink or
a,
of
pierce.
CaVUS,
se-
a,
um,
adj. hollow.
caecus,
cret,
um,
adj. blind;
dark;
cedo,
yield.
ere,
cessi,
cessum,
go
away,
hidden.
is, f.
caed.es,
slaughter (caedo).
;
celsus,
slay
a,
um
(root
kar,
in
Kap-q,
caedo,
"head"),
adj. lofty.
cp. scindo
Gk.
a-xiiui).
centum, num.
(exaTbi").
adj.
indecl.
hundred
caelicola, ae, m. and f. one who dwells in heaven; heavenly being (ca,c\um, colo).
cemo,
6re, crevi,
cretum, distinguish
caelum,
caligo,
i,
n. heaveii.
a,
caerulus,
um,
f.
adj.
dark
blue.
certatim,
certo,
adv.
with
emulation;
Inis,
i,
thick darkness.
earnestly (certo).
are, avi,
a,
campus,
m. plain, field.
atum, contend,
strive.
cS,no, ere, cCcTni, cantum, sing: prophesy (because oracles were made in
verse).
certus,
cervix,
um,
un-
erring (ccrno).
vlcis,
f.
VOCABULARY.
CesSO,
fr.
99
fire,
are, avi,
atum, cease
= ced-so,
COgO,
cOSgi,
cSactum, drive
to-
cedo).
a,
ceterus,
um,
ceu,
cieo,
as
gether
if.
in motion,
collum,
i,
n. neck.
roMse (akin to
"go";
cp. Ktvew).
;
coluber,
bri,
m. serpent.
f.
.cingo,
gird
;
6re, nxi,
pass, with
abL or
ace. of spec'n. to
ae,
f.
dove.
;
hair
of trees, foliage
Cinis,
6ris,
m. ashes.
comans,
with ace.
tis,
adj.
hairy
f.
crested.
circum,
around.
adv.,
and prep,
corues,
eo).
itis,
m. and
comrade (cum,
circumdo,
round.
are,
comitor,
to
ari,
commendo,
are, avi,
atum, entrust
circumerro,
round.
atum, wander
(cum, mando).
COmniunis,
ere, fudi, fiisum, to
;
e,
cum
circumfundo,
round
around.
pour crowd
adj. shared
com-
compages,
spicere, spexi, spec-
is,
f.
fastening; joint
circumspicio,
turn, look roxind
;
(cum, pango).
look
round
on.
compello,
co).
are, avi,
atum, address.
(pli-
Circumsto,
round
round.
Civis,
is,
;
are, st6ti,
no sup. stand
atum,
surround.
are,
avi,
circumvolo,
m. and
is, f.
Jiy
f.
citizen.
clades,
comprendo,
grasp
{v>ith the
6re,
di,
sum, grasp;
pressum,
clamor,
m. shout.
oris,
(clamo
Sans,
kar-
mind), comprehend.
6re,
kAtitos,
clarus),
comprimo,
concede,
draw.
pressi,
clangor,
Claresco,
groxv clear.
m.
cry; braying
(of
Sre,
cessi,
cessum, with-
trumpets) (xAayy^).
ere, ui,
no sup. inceptive,
concido,
(cado).
Cre, di,
adj.
clear,
bright, of
is, f. fleet.
i,
claustrum,
clipeus
coepi,
(also
a. bar (claudo).
i,
concurro,
together.
ere,
curri,
cursum, run
shake
clypeus),
begin.
m. round
concutio,
ere,
ussi,
ussum,
ptum,
COeptUS, perf. part. pass, of coepi. COgnosco, Cre, nOvi, nitum, inceptive,
begin to recognize, learn.
condensus,
condo,
a,
um,
ere, didi,
100
confertus,
(cum,
farcio).
a,
VOCABULARY.
um,
adj. closely
packed
conticesco,
silent (taceo).
Sre, Hi,
no sup. become
configo,
acknowledge
Sre, xi,
eri,
xum,
fessus
pierce.
contineo,
confess,
ere,
tii,
confiteor,
COnfligO,
(fligo,
sum,
back (teneo).
(fateor).
Sre,
xi,
ctum, join
battle,
reach; touch
touch,
"dash").
Sre,
f udi,
contorqueo,
fusum, pour
to-
ere, torsi,
tortum, hurt
confundo,
gether, confuse.
vigorously.
contra,
Sre,
ili,
adv.
on
a,
COng'emo,
COngrero,
together.
no sup. groan
gestum, heap
contrarius,
um,
adj. opposite.
convello,
violently,
Sre, vulsi,
vulsum, pluck
gessi,
rend axvay.
Sre,
ti,
ConvertO,
i,
COngredior,
together, fight.
gressus
sum, come
hurlstrong-
round.
convolve,
together.
Sre,
vi,
COnicio,
ly (iacio).
copia,
ae,
f.
coniugium,
(iungo, root luo).
li,
n.
wedlock
husband
forces (the
latter
pressed by
pi.).
COniunx,
Conor,
tempt.
ugis,
m. and
f.
one joined ;
coram,
face,
adv. before
to
corpus,
Cris, n.
body.
consanguinitas,
tionship, kinship
corripio,
atis,
;
Sre, Qi,
eptum,
seize vio-
f.
blood rela-
(cum
o/(cor=oon=cum, with
rapio "seize").
sanguis).
intensive force
conscius,
(some one
a,
um,
adj.
knowing with
;
coruscus,
flashing.
a,
um,
adj.
vibrating;
else),
confederate
conscious of
consequor,
sero).
i,
COSta,
crater,
ae,
f.
rib.
Sris,
m. mixing-bowl
(icpaTjJp,
Kepa-vwixi).
sessum,
settle
down
Creber,
CRK
;
bra,
bnmi,
adj.
frequent (root
cp. cresco).
Sre,
didi,
consilium,
root SAL or sar,
li,
n. counsel,
;
plan (con
stand
credo,
;
"go"
note on
ercvi,
consisto,
cresco,
cretus
ing
m. a gazing, regard-
crimen,
charge, accusation.
crinis, is, m. hair (root kar, cp. xapa, " the head"),
throng (conspicio).
crudelis,
mpsi,
e, adj.
crueL
adj. bloody.
consume,
sume, spend.
2re,
mptum,
con-
cruentus,
a,
um,
n.
culmen,
Sre, Qi,
Inis,
height,
summit;
COntexo,
xtum, weave.
roof.
VOCABULARY^
culpa,
ae,
i.
101
(usually deinde), adv
there-
fault.
deinde
atum, blame, hold
after, then.
Culpo,
are, avi,
guilty (culpa).
delabor,
deligo,
lego).
i,
delitesco,
6re,
ITtui,
no
' '
sup. hide
mecum.
cumulus,
Cupido,
cupio,
i,
m. heap.
adj. aZZ(=coiunotus).
delutarum, i, n. shrineQuo
cleanse").
cunctus, a, um.
inis,
f.
desire.
li,
mind,
send
Cre, Ivi or
i, f.
Itum, desire.
Sre,
mlsi,
missum,
CUpresSUS,
cura, euro,
ae,
cypress (Kvirdpi-a-aoi).
quare).
demo,
(de-emo).
ere,
mpsi,
mptum,
take
away
care, anxiety.
are, avi,
demoror,
ing, delay.
ari, atus,
CUITO,
6re, cticurri,
cursus,
us,
a,
m. running, course.
adj. bent.
demum, adv.
denique,
at
last.
curvus,
cuspis,
um,
f.
adv. at last.
idis,
spear,
densus,
"cover," op,
a,
um.
i,
CUStOS,
scutum,
depascor,
Kivdia),
m. guardian, guard.
deponOj
dozen.
ere,
pOsltum,
lay
D.
de, prep, with
abl.
descendo,
desero,
-'join").
ere, di,
sum, go down,
dea,
ae,
f.
debeo,
ere,
decern, num.
destine,
sto,
are, avi,
decorus,
decurro,
a,
mn,
"stand"),
set apart,
in
desuesco,
unacczistomed
tomed.
Sre, suevl,
;
suetum, render
desuetus, unaccus-
decus,
conduct.
6ris, n.
ornament, honour.
xi,
deduce,
ere,
desum,
esse, fQi,
am
wanting,
am
defendo, ere, di, sum, strike aioay defend{de, "from"; fendo, "strike").
defensor,
oris,
detineo,
5re,
tii,
m. defender.
become
deus,
deorum dei and
Sans.
;
i,
di
m. god; gen. pi. deum or and dis are often used for
ere, feci,
fectum,
am
want-
deia.
disappear.
eris,
DI,
DTU,
;
degener,
race,
adj.
u^iworthy of the
" heaven"
but not
ere. vi,
degenerate
").
(de,
"from"; genus,
devolve,
dfixter,
vOlutum,
roll
tra,
down.
trum.
lace
tSra,
terum, and
102
on the right hand; favourable (See note on v. 54.)
VOCABULARY.
(Stftos).
dolor,
oris,
i,
m.
grief.
dolus,
(oAo5).
m. gxdle,
craft,
fraud, deceit
dextera,
hand.
or dextra, ae,
f.
the right
dominor,
6re, dixi,
ari,
sway
diCO,
call ;
name (fieiKw^ii.)i,
domo,
are,
tti,
Itum,
tame, subdue
dictuni,
n.
word.
dies, ei, m. (in sing, sometimes fem.) day; figuratively, time (root Sans, di, "gleam" see deus).
;
domus,
Sdjiios).
iis,
f.
house
{Si/j-io,
"build";
donee,
draco,
conj. until.
i,
difRigio,
ere, fugi,
fugitum, flee in
donum,
dubius,
dliCO,
n. gift (do).
onis,
a,
m. serpent
(SpdKuir).
digero,
arrange
gero).
;
ere, gessi,
gestum, distribute,
um,
(=duhibius,
duo,
relate in order,
expound
(dis,
dignus,
a,
um,
i,
adj. worthy.
out.
dlgredior,
(dis, gradior).
gressus
sum, depart
chosen, dear
dudum,
dulcis,
adv.
a while
ago, lately.
e,
adj. sweet.
dilectUS,
(diligo).
a,
um,
adj.
dum,
dux,
durus,
um,
m.
dQcis,
leader.
dirus,
dread.
a,
um,
adj. fearful,
terrible,
E. ecce,
interj. lo
acis, adj.
!
behold
discedo,
disco,
6re, cessi,
oessum, depart.
edax,
(edo).
coiuuming, devouring
rtum, relate at
6re, dldlci,
no sup. learn.
(dis,
edissero,
length
5re,
ui,
"join").
educo,
aloft.
6re, xi,
raise
"throw"),
effero,
" gleam "
raise.
;
bear forth,
diva,
ac,
f.
goddess (root
di,
see deus).
eFigies,
6re,
velli,
ei, f.
image
(ex, fingo).
divello,
apart.
vulsum,
pluck
effor,
ari,
diversus,
dives,
Itis,
a,
um,
fOgitum,
ii.
flee
efifugium,
ii,
n.
efifulgeo, ere,
Isi,
divido,
ere, visi,
a,
visum, divide.
adj. divine (divus).
pi.
effundo,
ere, fudi,
i1i,
divinus,
(root DI
um,
egeo,
abl.
ere,
no sup.
of.
am
needy
with
often divoni)
am in need
see deus).
dedi,
egredior,
(iufii).
grCdi, gressus
sum, go out;
do, dire,
datum, give
go out from
(ex, gradior).
VOCABULARY.
elabor,
escape from.
i,
103
6re, cidi,
lapsus
sum,
slip
out,
excido,
excito,
off,
emico,
are,
a.tuin,
Jiash forth
out.
are,
avi,
atum
(intens.
and
exclamo,
excutio,
(root i; cp.
are, avi,
atum, cry
out.
m. sword.
or
!i,
ere, cussi,
cussum
(quatio,
eo,
Ire, Ivi
Hum, go
wake
eljuc, t-eVai).
equidem
quidem
;
(comp'd of
interj.
e and
exec,
or
iis,
ivi,
Itum, go out.
exercitUS,
exigo,
<3re,
m. army.
equus,
tn-n-os
Gk.
egi,
actum
(ago,
"put
in
(iKKOs)
ergo,
Germ,
exhale,
are, avi,
exitium,
reptum, snatch atoay
ii
(ex, eo,
[itum] "go"), n.
eripio,
(e, rapio).
ruin, destruction.
exitus,
atum, wander.
end.
lis
(ex, eo,
"go"), m. issue,
desire.
erro,
are, avi,
oris,
error,
deception.
m. waiidering; mistake;
exopto,
exorior,
are, avi,
Iri,
atum, greatly
erubesco,
(ex,
6re,
iii,
no
expedio,
ire, Ivi
or
Ii,
Itum, extricate,
rubesco,
about.
"become red
fli,
shame
expendo,
tltum, tear or dig
oxit
ere,
di,
sum
(ex, pendo,
experior,
..at, both.
..
Iri,
test.
expleo,
expllCO,
ere, plevi,
and.
are,
tli
and
avi,
itum and
etiam,
atum, unfold.
although
(et, si).
expromo,
6re,
mpsi,
mptum, bring
evado,
evenio,
v.n.
6re,
si,
exsanguis,
ventum
(ex, venio),
e,
adj. bloodless.
scldi,
exseindo,
scindo,
ere,
scissum (ex,
to pass.
"cutout"), extirpate.
everto,
sum, overthroiv.
vici,
evince,
utterly.
ere,
victum,
conquer
exsilium, ii (=exsulium, fr. exsul, "an exile," either fr. solum, "ground," or root SAL, "go" cp. salire, consul), n.
;
ba7iishment.
ex (e),
exspeeto,
are,
avi,
exardesco, up (ardeo).
arsum, blaze
eagerly (specio).
exstingUO,
cessum, go forth.
stinguo,
6re,
nxi,
cp.
notum
(ex,
excedo,
6re, cessi,
root
stig
o-ti'^w),
extin-
guish;
kill.
exsulto,
sal), leap
are,
avi,
atum
(ex,
root
up ;
rejoice.
104
exsupero,
"above"),
conquer.
VOCABULARY,
are, avi, Stum (ex, super, mmint above; tower high;
fauces, ium,
adv.
|,
extemplo,
tempus).
immediately
(ex,
fax,
facis (root
a,
fa see
;
facies),
f r.
f.
torch.
extra
beyond.
( = extera,
femlneus,
abl.
sing.
um
(femina,
root fr
fern,
of
or FEV,
<fiv,
"to produce,"
adj. pertaining to
a woman.
<i>av,
extremus,
most
;
a,
um,
utmost, farthest.
ere,
tii,
cp.
^a.ivt,i), t.
exuo,
to,
utum,
strip
off.
exuviae, arum
"put
on"),
f.
no
perf. or
sup., strike.
things
stripped off;
spoils.
fero,
F.
carry
(fab-
ferre,
off;
fabricator,
rioo).
oris,
m. constructor
in
an intrans. sense
;
sic ferre, so
bring
to
pass, tend
feror,
am
carried, rush,
bear, bairn
move
fabrico, are, avi, atum man"), make, construct.
facies,
f.
<^epio,
(faber,
"work-
[child]
ei
(root fa or fac,
fari, fax,
"to make
<},aLi'ui),
ferrum,
ferus,
fierce.
a,
i,
n. iron
sword.
-unld,
um
um,
<l>riij.l,
appearance.
e,
facilis,
able").
fessus,
festino,
a,
are, avi,
atum, hasten.
facio, 6re, feci, factum (see facies), do; make; cause. Passive fio, fieri, {actus sum, am, made; become.
factiira,
fallo,
i,
festus,
fetus,
(root FE,
a,
um,
adj. festal.
n. deed.
Actus,
deceive;
(fingo).
um,
adj.
feigned,
false
6re,
falsus,
a,
um (fallo),
f.
fides,
adj. false.
Bi,
f.
faith
promise
pledge
{Tn.9-, 77C<7Tls).
fama,
in fari
;
ae,
report,
rumour (root
dha,
fa,
fidens,
fido,
see facies).
Cre,
famulus,
"found,"
f.S,
n.
fisus
(Sans,
"to
lay,"
f iducia, ae,
indecl.
f.
confidence.
lawful.
f idus,
a,
um,
adj. faithful.
;
fasten.
mould
adj.
fated (fatum).
"touch").
fatSor,
eri,
fassus
sum
<^ou),
(root fa,
<(>riij.i,
"to
finis,
is
make
to
shine," cp.
(jiaifuj,
m. and
f.
end.
(pv,
fari), confess.
"produce"),
fatum,
i,
that which
is
spoken;
flrmo,
confirm.
are, avi,
VOCABULARY.
ririiiUS, a,
103
(:fuig
uifcn.,
um (akm
to fero,
fretus),
fUlmen, law
thunderbolt.
tx.
tul^eo),
flxus,
a,
um,
fulvns,
a,
um (fulgeo), yellow,
no
perf. or sup.,
tawny.
flagito, are,
fumo,
reek.
are,
smoke,
demand.
flagro,
are, avi,
ae,
t.
(</)Ae-y<o).
flimus,
(fundus).
i,
m. smoke
flamma,
to falx).
flame
(<^Ae-y(o).
fundamentum,
(akin
n.
foundation
flecto, 6re,
xi,
fundo,
to(i>\vui, fluo),
6re, ffidi,
fusum
weep.
tears.
fundus,
funis,
is,
i,
m. bottom
(7^vtf;a^^).
m. rope.
fluctUS,
fluruen,
fluo,
us,
m. wave
(fluo).
;
Inis, n. river
stream.
ebb atvai/.
6re, fluxi,
Quxum, flow;
foedo, "smoke,"
defile.
are, avi,
atum
(Sans,
dhdmas,
foul,
cp.
fumus,
foul),
make
furo,
ferio).
ere, Oi,
(see
xiFui,
furor,
"thief").
oris,
m. rage, madness.
by stealth (fur,
<l>o!>fi,
furtim, adv.
door
Inis,
(fliipa).
formido,
fors,
f.
i.fear, dread.
Ggd.lea, ae,
f.
k
sum,
rejoice
helmet.
gilvlsus
abl. forte,
by chance
e, adj.
(fero).
gaudeo,
(y7)9eaj).
ere,
fortis,
brave.
f.
fortuna,
ae,
6re,
fortune.
frcgi,
gaza,
break
word).
ae,
f.
frango,
fragor,
fractum,
gelldus,
oris (root
a,
um (gelu),
a,
fraq
in frango),
m.
genainus,
genaitus,
um,
adj. twin-born.
breaking, crash.
ub,
m. groan, roar.
fremitus,
us,
m. roaring.
by meton.
gener,
eri,
fretum,
for the sea.
i,
n. strait, frith,
genitor,
a,
oris,
m. father.
f.
frigidus,
um,
genetrix,
gen),
icis,
frons,
dis, f . foliage.
gens,
GEN).
tis, f.
family, race.
kin (yefos, root
genus,
6ris, n. race,
fuga,
((^euyw).
ae,
f.
flight.
;
fugio,
eteape
gero, Sre, gessi, gestum (root gas, "come," "go" ; gero in causative sense "cause to go"), hear, carry.
fulgeo,
{<f>Xeyui),
Sre
or
6re,
tulsi,
no sup.
glomero,
form
into
are,
avi,
atum
(glomus),
gleam, shine.
ball ;
gather together.
106
gloria,
ae,
f.
VOCABULARY.
glory (root clu, "hear"
;
horror,
hort.
oris,
m. shuddering, dread.
ex-
gradus,
gramen,
f.
(hostio,
see note
ace. pi.
f.
166.
grates, only
thanks (gratus).
in
nom. and
m. stranger, enemy,
hue,
adj. pleasing (akin to
adv. hither.
i,
f.
gratUS,
gravis,
a,
um,
humus,
locative
ground; hunii
is
the
case
e,
adj. heavy.
ground
(xa/xai).
graviter,
adv. heavily.
gravo,
burden.
are, avi,
iaeeo,
us,
itia
ere,
iii,
Itum,
lie,
am prostrate.
gressus,
m.
step (gradior).
iaeto,
are, avi,
gurges,
m. whirlpool.
iaetura,
ae,
f.
flinging away,
loss,
H.
see note
v.
646 (iacio).
ari,
babeo,
regard.
ere,
ui,
Ituni,
have; hold,
iaculor,
(iacio).
hurl
haesi,
haesum,
cling, re-
lam,
adv. already.
adv. some time since.
iamdudum,
spear.
iampridena,
time.
adv.
now for a
long
baud,
liaurio,
ianua,
ae,
f.
gate, door.
hebeto,
are,
make
dull
ictus,
!
lis,
m. stroke
a,
(ico).
heu,
interj. alas
ignarus,
um,
cp.
gna,
"know";
is,
yiyvuxTKui,
gnosco,
narrare).
hiemps, (hiems)
storm
(xei/iiiii').
higmis,
f.
winter,
ignis,
m.
fire.
ignotus,
this
a,
um,
adj.
unknown
(in,
place;
(g)nosco).
from
forth.
this cause;
from
for dismissing
hodie,
adv. to-day
Inis (root in
(=hoc
die).
homo,
man.
humus,
x"M<'). "'
ately, forthwith.
ille, a, illud,
horrendus,
horrSo,
der.
Cre,
a, uin,
adj. dreadful.
famous;
IM,
that
man.
f.
no
perf.,
no
sup., shud-
imago,
akin to
Inis,
phantom ; form
unwariikc
(root,
ixiixioixaC).
horresco,
to shudder.
fire,
imbellis,
um).
c, adj.
(in, bel
VOCABULARY.
imperium,
i,
107
ere,
si,
n.
military
command;
indulgeo,
yield
to.
turn,
with
dat.
empire (impero).
impetus, us, m. onset (in, peto). impius, a, um, adj. utiholy. imus, a, um, adj. used as superl.
infC-rus, lowest
;
indiio,
put on.
ineluctabilis,
of
gled out
of,
inevitable
"not," ex,
arma).
imum, as
ace.
subst. lowest
part.
inermis,
prep, with
;
e,
adj.
unarmed (in,
;
in,
towards,
into,
iners,
(in, ars).
rtis,
adj. inactive
motionless
against
with
infandus,
incendiuna,
ii,
a,
um,
adj.
unutterable
n.
di,
burning,
fire.
awful (in,
fire
fari).
Icis,
incendo,
ere,
sum, kindle,
beginning
infelix,
adj.
unhappy.
adj. (in, intensive,
infensus,
a,
um,
inceptum,
(incipio).
i,
n.
design
infestus,
incertus,
ful.
a,
um,
ous; hostile
incido,
incipio,
(capio).
on (cfido).
begin
ere,
cepi,
ceptum,
infula, ae (Sans, bhala, "brow," cp. a white and red band of woollen stuff worn upon the forehead as
(|>(iAos), f . fillet
;
a sign of consecration.
ae,
f.
inclementia,
cruelty (clemens).
lack
of pity,
ingemino,
ingens,
hence
are, avi,
(in,
atum, redouble.
tis
include,
Claud o).
6re,
si,
sum, shut in
(in,
beyond
its
inclutus,
icAeos,
um,
e,
adj.
famous
(cUieo,
ingratUS,
a,
um,
adj. unpleasant.
see gloria).
adj. safe,
ingruo,
Bre, rui,
no sup.
incolumis,
(in,
unharmed
071
one
(in, ruo).
and root
of Kokoioj).
inicio,
a,
ere,
ieci,
iectum,
fii7ig
on
incomitatus,
um,
adj. u7iaccom-
(iacio).
inimiCUS,
with
(amicus).
a,
um,
adj.
unfrie7idly
incumbo,
dat. lean
upon (cumbo,
"lie").
iniquus,
aequus).
a,
um,
against.
inlabor,
labi,
incuso,
are, avi,
inludo,
mock, jeer
Bre, lusi,
with dat.,
at,
7nake sport
e,
inmanis,
(in
adj.
and root
of metier).
oris, adj. unmiiidfiil.
indicium,
cp. SctKvvfii,
li
(indico,
n.
inmemor,
"show"),
ari,
information.
inmensus, a, um,
inmisceo,
intermingle.
ere, ui,
adj. im7neasurable,
indignor,
ful
;
atus sum,
am
wrath-
(in,
dignus).
mistum or mixtum,
missum, send
indignus,
um,
adj.
unworthy.
indomitus,
a,
um,
adj. unrestrained,
inmitto,
against,
6re,
misi,
unchecked (dome).
let loose.
108
innoxius,
noxa).
a,
TOCABULAR"?.
nm,
adj. harmless (in,
instaUTO,
stand
;
are, avi, atum, make to renew (crrav pot, icmjm, root sta).
stravi,
innuptUS,
(nubo).
a,
um,
adj.
unmarried
stratum,
lay
inpello,
urge.
ere, pflli,
insto,
are, stiti,
6re, xi,
f.
instruo,
Cre, evi,
inpleo,
inplico,
entwine
etum./iZ up.
fii,
insula,
ituni,
ae,
island
are, avi or
atum, or
(TrXe/cio).
insultO,
pOsitum, place on.
adj. excessive,
v. 356.
are, avi,
inpono,
(in,
6re, pSstti,
a,
use taunts
(in, sa!io).
inprobUS,
probus)
;
um,
a,
bad
insuper,
integer,
;
adv. in addition.
gra,
see note
grum,
adj. untotiched
inprovidus,
(in, pro, video).
um,
adj. unforeseeing
undamaged sowid
(in, tango).
intemeratus,
a,
a,
um,
adj. unviolated.
inproviSUS,
um,
adj. wiforeseen.
intendo,
or direct
adj eager.
.
inquam,
inritus,
v. defect.,
a,
tay.
ratus,
fr.
um,
(in,
reor),
inruo,
6re, Qi,
no sup., rush on or
madness.
adj. not healthy,
into.
intercludo,
(inter, claudo).
6re, clusi,
clusum, hinder
insania,
ae,
a,
f.
insanus,
inscius,
pursue.
um, um,
mad
(sanus, "Bound"),
a,
compar.
adj.
inner
(intus).
intexo,
interlace.
6re,
ui,
textum,
inweave,
intono,
personally,
are,
tti,
no sup.
(in, intens.,
insideo,
ere, sedi,
thunders.
ere, rsi,
intorqtieo,
sive, or
rtum
(in,
inten;
insidiae, arum,
plot (insideo).
f.
ambush,
artifice,
mark
of distinction
ace. within.
insinuo,
into.
wind
(in,
insono,
echo.
inutilis,
e,
adj. useless.
si,
invado,
tis, adj. guiltless (in, sons,
;
6re,
sum, go against,
ventum,
insons,
K8,
attack.
root as or
Gk.
e'l/ic
invenio,
upon, find.
ire,
vcni,
come
inspicio,
into.
spexi,
spectum, look
inventor,
indecl. (root bta), tmajc,
oris,
f.
m. discoverer.
(in video),
instar,
likeneit.
n.
invidia,
ae,
a,
envy
invisus,
VOCABULARY.
involvo, 8re, vi^ utum, enroll, enwrap.
Ipse,
self.
109
ae,
f.
lacrima,
a,
um,
it-
lacrimo,
f.
are, avi,
atum, weep.
ira, ae,
anger.
lacus,
lis,
m.
si,
lake.
laedo,
Sre,
a,
laetuS;
um,
glad ; joyous.
.
way,
thut.
i^
a,
um
(Aatds),
left,
on the
(I) adverse,
unpropitious, of
"go").
laeva,
ae,
f.
(soil,
i,
manus),
lick.
left
hand.
iuba,
ae,
i.
crest.
lambo,
iussum, bid. com-
6re,
no sup.
iubeO; mand.
ere,
iussi,
lamentabilis,
lapso,
are,
us,
a,
e, adj. to be
lamented.
no
iugum,
fuyoi',
mountain - ridge
ae,
(iun^o
lapsus,
m.
gliding.
adj. plentiful,
largus,
iunctxara,
f.
um,
abun-
joint.
dant.
iungo,
iU8,
Sre, nxi,
fu-y).
nctum, jom(^u-yi'u,ui,
ordinance.
root lUG or
uris, n. right
i,
laiv
and
f.
wide.
iussum,
iussus,
iustus,
youthful,
n,
command (iubeo)
I
latebra,
lateo,
adj.
ae,
lis,
m. command.
adj. just (ius)
a,
um,
no sup.
lie
hid {KavBavu),
root
Aafl).
la bus,
is,
m. and f. originally adj. young, then used as subst. youth, young man.
iuveniS;
latus,
tus
;
um,
adj.
stla-
laudo,
CLu,
iuventa,
ae,
f.
youth,
i.e.,
the age of
laurus,
youth
;
laurel.
iuventUS,
ally abstract.
utis,
f.
body of
young men, in
laus,
dis,
praise, renoivn.
laxo,
liivi,
are, avi,
atum,
loosen.
iuvo,
are,
latum, assist
juvat,
lego,
(Ac'yoj).
Cre, legi,
impersonally,
it
delights.
ski7n
root sta).
lenis,
e,
adj. gentle.
(Ae'ioi/).
L.
letum,
LI,
i,
n.
labes,
labo,
labor).
is, f.
"dissolve").
e,
are, avi,
atum,
totter (akin to
levis,
adj. light
= legvis, cf
cAaxu's);
levo,
oris,
i,
are, avi,
atum, make
light
ease
labor,
labor,
m. labour ;
distress.
;
remove.
slip
down.
lex,
legis,
f.
law (root
iiia,
"bind ").
110
lig-num,
i,
VOCABULARY.
n. wood.
limbus, i, m.
limen,
limes,
Inis,
magis, comp.
rQagnus,
major
;
adv. more.
sup.
m. boundary ; path.
male,
adv. badly.
a,
limosus,
lingua,
dingxia
;
a,
um,
f.
adj. ?ncW!/(limus).
malus,
um,
adj.
bad
comp. pejor
ae,
sup. pessimus.
aliin to tongue).
maneo,
leave.
ere,
mansi,
f.
mansum, remain.
fetter
linquo,
Ore, Iiqui,
no sup.
manica,
(manus).
ae,
handcuff;
sacrifice
manifestus,
litus, 6ris, " overspread").
n.
shore
(akin
to
lino,
clear (manus,
loco,
position.
are, avi,
i,
atum, place.
manus,
m. place,
iis, f.
hand ; handful,
hattd.
;
locus,
plur. loci
and
loca,
mater,
(a.kin to ixTjT-qp
longaevus,
longe,
a,
um,
adj.
of great age,
medius,
middle
a,
um,
adj.
middle; in the
(/necro!).
melior,
bonus,
us,
adj.
used as comp. of
long"US,
um,
better.
isse, v. defect, a.
adj. long.
;
loquor,
speak
memini,
(mens).
remember
Aatricio).
lorum,
luctus,
geo).
i,
n. thong.
a,
memorabUis,
related,
e,
adj. deserving to be
lubricus,
um,
memorable.
adj. slippery.
lis,
m.
grief,
lamentation
(lu-
memoro, are, avi, atum, relate. mendax, acis, adj. lying (mentior).
mens, tis, mind (cp. mensa, ae, table.
f. f.
lugeo,
(Avypd?).
ere,
luxi,
luctum,
bewail
moneo).
lumen,
luna,
Inis, n. light { =
\ucn\en
same
mentior,
state (akin to
iri,
itus
sum,
lie ;
falsely
mens;
original meaning,
moon
(^lucna).
(Aii/coi).
"invent").
lupus,
lustro,
m. wolf
are,
mercor,
ari,
avi,
traverse; surpi/
purify," root n:).
mereo,
ere,
Itum
(also
as dep.
lux,
lucis,
f.
light.
M.
raachma,
(jii)Xa>'>)).
no
sup.,
move quickly
to
and
engine
fro
ae,
jlash, yleam.
Itis,
f.
miles,
are,
.^vi,
m.
soldier,
body of soldiers.
macto,
mills, num. adj. indecl. a thousand; aa sul>3t. n. with pi. milia, thousands.
VOCABULARY.
minister,
tri
Ill
onis,
(double comp.
fr.
minus,
mucro,
m. point, edge.
minor,
threaten.
ari,
atus
sum,
overhang
many.
i,
;
mirabilis,
e,
adj. wonderful.
miror,
at.
ari,
misceo,
mingle
ere, ui,
N.
{ij.lyvvij.i).
nam, namque,
narro,
are,
;
conj. for.
miser,
avi,
atum,
tell,
relate
rimus, toretehed.
(akin to gnarus
e,
Sans, gna,
"know").
another
miserabilis,
nascor,
scor,
i,
natus sum,
root
am &or?i( = giia-
misereor,
pity.
eri,
itus
yiyvoiJ.ai,
na = gna,
form
ere,
of gen).
i, m. son ; nata, ae, nati, c/tiWre?i( = gnatus).
f.
miseresco,
pity.
no
natus,
ter
;
daugh-
mitto,
ere, misi,
missum,
se7id.
navis, a
fort-
is, f.
ship (yavs).
modo,
adv. only.
moema,
ress (munio).
lum,
n. plur.
walls,
ne, adv. with imperative, not, do not conj. with Bubj. lest, neve (neu) neve (neu).. neither ..nor.
,
moles,
toil,
is, f.
mass
itus
bank
pile.
nebula,
ivith
ae,
f.
mist (nuhes,
ye(^os).
molior,
mollis,
Iri,
sum, perform
nec,
see neque.
a,
undertake (moles).
e,
nefandus,
nefas,
forbids
;
um(ne
fari,
"speak"),
adj. soft.
tli,
moneo,
(mens).
ere,
guilt
mons,
motmtain.
" to project"), m.
nego,
are, avi,
otis,
nepos,
are, avi,
i,
m. grandson, descendant.
conj. neither
;
monstro,
atum, show.
neque,
.
or
nec,
.
neque
monstrum,
monster (moneo).
n.
omen ;
prodigy,
nequiquam,
um.
adj. belonging to
to
adv. in vain.
montanus,
a mountain.
a,
nescio.
know,
Ire,
sclvi or scii,
scltum, not
=i
mora,
op. ^poTd5
ae,
f.
delay.
(root
neu (contr.
nex,
for
neve).
See ne.
nScis (Sans,
f.
moror,
(mora).
ari,
linger
ni=nis],
f.
conj. unless.
nil,
bit).
i,
mors, tis, death (see morior). morsus, us, m. bite (mordeo). mortalis, e, adj. mortal, human
(mors).
nihil or
hilum, not a
nihlli,
n.
nothing (ne.
nimbus,
nitidus,
m. rain-cloud.
a,
um
moveo,
ere,
112
nitor,
fr.
i,
VOCABULARY.
nlsus or nixus
sum ( = g-nitor,
obstupesco,
obtego,
hide.
6re,
fire,
root
GJJic),
i,
nodus,
non,
m. knot.
nayne (nosco).
;
nomen,
noenum,
ojie
inis, n.
(
adv. not
= ne-unum
cf. ri;-,
ne-,
obtrunco,
pieces.
are,
atum,
cut
to
OCCasus,
tra, side.
a,
us,
m.
noster,
of our
c5do).
OCCido,
adj. well-known.
f.
6re, cidi,
notus,
um,
nox,
noctis,
night (yv^).
OCCUlto,
celo).
are, avi,
atum,
coiiceal (ob,
nubes, is, f. cloud {vi<i>o<;). nudus, a, iim ( = nugdus, "make bare"), adj. naked.
nullus,
no.
a,
root nao,
OCCumbo,
doicn
;
6re, oQbtti,
to.
cQWtum,
fall
um (ne-uUus),
adj. not
any,
oceanus,
oculus,
i
m. ocean
(Sans,
(wiceai'os).
akshi,
root,
itsh,
numen,
"nod"
;
Inis (for
nu-imen, root
hit,
videre),
m.
eye.
nod; divine
will; deity.
6di, isse (Sans, root badh, " strike," "thrust" Gk. mBiuS), v. defective, hate.
;
numerus,
nunc,
i,
m. nwm&er.
odium,
offero,
ii,
n. hate.
put
he-
nunquam,
nuto, are, tway to and fro.
O,
fore, present.
omen,
Inis (perh.
originally os-men,
atum
O.
interj.
!
adj. almighty.
ob
on
Gk.
eTrl).
obduco,
obiecto,
pose (freq.
6re, xi,
over.
onus, Cris, n. burden. opacus, a, um, adj. shady. opimus, a, um, adj. rich (opes). oppono, Cre, p6sui, p6situm, place
opposite.
are, avi,
obicio).
fr.
obicio,
iacio).
opes,
in plur.
opto,
desire.
are, avi,
atum (root
op, "look"),
opus,
6ra,
V.
dep. a. forget.
ae,
shore, coast.
i,
obriio,
ovenvhelm.
oraculuna,
orbis,
is,
n. oracle (oro).
coil.
Obscurus, a, um
cp. (TKcvri,
m. round, circuit ;
orsus
scutum,
cutis,
ordior,
Iri,
sum (akin
;
to opwtii-;
observe,
terve.
are, avi,
&tum, watch,
ordo,
Cre, sOdi,
Inis (root
OR
Sans, ar-,
"go";
obsideo,
sessum,
sit
down
"strive
row.
upward";
cp. orior),
m. order,
VOCABULARY.
orior,
Iri,
113
re,
feci,
patefftcio,
open, open.
factum,
make
ornus,
6ro,
OS,
i, f.
mountain atum
ash.
(os,
are,
avi,
"mouth"),
(Sans. Ssja,
pateo,
in pando),
ere,
ili,
pray, entreat.
oris,
am open.
tris,
n.
mouth; face
bone
i,
pater,
"face").
cp. TraTJJp).
(ocrreoi').
6s,
ossis, n.
patesco,
patior,
(7rao-x<o).
ere,
tii,
to be
osculum,
OStendo,
(obs, tendo).
open or obvious.
pati,
Sre, di,
passus
sum,
suffer
P.
patria,
(of the
a.e,.f.
fatherland.
adj. belonging to one's
palma,
{naXaiXT]).
ae,
f.
palm
patrius,
hand),
father.
a,
um,
palus, udis
pool),
f.
(akin to
TrrjAds,
"mud"
marsh.
ere,
pauper,
di,pansum and passum
iriTa.wviJ.i.),
6ris (akin to
paucus, parvus,
pando,
spread
pavidus,
pavito,
fear.
a,
um,
adj. terrified.
are, avi,
atum,
am
in great
par,
pavor,
oris,
m. fear, panic.
pectus,
6ris, n. breast;
i,
mind, feelings.
pelagus,
pellax,
lacio,
n. sea {iriKayo^).
parens,
and
f.
tis(pario,
parent.
Sre,
tii,
ing.
pareo,
paries,
pelliS,
palam),
f.
is
(Gk.
Tre'Aas ;
akin to -nKarv^,
etis,
m. wall
skin, hide.
ere, pep{ili,pulsum, drive
ere,
pario,
6re, pepSri,
partum, produce;
pello,
ably root,
away.
procure, gain.
pendeo,
(par).
f.
<T({)aS
parma,
(TrdpfiT,).
ae,
funda), hang.
penetrale,
are, avi,
tis, f.
is
(penetro
conn, with
paro,
pars,
parvus,
a,
um (see
penitus
utterly.
pasco, ere, pavi, pastum (root pa, cp. pater), feed (animals); in passive, /eed,
feed on (used of the animal
itself).
ace. through.
pereo,
ire, ivi,
or
ii,
Itum, perish.
over.
pererro,
steep (fundo).
are, avi,
Sre,
atum, wander
fudi,
perfundo,
fCisum, soak,
passus,
pastor,
us,
oris,
114
periUTUS,
ius).
VOCABULARY.
a,
um,
POSCO,
Sre, pSposci,
no
sup.,
demand.
sup.,
possum,
re, rupi,
posse, p6tfli,
no
am
perrumpo,
through.
ruptum, break
ace. after
adv. after-
persolvo,
persto,
continue.
sdlutum, pay
to the
wards.
postis,
statum, persist,
is,
m.
post.
steti,
potens,
ntis, adj.
itis,
powerful.
praeceps,
ire, veni,
adj.
headforemost
a.'
pervenio,
reach.
ventum, come
to,
praeceptum,
a,
i,
n. precept, instrut
pervius,
through.
um,
adj. affordinx;
a way
tion (praecipio).
praecipito,
m. foot (root pad, "go";
Uuin, seek.
f.
are,
avi,
atum, fall or
pes,
pSdis,
Cp. JTOUS).
praecipue,
6re, Ivi or
li,
adv. especially.
n. heart, breast
peto,
mass
praecordia, iOrum,
(prae,
phalanx,
ngis,
phalanx: dense
cor
properly
" the
midriff,"
of troops ((^oAayf).
f.
"diaphragm").
praeda,
ae,
f.
booty.
ere,
praemetuo,
adj.
no
perf.
or sup.,
pineUS,
pio, are,
a,
um,
of pine (pinus).
fear beforehand.
avi,
atum, expiate.
praemium,
preces,
rare, prCce
li,
n.
reward.
placeo, ere, ui, Itum, with dat., p/eae; placet, inii>ers., it is pleasing to.
placo,
mourriing
are, avi,
oris,
defective
noun
f.
(nom. and
atum, appease.
and
pi.
common), prayer.
5re, di,
plangor,
sum
(ttAjjo-o-u)).
plurimus,
much, great ;
a,
um,
superl. adj.
very
in pi. very
f.
many.
;
premo,
strike
6re, pressi,
pressum,
p)-ess
domi.
are, avi,
poena,
polus,
i,
ae,
(root vv
cp.
irouri,
prenso,
freq. of praeheiido),
(rroAos).
primum,
primus,
first.
pone ( = po8ne
pono,
old prep.
6re,
a,
tmi (obsol.
preji. pri
cp.
pOsfli,
pOsTtum
= postio,
sino),
port=irpoTi, wpos,
;
and
put, 2'lace
put
i,
aside.
pontus,
m. sea (novro^).
i,
populus,
porta,
nade.
ae,
m. (root plr
in pleo, ple-
pro, adv.
gate.
(porta),
f.
procedo,
arcade, colon(cedo, "go").
cessum, advanct,
porticus, us
porto,
procul,
are, avi,
adv. at a distance.
Cre, ctibtli, ctibltum, nA;
atum
procumbo,
forwards, down.
to pkr), carry
VOCABULARY.
proditio,
onis,
f.
115
atum
(root
TV,
a bringing forward
ditum,
betrayal (prodo).
prodo,
ere, didi,
' '
p^lt
forward,
Q-
give ").
produce,
prolong.
6re, xi,
qua,
adv. by
what way
where.
quaesituni,
quaero,
seek, search,
ii,
fire,
quaesivi,
proelium, prolabor,
n. battle.
enquire about.
adj. of ivhat sort.
i,
qualis,
e,
quamquam,
n.
conj. although.
promissum,
promitto,
out, promise.
i,
promise.
missuni, hold
quando,
since.
adv.
when
conj.
because,
6re,
misi,
quantus,
great as.
a,
um,
as
promo,
ere,
quater, num,
atum, with dat.
propinquo,
are, avi,
quatio,
perf.
"move"), no
approach (prope).
quassum, shake.
conj. because.
propinquus, a, um,
propior,
pius,
adj.
near akin.
;
;
quia,
quicunque,
pr6-
quaecunque, quodcun-
prosequor,
pany,
escort
;
quid,
seciitus
interr. adv.
sum, accomcontinue
why ?
to
jaceo,
go
forwards,
quidem,
quies,
"lie"),
f.
adv. indeed.
(akin
Keifioi,
(speaking).
etis
rest, repose.
quin,
quini,
each.
to corroborate,
nay, more.
ae,
a,
distrib.
num.
adj. five
protinus,
quinquaginta, num.
ctum, drag forth.
vectum,
carry
adj. fifty.
protraho,
6re, xi,
proveho,
forward.
6re, vexi,
who ? what
si,
nisi,
ne
indef.
proximus,
(prope).
um,
quisquam, quaequam,
is, f.
quicquam,
pubes,
puella,
pron. indef.
any
one.
ae,
f.
maiden.
(or
as
puer,
-,
Cri,
m. boy, youth.
f.
quisquis, quicquid,
ever, whatever,
','-
pugna,
pulvis,
indef. pron.
who-
ae,
fight (ttu^).
'>
J^
pulcher,
6ris,
is, f.
m. dust.
stern, poop.
adj. pure, bright (root
in
as
to
the fact
puppis,
in excl. wherefore.
purus,
PU,
a,
um,
"cleanse,"
also
poena,
puto,
at
punio).
116
quoque,
conj. also.
adj. indecl.
VOCABULARY.
regnator,
how many.
oris,
m. ruler (rego).
(lego).
quot, num.
regnum,
as oblig-atio),
i,
n.
kingdom
R.
religion, piety
object of
rabies, no gen. or
rage (rabio).
religious aive.
religiosus,
a,
a,
um,
adj. holy,
vener-
rapidus,
(rapio).
um,
adj. hurrying,
rapid
able.
relinquo,
tii,
rS,pio, re,
apTTi),
raptum
(root opir
cp.
"bird
ere,
luxi,
no
sup.,
flash,
seize, snatch.
rapto,
drag
remeo,
are, avi,
are,
avi,
atum, return
(re,
meo, "go").
(rapio).
oris,
f.
raptor,
m. plunderer.
reason, (;ause(reor,ratus).
Sans.
dus),
remetior, Iri, mensus sum (metior, MA, "measure"; cp. /j.erpoi', momeasure back
fire,
;
ratio, onis,
retrace,
raucus,
recedo,
retire,
a,
um
(ru,
"make
loud
remitto,
misi,
noise"), hoarse.
5re, cessi,
renovo,
cessum, withdrato;
are, avi,
reor, no
repello,
inf. riltus
sum, think.
rSpulsum, drive
recens,
recipio,
6re, reppuli,
tis,
adj. fresh.
back.
ere, cSpi,
rependo,
back.
6re, di,
recover (oapio).
recondo,
back).
ere, didi,
repente,
repeto,
seek anew.
adv. suddenly.
ivi
recuso,
causo).
ere,
or
Ii,
are,
avi,
atum,
Itum, re-seek,
refuse
(re,
recutio,
repleo,
re,
ere, plevi,
pletum,
cussi,
cussum, strike
Jill.
backwards or back
(quatio).
reporto,
are, avi,
fire,
reddo,
redeo,
(re-d-eo).
C-re,
reddldi,
redditum, give
reposco,
in return.
no
claim
back, restore.
Ire,
ivi,
or
ii,
Itum, return
reprimo,
back (premo).
6re, pressi,
pressum, keep
reditus,
redlico,
us,
m. return (redeo).
requiesco,
requiro,
etum,
rest.
6re, duxi,
qulslvi,
quisltum,
refero,
ferre, rettilli,
;
or take back
relate.
tiling
reflecto,
refiigio,
shrink.
res, rei (perh. root ra, in reor, " the thought of "), f. thing affair.
;
bend back.
resideo,
iii^Mnm, flee back,
stay behi7>d.
ere, sodi,
no sup.,iJ down,
no sup.,
rSfulgeo,
resisto,
Ore, falsi,
f.
Cre,
restiti,
resist
no sup. shine
,
out.
(root Bta).
regina,
regio,
ae,
qtieen (rex).
district (rego). adj. royal (rex).
resolvo,
respicio.
onis,
a,
f.
Ore,
spexi,
spectum,
look
regius,
um,
VOCABULARY.
responsum,
arrii'Sio).
i,
117
a,
n.
sanctus,
;
um
(sancio,
"ordain,"
restinguo,
resto,
left.
6re, nxi,
nctum, put
out.
"fix"; root SAK, "accompany," "honor" cp. sequor), adj. holy, reverend.
are, stiti,
no
sup., remaiii,
am
sangruineus,
blood-red.
a,
um,
blood.
adj.
bloody,
retro
(re
and pronominal
suffix -ter,
sanguis,
sanies,
sanguis).
inis,
f.
m.
iei,
reverter,
revincio,
revise,
i,
ire, nxi,
si,
sat = satis
sata, orum,
(sero, root sa).
(aSrji').
ere,
sum,
n. plur.
sown
things, crops
revolvo,
rex,
tain"
;
ere, vi,
vClutum,
sati-O,
-are, -avi,
m.
kinff.
Oris, n.
saucius,
oak-wood, oak
;
a,
um,
adj.
wounded.
robur,
rogo,
saxum,
stone.
"strength").
atuni (prob. akin to
are,
avi,
scalae, arum,
f.
ladder (scando).
scando,
adj. rosy (rosa).
ere, di,
a,
roseus,
rota,
ae,
a,
f.
um,
sceleratus,
scelus,
um,
adj. guilty.
;
wheel.
f.
Cris (root
akin
ruina,
cause
to
ae,
rumpo,
ere,
ruptum, break
may
know, doubt-
rush.
scindo,
{ax'-i'^,
fire, scTdi,
Ger. scheiden).
ari,
SCltor,
S.
knoiv
;
atus
of.
sum
(scio),
seek to
enquire
are,
sacer,
i,
era,
sacrum,
seco,
tii,
n.
sacred object
securis, sexus,
sectum (sak, " cut " cp. saxum, sica, (rxi^ui), cut.
;
(root SA
sanus
<ru)os,
"safe"; Lat.
secretus,
mote,
"divide").
a,
um,
(se,
hidden
"apart";
cerno,
sacerdos,
sacro,
hallov).
m.
priest.
are, avi,
atum, make
holy,
secundus,
(sequor).
a,
um,
adj.
favourable
seciiris,
is, f.
axe
(seco).
saepe,
saevio,
adv. often.
ire,
li,
Itum,
am fierce,
secus,
ittrath-
adv.
otherwise
(root sec, in
sequor).
fill (saevns).
sed, conj.
a,
but.
saevus,
salsus,
saltus,
um, um,
a,
sedeo, sedes,
Seges,
fill"
ere, sedi,
is, f.
sessum,
sit (e^o/uai).
seat.
us,
i,
m. leap
;
fitis
(probably root
f.
sag, " to
salum,
n. brine
sea
(sal),
or " feed"),
cornfield
crop.
litis (root BAR, salus, "guard," whence servo, servus, oAos), safety.
segnities, em,
ing),
f.
e (other cases
want-
118
semper,
Senex,
sentio,
sentis,
adv. always.
adj. old,
f.
VOCABULARY.
simalo,
comp.
senior.
(similis).
are,
avi,
atum,
imitate
sfinis,
sententia,
ae,
opinion, judgment.
if.
ire, seusi,
is,
sensnm, perceive.
abl. without.
m. thorn.
or
li,
sinistra,
sepultum, bury.
ae,
f.
left
hand.
let be
;
sepelio,
ire, ivi
sino,
allo%v.
6re, sivi,
situm,
permit,
septem, num,
sepulcrum
Chruni),
i,
(less
correctly
sepul-
sinuo,
sinus,
root sta).
are, avi,
atum, make
to
bend or
n.
i,
tomb
curve (sinus).
us,
f.
(sepelio).
sequor,
sero,
Gk.
bay, gulf.
serenus,
um,
sisto, Sre,
stiti,
statum, place
(Vo-Trj/ii,
ere, sevi,
ffaoi, o-ijeoi,
socer,
6ri, ra.
father-in-law (iKvpoi).
serpens,
serpo,
seniS,
adj. late.
tis,
serpent (serpo).
(ipnta).
"),
6re, psi,
a,
ptum, creep
sarat,
federate, united.
um (Sans,
"thread
sol,
sOlis,
m.
the
sun
(Sans,
svar,
"shine";
li,
soleo,
sum,
am accustomed
"will,"
(akin to suesco
Sans, svadha,
").
servo,
are,
avi,
atum
(root
sar,
close to;
servans,
vant
of.
ntis,
solidus,
a,
um
e,
(sollus,
"whole"), adj.
see si.
solid, whole.
seu,
SOllemnis,
adj. yearly
religious,
solemn (soWua,
i.e.,
totus, annus).
whether,
.or.
a,
solum,
um,
solidus), n.
(root SAR,
"to guard";
cp.
sibilus,
ground.
unloose
{
SOlvo,
luo, Auw).
= se-
siccus,
Gk.
a,
auu)), adj.
solus,
root SAR,
a,
Sidus,
Bigno,
guish.
are, avi,
atum, mark,
somnus,
i,
i,
iinro?).
^igrnum,
n. sign.
li,
sdnitus,
us,
silentium,
Sileo, ere,
n. silence (sileo).
tli,
no sup.,
am silent.
"together";
Sono, are, Qi, Itum (Sans, svan, " sound"; Eng. swan), sound.
to
Silva,
ae,
f.
wood
(vAij).
sonus,
sopor,
sors,
lis,
m. sound. m. sleep
;
simllis,
(Sans, saina,
oris,
f.
(Hirvoi).
tis,
lot
fate.
sortior,
choose (by
Iri,
itus
sum,
dra^v
lots;
lots).
simulacrum,
<aiinilie}.
i,
n.
image, phantom
spargo,
abroad
Cre,
si,
((rireipw).
VOCABULARY.
species,
ei,
f.
119
a.&,
appearance
(specie).
svad, "totaste,"Gk.
cp. suavis,
ai'&avai,
"please"
spero,
hope /or.
are,
avi,
atum
(spes),
hope,
"sweet"), advise.
to,
beneath
to-
spes,
trn-dw),
f.
ivards
;
with
abl.
under (iin-d).
or
ii,
hope
ae,
f.
expectation.
coil (a-rrelpa).
subeo,
Ire, ivi
itum, go under,
Splra,
enter.
spissus,
a,
um,
adj. thick.
(subeo).
spolium,
ii,
spoil ((TKvWui
f.
Subitus,
SUbicio,
(iacio).
a,
um,
adj. sudden.
sponsa,
dee).
ae,
betrothed
bride (spon-
ere, ieci,
SUblabor,
glide away.
i,
SUbsisto,
kalas,
stand still.
SQUaleo,
no sup. (Sans,
SUCCedo,
cp. KcAai^ds),
a,
amrough.
(squama),
adj.
SQUameus,
scaly.
um
successus,
SUCCUrro,
to,
us,
m.
success.
ere, curri,
cursum, run up
stabulum,
root sta).
i,
n.
stall,
stable
(sto,
aid
sudo,
f.
atum
halting-place
anchor-
cp. ISpd?
sudor,
Qi,
m. sweat (sudo).
ti
Statuo,
sta).
tre,
utum,
set
up
(root
Stella,
aCTTijp).
ae,
f.
star
= ster-ula;
cp.
sufficio,
i5re,
feci,
fectum, supply;
sterno,
ere,
stravi,
stratum, stretch
sulcus,
sulfur,
i,-m.
furrow
(oAkos, cAko)).
sto, are, stfiti, stfitum, stand, stand firm (root sta cp. i(rTr)|jii = <TicrTa;ui, Eng.
;
firis, n.
brimstone, sitlihur.
superl. adj. highest,
summus,
see superus.
a,
um,
Stand).
stride, 6re
(also
strideo,
6re), di,
no
siimo,
Cre,
super,
StringO,
"squeeze,"
ere, nxi,
of; concerning
as adv. in addition.
"draw
superbus,
Supero,
survive
a,
um,
avi,
adj.
haughty.
struo,
ere, xi,
ii,
etum, build
devise.
Studiura,
n. zeal (crnovSri).
lii,
supersum,
superus,
is
a,
retnain over.
v-mp) adj. that
last,
stupeo,
"block,"
um (super,
of;
above
superl.
sfiprenuis,
aiid
amazed
at.
superl, erum,
stuppeus,
part of flax
"),
um
(stuppa,
"coarse
those above
the gods.
Tcis,
adj.
of tow.
suasi,
supplex,
suasum
(Sans.
adj.
suadeo,
ere,
suppliant (sub,
plico).
120
surgo,
rejjo), rise.
VOCABULARY.
ere,
surrexi,
surrectum (sub,
tempus, Cris, n. time ; in phir. the temples of the head {refivm, " cut '').
tendo,
ere, tetendi,
;
SUSCitO,
cito).
are, avi,
atum,
tensum, stretch;
suspectus,
(sub, specie).
um,
adj.
suspected
tenebrae, arum,
teneo,
ere,
ui,
plur. darkness.
suspensus,
SUUS,
aiFo,
their own.
a,
a,
um,
adj.
hung up
cp.
doubtful (suspendo).
possess, adj. his her ,its
,
holdfast, restrai)i.
um
(Sans,
sva
"own";
tener,
(TiivOl).
era,
e,
cr<^e)
tenuis,
T.
tenus,
"board,"
or storey.
n. floor
tabulatum,
' '
(tabula,
taceo,
ere,
a,
ili,
itum,
am silent.
tao, in,
terebro,
"rub"),
are, avi,
atum (terebra
tero,
tacitus,
um,
(
adj. silent.
bore.
i,
tactus, us
= ta^-tus, root
tergum,
terra,
r^pffOfjLai).
n. back.
f.
ae,
talis, e (containing demonst. element Tin iste, Eng. it, that), adj. of such hind,
siich.
terreo,
tester,
(testis).
ere, ui,
ari,
itum, terrify.
tain, adv.
so.
testudo,
texo,
ere,
Inis,
f.
tortoise;
"testudo"
"malce";
tardus,
a,
i,
um,
adj. slow.
thalamus,
(9a.KaiJ.o<;).
marriage chamber
taUTUS,
m. bull
n.
(raCpov).
tectum,
i,
timeo,
ere,
tii,
no sup. fear.
tegO, C-re, xi, ctura, cover, hide (Sans, sthag, "to hide"; o-Te-yw).
tellus,
uris,
f.
tollo, Sre, sustfili, sublatum (root tul; Gk. TaX in TaAai'TOf, rA^i-ai cp. tuli),
;
the earth
country.
away.
telum,
TiicTuj,
Xoi"<o,
(for texlum root tek of i "to beget"; tvk or tv^- in Tuy"hit," " chance upon " cp. rofo;',
; ;
torrens,
"boil").
ntis,
m.
torrent
(torreo,
torus,
couch.
(fr.
storus
tcxo), n.
weapon.
are,
avi,
m.
tempero,
check
;
atum
(tenipus),
refrain.
tatis (tempus),
n.
f.
tempestas,
totiens, adv.
so
many
times.
templum,
Tifivia),
i,
temptO,
prcbe..
are, avi,
atum,
try, attempt,
czvlorc
trabs,
triibis,
f.
beam.
VOCABULARY.
traho, "move";
tre, traxi,
121
ari,
tutor,
draw along.
iacio),
tect (tutus),
traicio,
iectum (trans,
tutus,
a,
um,
tuus,
adj. calm.
a,
um,
tranquillus,
a,
um,
transfero,
across.
rre,
tilli,
latum,
carry
U.
ubi, adv. where, when.
tremefacio,
to tremble.
ere, feci,
factum,
7/iaA;e
ubiQue,
avenge.
adv. everywhere.
i,
ulciscor,
ullus,
ultus
sum,
v.
dep.,
tremendus, a, um, adj. terrible. tremo, ere, (ii, no sup. tremble, quiver
(Tp.).
a,
um
ius,
tremor,
trepido,
hasten.
m. trembling.
ulterior,
;
are, avi,
superl.
(ultra).
ultimus,
oris,
um,
furthest, last
trepidus,
tridens,
"tooth").
tristis,
e,
a,
tis,
um,
adj. alarmed.
(tres, dens,
is
ultor,
m. a wnr/er (ulciscor).
m. trident
adj.
a,
sad
stern.
(tres, sulcus), adj.
ululo,
are, avi,
f.
atum, howl
(oAoAu^ui).
trisulcus,
um
i,
ulva,
ae,
sedge.
umbo,
Ad?).
onis,
m. boss of a shield
shade;
(ofi<l>a.-
a,
m.
triuinph{0pLaii.^o<;,
of Bacchus).
avi,
umbra,
(truncus,
a,
ae,
f.
spirit, ghost.
are,
atum
caedo), butcher.
umidus
um,
(less correctly,
humidus),
adj. wet,
damp
(umeo).
timncus,
limbs.
i.
111.
umSrus
una,
(less correctly,
humerus),
tuba,
defend.
ni. shoidder{ujiJ.oi).
ae,
f.
trumpet.
adv, at one time, together.
itus
tueor,
eri,
sum,
see,
watch
then,
'
all sides,
every-
m. uprising, tumult
undo,
waves;
are, avi,
atum
(unda), rise in
swell.
tumulus,
turba,
ae,
i,
unquam,
unus,
urbs,
strong"),
a,
is
f.
adv. at
any
time, ever.
um,
(
adj. one.
f.
Sans,
vardh,
" to
make
turbo,
turbo,
adj. foul.
are, avi,
city.
fusion, disturb.
urgeo,
Inis,
ere, ursi,
m. whirlwind.
"),
"shut
uro,
Ls; Gk.
ussi,
ustum
root
ia, f.
(jvpci.t).
bum.
122
VOCABULARY.
(us, for
usquam
usque,
U3US,
ubs
fr.
ubi, indef.),
Vero, adv. in
verso,
ponder (verto).
truth.
are, avi,
fis,
m.
use,
employment
(utor).
vertex,
verto,
yet.
Icis,
m.
head
(verto).
ut, adv. and conj. as, when, how; so that, 171 order that.
Sre,
ti,
venim,
verus,
a,
uterque,
uterus,
udder).
i,
utraque,
utrumque, pro.
um,
adj. true.
belly,
vomb
(ovOap,
Vester,
n.
tra,
uti = ut,
lohen.
vestibultim,
that
.'
utmam,
adv.
would that
porch, entrance.
vestigium,
V.
ii
(vestigo), n. footstep.
vacuus, a, uni (vaco), adj. empty. vado, ere, no perf. or sup. go, advance.
vagor,
v.\Qir
;
vestis,
is, f.
;
"put on"
veto,
Gk.
Itum, forbid.
(Sans,
vatsas,
ari,
atus
sum
(vagus,
v.
root
cp.
veho,
"wagon"),
dep.
vetus,
"year";
wander.
veterrimus.
Valeo,
farewell.
vale,
vetustus,
cp. veho,
a,
um,
adj. ancient.
validus,
Vallis,
um,
adj. strong.
"wagon"),
f.
road.
is, f.
valley.
Vibro
empty, vain,
vip,
atum
(Sans,
vanus,
false.
a,
um (vaco), adj.
um,
"tremble"), quiver.
(gen.),
vicis
a,
Varius,
change; turn.
in.
vastus,
huge, waste.
a,
um
victor,
ori^ (vinco),
conquer, or as
adj. conquering.
Vates,
is,
m. prophet, hard.
or.
victoria,
ae,
f.
victory.
Vel, conj.
video,
(iSoy), see.
ere, vidi,
in
vello,
tear aivay.
Velo,
veil.
are,
avi,
U},'ras,
sup.
(Sans.
vigil,
i
(vigeo),
adj.
watchful; as
velum,
(root
VAR "cover"),
as.
ii.
sail.
subst.
watchman.
or
vinculum
" bind
(akin to Sans,
"), n.
vinclum,
(vincio,
Venerium,
Venio,
root
i,
n. poison.
chain.
!re, veni,
ventum
;
vinco,
Cre, vici,
i,
victum, conquer.
(olfos).
OA
Gk.
/3a- in /Sairco
Eng. "come"),
Vinum,
n.
wine
cotne.
venter,
tris,
i
m.
belly (emepov).
violabllis, e profaned.
(vis), adj.
that
may
be
ventus,
Gk. aTio,
"blow";
Violo,
violate.
are, avi,
atum, do violence
to,
aFiip),
i,
m. wind.
verbum,
n.
ward
(epi).
Vir,
viri,
m. man, hero.
VOCABULARY.
Virgineus,
maiden.
a,
123
are,
avi,
to
VOCO,
" sa}'"
;
atum
call,
(Sans,
vak,
summon.
"turn
Virgo, maiden.
inis (root
varo, "strength"),
f.
volo,
volo,
atum
(Sans, val,
virtus,
var
Gk. po\
is
= Fis),
f-
violence, force
in /Soi/'Ao/iai
;
Eng.
oris,
will), wish.
volucer,
"fly").
see.,
ere, adj.
sivift (volo,
viso,
(video).
no
sup., go to
vitsit
VOlumen,
ijs,
Inis, n.
fold (voUo).
roll.
Visus,
m. sight
(video),
VOlvo,
(voveo).
6re, vi,
i,
vSlutum,
vita, ae (vivo,
Vito,
are, avi,
;8i'os), f. life.
votum,
vox,
n.
vow ;
votive offering.
Vitta, ae
gether"),
f.
(vieo,
"bend," "twist
to-
fillet,
garland.
adj. living.
VUlgUS,
(but m. in
tude.
(Sans, varga,
"group
) n.
v. 99),
common
people, miutt
Vivus,
a,
um,
VOCiferor,
cry aloud.
ari,
atus
sum
(vox, fero),
n.
VTllnus, wound.
feris
(root tul
akin to vello),
VUltUS,
us,
m. countenance.
PECULIARITIES OF VERGIL.
(1)
(a)
Grammatical.
Graecisms
185.
(1) (2)
with intra,
,
579, 654.
Case forms ace, 213, 569. Words, adytmn, 257 asylum, 761.
Constructions, 377, 408.
accusative of specification,
221, 273.
1, 80, 210,
217,
(3)
archaisms: gen.
-um = orumm Danaum = Danaorjan, 14; -oni = -orum, divoin = divorum, 241.
pi.
hypotaxis, 172.
33.
at,
530.
atriutn, 512.
a verb of showing for ut with subjunctive, 64, 74, 165, 220, 455,
520.
^wster derived,
112.
inmanis, derived,
instar, derivation
156.
and construction
of, 15.
limen derived,
458.
cum primum
553, 721.
with indie,
117.
male limiting
moenia,
adjectives, 23.
murxis
derived
and
distin-
guished, 232.
225.
delubrum derived,
101.
trans., 67.
in perfect,
enim = indeed,
et
164.
= ctiam,
149.
palma
derived, 153.
parataxis, 172.
passive verbs in a middle sense, 302. passive verbs in a reflexive sense, 227, 250,
252, 402, 633, 671.
gemini=duo,
"
203, 415.
"
respect, 22.
" "
objective, 30.
causal, 413.
141.
Pergama
derived, 175.
126
PECULIARITIES OF VERGIL.
super, adv., 348.
testudo, 441.
246.
7.
meaaing
of, 145.
unus, force of with superlatives, umbo, derivation of, 546. ut = whe7i with indie, 117.
ut, exclamatorj-, 2S3.
426.
quia with
indie,
and
subj., 84.
rauco, derivation
of, 545.
ve
aut, distinguished,
7.
Scaeus derived,
612.
(sense
construction), 30
(b) Prosody.
ab'litl
= dhyitg,
;
16; so pdrUtlbfis=pdTyi'492.
spondees, uses
systole, 774.
tlbus
drUte = dry^t^,
in
quantity,
Belidac
for
Beltdae, 81.
di^mus, 563.
(2)
Aeneid
498.
(double)
metonymy,
311.
get, 8.
omens on the
prolepsis, 148.
left, 54.
emphasis gained by
(2)
-'
"
"
noun, 668.
adverb, 108, 530,
3.54.
statuary, painting
of, 200.
(3)
(4) position of
pronoun,
86.
euphemism,
11, 325.
city, 357.
the Greeks
45.
human
sacrifices
bound,
134.
zeugma,
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