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The Fates

m. ansilo

Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat.

(EliiBsmil

^cxt-gook cdc6.

VERGIL'S AENEID,
BOOK
II.

WITH INTRODUCTORY NOTICES, NOTES, COMPLETE VOCABULARY AND ILLUSTRATIONS,

JOHN HENDERSON.
AND

M.A.

E.

W.

HAGARTY.

B.A.

TORONTO:
THE
COPP,

CLARK COMPANY,

Limited,

MAY
"S^'^V

1972

<\%
OF

TO?.^

Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninetj'-eight, by Tub Copp, Clark Company, Limited, Toronto,
Ontario, in the Office of the Minister o* Agriculture.

hT-t!'^

PREFACE.
It
is

hoped

that the present edition will


:

fulfill

the dual object

of the editors, namely

first,

to

assist

the pupil to study with

intelligence and appreciation the text prescribed for examination,

and secondly,
literature.

to arouse
it is

an interest

in,

and a

taste for, classical

While

the duty of an examiner to ascertain whether


it

the student understands the text prescribed,

ought to be the duty

of the intelligent teacher to see that the student appreciates the

work he

is

reading.

The

editors

have sought to aid the teacher

in

his

work by

furnishing the materials in an attractive form.

John Henderson.
E.

W. Hagarty.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Fates

Frontispiece

Vergil, Horace and Maecenas at the Court of

Maecenas
Paris

...... .......
.

opp- P-

'

Introduction Introduction
i,

opp. p.
.

xvii,

Aeneas at the Court of Dido

opp. p. opp. p.

Text
Text

Minerva Bellica
Laocoon

7,

opp. p.

9,

Text

Helen of Troy
Flight of Aeneas

cpp. p. 21, Text


opp. p. 26, Text
foot of p.

Funeral of hector

30

LIFE OF VERGIL.

Publius Vergilius

Maro was bom


^

on the fifteenth

of Birth.

October, B.C. 70, in the first consulate of M. Licinius Crassus and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes (now Pietola), a small village

near Mantua.

Since the full franchise was not given to this

part of Gaul (Gallia


wards^, the poet, like
poraries in literature,
provincial.

Transpadana)

many

some years afterand contemwas not a Roman, but an Italian


till

of his predecessors

The parents
obscure birth.

of

Vergil,

like

those

of

Horace,

were

of His Parents

Some

authorities say that the poet's father

was a potter, others, that he was a brickmaker, while others


again assert that he was the servant of a travelling merchant,

Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married. Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or The childhood of possessor of an estate near Mantua. Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of
the poet with the lovely scenery of the neighbourhood of his
native

toral life

town may account for the exquisite touches of which appear in the Eclogues and the Georgics.

pas-

The English equivalent of Vergilius is often spelt Virgil. Indeed the poet is best known by the name thus spelt. However, it is better to adopt the spelling that harmonizes with what is undoubtedly the correct Latin form. The form Virgilius was

not common till the middle ages. Every Roman citizen had regularly three names denoting the individual, the gens or clan, and ihe familia. Thus in Publius Vergilius Maro, Publius is the praenomen, marking the individual; Vergilius is the nomen, denoting the gens or clan while Maro is the cognomen, or family name. Sometimes
;

an agnomen was added for military distinction, as Africanus to Scipio, Numidicus


to Metellus.

2B.C.

49.

VI

LIFE OF VERGIL.

Studies and Early Life.

HU studies
begin B.C. 55.

Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,

we

are told,

assumed the toya virilis on the same day on which Lucretius died. The town itself had already been noted, having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the
he
critic,

Quinctilius Varro.

Verfjil goes to Rome,

B.C. 53.

After a brief stay at Cremona, and subsequently at Mediolamim (Milan), the poet went to Rome. In the capital,
Vergil, after the fashion of the day, attended the lectures of

and philosophers. Under Epidius, the rhetorician, Marc Antony and afterwards of Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, vSiron, the poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and philosophy. It is quite probable that his father intended him for the bar, but a weak voice and a diffident manner were insuperable barriers
rhetoricians

the teacher of

in the

way of

obtaining distinction in public speaking.


fact,

Vergil

soon gave up rhetoric, and, in

renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch of learning is plainly observable in many of his extant writings.* In a minor poem,
generally supposed to be genuine, he welcomes the exchange
of poetry

and rhetoric

for

more useful studies

with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetoricians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and, away with you, Stilo, Tagitius, and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat ; you, empty cymbals of the classroom. Farewell, too, Sabinus, friend of all my friends now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great Siron, and we mean to redeem our life from all distrac:

"

Away

Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the truth, I have found how sweet you were and yet, I pray you, look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare intervals."*
tion.
:

Goes to Naples.

After a short stay at

Rome Vergil
of
724

probably went to Naples,

where,

we

are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean,

was
to

his

instructor.
* '

The great Epic


IV,

Lucretius,
;

added

the

Eclogue VI
Catalepta

Qeorg.

219

Aen.

i,

743

vi,

Georg.

ii,

475-492.

vii.

De

Remm Natura.

LIFE OF VERGIL.
teachings of his instructors, gave, no doubt, his mind a strong beat towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of Returns the war between Pompey and Caesar, B.C. 49. It is also likely

Vll

that he remained there


42),

till

after the battle of Philippi (b.c.

and that he employed his time in gaining by observation materials which he afterwards employed in his great didactic poem, the Georgics.

Acquaintance with Augustus and Maecenas.


Unlike Horace,
Caesar.

Vergil sympathized with the


of the

party

of

The formation

Roman world
to

into the broils

Second Triumvirate threw the In the division of a civil war.

Gauls (except Gallia Narbonensis) fell Antony. The lands of eighteen cities were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacity
of

of the provinces, the

the

legionaries

of

the

Triumvir,

the

farms of the

...

neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con- /arm. fiscated were those of the poet's father. C. Asinius Pollio,
the prefect of Gallia

Transpadana, unable to restrain the

lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to

Rome

jiggains his

with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to /'"'


retain his paternal estate. It is quite probable that conof the genius of Vergil

genial tastes

and a recognition

may

have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius, Pollio was deposed from -^ second 1 rf 1 1 office, and Alfenus Varus appointed his stead. Another tiim loseshis division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been"^""^*"' deprived of his estate the second time.^ His friends, Gallus, Pollio, and Varus, however, interposed and saved his farm. By them he was introduced to Maecenas, the patron of ^'^l^lf' literary men afterwards the prime minister of Augustus, foi-tunes of
.

This year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of the


poet.

Vergil

With

his friend

and patron,
of

Pollio, as Consul, Vergil

became the honoured member


graced the table of Maecenas.

a literary coterie which

The intimacy that Vergil


his being

enjoyed at court,
'

is
ix.

shewn by

one of those who

Eclogues

and

LIFE OF VERGIL.

Bis
residences.

went to Brundisiiim along with Maecenas, when the latter was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony. ^ Through the muniticent kindness of his patrons he was He had a magnificent house raised to luxury and affluence. in Rome on the Esquiline, near the residences of Horace and Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples.^ The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian residence was his favourite abode.* From the date of his early Eclogues till his death, little need be said of his life except that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of
his immortal works.

Death and Character.


In the year B.C. 19, he went to Greece, possibly with a view to restore his health, and to give a finish to his At Athens he met Augusgreat work, the Aeneid. Vergil returned tus, who had just returned from Samos. to Italy in company with the emperor, but died at

Death.

Epitaph.

Brundisium three days after he landed, 22nd September, He was buried near Kaples on the road leading to 19 B.C. His epitaph, said to have been dictated Puteoli (PuzzuoU). by himself in his last moments, was as follows
:

Mantua me genuit ;
Parthenope.

Caldbri rapuere ; tenet nwic

Cecini pascua, rura, duces.^

It

is

said that shortly before his death Vergil wished to

destroy the Aeneid rather than leave it in its unfinished state. His friends however dissuaded him, and the poem was after-

wards edited and published by Varius and Tucca under the sanction of Augustus and Maecenas.
Vergil
frame,
is

homely

generally described as of taU stature, delicate features, and dark complexion, abstinent iv

Horace is said the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement. ^^ the to have had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote
lines thus
8

rendered by Conington

Horace Satirea i, 5 and 10. Geo. IV, 563. lUo Vergiliwtti me tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, stiidiis fiorentem iijnobilin oti. Some have taken the last line to refer to the Ecloguea, the Georgics, anJ tbr
Aeneid.
>i

Hor. Sat.

i,

S, 29-34.

LIFE OF VERGIL.
" The man
is

IX

passionate, perhaps misplaced

In social circles of fastidious taste ; His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth style,

His shoes ill-fitting-, may provoke a smile But he's the soul of virtue ; but he's kind But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."

He was
the

so pure
of

and chaste that the Neapolitans gave him


maiden. ''^

name

Parthenias, or the

He

is

said to

have been shy and even awkward in society, and these traits even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in eradicating. He was distrustful of his own powers, which
his high ideas of literary excellence led

him

to underrate.

he had the strongest reliIn the midst of gious sentiment in the midst of vice he remained virtuous ;

an

irreligious age,

and while licentiousness

disfigures the writings of

many

of his

brother poets, the pages of Vergil everywhere inculcate the highest truths of morality and virtue.

Works.
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic poem^^ Early works on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task soon led him to abandon his design. His earlier poems, Cidex, Moreturn, Ciris, Copa, and those that pass under the name Catalepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction.
1. The writings that first established the reputation of Vergil were the Eclogues,'* pastoral poems, ten in number,

written between 43 B.C.-37 B.C.


as yet

This class of -poetry wsis


it

Eclogues.

had already reached its in the hands of the Sicilian Theocritus, whose in- Theocritus perfection ^ as a pastoral c liuence may be traced in many writers from the days ot poet. The IdylP of Theocritus Vergil to those of Tennyson. exhibits a true picture of the shepherd's life, the joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural swains,

unknown

in Italy,

though

'

napOevo';, a

maiden.

i''EclogTie VI, 3.

These were called by the generic term Bu.colica (^ovkoKiko., soil. Trot^jiara, from attend cattle). The term Eclogue is from the Greek inKoyrj, a choice collection, and may mean that the poems under that name were a collection from a large number. Spenser wrote the word ^Eglogue and followed the derivation of Petrarch,
'*
/SouKoAe'o), to

(xiyMv Aoyot, "tales

ofjoais" or "
picture.

tales of goatherds."

SeiSiiAAov,

little

X
Theocritus

WORKS OF VERGIL.
Vergil

and

compared,

and

the piny woods, the upland lawns and feeding flocks, the sea -1,-^1 , o- -i it skjr of bicily. V ergil s Eclogues, on the other hand, can
life.

.1,11

hardly be said to be true pictures of pastoral

His shep-

herds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily rather

than to the
earlier

district of

Mantua.

His characters are too conlife

ventional, his representation of

too

artificial.

Still

the

poems

of

Vergil have beauties.

Their

melodious

diction, their soft

and easy flowing

style, ^^
art.

were admired by

Horace, no mean judge of the poet's


jT^g

Georgics.

Becw^itH of
**^*'^'''^'''*'

2. The Georgics/' in four books, was written (between B.C. 37-B.C. 30'*) at the request of Maecenas,^^ to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies While the largely from Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.^" Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idylls of his Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other hand, have been accounted superior to any other poem on the same subject that has ever appeared. The harmonious and

graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes,


all combine to lend an interest any other hands would have been intolerablj'^ dull. The time was ripe for such a poem. Agriculture had been the chief employment and the honored occupation of the Romans from the early days of the The long-continued wars had, however, desolated City. Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long Italy. ^^ accustomed to camps and the excitement of a military life, To recall the cai4M little about the prosaic life of a farmer.

the apt and charming episodes,

to a subject,

which

in

'"Sat.
'''

I,

10, 45.

Georgica yeMpyiKa, from yfa = yri, the earth and ipyov, a work.
historical events alluded to in the Georgics are
i,
:

the death of Julius wars ended by the battle of Philijipi, 42 B.C. (B. i, 490); the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony, and those on t!:e Rhine under Agrippa (B. I, 509); the battle of Actium and the submission of the East, B.C. ?0 (B. 11, 172 III, 27-32 iv, 562); the irruptions of the Daci on the Ds^iube, ^.0. 30 (B. 11. 497).

"The chief

Caesar, 44 b.c. (B.

456); the civil

"See

the opening lines of Georgics,

and

iv.

^"Hesiod's Works
*> Civil

and Days; Aratus's Phaenomena; Nicander's Qeorgict


waged
in Italy froia 49-31 b.c.

wars, almost continuous, had been

non

itUiui

aratro

Digitus honos, squalcnt abductis arva colonia,

Et curvae rigidum falces conjlantur in eniem.

WORKS OF VERGIL.

XI

Addison peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem, which pronounces " the most complete, elaborate and finished piece Contents of
of all
tilling

antiquity,"

was written.

The /rs< book

treats

oiG^orgics.

the

fields,

the second of orchards, the third of the

care of horses

and cattle, and the foicrth of bees. The two most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's Pastorals, and Thompson's Seasons.
Aeneid. 3. The Aeneid,^- in twelve books, written between 29 B.C.Aeneas from 19 B.C.. recounts the story of the escape of burning Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a

home which

Italy as the founder of the

the fates had promised, his final settlement in Roman Empire destined in after

ages to rule the world.

No

doubt, Vergil borrowed largely

^^^^^.^

from the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. The chaniedwHh "O'^^rism. Romans were original in no department of literature, except ^ Jurisprudence. perhaps in the departments of History and Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
of his

countrymen in other spheres of letters. The object of Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the various steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing this,
he had to give prominence to the influence of Greek literature as an important element in moulding Roman thought.

Style of the Aeneid.


ficiency in the

De/ecte. Vergil has been severely censured ^3 for (1) depower of invention, (2) intermixture of Greek
traditions, (3) anachronisms, (4) his

^^?^.'^^^

and Latin
presenting

mode

of re-

the character of

Aeneas,

(5)

the

sameness of

These are the main charges the individual characters. brought by his detractors, and granting the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim
of being one of the greatest of epic poets.

No doubt

his

than Homer's, no doubt he did intermingle the traditions of Greece and those of Rome (for

power

of invention is less

22

The

first

notice of the Aeneid that


B.C. 26,

we have

is

in a letter of Vergil to Au^istus,

written probably

was on an expedition ag-ainst the Cantabrians. De Aenea quidemmeo, simehercule iamdignumauribushaberem tiiis, libenter mitterem : sed tanta inchoata res est, ut paene vitiu mentis tantum opus ingresBus mihi videar, cum praesertim, ut scio, alia quoque studia ad id opus multoque potiora

when the

latter

impretiar.

Macrob. Sat.

l,

24, 12.

23 Especially

by the Emperor

Caligula, Markland,

and Niebuhr.

XU

'

STYLE OF THE AENEID.

we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachronism, but he sins in this along with Shakespeare and Milton, and there is no doubt that his hero Aeneas is cold-blooded
this, as

age),

and uninteresting.
Excellencies.

These

defects,

however, are far more than


excellencies.

"There is in tenderness of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That
Vergil a great

counterbalanced by his

many

he excels in pathoS, as
opinion,

Homer
by a

in

sublimity,

is

an old
is

and

it is

surely the right one.

This pathos

given
as

at times art

by a

single epithet,
;

slight touch,
is

with graceful

by an

indirect allusion

this tenderness

more striking

contrasted with the stern

Roman character and with the stately


;

The poet never becomes affected or senhe hardly ever offends against good taste he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence as well as in his speech ; Vergil, as Wordsworth says, is a master of language, but no one can really be a master of language unless he be also a master of thought, of which language is the expression. To the above-named qualities may be added
majesty of the verse.
;

timental

picturesqueness in description
in grouping incidents
;

variety and artistic taste


particularly in

also

dramatic powcr,

Books
Vergil ejen e
.

and

iv.
:

Crutwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge

" The Aeneid was meant to be, above all things, a national poem, carrying on the lines of thought, the style of speech, which national progress had chosen ; and it was not meant to Thus eclipse, so much as to do honour to, early literature. those bards who, like Ennius and Naevius, had done good service to Rome by singing, however rudely, her history, find

Thus their imaijines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. they met with the flamens and jjontiffs, who drew up the with the antiquarians and pious scholars, ritual formularies
;

meaning in the immemorial names, custom or person with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages,

who had sought


whether

to find a

of place or

for they, too,

had

heli)ed to rear the towering fabric of

Roman

greatness.

All these meet together in the Aeneid, as iu

METRE OF THE AENEID.


(olemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge completion, and to predict its impending downfall. This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale
its liual

XIU

appropriation of others' thoughts and lar^uage, which would

otherwise be sheer plagiarism."

-'

variously stated

in writing the Aeneid is ohject of ^^w^^*^by writers. Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that the poem was written with a political object to reThis view is concile the Romans to the new order of things. also held by Pope, who says that the poem had as much a that its political object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendour "Augustus is evidently typitied under the of their origin. character of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel

The object that Vergil had

they were and uninteresting their wisdom and policy were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious that he was acting a part, as his last words show and the contrast between the sentiment and conduct of Aeneas, whenever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to
both are free from the perturbations of passion
cold, unfeeling,
; ; ;

have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid as the epithet phis, so constantly applied to him shows, was filial piety, and there was no virtue which Augustus more
ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius

Caesar

who adopted him." Browne.

METRE.
The Aeneid is written in the heroic metre of the Romans ; the dactylic hexameter. This was the most ancient The viz.
:

dactylic

as well as the

most

It and Romans. beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans. Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of

form of verse among the Greeks was cultivated at an early period, far
dignified

verse

among the

Latins.

XIV

METRE OF THE AENEID.


The dactylic hexameter consists, as its name implies, of six feet, the first four of which may be dactyls or spondees the fifth is usually dactyl, and the sixth
invariably a

spondee.

The following

is

the scheme

Rules for Quantity.


In scanning, the pupil should understand that his general knowledge of quantity must be constantly brought into use. For example, from the outset of his studies he has learnt that
-is

of the dat. short.

is

long.

and abl. plur. is long, and -is of the gen. sing, So -a of the nom. is short, and -a of the abl. is He knows also that a vowel before a final t is short.

The following special rules may be helpful ; in fact to scanning easy they must be continually referred to.
1.

make

A vowel before a vowel


many

in the

same word

is

short.

Exceptions Aeneas and


2.

other proper names,

illius, etc.

A vowel
is

liquid)
3.

before two consonants (not a long by position.

mute and
is

Before a The
Both

mute and

liquid

(e.g., pi.

tr)

a vowel

common.
4.

prefix re- (back or again)

and the

enclitic -que are

naturally short.
5.

They may
and

of course be long

by

position.

for quantity

for elision (see sec. 5 below) the

h does not count as a consonant. For instance, as in D6lo\pum mdnus\ hie, B. n, 29, the ms is short as if before one consonant ; and in meininiss[e) horret, B. ii, 12, e is elided
letter
hie

as before a vowel.

Peculiarities of Metre.
of dactyls and sponno definite rule can be given. Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrange^pondees!^ ment is varied to avoid monotony. ^ A succession of dactyls may be used for various reasons, e.g.:
1.

For the comparative

number

No. of

dees

in the first four places

a sudden feeling,

B.

ii,

120:

obsdpuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit oasa tremor.

METRE OP THE AENEID.


ft

XV

suddeM act
extulit

B.

ii,

553

dcxtraque coruscum
ac lateri capulo teims abdldit enscm.
:

agitated feeling

B.

ii,

735:

quod trepido male numen amicum coiifusam eripuit mentem. On the other hand a succession of spondees may be employed to describe a laboured effort B. ii, 561. ut regem aeqiiaevum crudeli vulnere vidi
hie mihi nescio
:

Where
So

vitam exhalentem ; the death of king Priam


II,

is

described.

also, B.

416:

adversi rupto ceu


confligunt,

quondam

turbine venti

When
2.
is

warring winds engage in


fifth foot is

strife.

Rarely the
constitit,

a spondee, in which case the verse spondaic


:

called

a spondaic^^ line

e.g.,

B.

ii,

68.
:

'*"

atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit

well brought out

The measured look of Sinon slowly scanning by the last word.

his audience is

3. When the last syllable of a word remains over, after the ^g,.^ Caesura. completion of a foot, that syllable is called a caesural syllable, in consequence of its being separated, or cut off, as it were, from the rest of the word in scanning the verse. The term caesura^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the voice,

which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. The melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of
the caesura.

^^^^^

The

chief verse caesuras in the dactylic hexa- Caesura.


,,

meter are:
(a)

PenthemimeraP'' Caesura at the end of the


:

first syllable

^.,

Penthemimeral
'

of the third foot

B.

ii,
et\

_
Caelo.
first sylla-

(b)

iamndx\ umida\ TemptrU] a ffephtheinimeral^ Caesura, at the end of the


ldcri\mls" ?
:

^^^J'^^i
Caesura.

ble of the fourth foot


2In Vergil

B.

II, 2.

we have 28 spondaic

lines

17 of these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a

trisyllable, 2 in a monosyllable.

20alled by the Greeks roinq, a cutting.

2'Frora
caesura.

ireVre, five;
is

fiixi,

half;

/ae'pos,

a part, or foot: hence the

fifth -half-foot

This

also called the strong or

masculine caesura.

28From oaesun.

e'TTTa,

seven;

JJ^t,

half; ftepo? a part or foot; hence the seventh-half/oot

METRE OF THE AENEID.


JtuK
Trochaic Caesura.
(c)
tui-\o

ptMr\ Aen(i\ds"

sli-\

drxvs a6( alto.

Trochaic^ Caesura, after the trochee of the third foot

B.

II, 3.

Iiifdn\dum, re\gind", iU\bes rend\vdre dd\Io7-em.


Bucolic.

(d)

Bucolic^ Caesura, at the end of the dactyl of the fourth


this foot is a dactyl
et\

Caesura.

foot

when

and ends the word

B.

ii,

99.

Invfd\g(um) dmhtgii\ds
It

quderere" \cunscius\drnd.

may be

observed, generally, that a verse


;

may have
is

one,

two, or three caesuras


in

that verse, however,

best divided

which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as

in each case given above. Last word


in the line.
4.

The

last

word

in a dactylic

hexameter

line is for the

most part a

a trisyllable. quadrisyllable is rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name. Sometimes, but rarely, a monosyllable is employed at the end of a
dissyllable,^^ or
line,

and generally in the case of


:

est,

and then usually with

an elision
Metrical
figures.

See B.

ii,

68, 163, 250.

Metrical figures Elision occurs when a word ends in a vowel or diphthong, or with the letter -m preceded by a vowel and the following word begins with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter When such is the case the last syllable of the word so h. ending in a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded by a
5.

(a)

vowel

is elided, i.e.,

struck out altogether in scansion, and

is

not regarded as a part of the verse, as B. ii, 1, Cdntlcu\er(e) 6m\nes in\tenti\qu(e) ord t<in\ehant,
B.
II,

62

Seu ver\sdr^ do\!6s


B. 11^57

seu\ cert(ae) oc\cumb^r^Tnorti.

Ecc^, m(ln\ns iiiv^n\{e77i) ui(ir^\d post] tergd rtv\mrtum.

In the

first

the e final

is

elided both in conlicuere

and

in

intenthjue before

omnes and ora. In the second the diphthong


In the third
final

-ae in certae is elided before

occumhere.

-em

in

iuvenem

is

elided before iuterea.

"Also
Thi.s

called the

weak or feminine
in the

caesura.

"'So called bei'.iuse often eni]iIoyed

by Verpil

in his pastoral or Bucolic poetry.

caesura

is

common

poems

of Theocritus.

"Leavinsf out the three unfinished lines in the first book of the Aeneid 420 dissyllabic ; 323 trisyllabic ; 8 monosyllabic ; 2 quadrisyllabic endings.

we have

Paris.

THE TROJAN WAR.


(6)

XVll
initial Hiatus.

The

non-elision of a

vowel or diphthong before an


is

vowel or
(c)

h, or

diphthong

called

hiatus
'

B.

Ii,

16.

Posthabi\td

c6lti\tssi

Sam\6.

Hlc\

lirius\

drmd.
in Synaerwis. as

SynaeresiS is defined as the union of two vowels sound which should be properly pronounced separately:
B.
II,

339

Addunt\
B.
II,

se s6ci\os

Rlp\eus

et\

mdxhniis\ drmis.

391

_
da
[

Anna
This
(d)
is

h iin tlp\sl.

Sir.
|

fdtils

deind^

cdm dntem.
\

also called synizesis.


is

Synapheia

the principle of continuous scansion.

It Synapheia.

sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m preceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before an initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line
:

B.

ii,

745.
incil\sdvi
I

Qziem won

d\mens hd'mi\numquSdS\6rum\qu{e).

The
.

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urhe ? -que is joined to the aut of the next line.
,

There are in Vergil altogether twenty-one such hyper- Hypermet


, metrical lines.
.

rical lines.

the beat of the foot which corresponds with j^j, This naturally falls on the the elevation of the voice (apcrtc). first syllable of a foot, and we, therefore, find cases occurring
(e)

Ictus

is

in
its

which a syllable naturally short


dl\reptd dSm\us,

is

lengthened, simply from


:

occupying the ordinary place of a long syllable


et
et\

B.

ii,

663.

pdrvl\ casus

I\uli.

See also B. ii, 411. N6strorum\ ohrui\mur, orU\urqiii mis\errimd\ cdedes. Note that -us in domus (Norn.) ia long, and -ur in ohruimur.
This happens

when the

caesural pause and the pause in the

sense are coincident.

THE TROJAN WAR,


Like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid is based upon events supposed to have happened in that legendary and romantic episode known as the Trojan War. These events,

and not in The legend is that once there was a wealthy and powerful city named Ilium or Troja on the
as depicted in literature, are almost entirely poetic

the strict sense historical.

xnu
desses,

STORY OF THE AENEID.


coast of Asia Minor.

In a contest between the three godVenus, Juno and Minerva for the Apple of Discord, Venus was awarded the prize by the young Trojan prince Paris, who at the Paris (or Alexander), son of King Priam. time was being brought up as a shepherd boy on Mt. Ida and had been chosen judge for the contest, was bribed by Venus with the promise that she would give him the most beautiful woman in the world for wife. This woman proved to be Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta.
Paris,

on a

visit to

the court of Menelaus during the ab-

sence of the latter, enticed Helen to elope with

him

to Troy.

Menelaus, to recover his wife and punish the Trojans for harboring her, assembled a large army of Greeks, led by various petty Grecian kings and commanded by Menelaus' This brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos and Mycenae.
years,

After the siege had lasted ten by the stratagem of a huge' wooden horse filled with soldiery the city was captured and burnt, and all but a remnant of the inhabitants put to the sword. This remnant

army

laid siege to Troy,

localities around the coast of the According to the Roman legend, Aeneas, led by the Fates, conducted a party of Trojans to the west coast of Italy and there founded the colony from which

scattered to different

Mediterranean.

afterwards grew the "Eternal City," Rome.

STORY OF THE AENEID.


Ancestor* of Aeneas,

Aeneas was the soif of Anchisea and Venus, and thus connected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead When the Greeks, after a his followefs against the Greeks.
siege of ten years, took the city, according to Vergil,

Lea ves

rr

J roy

Aeneas Anchises, takes young on his shoulders the aged s , Ascanius by the hand while Creusa follows behind, ana
carries off

^/'2eneag^

His wife Creusa, in the confusion of He appears to have left the burning city at the end of the war, when, with a fleet of twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail from
escapes to
Ida.

Mount

the siege,

is lost

in the darkness.

Troy
Thrace.

in quest of lands destined

in Thrace,

by the fates. He first lands and begins to build a city, but is deterred by the

STORY OF THE AENEID.


ghost of the murdered Polydorus. Next he sails to Delos, then to Crete, where the Penates appear to Aeneas, and
declare his destined

XIX

home

to be in Italy, the native land of

and is driven by a storm to At the Strophades, Leueadia, and Chaonia, where he finds Helenus, strophades. a seer, son of Priam, and king of that country, who tells
Dardanus.

Again he

sets sail

Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in the country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna, when Achaemenides, whom Ulysses had left behind in the cave
of the Cyclops, advises

'""

phemus.

them to flee from the land of PolyGuided by Achaemenides, Aeneas passes Scylla and He Cliarybdis and lands at Drepanum, where Anchises dies. then starts out for Italy, but stress of weather drives him on Juno, aware that Rome At Karthage the coast of Africa, near Karthage. one day would conquer her beloved Karthage, had an unrelenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let Neptune, howloose the winds and wreck the Trojan fleet. The ever, interferes in time and calms the troubled waves. Trojans find a sheltered harbour for the seven remaining They afterwards discover that ships and soon they land. they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome Surrounded by a to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore They see the towers and walls of the youthful the country. city, and are surprised to find their missing comrades holding
audience with the queen.

Under the

guise

of

Ascanius,

Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast of Dido. Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the fates had in Mercury is sent to remonstrate with Aeneas. store for him. In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the order is given Dido, Dido kills to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for Italy. through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the funeral pile and He Arrives at stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her body. arrives a second time at Drepanum, and then for nine days Sicily a *'*<^" '"'^ celebrates the funeral games in honour of his dead father, Anchises. While the games were in progress, some of the Trojan women, despairing of ever having a settled home, fire the ships. Jupiter sends rain and puts out the fire, but not Aeneas leaves in Sicily till after four ships are destroyed. all the elderly people and all weary of roaming, where they
' '

THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.


Foundg
Selesta.

found Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the SiV^yl, under whose guidance he descends to the lower world and learns the full details of his future life. Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had a daughter Lavinia, whose hand is sought for by Turnus,
king of the Rutuli.

The Latins summon

allies

from

all sides

Wars in
Italy.

to repel

the foreigners,

while Aeneas obtains the aid of

Evander, and seeks the assistance of the Etrurians. "While he is absent, the Trojan camp is attacked without success by Turnus and the Latins. Aeneas returns and displays his prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.

THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.


Ititroductory.

The

first

book of the Aeneid relates how, when

off

the coast
fell

of Sicily, seven years after the fall of Troy, a great

storm

upon the fleet of Aeneas, and drove it upon the shores of Libya, where he and his comrades were hospitably received by Dido, queen of Karthage, in her newly-built capital. At the conclusion of a royal banquet given in their honor. Dido entreats Aeneas to tell the tale of Troy's destruction and his own wanderings. The second and third books of the Aeneid
contain the narrative of these events.

Compare with
1-13.

this the narrative of Ulysses to Alcinous in

the Odyssey, bks. 9-12.


Aeneas
begins his
story.

biddest

Aeneas, amid breathless silence, thus begins : "Thou queen, and thus renew me tell a tale of woe, unutterable sorrow, but, though my mind shudders at the

remembrance, I address myself to the task."


horse.

12-24. Baffled in all their attempts to capture Troy, the Greeks build a huge wooden horse, in which they conceal their They pretend it is a votive offering to The Greeks most noted leaders. sail to ensure a safe return home. They then withdraw Minerva to Tenedos. with all their ships to Tenedos, an island near Troy.

The wooden

Joy of

the

Trojans.
Conflicting

opinions re-

gardin^ the
horse.

25-39. The Trojans, in joy at the departure of their enemies, sally forth and delight to inspect the deserted shore. Conflicting opinions prevail as to what should be done with the horse. Some advise to destroy it ; others to bring it into

the city.

THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.


40-56. Laocoon, priest of Neptune,

xxi

distrusts the Greeks, Laocowi's


his
fear
of

"even when bearing


strategy, he hurls his
horse,

gifts."

To emphasize

mighty spear against the belly which gives an ominously hollow sound.

of the

Meanwhile a j"oung Greek named Sinon has been Sinon is dragged before King Priam. He has pur- i^gscene"^ posely thrown himself in the way, with the object of deceiving the Trojans. He simulates fear, but is reassured by the Trojans, who bid him give an account of himself.
57-76.

captured, and

77-144. Protesting his


of the betrayal of

own

veracity, Sinon goes

onto

tell Sinon'g tale


tio7i.

Ulysses, his
of Ulysses.

own

Palamedes, by grief and indignation, and the dire revenge


his

companion-in-arms,

jjjg gucape

He

tragically breaks

ofif

bis story just as

}ie

from

the

reaches the most exciting part, and calls upon

them

to slay

him

at once

and gratify the Grecian

leaders.

Burning with

him proceed, and he does so, feignThe Greeks had long desired to return home, ing emotion. and had been prevented only by adverse weather, particularly when they had erected this horse to propitiate Minerva. An oracle of Apollo informed them that, as they had appeased the winds, on leaving Greece, by the blood of a slain virgin, so now they must seek return by the sacrificing of a Grecian life. Calchas, the seer, after ten days' silence, named Sinon as the doomed one, and all acquiesce. As the day of sacrifice approaches he snatches himself from death by fleeing to a
curiosity the Trojans bid

marsh and hiding till the Greeks have gone. Sinon concludes his tale, by a most pathetic reference to the probable fate of his family at home, and breaks down in tears.
145-198. His tears
his fetters to be

have the desired effect. Priam orders binonprej,removed, bids him forget the Greeks, become tends to

a Trojan,

and

tell

them why the horse was

built.

After again o6wt of


'''* tiorse.

" protesting too

much"

his pure intentions, Sinon proceeds to

explain that the anger of Minerva

was kindled against the

Greeks by the stealing of the Palladium the sacred image of Minerva, on the possession of which the safety of Troy depended. Calchas declared that they must return to Greece

and seek fresh

auspices.

Meanwhile they must

set

up
it

this
it

horse as a propitiatory offering to Minerva, and build

huge and high to prevent the Trojans from bringing


the city, and thus securing the divine protection
it

into

would

THE CONTENTS OP THE SECOND BOOK.


Tricked by this perjured art the Trojans yield put in their way, and "those The Trojans whom neither Tydeus' son nor Larissaean Achilles, ten years are deceived. nor a thousand ships could conquer," succumb to the wiles of
carry with
it.

to the temptation so subtly

Sinon.
Fate of Laocoon.

199-233. And now, as if to abet the treacherous Sinon, Minerva sends from Tenedos two serpents to attack Laocoon,as he is sacrificing at the altar.

channel, and with deadly aim


priest.

swim the two sons of the After strangling the two boys, they turn upon
Side by side they
for the

make

Laocoon himself as he comes to the rescue. His horrifying At last the serpents, their deadly work shrieks rend the air. over, seek the shelter of Minerva's statue, and nestle at her
feet.

This intimation
is

is all

the superstitious Trojans require.


as sacrilege,

Laocoon's warning

now regarded

and his

fate

as a punishment from Heaven.

The horse
enters the
city.

234-249. Deceived

the Trojans
singing of

by Sinon and influenced by the omen, make an opening in their walls, and, with the boys and girls, draw the monster into the city.

Four times it is halted, and four times the arms within give But blinded and heedless the forth an ominous sound. Trojans persist, and station the horse in the very citadel.
Cassandra prophesies the dreadful result, but, as usual, is Ignorant of their pending fate the hapless disbelieved. Trojans deck themselves and celebrate the event.
The Greeks
by
niijht

250-267^
of the

Meanwhile night shrouds the


"
;

city

and "the wiles

take possessioti

of the

city.

the Trojans rest in peaceful slumbers from the unwonted excitement and merry-making of the day the fleet steals back from Tenedos ; and Sinon, under cover of tlie

Greeks

watches are

The nightdarkness, releases the pent-up Grecian heroes. slain, and, admitting their comrades through the
of

open gates, the Greeks set out on their work


destruction.

murder and
his
flee

268-297.
The shade
of Hector

sleep, and, informing

The shade of Hector appears to Aeneas in him of the true situation, bids him

warns

A eneat.

the city. Hector places the image of Vesta and the sacred Are in Aeneas' hands and tells him to build for the household gods of Troy a new city beyond the seas.
298-317. Aeneas awakes, rushes to the top of his father's house, and beholds the city in flames. He frantically seizes

Aeneas
aroused.

THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.


his arms, resolviDg to hasten to the citadel, and,
if

XXUl

necessary,

to die fighting.

318-369.
of Apollo,

As he rushes

forth, he is

met by Panthus,

priest Panthus
^j'^^",'/*

who

has just escaped from the citadel.

In response

Panthus tells how the city has been captured. ^^,jg^^ ^^ Aeneas hastens towards the scene of conflict and is joined by a hand of
to enquiries,

several Trojans,

among whom

is

Coroebus, the betrothed of hasten

to

Exhorted by Aeneas, this band moves on like a pack of hungry wolves. Terrible is the slaughter, and
Cassandra.

"** rescue.

manifold are the scenes of death.


370-434.

Not

all

on one side

is

the carnage.
.

and a

large

band

of Greeks are taken unawares,

On the suggestion of Coroebus, the victorious voraniy. the armour of the fallen Greeks, and continue their deadly Dismay is spread among the Greeks. work in disguise.
But, alas
!

turned; but m Trojans don only tem

Androgeos /^^ ^{^g and slain, battle in


^

gj-

it is useless

to fight against the fates.


of their friends kill
;

spies Cassandra dragged along in chains,


rescue.
jans,

and rushes

Coroebus to her

Here weapons

many

of the Tro-

who

are mistaken for Greeks

discovering the deception, rally

whelm

the followers of Aeneas.

and the Greeks, suddenly from all quarters and overCoroebus and others fall, the

remainder are scattered.

way
'

two followers, now makes his Destruction Here the brunt of the battle Priam's Palace. rages, the Greeks assaulting and the Trojans stoutly defendAeneas enters by a secret door in the rear and goes out ing. upon the roof. He pries up a turret and hurls it down upon the Greeks beneath. Many are crushed by the fall, but
434-505. Aeneas, with only
to the abode of Priam.
,.
.

others press on.

Pyrrhus, in glittering armour, smashes in the door, and through the opening the terrified inmates can be seen. Meanwhile despair and confusion reign within. The Greeks, led by Pyrrhus, come pouring in like the resistless tide The household is slain and the palace wrecked.
506-558.
of a river.

The aged king, seeing his palace in the hands of Death of enemy, girds on his armour, resolved to die in arms. His -f"*"'wife, Hecuba, as she clings to the altar in the middle of the cour't sees him and calls upon him to take refuge with her. Pohtes, one of Priam's sons, rushes in and is slain by Pyrrhus
th

XXIV

THE CONTENTS OF THE SECOND BOOK.


The old maa breaks forth into an angry denunciation of the murderer, but the latter turns on him, and with the words, "Take this message to my father in Hades, and be sure to tell him his son is degenerate," he plunges his sword to the hilt in the old man's side. The body of the once proud ruler of Asia now lies nameless and
before his father's eyes.

exposed on the shore.


Aeneas encounters Helen.

559-633. Aeneas suddenly finds himself alone,


espies

when he

concealment by the temple of Indignant at the thought of her returning home in Vesta. triumph from the city which she has ruined, he is on the point of slaying her, but he is suddenly checked by his godPrevented from slay- dess mother, Venus. The latter bids him think of rescuing ing her by Not Helen, but the leaving Helen to her fate. hi^ mother, his family, Venus. gods have brought about the downfall of Troy. The gods are

Helen crouching

in

then revealed to Aeneas assisting the Greeks in the destrucAeneas' eyes are opened to the futility of tion of the city. further resistance, and, protected by Venus, he passes to his

home.
Aeneas prepares
city.

to

leave the

634-729. Aeneas endeavours to persuade his father to flee, but the latter refuses. In vain do all the household implore Aeneas in despair calls for his arms, and is him to yield. about to rush forth to his death, when Creusa beseeches him Suddenly a to remain and defend his home and family.

Obstinacy of Anchises calls overcome by

supernatural light plays harmlessly about the head of the young lulus. It is regarded as an omen by Anchises, who

upon Jupiter to

ratify

it.

favourable response being

a prodigy.

given, Anchises consents to

accompany Aeneas.

The

latter

takes his father on his shoulders, and, with lulus at his side and Creusa following at a distance, hastens out of the
city.

Loss of Creusa.

Aeneas

730-770. Hurrying along, in terror at every sight and sound, is suddenly alarmed by approaching foes, .and in the

Not till he excitement becomes separated from Creusa. reaches the temple of Ceres outside the walls, does he miss His anguish then is heart-rending. her.
Leaving father, son and companions, he returns in quesc of From place to place he goes. The Greeks aold everything ; yet he fills the air with cries for the lost Crei sa.
Creusa.

LITERARY NOTES.
771-795. Suddenly the shade of Creusa confronts him.
affectionate terms she bids

XXV

/v..

i-i-Tihim

bow

to the will of Heaven.


an(,l

grieve for her no longer, but ajipears She then unfolds his future ^"-

CI

li^/ Creusa

In The nhade
to

career,

vanishes.

796-804. Recovering from his astonishment, Aeneas returns Aeneas fiees He finds a pitiable throng collected to '" ,;.^g to his companions.

accompany him into


rises

And now as the morning star exile. above Ida, he again takes his father on his shoulders and "flees to the mountains."

LITERACY NOTES.
If the

Aeneid

is

to be read at

all, it

ought to be read as a work of


at,

art.

Were mere

facility in translating

Latin aimed

the pupil should be

kept at prose authors until he graduates from the High School. Our curriculum, however, is based upon the theory that while the young
student
is

acquiring technical familiarity with the process of translation,

he can to some degree be brought face to face with the fact that the literature with a living, material he is working with is literature, breathing soul, and a more or less attractive body ; that the two great divisions of literature prose and poetry existed in Latin as they do in

English
in

and that the distinction between the two was as keenly felt the days of Horace and Vergil, as it is in the days of Tennyson and
;

Browning.
this fact, without even that of the teacher, is a matter Still what would be thought of our methods of to be thankful for. teaching English literature, were they founded upon the principle that unconscious absorption of the beauties of poetry is all that our school programme requires ? A knowledge, however limited, of the technicali-

That the pupil can be brought face to face with

conscious effort on his

own

part, or

ties of art, increases

the taste for art

itself.

If

then our university

matriculants can with profit study the technique of a Tennyson or a

Wordsworth, there appears to be no good reason


students should not,

why

those same

while turning Vergil into English, examine in

some simple and easy manner the devices by which that poet sought
to render his message attractive.

The following brief notes, framed along this line, are inserted here with the hope that they may prove to some small degree suggestive, but suggestive merely, to the enthusiastic teacher of Latin.

XXVI

THE DEATH OP LAOCOON.

Studies in Vividness.

Examine the following word -pictures

The Deserted Plain, 27-39. The Death of Laocoon, 199-227.


Night-fall and return of the Greeks, 250-267.

Hector, 270-229.

The

city in flames as seen from Anchises' house-top, 298-312. Scenes of carnage amid the darkness, 360-369.

Storming of Priam's Palace

438-505.

Note the

different points of
:

view

(a) from a distance

the fight in front of the jmlace, 438-450.

(b) a closer outside

vieio : the door battered in, and the household seen through the opening, 469-485.

(c)fromioithbi: the terror of the inmates at the approach of Pyrrhus, 486-495,

Death of Priam, 506-558. The gods at work in the destruction Aeneas leaving the city, 721-734.

of the city, 607-618.

THE DEATH OF LAOCOON.


The Method
(a)
:

the site of
; ;

serpents leaving Tenedos

death of the sons

(6)

the tragedy, the altar on the shore ; the they swim the channel ; the tragedy itself, of the father ; the sequel the serpents retire

to the shrine of Minerva.

Vividness of Detail in the description


:

of the serpents

inmensis orbibus

pariter ad litora tendunt

pectora inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque sanguineae superant undas pars cetera pontum pone legit.

(other details

may

be found by the pupil).


;

Concrete for abstract


signified
:

particular for general

epithet for thing

pecto7-a, alia, pelar/o, litora, Jluctus,


etc.

undas, salo, arva, agniine,

parva corpora, art us,


Simile
:

" qualis mugitus, " etc.

Show the
?

aptness of the comparison.

Is the simile to be pressed in all its details

THE DEATH OF LAOCOON.


Imitative

XXVll

Harmony

(prevalence of liquids).

At gemini lapsu dehihra

ad summa dracones ;

(of sibilants), _^< sonitus spuinante salo.


;

Pathos
manibus

parva

corpora natorum

post

ipsum auxilio suheuntevi


per alta

tendit divellere nodos.


;

Horror heightened by contrast


orkihus angues j
j^si'f^isus

tranquilla

iiimenais

sanie vittas atroque veneno.


case).

(show the contrast in each

Redemption of Pain

by the beauty of the concluding picture,


?)

(wherein does the beauty consist

Studies in Pathos.
lUi

me comitem

ab annis, 86-87.
ferentis, 137-1'44.

nee mihi

Death of Laocoon, 215-224. Appearance of Hector, 270-279. Sacra manu inctosque deos parvumque nepotem, 320. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, 325.
Cassandra, 403-406.

At domus interior Hecuba and Priam,


hie
si ipse

486-490.

515-525.

sedebant ; Hecuba meus nunc adforet Hector haec ara tuebitur omnes ;

Death
et

longaevum in sede locavit. of Priam, 533-558.


subiit deserta

Creusa

direpta

domus

et

parvi casus

luli, 562.

G06-607,

tu nequa parentis

iussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa.

673-678,

cui parvus lulus,

Cui

jJciter et

coniunx quondam tua dicta relinquor.

Inplicuit sequiturque

patrem non passibus

aeqiiis, 724.

Grief of Aeneas in seeking for Creusa, 763-765t Creusa's farewell, "0 didcis coniunx," etc., 776-795.

The four concluding


petivi."

lines of this book,

"iamque

iugis

(Notice here the veil of tender sadness thrown over the scenes of that
terrible night.

"A tale of

woe " indeed

it is
is

but the light burns low,

and the

lurid glare of the burning city

softened into the dawning

XXVIU
light of that desolate

CREUSA

FAREWELL.

morning on which, with hope faintly struggling new and distant home. And the central figure of it all is Aeneas, with the wound of Creusa's loss still aching. What a hush would fall upon the listening throng in Dido's banquet-hall as Aeneas thus sadly draws to a
into their breasts, the exiles are to face the world in quest of a
close this terrible chapter of his life
!)

" This having said, she left me all in tears, And minding much to speak but she was And subtly fled into the weightless air.
;

gone.

Thrice rought Thrice did

my hands' vain

with mine arras to accoll her neck hold the image escape,
I

Like nimble winds, and like the flying dream.


So, night spent out, return

to

my feres
swarmed men;

And

there, wondering,

find together

A new number of mates, mothers, and A rout exiled, a wretched multitude.


From each-where
*

flock together, prest to pass

With heart and goods

to whatsoever land

By sliding seas me listed them to lead. And now rose Lucifer above the ridge
Of lusty Ida, and brought the dawning
light.

The Greeks held the

entries of the gates beset,

Of help there was no hope. Then gave I place. Surrbt. Took up my sire, and hasted to the hill."

CREUSA'S FAREWELL.

768795.

Analysis for Pathos.


I.

The Effective Prelude.


(a)

The

intense grief of Aeneas

" hnplevi clamore vias niaestus-

que Creusam nequiquam ingem'mans iteriunque iterumque


vocavi."

Observe, by the W'ay, the endearing use of the


all

name Creusa
(h)

through
of

particularly in v. 784.
of the

The

fright

and terror

Aeneas on the appearance

Spectre.
II.

TuK
"

Farewell.
of,

dulcis coniunx."

The

tenderness
(a)
(b)

the argument used to assuage his grief

Her

loss decreed

by Heaven.
liini.

happy future awaits


" regia coniuitx parta

(Note

the

xinselfishness

iu

tibi.")

QUESTIONS.
(c)

XXix
life

She

is

saved by death from the dreaded


;

of a captive

slave

(note the force in the contra<it between

" Graiis

servitum matribus ibo"


(d)

and " divae Veneris nurus.")


a seal of their love and a bond

The

little

son luhis

lives, as

between the living and the dead.


Observe the tenderness in " lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae" (the third person " Creusae" ior "mei"}; a,ud in " Hati se7-va covi7nunis aiiwrem."
III.

The Sequel.
of

grief of Aeneas at the vanishing embrace the empty shadow.

The

Creusa his

frantic efforts to

Deseruit

" Observe

the tender reproach contained in this

word;

observe, also, that

it is

spoken, not of Creusa (on

whom

the exquisite

judgment
at the

of the poet is careful not to

throw even the shadow of an


it falls

imputation), but of the apparition, against which

harmless, while

same time

it

expresses the bereavement of Aeneas,


wife. "

and

his

affection

towards his

Henry.

QUESTIONS.
1.

Discuss the attitude of Vergil towards


(a)
[h)
(c)

Womanhood,
Old age,
e.g.,

e.g.,

Cassandra, Hecuba, and Creusa.

Laocoon, Priam, Anchises.


e.g.,

A young and lusty warrior,

Aeneas, Pyrrhus.

2.

Make

a synopsis of the episode of Sinon, noting Vergil's aim and

method
3.

in developing the story.


of the supernatural in

Write a note on the introduction


is

Book

ii.

How far
4.

this subjective ?

Make

list of

the similes in Book

ii.

In each distinguish the

essential

from the non-essential or ornamental.


the text.
simile,

N.B.

The
of

similes are

italicized in
5.
is

In discussing Vergil's use oi


in the

Mr. Sidgwick says

"The

art

shown
;

parison
is

in its

workmanship rather than in the choice vividness, beauty, and truth of detail
simile.
is
.
.

the com-

This
.

what we may call the primitive use of the however a modern use of the simile which
open Shelley we read
:

There
If

is

quite different.

we

XXX

EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS.


The golden gates of sleep unbar Where strength, and beaut}', met
Kindle their image like a star

together.

In a sea of glassy weather.

Here there

is

nothing obvious in the comparison."

Examine

the aptness of Mr. Sidgwick's criticism with reference to each of the similes in the book.

Point out the beauty of "workmanship" in the simile that 6. compares the fall of Troy to the fall of a stately ash, G26-631.
7.

Point out instances of Poetic


list of

Grammar

as used

by VergiL

See

explanatory notes, and a

grammatical

peculiarities.

EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS.


"Vergil is the first of Latin poets, and one of the first poets of the world and the Aeneid is his greatest work. Propertius announced the forthcoming poem in the well-known line, " 2^e.scio quid maior nascittir Iliade": and from the day of its publication it was a classic and no Roman refers to it except to praise. No poet has been more deeply loved and revered by the best in all ages : and to two of the greatest he was one main source of inspiration. Milton's Paradise Lost is filled with memories of Vergil and Dante calls him his guide and his master.
:
:

It is obvious that the sort of merit that is implied by facts like these cannot be explained to the learner in a few pages of preface to a schoolbook. To appreciate Vergil thoroughly requires a fine natural sensibility

and intimate knowledge of Latin and perhaps some and even then it cannot be taught, it must come from within. Much, however, can be done even by beginners, if the poet himself be read with care, and with desire to appreciate. Some
to poetry, a real

experience of

life

help, too, can be gained

bj"^

reading the best poetic translations

(e.g.,

Conington and Bo wen), and the best criticisms on the poet's work [e.g., Prof. Ncttleship's "Suggestions Introductory to a study of the Aeneid," Sidgwick. Prof. Sellar's treatise and an essay by Mr. F. W.H. Myers)."
Further, in characterizing the Second
great books," viz.,
ii,

Book

as one of

"the three

iv,

and

vi,
:

which

justify our admiration of the

Aeneid, Mr. Sidgwick remarks

EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS.

XXXI

" In the first of these, the Tragedy of Troy, we fiiid perhaps the best specimen of tlie truly epic quality of Vergil the stately and pathetic
:

narrative given in poetry at once poiverful, picture.sque and melodious.

The
poet

subject also affords full scope for other special characteristics of the
;

his reverence for the gods, his feeling of the

power

of fate,

his deep sense of the sadness of

human

life.

All these are

and shown in

relating the struggle of the


it:

doomed
;

city,

with the very gods against

the "dramatic irony" of the Greek fraud beguiling the Trojans to

assist in their

own

destruction

the disregarded prophecies and tragic


fall of

fates of

Laocoon and Cassandra ; the cruel death of Priam and his house."

the royal greatness, and the

the metre it must suffice to say broadly that Vergil truly created and that it died with him Vergil alone unfolded and commanded its full resources. In one word his superiority consists, on the more technical side, in a far greater variety of rhythm, by his use of elision, pause, caesura, and arrangement of feet ; and on the higher side in an infinitely more subtle sense both of sound and of the power
it,

"Of

of language."

"Lastly, there
those referred
to,

is

the more peculiar quality, closely connected with but more profound, which only the greatest poets

whereby the words that seem the simplest, and are naturally spoken of the incidents and actors in the drama, have somepossess: the art

how a wider

significance and touch deeper springs in our nature words which haunt the memory with a charm and a force which we cannot ever fully explain Dr. Newman sjjeaks of Vergil's " single words and phrases, his pathetic half lines giving utterance as the voice of nature herself to that pain and weariness yet hope of better things which is the experience of her children in every time." Sidgwick.
;

In connection with the above it would be a fruitful exercise for the student to cultivate the habit of discerning and noting these "single words and phrases" that "haunt the memory." For example take " Dis aliter visum," " qxLorum pars magna fui," and " adsensere omnes,
et,

quae

sibi

quisque timebat, unius in miseri exitium conversa Mere."

xxxii

EXTRACTS AND COMMENTS.

Imitations of Homer.
A.eneid
ii.

3-12 the wanderer's tale told to the royal company

Od. ix 2 sqq.

8 36
307

"the night

will fail ere I finish "

XI 330
viii 506
II.
,

deliberations about the


falls

wooden horse

290-603 Troy

from

its

height

xiil 772
. .

342
361

379 416 428


471
601

shepherd hearing the noise afar lover of Cassandra promised aid to Priam who can count the woes ? as a traveller starts back from a snake
the conflict of the winds
dis aliter visimn

iv 455

xiil 3G4

Od.

ill 11.

II.

m 33
ix 5
I

Od.
II-

234

snake fed on poisonous herbs " not you, the gods are to blame
she took the mist from his eyes

xxii 93

"

in 164

605

127

610 626
774

the earth -shaker upheaving the foundations the felling of an oak


hair stood on end, voice
thrice strove to

xii 27
.xiii 3S9

was choked
:

xxiv 59

792

embrace

thrice

it fled

away

Od. xi 206

[From Hibbeck, per Sidgwick.]

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CO e4 <

VERGIL, THE

ROMAN

POET.

P.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS


LIBER
11.

SCEtiE Dido's Courf, Karthage.

Aeneas Begins His Story of the Fall of Troy.


Conticuere omnes, intentique ora tenebant.
inde toro Pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto
:

" infandum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem,

Troianos ut opes
eruerint Danai,
et

et

lamentabile regnum
vidi,

quaeque ipse miserrima


fui.

quorum pars magna

quis talia fando

Myrmidonum Dolopumve
temperet a lacrimis
praecipitat,
?

aut duri miles Ulixi

et

iam nox umida caelo


[1]

suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

sed

si

tantus

amor casus cognoscere

nostros,

lo

et breviter

Troiae supremum audire laborem,


horret luctuque refugit

quamquam animus meminisse


incipiam.

The Wooden Horse.


fracti bello fatisque repulsi

ductores

Danaum,

tot

iam labentibus

annis,
15
:

instar montis

equum

divina Palladis arte

aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas

votum pro

reditu simulant
sortiti

ea fama vagatur.

hue delecta virum


includunt caeco

corpora furtim

lateri,

penitusque cavernas

ingentes uterumque armato milite complent.

20

The Greeks Retire to Tenedos.


Joy of
the Trojans.

Conflicting opinions
of the
horse.

as to the disposal

est in

conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama

insula, dives

opum, Priami
et static

dum
male

regna manebant,
fida carinis
:

nunc tantum sinus

hue se provecti deserto in litore eondunt.


nos abiisse
rati et

vento petiisse Myeenas.


:

25

ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luetu

panduntur portae

iuvat ire et Dorica castra

desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.


hie

Dolopum manus,

hie saeviis tendebat Achilles

classibus hie locus, hie acie certare solebant.

30

pars stupet innuptae


et

donum
;

exitiale

Minervae,

molem mirantur

equi

primusque Thymoetes

duel intra muros hortatur et aree loeari,


sive dolo, seu

iam Troiae

sic fata

ferebant

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

6
35

at Capys, et

quorum melior

sententia menti,

aut pelago

Danaum

insidias suspectaque

dona
:

praecipitare iubent, subiectisque urere flammis

aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.


scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.

Laocoon's Warning.
"

Timeo Danaos
primus

et

dona ferentes "


ante omnes,

He

hurls his spear at the horse.


caterva,

ibi

magna comitante
;

40

Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce


et procul
'
:

o miseri, quae tanta insania, cives


?

creditis avectos hostes

aut ulla putatis


sic

dona carere

dolis

Danaum ?

notus Ulixes

.'*

aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi,


aut haec in nostros fabricata est

45

machina muros
urbi

inspectura

domos venturaque desuper


:

aut aliquis latet error

equo ne

credite, Teucri.

quidquid id

est,

timeo Danaos

et

dona

ferentes.'

sic fatus validis

ingentem viribus hastam

50

in latus inque feri

curvam compagibus alvum


tremens, uteroque recusso

contorsit.

stetit ilia

insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae.


et, si

fata

deum,

si

mens non laeva

fuisset,
;

impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras

55

Troiaque nunc

staret,

Priamique arx

alta,

maneres.

SiNON's Perfidy.
Sinon appears on the scene
ecce,

His pitiful appeal.


trahebant
ultro,

manus iuvenem

interea post terga revinctum

pastores

magno ad regem clamore

Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

hoc ipsum ut strueret Troiamque aperiret Achivis,


obtulerat, fidens animi, atque in

60

utrumque paratus,

seu versare dolos, sen certae occumbere morti.

undique visendi studio Troiana iuventus


circumfusa
ruit,

certantque inludere capto.


insidias, et crimine

accipe nunc

Danaum

ab uno

65

disce omnes.

namque
constitit,
'

ut conspectu in

medio turbatus inermis


:

atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit


tellus,' inquit,
'

heu, quae nunc


1

quae

me

aequora possunt
70

accipere
cui

aut quid iam misero mihi denique restat


locus, et super ipsi

neque apud Danaos usquam


infensi

Dardanidae

poenas

cum

sanguine poscunt
et

quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus


impetus,

omnis

hortamur

fari

quo sanguine
sit

cretus,

quidve
ille

ferat,

memoret, quae

fiducia capto.
fatur
:

75

haec, deposita

tandem formidine,

Sinoti's story
'

0/ persecution by Ulysses.

cuncta equidem
'
:

tibi, rex, fuerit

quodcumque, fatebor
:

vera,' inquit

neque
si

me

Argolica de gente negabo

hoc primum
finxit,

nee,

miserum fortuna Sinonem


finget.

vanum etiam mendacemque improba


si

80

fando aliquod

forte tuas pervenit

ad aures

Belidae
gloria,

nomen Palamedis

et incluta

fama

quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgi

insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat,


demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lugent
illi

85

me comitem
in

et consanguinitate

propinquum
ab annis.

pauper

arma pater primis hue

misit

dum stabat regno incolumis, regumque vigebat


consiliis, et

nos aliquod nomenque decusque

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS


invidia

LIB.

II.

gessimus.

postquam

pellacis Ulixi
oris,

90

baud ignota loquor


adflictus
et

superis concessit ab
et

vitam

in tenebris luctuque

trahebam,

casum

insontis

mecum
;

indignabar amici.
fors si

nee tacui demens


si

me,

qua

tulisset,

patrios

unquam remeassem

victor

ad Argos,

95

promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi.


hinc mihi prima mali labes
criminibus terrere novis
in
; ;

hinc semper Ulixes

hinc spargere voces

vulgum ambiguas,

et

quaerere conscius arma.


100
?

nee requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro


sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo

quidve moror,

si

omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos,


.''

idque audire sat est

iamdudum sumite poenas


Atridae.'
scitari et

hoc Ithacus
turn vero

velit, et

magno mercentur

ardemus

quaerere causas,

105

ignari scelerum tantorum artisque Pelasgae."

prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur

After feigning hesitation^ Sinon renews his story


Ulysses, Calchas the seer

Instigated by

dooms him
relicta
;

to death.

" saepe fugam Danai Troia cupiere

moliri et longo fessi discedere bello

fecissentque utinam!
interclusit

saepe

illos

aspera ponti

no

hiemps,

et terruit

Auster euntes.

praecipue,

cum iam

hie trabibus contextus acernis

staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi.

suspensi

Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi


;

mittimus
*

isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat

115

sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa,


Danai, venistis ad oras

cum primum Iliacas,

sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum

P.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS


vulgi

LIB.

II.

Argolica.'

quae vox

ut venit

ad aures,
1

obstipuere animis, gelidusque per ima cucurrit

20

ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo.


hie Ithacus protrahit in
flagitat.

vatem magno Calchanta tumultu


medios
;

quae

sint

ea numina divom,

et

mihi iam multi crudele canebant


ventura videbant.
125

artificis scelus, et taciti

bis quinos silet ille dies, tectusque recusal

prodere voce sua


vix tandem,

quemquam
et

aut opponere morti.

magnis

Ithaci clamoribus actus,

composito rumpit vocem,


adsensere omnes,
et,

me

destinat arae.

quae

sibi

quisque timebat,

130

unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere.

iamque dies infanda aderat


et salsae fruges, et

mihi sacra parari,


vittae.

circum tempora

Sinon

tells

of his escape from the Greeks

King Priam

takes pity

on him, welcomes him as a citizen of Troy, and bids him explain the object of the horse.
eripui, fateor, leto.

me,

et vincula rupi

limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus


delitui,

in ulva

135

dum

vela darent,

si

forte dedissent.

nee mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi, nee dulces natos exoptatumque parentem
;

quos

illi

fors et

poenas ob nostra reposcent


140

effugia, et

culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt.


veri,

quod
per,

te

per superos et conscia numina


est,

si

qua

quae

restet

adhuc mortalibus usquam

intemerata

fides, oro,

miserere laborum

tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis."


his lacrimis

vitam damus,

et

miserescimus
levari

ultro.

145

ipse viro primus

manicas atque arta

Minerva Belllca.

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

vincla iubet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur amicis


" quisquis es, amissos hinc

iam obliviscere Graios

noster eris

mihique haec edissere vera roganti.


?

quo molem hanc inmanis equi statuere


quidve petunt
?

quis auctor
belli

?
.-"'

50

quae

religio aut

quae machina

Sinon resumes

The
ille

horse

was

erected to atone to

Minerva for

the theft of the Palladium.


dixerat.

dolis instructus et arte Pelasga,

sustulit exutas vinclis

ad sidera palmas
violabile

" vos aeterni ignes, et


tester

non

vestrum
155

numen,"

ait,

"vos arae ensesque nefandi,


:

quos
fas

fugi,

vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi

mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere iura,


atque omnia ferre sub auras,
ullis.

fas odisse viros,


si

qua tegunt

teneor patriae nee legibus

tu

modo

promissis maneas, servataque serves


si

160

Troia fidem,

vera feram,

si

magna rependam.

omnis spes

Danaum

et coepti fiducia belli


stetit.

Palladis auxiliis

semper

impius ex quo

Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes,


fatale adgressi sacrato avellere

templo

165

Palladium, caesis

summae

custodibus arcis,

corripuere sacram efifigiem, manibusque cruentis


virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas
;

ex

illo

fluere ac retro sublapsa referri


;

spes

Danaum

fractae vires, aversa deae mens.

170

nee dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.


vix positum eastris

simulaerum

arsere coruseae

luminibus flammae arreetis, salsusque per artus

sudor

iit,

terque ipsa solo

mirabile dictu

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

emicuit,

parmamque

ferens

hastamque trementem.
;

175

extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas


nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama
talis,

omina

ni repetant Argis,
et curvis

numenque

reducant,
carinis.

quod pelago
et

secum avexere

nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas,

180

arma deosque parant comites, pelagoqae remenso


inprovisi aderunt.
ita digerit

omina Calchas.

banc pro Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso


effigiem statuere, nefas quae triste piaret
:

SinorCs viaster-stroke

The

Trojans tempted to bring the horse


city.

into the

banc tamen inmensam Calchas


roboribus
textis,

attollere
iussit,

molem

185

caeloque educere

ne recipi

portis, aut duci in

moenia

possit,
tueri.

neu populum antiqua sub religione

nam
turn

si

vestra

manus

violasset

dona Minervae,
in

magnum
!

convertant
sin

exitium quod di prius omen ipsum Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum


vestris

190
:

manibus

vestram ascendisset

in

urbem,

ultro

Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia


et

bello

venturam,

nostros ea fata manere nepotes.'


195

talibus insidiis periurique arte Sinonis

credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis

quos neque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles,

non anni domuere decem, non mille

carinae.

The Fate of Laocoon.


hie aliud maius miseris multoque

tremendum200

obicitur magis, atque inprovida pectora turbat.

Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos,

StE PAGE 84

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.


ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta

horresco referens

inmensis orbibus angues


litora

incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad


pectora

tendunt

205

quorum

inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque


;

sanguineae superant undas

pars cetera pontum


;

pone
fit

legit,

sinuantque immensa volumine terga

sonitus

spumante

salo.

iamque arva tenebant,


210

ardentesque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni


sibila

lambebant

linguis vibrantibus ora.


:

diffugimus visu exsangues

illi

agmine certo

Laocoonta petunt

et

primum parva duorum

corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque


inplicat, et

miseros morsu depascitur artus

215

post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem,


corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus
bis
;

et

iam

medium

amplexi, bis collo squamea circum


altis.

terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus


ille

simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,


;

220

perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno

clamores simul horrendos ad sidera toUit


qualis mugitus, fugit ^to'^ saucius

aram
securim.

iaurus
at

et inceriafn excussii cervice

gemini lapsu delubra ad

summa
sub'

dracones

225

effugiunt, saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,

sub pedibusque deae, clipeique

orbe teguntur.
cunctis

tum vero tremefacta novus per pectora


insinuat pavor
;

et scelus

expendisse merentem

Laocoonta

ferunt,

sacrum qui cuspide robur

230

laeserit, tergo

sceleratam intorserit hastam.

ducendum ad sedes simulacrum, orandaque divae


numina conclamant.

10

p.

vergili maronis aeneiuos

lib.

ii.

The Horse Enters the


dividimus muros
et

City.
urbis.

moenia pandimus

accingunt omnes operi, pedibusque rotarum


subiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo
intendunt.
feta

235

scandit fatalis
:

machina muros,

armis

pueri circum innuptaeque puellae

sacra canunt, funemque


ilia subit,

manu

contingere gaudent.

mediaeque minans

inlabitur urbi.

240

o patria, o

divom domus
!

Ilium, et incluta bello

moenia Dardanidum
substitit,

quater ipso in limine portae

atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere.

instamus tamen inmemores caecique furore.


et

monstrum

infelix sacrata sistimus arce.

245

tunc etiam

fatis aperit

Cassandra

futuris

ora, del iussu

non unquam credita Teucris.


miseri, quibus ultimus esset

nos delubra
ille dies,

deum

festa

velamus fronde per urbem.

Night falls

The fleet returns


Grecian heroes

from Tenedos from within the

Sinon
horse.
no.K

releases the

vertitur interea caelum, et ruit

Oceano

250

involvens

umbra magna terramque polumque


dolos
;

Myrmidonumque
conticuere
et
;

fusi

per moenia Teucri

sopor fessos complectitur artus.


instructis navibus ibat

iam Argiva phalanx

a Tenedo, tacitae per arnica silentia lunae,


litora

255

nota petens, flammas

cum

regia puppis

extulerat, fatisque

deum
ct

defensus iniquis,

inclusos utero

Danaos

pinea furtim
patefactus ad auras

laxat claustra Sinon.

illos

reddit equus, laetique cavo se roborc

promunt

260

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS


et

LIB.

II.

11

Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces,

dims

Ulixes,

demissum

lapsi per fiinem,

Acamasque, Thoasque,

Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,


et Menelaiis, et ipse doli fabricator

Epeos.
;

invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam

265

caeduntur

vigiles, portisque patentibus

omnes

accipiunt socios, atque

agmina conscia iungunt.

The Ghost of Hector Warns Aeneas.


tempus
incipit, et

erat,

quo prima quies mortalibus aegris


serpit.

dono divom gratissima

in somnis, ecce, ante oculos

maestissimus Hector

270

visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus,

raptatus bigis, ut

quondam, aterque cruento

pulvere, perque pedes traiectus lora tumentes.

hei mihi, qualis erat

quantum mutatus ab

illo

Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli,


vel

275

Danaum

Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignes


et

squalentem barbam,
vulneraque
ilia

concretos sanguine crines,

gerens, quae circum plurima


ultro flens ipse videbar
et

muros

accepit patrios.

compellare virum,
'

maestas expromere voces

280

o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum,


oris

quae tantae tenuere morae.'' quibus Hector ab


exspectate venis
"^

ut te post

multa tuorum
labores

funera, post varios


defessi aspicimus!

hominumque urbisque

quae causa indigna serenos


?

285

foedavit voltus
ille nihil,

aut cur haec vulnera cerno

nee

me quaerentem vana

moratur,

sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,


'

heu

fuge, nate dea, teque his,'

ait,

'

eripe flammis.

hostis habet

muros;

ruit alto

a culmine Troia.

290

12

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

sat patriae

Priamoque datum

si

Pergama dextra

defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent.


sacra suosque
tibi

commendat Troia Penates


;

hos cape fatorum comites

his

moenia quaere,
295

magna

pererrato statues quae denique ponto.'

sic ait, et

manibus

vittas
effert

Vestamque potentem
penetralibus ignem.

aeternumque adytis

The Destruction of the


Aeneas awakes, rushes
to the top

City.

of his father's house and

beholds the city in flames.

diverse interea miscentur moenia luctu


et

magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis


recessit,

Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta


clarescunt sonitus,
excutior somno, et

300

armorumque

ingruit horror,

summi

fastigia tecti

ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto


in segetetn veluti
incidit,

cum fiamma furentibus Austris


iorretis

aut rapidus montano flumine

305

siernit agros, sternit sata laeta

boumque

labores,

praecipiiesque trahit silvas, stupet iftscius alto


accipiens sonituni 'saxi de vertice pastor.
turn vero manifesta fides,
insidiae.

Danaumque

patescunt

iam De'iphobi dedit ampla ruinam,


;

310

Vulcano superante, domus


Ucalegon
;

iam proximus ardet


:

Sigea igni freta lata relucent

exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum.

arma amens capio


sed glomerare

nee sat rationis

in

armis

manum

bello et concurrere in

arcem

315

cum

sociis

ardent animi.

furor iraque

mentem
in armis.

praecipitant,

pulchrumque mori succurrit

p.

VERGILI MAUONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

13

Panthus, priest of Apollo, brings tidings.


ecce autem
telis

Panthus elapsus Achivum,

Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,


sacra

manu
res

victosque deos parvumque nepotem

320

ipse trahit, cursuque


*

amens ad limina
Panthu
?

tendit.
?

quo

summa

loco,

quam prendimus arcem


talia reddit
:

vix ea fatus eram, gemitu

cum

'venit

summa

dies et ineluctabile
fuit

tempus
325

Dardaniae.
gloria

fuimus Troes,
ferus

Ilium et ingens

Teucrorum.
:

omnia luppiter Argos

transtulit

incensa Danai dominantur in urbe.

arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans


fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet

insultans

portis

alii

bipatentibus adsunt,

330
;

milia quot magnis

umquam

venere Mycenis

obsedere
oppositi
stricta,
;

alii telis

angusta viarum

Stat ferri acies


;

mucrone corusco

parata neci
vigiles, et

vix primi proelia temptant

portarum

caeco Marte

resistunt.'

335

Maddened

by the news, Aeneas rushes forth,

and

is

joined

by several Trojans.
talibus
in

Othryadae
et in

dictis et

numine divom
quo
tristis

flammas

arma

feror,

Erinys,

quo fremitus vocat

et sublatus et

ad aethera clamor.

addunt se socios Rhipeus

maximus armis
340

Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque,


et lateri

adglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroebus


illis

Mygdonides.

ad Troiam

forte diebus

venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,


et

gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,


qui

infelix,

non sponsae praecepta

furentis

345

audierit.

14

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

These he exhorts to face death bravely,

and

together they

press on like a pack of hungry wolves.

quos ubi confertos audere


incipio super his
:

in proelia vidi,

'

iuvenes, fortissima frustra

pectora,

si

vobis audentem extrema cupido


sit

certa sequi, quae

rebus fortuna videtis


relictis,
;

350

excessere omnes, adytis arisque


di,

quibus imperium hoc steterat


:

succurritis urbi

incensae

moriamur,

et in

media arma ruamus

una salus
sic

victis nullani

sperare salutem.'
inde, liipi ceu

animis iuvenum furor additus.

355

7-aptores atra in nebula,

quos inproba ventris

exegit caecos rabies, cattdique relicti

faucibus exspectant

siccis,

per

tela,

per hostes

vadimus haud dubiam


urbis
iter.

in

mortem, mediaque tenemus


360

nox atra cava circumvolat umbra.


quis cladem
illius noctis,

quis funera fando

explicet, aut possit lacrimis

aequare labores

.''

urbs antiqua

ruit,

multos dominata per annos

plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim


corpora, perque
limina.

domos

et religiosa

deorum
;

365

nee

soli

poenas dant sanguine Teucri

quondam etiam
luctus,

victis redit in

praecordia virtus,

victoresque cadunt Danai.

crudclis ubique

ubique pavor,

et

plurima mortis imago.

The

tide

of

battle turns

Androgeos
and

and

his

band of

Greeks surprised

slaughtered.

primus

se,

Danaum magna

comitante caterva,

370

Androgeos

offert nobis, socia

agmina credens

inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amici:

p.

VERGILl MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.


:

II.

15

'

festinate viri

nam quae

tarn sera

moratur

segnities

? alii

rapiunt incensa feruntque

Pergama
dixit
;

vos celsis nunc

primum a navibus

itis

375

et

extemplo

neque enim responsa dabantur


pedem cum voce
qui
repressit.
sentibiis

fida satis

sensit medios delapsus in hostes.


anguein
380

obstipuit, retroque

ijiprovisiirn aspris veluti

pressii Jiumi nitens, trepidusque repente refugit


attolletitcm iras, et caerula colla tumetitevi
:

baud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus


ignaiosque
sternimus.

abibat.

inruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis,


loci

passim

et

formidine captos

adspirat primo fortuna labori.


Greeks, Aeneas
"

385

Donning the armour of the fallen


spread terror

and his followers

among the

invaders.

Multos

Danaum

demitti7nus Oreo."

atque hie successu exsultans animisque Coroebus,


'

socii,

qua prima,'
iter,

inquit,

'

fortuna salutis
se dextra,

monstrat

quaque ostendit

sequamur

mutemus
aptemus.

clipeos,

Danaumque
sic fatus

insignia nobis
?

dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat


ipsi.'

390

arma dabunt

deinde comantem

Androgei galeam clipeique insigne decorum


induitur, laterique

Argivum accommodat ensem.


quisque recentibus armat.

hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas, omnisque iuventus


laeta facit
;

spoliis se

395

vadimus inmixti Danais baud numine nostro,


multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem
conserimus
diffugiunt
;

multos

Danaum

demittimus Oreo.
cursu

alii

ad naves,

et litora

fida petunt

pars ingentem formidine turpi


et

400

scandunt rursus equum,

nota conduntur in alvo.

16

p.

VEROILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

But, alas ! the Fates are against them

Coroebus, by the
fidere divis
!

rescue of

Cassandra, draws fresh hordes of Greeks upon them.

heu

nihil invitis fas

quemquam

ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo


crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae,

ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina


lumina,

frustra,

405

nam

teneras arcebant vincula palmas.


furiata

non

tulit

banc speciem

mente Coroebus,
agmen.

et sese

medium

iniecit periturus in

consequimur cuncti
hie

et densis incurrimus armis.

primum ex

alto delubri

culmine

telis

410

nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes

armorum

facie et

Graiarum errore iubarum.


virginis ira

tum Danai gemitu atque ereptae

undique coUecti invadunt, accerrimus Aiax,


et

gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis

415

adversi rupto ceu


confligunt,

quondam

iurbitie venti
et laetus

Zephymsque, Notusque,
:

Eois

Eurus

equis

stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti


ciet

spumeus atque imo Nereus


illi

aequora fundo.

etiam,

si

quos obscura nocte per

umbram

420

fudimus

insidiis,
;

totaque agitavimus urbe,

adparent

primi clipeos mentitaque tela

adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.


Coroebus
ilicet

and others fall

The rest of the band are scattered.


:

obruimur numero

primusque Coroebus

Penele'i dextra divae armipotentis

ad aram

425

procumbit

cadit et Rhipeus, iustissimus unus


;

qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi


dis aliter

visum

pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque,

p.

VERGILl MARONIS AENEIDOS


;

LIB.

II.

17

eonfixi a sociis

nee

te tua plurima,

Panthu,
texit.

labentem

pietas,

nee Apollinis infula

430

Iliaei eineres, et

flamma extrema meorum,

tester, in

occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas

vitavisse vices

Danaum,

et si fata fuissent,

ut caderem, meruisse

manu.

Destruction of Priam's Palace.


Conflict at the doors of the Palace.

divellimur inde
Iphitus et Pelias

mecum
et

quorum

Iphitus aevo

435

iam gravior, Pelias

vulnere tardus Ulixi

protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati.


hie vero ingentem

pugnam, eeu cetera nusquam

bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe,


sic

Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad

tecta ruentes

440

cernimus, obsessumque acta testudine limen.

haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos


nituntur gradibus, elipeosque ad tela sinistris
protecti obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.

Dardanidae contra turres ac teeta domorum


culmina convellunt
:

445

his se,

quando ultima cernunt,


telis
;

extrema iam

in

morte parant defendere

auratasque trabes, veterum decora alta parentum,


devolvunt
:

alii strictis
;

mueronibus imas
450

obsedere fores

has servant agmine denso.


to the

Aeneas enters by a postern^ rushes

roof

and hurls a tower

upon the Greeks below.


instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis,

auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis.

18

p.

VERGIU MARONIS AENEIDOS


et pervius

LIB.

II.

limen erat caecaeque fores

usus

tectorum inter se Priami, postesque


a tergo, infelix qua
saepius
se,

relicti

dum

regna manebant,

455

Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.


evado ad summi
tela
fastigia culminis,

unde

manu

miseri iactabant inrita Teucri.

turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra

460

eductam
et

tectis,

unde omnis Troia


naves
et

videri
castra,

Danaum

solitae

Achaica

adgressi ferro circum, qua

summa

labantes

iuncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis


sedibus, inpulimusque
:

ea lapsa repente ruinam super agmina late

465

cum
But

sonitu trahit, et

Danaum

incidit.

in

vain

Pyrrhus and others press forward


in the door is made.
ast alii

An

opening

subeunt

nee saxa, nee ullum

telorum interea cessat genus.


vestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus
exsultat telis et luce coruscus

aena

470

qualis ubi in liicetn coluber

mala gramina pastus,


quern

frigida sub terra

tumidum

bruma

tegebat,

nunc positis novus exuviis

Jiitidtisque iuventa,

lubrica convolvit sublaio pectore tcrga, ardutis

ad solem,

et

'Unguis micat ore trisulcis.


et

475

una ingens Periphas

equorum

agitator Achillis

armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes


succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina iactant.
ipse inter primes correpta dura bipenni

limina perrumpit, postesque a cardine


aeratos
;

vellit

480

iamque excisa trabe firma cavavit

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

19

robora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram.

adparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt

adparent Priami

et

veterum penetralia regum,


in limine

armatosque vident stantes

primo.

485

Scene of despair within the palace

The dread Pyrrhus bursts in

The household slaughtered


at

" tenent Datiai, qua deficit ignis."

domus
;

interior

gemitu miseroque tumultu

miscetur

penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes


;

femineis ululant
turn pavidae

ferit

aurea sidera clamor,

tectis

matres ingentibus errant,


figunt.
ipsi

amplexaeque tenent postes, atque oscula


instat vi patria

490

Pyrrhus

nee claustra, neque


labat ariete crebro
postes.

custodes sufferre valent.


ianua, et emoti
fit

procumbunt cardine
aditus,

via vi

rumpunt

primosque trucidant
495

inmissi Danai, et late loca milite complent.

non

sic,

aggeribus ruptis

cum spumeus amnis

exiit,

oppositasque evicii gurgite moles,

fertur in arva furens cuniulo, camposque per omnes

cum
vidi

stabulis artnenta trahit.

vidi ipse

furentem
:

caede Neoptolemum, geminosque in limine Atridas

500

Hecubam centumque
illi

nurus,

Priamumque

per aras

sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignes.


quinquaginta
thalami, spes tanta nepotum,

barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi,

procubuere

tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis.

505

Death of Priam.
forsitan et, Priami fuerint

quae

fata, requiras.

urbis uti captae

casum convulsaque

vidit

limina tectorum, et

medium

in penetralibus

hostem,

20 arma

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

diu senior desueta trementibus aevo


et inutile

circumdat nequiquam umeris,


cingitur, ac

ferium

510

densos fertur moriturus

in hostes.

aedibus in mediis nudoque sub aetheris axe


ingens ara
fuit

iuxtaque veterrima laurus,

incumbens arae atque umbra complexa penates.


hie

Hecuba

et

natae nequiquam altaria circum,

515

praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,

condensae

et

divom amplexae simulacra sedebant.

ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis


ut vidit,
'

quae mens tam


?

dira,

miserrime coniunx,
?
'

inpulit his cingi telis


'

aut quo ruis

inquit.

520

non

tali auxilio,
;

nee defensoribus
si
;

istis

tempus eget

non,

ipse

meus nunc

adforet Hector.

hue tandem concede


aut moriere simul.'

haec ara tuebitur omnes,

sic ore effata recepit

ad

sese, et sacra

longaevum

in

sede locavit.

525

ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede PoHtes,

unus natorum Priami, per

tela,

per hostes

porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat


saucius.
insequitur,
ut

ilium ardens infesto volnere Pyrrhus

iam iamque manu tenet

et

premit hasta.

530

tandem ante oculos

evasit et ora parentum,

concidit, ac

multo vitam

cum
in

sanguine

fudit.

hie Priamus,

quamquam

media iam morte

tenetur,

non tamen

abstinuit,

nee voci iraeque pepercit.


535

'at tibi pro scelere,' exelamat, 'pro talibus ausis,


di, si

qua

est caelo pietas,

quae

talia curet,

persolvant grates dignas, et praemia reddant


debita, qui nati
fecisti, et

coram me cernere letum

patrios foedasti funere vultus.

at

non

ille,

satum quo

te mentiris, Achilles

540

I'Wn

Helen of Troy.

sin FNIO'K

LIISMTON

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.


fuit

II.

21

talis in

hoste

Priamo

sed iura fidemque

supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulcro

reddidit

Hectoreum, meque

in

mea regna
ictu

remisit.'

sic fatus senior,

telumque inbelle sine

coniecit,
et

rauco quod protinus aere repulsum,


clipei
:

545

summo

nequiquam umbone pependit.

cui Pyrrhus

'

referes ergo haec, et nuntius ibis


:

Pelidae genitori

illi

mea

tristia facta

degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento.


nunc morere.'
traxit et in

hoc dicens,

altaria

ad ipsa trementem
nati,

550

multo lapsantem sanguine

inplicuitque

comam

laeva, dextraque

coruscum

extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.

haec
sorte

finis
tulit,

Priami fatorum

hie exitus ilium


et

Troiam incensam
tot

prolapsa videntem

555

Pergama,

quondam

populis terrisque superbum

regnatorem Asiae.

iacet ingens litore truncus,


et sine

avulsumque umeris caput,

nomine corpus.

Turning sadly away, Aeneas

espies Helen,

and in rage

is

about to slay her,


at

me

turn
;

primum saevus

circumstetit horror,

obstipui
ut

subiit cari genitoris

imago,

560

regem aequaevum
;

crudeli vulnere vidi

vitam exhalantem
et direpta

subiit deserta Creusa,

domus,
quae

et parvi casus luii.

respicio, et

sit

me

circum copia

lustro.

deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu

565

ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere.


iamque adeo super unus eram, cum limina Vestae
servantem
et

tacitam secreta in sede latentem


;

Tyndarida aspicio

dant clara incendia lucem

22
erranti

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AEXEIDOS LIB.


ferenti.

II.

passimque oculos per cuncta


infestos eversa

570

ilia sibi

ob Pergama Teucros,

et

poenas

Danaum

et deserti coniugis iras

praemetuens, Troiae et patriae communis Erinys,


abdiderat sese, atque aris invisa sedebat.
exarsere ignes animo
;

subit ira

cadentem
:

575

ulcisci patriam, et sceleratas


scilicet

sumere poenas

haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas


partoque
ibit

aspiciet,

regina triumpho

coniugiumque domumque patres natosque


Iliadum turba
occiderit ferro
et Phrygiis

videbit,
?
?

comitata ministris

580

Priamus

Troia arserit igni

Dardanium
non
ita.

toties sudarit
etsi

sanguine

litus

namque,

nullum memorabile nomen

feminea in poena est nee habet victoria laudem,


exstinxisse nefas

tamen

et

sumpsisse merentes

585

laudabor poenas, animumque explesse iuvabit


ultricis

flammae,

et cineres satiasse

meorum.

when he

is

checked by Venus,

who

reveals to

him

the

fated des-

truction of the city


talia

and urges him

to rescue his fatnily.

iactabam, et furiata mente ferebar,


se,

cum mihi
obtulit, et

non ante

oculis tarn clara,

videndam
590

pura per noctem in luce

refulsit

alma parens, confessa deam, qualisque


caelicolis et

videri

quanta

solet

dextraque prehensum
:

continuit, roseoque
'

haec insuper addidit ore

nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras


furis
?

?
?

quid

aut

quonam

nostri tibi cura recessit

595

non prius
liqueris

aspicics, ubi
?

fessum aetate parentem

Anchisen

superet coniunxne Creusa,

Ascaniusque puer? quos omnes undique Graiae

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.


et, ni

II.

23

circum errant acies,

mea

cura resistat,

iam flammae

tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis.

600

non

tibi

Tyndaridis facias invisa Lacaenae,

culpatusve Paris, divom inclementia, divom,

has evertit opes, sternitque a culmine Troiam.

aspice namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti


mortales hebetat visus
caligat,
tibi et
:

umida circum

605''

nubem eripiam

tu

ne qua parentis

iussa time, neu praeceptis parere recusa


hie, ubi disiectas

moles avulsaque saxis

saxa vides, mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum,

Neptunus mures magnoque emota


fundamenta
eruit.

tridenti

6io

quatit,

totamque a sedibus urbem

hie luno Scaeas saevissima portas


tenet,

prima

sociumque furens a navibus agmen

ferro accincta vocat.

iam summas arces Tritonia,


insedit,

respice, Pallas

615

limbo

efifulgens et

Gorgone saeva.

ipse Pater
sufficit
;

Danais animos viresque secundas

ipse deos in

Dardana

suscitat arma.
labori.

eripe,

nate, fugam, finemque inpone

nusquam
dixerat
;

abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam.'


et spissis noctis se condidit

620

umbris.

adparent dirae

facies,

inimicaque Troiae

numina magna deum.


Despair of Aeneas.

tum vero omne mihi visum considere


Ilium, et ex

in ignes

imo

verti

Neptunia Troia

625

ac veluii siimmis antiquam in tnoniibus

ornum

cum ferro accisam

crebrisque bipennibus instant

eruere agricolae certatimj ilia usque minatur

24

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

et tremefacta

comam

concusso verticcnutat^

vulneribiis donee paulatim evicta

supremum

630

congemuit traxitque iugis avulsa ruinavt.

Passing

to his

home, Aeneas in vain endeavours to induce


his father to leave.

descendo, ac ducente deo


expedior
;

flammam

inter et hostes

dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.

atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina sedis

antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos

635

optabam primum montes primumque petebam,


abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia,
exsiliumque
sanguis,' ait,
pati.
' '

vos

o,

quibus integer aevi

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

vos agitate fugam.

640

me

si

caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,


satis

has mihi servassent sedes.


vidimus excidia,
sic

una superque
urbi.

et

captae superavimus

o sic positum adfati discedite corpus,

ipse

manu mortem inveniam

miserebitur hostis,

645

exuviasque petet.

facilis iactura sepulcri.

iam pridem invisus


demoror, ex quo

divis et inutilis

annos

me divom

pater atque

hominum

rex

fulminis adflavit ventis, et contigit igni.'


talia perstabat

memorans, fixusque manebat.


coniunxque Creusa

650

nos contra

effusi lacrimis,

Ascaniusque omnisque domus ne vertere secum


cuncta pater fatoque urgenti incumbere
vellet.

abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem.

In desperation, Aeneas resolves


his wife holds

to

rush to his death, but


back.
opto.
?

him

rursus in

arma

feror,

mortemque miserrimus

655

nam quod

consilium aut quae iam fortuna dabatur

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

25

mene

efferre
?

pedem, genitor,

te

posse relicto
excidit ore
?

sperasti
si nihil

tantumque nefas patrio

ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui,

et sedet

hoc animo, perituraeque addere Troiae


isti

660

teque tuosque iuvat, patet

ianua

leto,

iamque

aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus,


patris,

natum ante ora


hoc
erat,

patrem qui obtruncat ad


tela,

aras.

alma parens, quod me per

per ignes 665

eripis, ut

mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque

Ascanium patremque
alterum
in alterius

meum
:

iuxtaque Creusam
?

mactatos sanguine cernam

arma,

viri, ferte

arma
;

vocat lux ultima victos.

reddite
proelia.

me Danais sinite instaurata revisam numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti.'

670

hinc ferro accingor rursus, clipeoque sinistram

insertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam.


ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniunx
haerebat,
'

parvumque
abis, et

patri tendebat

lulum

si

penturus

nos rape in omnia tecum

675

sin

aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis

in armis,

hanc primum tutare domum.


cui pater, et coniunx

cui parvus lulus,

quondam

tua dicta relinquor

?'

Anchises' obstinacy overcome by an omen.


talia vociferans

gemitu tectum omne replebat


oritur mirabile

cum subitum dictuque


namque manus
ecce levis

monstrum.

680

inter maestorumque ora parentum

summo

de vertice visus

luli

fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molles

lambere flamma comas,

et

circum tempora pasci.


685

nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem


excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes.

26

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIB.

II.

at pater

Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus

extulit, et caelo
'

palmas cum voce tetendit


si

luppiter omnipotens, precibus

flecteris ullis,

aspice nos

hoc tantum

et, si

pietate

meremur,
firma.'

690

da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina


vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore

intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per


Stella

umbras

facem ducens multa cum luce

cucurrit.
tecti,

illam,

summa

super labentem culmina

695

cernimus Idaea claram se condere

silva,

signantemque vias

tum longo

limite sulcus

dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant.


hie vero victus genitor se
tollit

ad auras,
700

adfaturque deos, et sanctum sidus adorat.


'

iam iam nulla mora


;

est

sequor, et qua ducitis, adsum, servate

di patrii

servate

domum,

nepotem

vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troia


cedo equidem, nee, nate,
tibi

est.

comes

ire recuso.'

Aeneas^ with Atichises on his shoulders, lulus at his side


wife Creusa following at a distance, proceeds to leave the
dixerat
ille

and
city.

his

et

iam per moenia

clarior ignis

705

auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.

ergo age, care pater, cervici inponere nostrae


ipse subibo umeris, nee

quo

res

me labor iste gravabit cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,


;

una salus ambobus


sit

erit.

mihi parvus lulus

'

710

comes,

et

longe servet vestigia coniunx.


vestris.

vos, famuli,

quae dicam, animis advcrtite

est urbe egressis

tumulus templumque vetustum

desertae Cereris, iuxtaque antiqua cupressus.

Flight of Aeneas.

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

27
715

religione

patrum multos servata per annos


in

banc ex diverse sedem veniemus


tu,

unam.
:

genitor, cape sacra

manu

patriosque penates
et

me, bello e tanto digressum


attrectare nefas,
abluero.'

caede recenti,

donee

me

flumine vivo

720

haec

fatus, latos

umeros subiectaque

colla
;

veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis

succedoque oneri.
inplicuit,

dextrae se parvus lulus


:

sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis

pone subit coniunx.

Loss OF Creusa.

Hurrying along

in terror^ Aeneas is by a sudden

alarm

separated

from

his wife.
;

ferimur per opaca locorum


et

725

me, quem dudum non

ulla iniecta

movebant
Graii,

tela,

neque adverse glomerati ex agmine

nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis

suspensum

et pariter

comitique onerique timentem.


portis,

iamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito
visus adesse

omnemque

videbar

730

cum

creber ad aures

pedum
'

sonitus, genitorque per


'

umbram
propinquant
:

prospiciens,

nate,' exclamat,

fuge, nate

ardentes clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.'


hie mihi nescio

quod trepido male numen amicum


mentem.

735

confusam

eripuit

namque

avia cursu

dum
heu
!

sequor, et nota excedo regione viarum,

misero coniunx fatone erepta Creusa


seu lassa resedit
?

substitit, erravitne via,

incertum

nee post oculis est reddita

nostris.
reflexi,

740

nee prius amissam respexi, animumve

28

p.

VEKGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

quam tumulum
venimus
defuit, et
:

antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam


coUectis omnibus

hie

demum

una

comites natumque virumque

fefellit.

Leaving

his father

and son

outside the city, he hastens back

in search of Creusa.

quern non incusavi amens

hominumque deorumque 1
1

745

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe

Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penates

commendo
ipse
Stat

sociis, et

curva valle recondo

urbem

repeto, et cingor fulgentibus armis.

casus renovare omnes,

omnemque

reverti

750

per Troiam, et rursus caput obiectare periclis.


principio

muros obscuraque limina


;

portae,

qua gressum extuleram, repeto


observata sequor per noctem

et vestigia retro

et

lumine

lustro.

horror ubique animo, siraul ipsa silentia terrent.


inde

755

domum,
ignis
;

si

forte

pedem,

si forte, tulisset,

me

refero.

inruerant Danai, et tectum

omne

tenebant.

ilicet

edax

summa ad

fastigia vento
;

volvitur

exsuperant flammae

furit

aestus ad auras,

procedo, et Priami sedes arcemque revise.


et

760

iam porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo


lecti

custodes

Phoenix

et dirus Ulixes

praedam adservabant.
incensis erepta adytis

hue undique Troia gaza

mensaeque deorum
765

crateresque auro solidi captivaque vestis


congeritur.
stant circum.

pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres

ausus quin etiam voces iactare per


inplevi

umbram
vocavi.

clamore

vias,

maestusque Creusam
770

nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENE1D08 LIB.


to

II.

29

The shade of Creusa appears


loss,

Aeneas and, consoling him /or her

predicts his glorious future.

quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti


infelix

simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae

visa mihi ante oculos, et nota maior imago.


obstipui, steteruntque

comae,

et

vox faucibus
dictis
:

haesit.

turn sic adfari, et curas his


'

demere

775

quid tantum insano iuvat indulgere dolori.


?

o dulcis coniunx

non haec

sine

numine divom

eveniunt
fas aut

nee

te

hinc comitem asportare Creusam

ille sinit

superi regnator Olympi.

longa
et

tibi exsilia, et

vastum maris aequor arandum,

780

terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva

inter
illic

opima virum

leni fluit

agmine Thybris
coniunx

res laetae
tibi
;

regnumque

et regia

parta

lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae.

non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas


aspiciam, aut Grais servitum matribus ibo,

785

Dardanis, et divae Veneris nurus


sed

me magna deum

Genetrix his detinet

oris.

iamque

vale, et nati serva

communis amorem.'
et

haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem

multa volentem

790

dicere deseruit, tenuesque recessit in auras.


ter conatus ibi collo
ter frustra

dare bracchia circum


effugit

comprensa manus

imago,

par levibus ventis, volucrique simillima somno.

In the grey dawn^ Aeneas returns

to his companions, and, taking

up
sic

his

aged father,
socios

^^

flees to the mountains''


revise.

demum

consumpta nocte

795

atque hie ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum


invenio admirans

numerum, matresque

virosque,

30

p.

VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

II.

collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus.

undique convenere, animis opibusque parati,


in

quascumque velim pelago deducere


iugis

terras,

8cx)

iamque

summae
;

surgebat Lucifer Idae,

ducebatque diem

Danaique obsessa tenebant


:

limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur


cessi, et sublato montes genitore
petivi.'

FUNERAL OS BSCIOR.

DESCENT OF THE ROMAN JULIAN FAMILY FROM

THE TROJANS.
Jiippiter=Electra

Scaniander

Teucer

Dardanus

Batea

Krichtlionius

Tros

IlU3

Assaracna

Laomedon
Priam
Hector

Capys
Aiichises=Venu3

Aeneas
Asoanius or lulus

NOTES ON VERGIL'S AENEID.


BOOK
N.B. In the grammatical
Book.
of Part III.

11.

references F. signifies First Latin


;

Book

P.,

Primary Latin

In the case of the former, the numbers refer Ko pages

of the latter, to the sections

conticnere

tenebant

"

all

close attention."

The

were hushed and were fixing their gaze in perfect (contictiere) describes a single comora

pleted act, while the imperfect {tenebant) expresses duration.

may be

the object of tenebant, or accusative of specification after


ii
;

intenti: F. 98, 3: P. 83 (e)

cp.

Aen.

6, 156, defixus lumiiia.

Or, with Henry, ora tenebant to be interpreted as a "modified


repetition"
silent," as

of

conticuere,

i.e.,

"held

their
ora,

utterance,"
etc.

opposed

to solvere ora,

movere

"kept Ora would

then

=" mouth "

figuratively, i.e.,

"speech."

Cp. ora tenebit, Ovid,

This Met. g, J IJ, and Gk. exe aT6na = (ji-ya, Eurip. Suppl. jij. Conticuere ; habit of modified repetition in Vergil is well known.
con, intensive
:

the silence was deep and. perfect,


;

orsus

scil. est,

from ordior
:

often the parts of the verb esse are omitted


alto,

in the perfect

see vs. 25, 165, 168, 172, 196.

"high "above
to

the others as a

mark of honor.
:

infandum
tell is
is

note the emphasis gained by position

" too grievous

the

woe thou

bid'st

me

recall."

iubeo, like KsAevu in

Greek,

used for both requests and commands.

uteruerint: indirect question depending on the verb of /eZ/jw,^ implied


in renovare dolorem since this is equivalent

to

renovare dolorem

narrando

"how

the Greeks utterly destroyed the power of Troy


:

and her woeful realm"


in -bills are usually
.

F. 178,

P. 99 (d).

lameutabile

adjs,
:

passive as here.

Tennyson, Locksley Hall

is

With
This

the sentiment

cp.

is

truth the poet sings


things.

That a sorrow's crown of sorrow

remembering happier

33

34
5

Vergil's aen.
quaeqiiefui
dolorem.

b. ii.

"and

the very sad sights I myself beheld and whereof I


;

have formed a great part "

The
"

narrative of Aeneas
;

both of these clauses are explanatory of is largely personal and deals with
is

the capture of

Troy only

quaeque

epexegetic and limitative.


is

taliafando

in telling

such a tale," or " while such a tale

told,"

in a secondary way.

Myrmidonum

hard-hearted soldiers of the Grecian host.

Aeneas purposely mentions the most The Myrmidones and Dolopes were the soldiers from Phthia in Thessaly under the command of Achilles and his son Neoptolemus, while Ulixes, " the
wiliest of

Dolopum UUxi:

men,"
cp.

is

taken as a stock example of Greek perfidy.

duri,

Homeric TroAvr/ldf Ulixi, from the form Ulixeus (cp. Hor. Od. i, 6, 7), gen. UHxei and then contracted Note the into Ulixi; so also Achilles, gen. Achillei, Achilli. difference between -z/^ disjoining membersof the same class and aut

"hardy":

the

disjoining different classes.

temperet a lacrimis
F. 139 (a)
tion
it is
;

"could
(g).
:

refrain

from tears"
is

rhetorical question

P. 98

What answer

implied in a rhetorical ques-

caelo praecipitat

now

past midnight.
;

"is speeding down the slope of heaven ; Night was said by the Romans to rise and
:

set as

the sun

v.
:

1^0. caelo

F. 309, 37

P. 85 (k),

i.

suadentque
lating,

somnos
"and
:

bring out the alliteration in the original by trans-

the setting stars invite us to slumber."

10
11

si, scil.,

estvobis

F. 120, 3
:

P. 82

(f),

i.

suprcniuni

laborem
" the

"to hear Troy's


journey."

last

the euphemistic
6(56f vaTUTj],

eii'^Tesslons, dies

supretnus,

agony;" so also we have "the day of death;"

last

12

quamquam

refiigit:

"though

my

soul shudders at the recollection

and has ever shrunk back from it in sorrow, I will begin." Distinguish between the construction of quamquam and quanivis F. 196 ; Note the difference in the tense of horrct and refugit ; P. 99 (i). the former describes the present feelings of Aeneas and the latter an instantaneous act in the past whenever the request was made.
:

hiciu, ablative of cause.

13

incipiam

usually translated

"

I will

begin," but possibly "


I, I,

I will i, I,

un92.

dertake, or attempt :" cp. Tibull 4,

and Horace Sat.


;

14

Danaum = Danaorum
Achivorum
;

so also

Teucnim=Teucrorum
;

virum^-virorum

divum

divorum.

annts
iot

Achivum
:

NOTES.

35
:

"when
15

so

many

years were

now

slipping past"

abl. absol.

Troy

was taken

in the tenth year of the siege.


:

ittstar 7nontis

"as huge as a mountain." In Vergil instar is always accompanied by a genitive, except in Aen. 6, 865, quantiim instar in ipso, " what a model in himself:" cp. Aen. 3, 637 ; 7, 707. It is an indeclinable noun used in the nom. and ace. ; generally derived from root STA, "to set up," hence, " something set up," therefore

" an image."
the Trojans.

divina

arte.

Pallas favored the Greeks as

Juno did
'ttttov

The former was


avv ' Adi/vy.

also the patroness of all kinds of art,


:

hence by her aid the horse was built


'ETrdog
iiro'iTiaev

See also

II.

Horn. Od. 8,493 15,70.


fir

>

rov

16

secta abiete

"with
it

interlacing planks of

they form the sides."

ahiete
abiete,

abl.
i.e.

of instrument.

In scanning

this verse i

consonantal in

has to be pronounced abyete and therefore the a


;

long; so also in i^2, parietibas=pdryetibns

492, arute dryete.

is

intexunt

a metaphor taken from weaving

the planks of the sides

are placed horizontally across the ribs of the horse just as the hori-

zontal threads of the

woof are placed

across the vertical threads of


v.

the warp.

Abiete
esse:

note the variation in


that
it

I12

trabibus acernis.

17

votum
not
;

scil.

"they pretend

is

a votive offering for their


it is

jeturn."

Distinguish simnlare, "to pretend a thing to be what

" dissimulare,
:

"to conceal what a thing

is."
is

18

hue incliidunt
implied
in

" they shut up


includtint.

delecta

in it;" note

hue

used as motion

is

virttm

corpora = delectos vivos (by


selected

metonymy). sorliti', " having selected."


19
lateri caeca
:

literally,

"having

by lot;" simply,

we

should have expected in latus caecum.

Vergil

is

fond of using a dative of the recipient for the accusative with


in: cp.
V.

ad
v.

or

36, peIago

= in

pelagus

v.

47, urbi = in urbetn

85,

neci=ad necem.
20
penitusqiie
clause.

caver nas

complent,

a mere variation

of the

preceding

Point out a possible hendiadys here.

21

in conspectu

scil.

Troiae: Tenedos was four miles from the shore of

the Troad.

22

dives

opum "rich of store " F. 61, 3 P. 81 (f) i. Compare dives and decline opum F. 57 and 279 P. 12 and 54 (a). dum manebant F. 216, 3; P. 99 (f).
: ;
:

36
23
malejida:
literally,

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

"ill- faithful," i.e.,

"treacherous."
;

With words

of evil meaning male intensifies their force

with words of good

meaning
24
hue
:

it

contradicts

it.

join this \v\\\i p7-ovecti:

selves

"hither they proceed and conceal themon the deserted shore." deserto sliows a change in the

fortunes of Tenedos.

25

rati

sell,

sttmus, from reor

see note v.

2.

vento, abl. of instrument


:

" with a favoring of Agamemnon,


country.

breeze."

Myceiias = in Graeciam

the royal city

the leader of the

Greeks

is

put for the whole

26

Note the slow and measured spondees


"the Trojan land puts her long
separation.

well describe the lifting of the


longo

heavy weight of grief from the minds of the Trojans.


grief

luctu

away."

luctu, ablative of

with
:

Teucria supply terra.


:

27

panduntur portae a sign of peace cp. Hor. Od. 3, 5, 25 poriuvat tasque non clausas ; Ars. Poetica, 199, apertis otia portis. Dorica=Graeca the Dorians were one of the leading scil. vos. here put for the whole nation. tribes in the war of Troy

29

hie solebant
scil. vela,

the remarks of the Trojans are here quoted.


to spread his tent."
:

tendebat

" used

30

pars

sttipet

tniratitur
is

stupeo

is

the case of an intransitive verb used


in the

transitively.

Note the change


poet.

number

the subject in the

one case
in the

regarded as a unit, in the other case the individuals are

mind of the

Minervae
:

objective genitive
literally,

uSisic

donum,
Athens

"gift to Minerva."

Inttuptae

"virgin,"

"unwedded:"
at

cp. the epithet TrapBivo^,

"a

maiden," hence her temple

was called Parthenon.


32
priiniisque
that
it

Thymoetes
duci,
scil.

"and Thymoetes was


eqitzim.

the

first

that advised
set

{i.e.

the horse) be

drawn within our walls and

citadel."

arce.=in

in the
19.

arce

see note on v.

Poetry,

both ancient and modern, often omits prepositions.


citadel of Troy.

The
infini-

Pergama was the


tive for
V.
tit

Note

that Vergil uses


v.

an
;

with the subjunctive after impello,

55,

520

hortor,

74

hortor, v. 627.
:

34

siveferebant

"whether
vvv

in guile or

bringing on this end."

Distinguish nunc,

whether the doom of Troy was " the present moment,"


" Gk. ii6r]ox dtj.ferebant

"now," Gk.

iam, including a period of the past up to the


it,

present and including

"all this time

NOTES.
often fero
I

37
sic,

is

used with words


:

sucli as ita,

without an object
25, 2, ut opinio
et

denoting a tendency of events


spes et coniectura nostra fert,

cp. Cic. Att.

2,

"according to our opinion, hope and

belief."

35

quorum
3
;

menii,
82
(f ),
:

scil.
i.

erai

"whose mind had better counsel

:"

F. 120,

r.

36 flK/

Capys advises three courses: (i) to hurl the horse burn it ; (3) to examine it. The first ; (2) to two involve the destruction of the horse, and hence are connected \iy que ; the main alternative is marked by ant between courses (l) and (2) on the one hand and (3) on the other. See note on -ve and
latebras

headlong into the sea

aut

V. 7

pelago-=-in pelagus
:

see note on lateri caeco, v. 19.

39

scinditur viilgus

the crowd are divided in opinion as to whether draw the horse within the walls, or (b) destroy it (marked by (i) and (2) ), or explore "the hidden caverns" (marked by (3) ), some adopting the advice of Thymoetes (a), others that of

they should

(a)

Capys
40
41

(b).

magna catervd: " followed by


ardais:

a great throng

" abl. abs.

"eagerly."

arce: Pergama,

overlooked the shore.

or the citadel of Troy which Laocoon was the son of Priam and Hecuba

and
42

priest of

Apollo [see proper names].


exclamat
scil.
:

et procul, scil.

the verb of saying

is

often omitted

cp. v.

287,

ille

nihil,
:

respondet, so also v. 547, cui

Pyrrhus.
P. 85
:

44

carere dolis

" are

free
:

from wiles " (F. 158,


:

I ;

(h)

).

Dan-

see note v. I4. knowledge of Ulysses ? " Ulysses (as


V. 7) is

aum = Danaorum

sic

Uiixes

"is such your

we have said before, see note taken throughout the Aeneid as a type of Greek cunning
Homeric
epithets noXii/xTjng, iroTivrpotrog,
TzoTi.vfiijxavog.

cp. the

45--aut Achivi:
ligtio

"either the Greeks are hid, caged in this wood."


:

hoc

in

hoc ligno

see note v. 32.

As Gladstone

in his

Inventus

Mundi

points out, the three great appellatives of the Greeks were

Aavaot (Latin, Danai), 'ApycloL (Argivi) and 'A^a7o (Achivi), the


general terms "'^WrivEq in Greek, and Graeci in Latin, were not yet

Greeks he uses the adjective Graius, originally applied to a tribe of Epirus and probably after the time of Ennius applied by the Latin to the whole country.
calls the

applied to the whole race.

Vergil following

Homer

Achivi,

Danai

or Argivi,

never

Graeci,

although

38
\&fabricaia
:

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

the perfect participles of deponent verbs are usually active.


:

The
ulttis.

following are often found passively


detestattis,

abofninatus, amplexus,
mediiaitis^

confessus,

dimensus,

exsecratus,

moderatus,

47

inspechira: the horse

is looked upon as an engine of war f'war/i/wffj which would look down on the houses of the city as a turris in a

siege.

urbiin

tirbem.
:

4:Serror, "
49

trick." ~nee^uo

(F. 308, 17; P.

page

135).
:

et^etiam.

The

gifts

of foes were proverbially fatal

cp.

Soph. Ajax,

664:
aTC/v

tor' akrjBijq

t]

fifioruv napoi/iia

kx^puv aSupa
cp.
:

6o)pa kovk ovi/aifia.

Psalms xxvi, loi "In whose hands hand is full of bribes."


h^validisviribiis
:

is

mischief and their right

ablative of manner

join

vi-ith

contorsit

" with might

and main."
of a spear,
last is

Of

the five terms used

by Vergil

to express the casting


2i.r\A

viz., iacio, conicio, iorqueo,

intorqueo

cotttorqueo, the

the strongest;

"with

all

the collected strength of a power-

fully strong

man."

h\~in~-ah>um

" against the flank and against the belly of the monster rounded with jointed timbers." Note the emphasis gained by the repetition of the preposition in. compagibus ablative of manner. Note also that -que is added for explanation.
;

52

ilia,

scil.

hasta.

uteroque
"the

recti s so

"by

the

reverberation

of the

womb
53

:" literally

womb

re- echoing."

cavae: perhaps to be ttaken predicatively, "sounded hollow," or the structure may be the same as that of v. 38. Note the repetition of
the

same sound
:

in cavae cavernae.

In

in insoniiere is intensive.

54

Icuva
the

word laevtis was originally derived from the language of Augurs and meant primarily uupropilious as all omens, accordthe

ing to the Greeks appearing on the left were unpropitious, though the opposite of this was the case with the Romans. Both Greeks

and Romans regarded the east as the lucky quarter and the west unlucky, but the Greek in taking omens looked -north and hence apiartpoc "the left hand" was with them unlucky and Serine "on

The secondary meaning was "awkward" from the awkwardness of the left hand cf. Fr. gauche, gaiuherie. " if the fates of the gods had not been adverse to us, Translate
the right" w.as lucky.
: :

NOTES.

39

if our mind had not been blinded:" note the zeugma in laeva. deum=deontm. Conington says that with fata ovAy fuissent bhould be supplied: "had fate so willed it, had out mind been wise:"

taking non laeva closely together.

55

inipulerat = iipulisset

"he had surely moved us to mangle with the sword the hiding places of the Greeks." The indicative is more
:

vivid

conditional sentence since thus

and picturesque than the subjunctive in the apodosis of a more reality and force are given to
this line both staret vtaneret and stares maneres as well maneres (Ribbeck). Which of these the most lively?
is

what would have happened.


56

We

have in

as staret

What
hands
3
;

figure of

speech?

The

imperf. subj.

standing

would
ii).

now be
This
;

remaining."

means "would now be "with manus revincttim

tied

behind his back."


is

mantts

ace. of specification (F. 88,


:

P. 83 (e)

frequent construction in Vergil


;

cp.

intent i ora (v. 1)

oculos sitffecti (v. 210)


(v.

perfiistis vittas (v. 221)


;

medium amplexi
(v.

217)

traiectus lora (v. 273)

exttvias indutus

273).
:

5Qq!<i-i>iorti

"who,

to

compass

this

very thing, (namely) to open Troy

to the Greeks,

had
;

desij^nedly put himself in their

way

as they

approached him
either issue,

confident of speech (was he) and prepared for

either to

work out

his craft or to submit to certain

death."
tory of
locative.

qui, join with obtulerat.

qui
animi
82

introduces a clause explanais

the clause preceding.

genitive

of respect or
aperiret

morti:
:

(F. 120,

P.

(e)

ii).

Troiavique
it

Achivis

explanatory of hoc ipsum.


:

64

certantque

prisoner."

capto "and they vie with each other in r^r/arg takes the infinitive illudere after
; :

jeering at the
for the

more

common

ut illitdant : (F. 181, 3) (P. 99, a, 2) so also we have impulerat foedare (v. 55); ardemus scitari (v. 64); adgressi avellere ivipulit (v. 165) ; tendit divellere (v. 220) ; glomerare ardent (v. 455)
;

cingi

(v.
:

520).

certant

see

Note the change from the singular ruit note on line 30.
request
:

to plural

65

Vergil
Aen.
all."

assents to Dido's
I,

Die

insidias,

inquit,

Danaum

753.

66-

om7ies, scil.

Danaos

"from the charge

against one, learn to

know

Vergil died before he finished the Aeneid.

According to the
hands of Varius

grammarian, Donatus, the poet on his deathbed desired that the

poem should be burned,

but ultimately

left

it

in the

40
and Tucca,
liis

Vergil's aen.

b.

ii.

literary testators to edit


esset,

Ea

co?iditio7ie

ne quid

addercnt quod a se editutn non

et versus etiatn iiitperfcctos, si

qui erant, relinquerent.


all 58.

In

this

These imperfect book they are common

verses (hemistichs) are in


:

vs. 234,

346, 468, 614,

720, 767.

67

namque,

like

Greek

'yap,

introducing a narrative
ut,

may be

altogether

omitted in an English translation.


indicative in this sense.
self-possession.

"as," always with the

turbatus, "confused,"

showing a want of

in conspectu,

"

in the centre of the gazing throng."

68

circimispexit

the heavy spondees bring out well the slow and measured

gaze with which Sinon scanned his audience.


last

In spondaic lines the

word

is

usually a quadri-syllable in Vergil, but there are not a


rule.
the^

few exceptions to the


G9 70
71

?<;;f=Greek vvv, "at present moment." " now at last," " after all." ia7n deniqtte
:

cui

poscunt
my life
P.
:

" who have neither any place among the Greeks and

like-

wise the Trojans with hostile feelings {iu/ensi) clamor for the
of
3
;

forfeit

(literally,
(f),
i).

my life

with

my blood."

aii, scil. est

(F. 120,

82

poenas cum sanguine =poe7ias

et

sanguinem.

poena

cp. noivd, the wer-geld or


:

money paid
to purify
:

in

atonement

for a

crime committed

from root PU, "


this

" cp. purus, punio.

73

quo impetus

"by

lamentation our feelings were altered and


conversi, scil. su}tt
;

every thought of violence was suppressed."


also cotnprtssus,
scil. est.

so

74

hortatnur fari

see note on v.
is

64.

qtto

safiguine oetus,

scil. jiV

sprung:" dependent question (F. 176; r*. 99 (b) ) ; so also fei-at, sit. The words quo capto in oblique narration answering to quo sanguine cretus sis, quidveferas, memora,

"from what blood he

quae
P. 82

sit

fiducia
i.

(tibi)

capto

\\\

direct narration.

capto,

F. 120,

3;

(f),

n^/uerit quodcumquf. "whatever may betide," literally, "whatever shall have come of it " it is belter to take /iterit as the future per:

fect indicative, i.e.,

"I

shall confess

whatever shall

(as the result of

my
78
79

confession) have happened."

fuc, scil. esse.

hoc

pyimum,

^z\\.

Jatebor.

fiec^Jinget
in malice

"nor,

if

fortune hath

made

Sinon unhappy, shall she

make him

a cheat and a liar."

NOTES.
80
vauH/n, one wlio asserts what
is

41

not the fact, from ignorance, folly, or


to deceive.

mistake

mendacem, one who does so from a desire


"if, perchance,

%\fando

lugent:

descendant of Belus, hath at

by hearsay, any name of Palamedes, a all reached your ears, and his glory of

famous renown,
bade the war
for the

whom on

false information the Pelasgi sent

down

to

death, though he
;

was innocent, on wicked evidence because he fornow they bewail him bereft of light." Belides here,
Belides.

more common

Considerable latitude in quantity


incluta, gloria,

is

allowed in the case of proper names.

from same root


;

KLU, "

to \itdir," gloria

= clu-oria

cp. also lans

c lauds

cf. cliens.

Eng. /oud=A.S. hhid.


necem
cp.

-proditione=^crimine. Note

gained by the repeated in


:

insontem
6, 11
;

the emphasis

infando indicio.

7teci=ad
perf. part.

Iliad I,

oi careo.

casstim

3,

ipv^dg 'AiSi irpoiaipev.

cassiun
:

lumine, euphemism for


II.

mortuum

cp.

Homeric

rov JcCT/cdrof baot Kalvipev.

htmine: F. 309, 17; P. 85

(h).

83 -falsa
''^

stib

proditione: different interpretations of this are found: (l)


criinine proditionis,"
(2)

sub

falso

Servius

"Under
false
etc.
:

false

charge of

treason."
in the

" At a time

when

there

was a

alarm of treason
.

camp. "

Henry

cf.

sub node, sub sonino,

84

quia

vetabat.
F.

Note the
148,

force of the Indie


vetaret), but
(g).

not because they said


for-

he was forbidding {quia


bidding."

because he {actually) was

2; P. 99

Notice, here the supreme skill

with which Sinon excites the sympathy of the Trojans.

86

illi

annis

"

as his

a poor man, sent

me

comrade and nearly related in blood, my hither to the war from my early years."
:

father,
illi:

Note the emphatic position of this pronoun in arma {\) = in belluni, (2) "to the profession of arms." primis ab aimis (i) initio belli, or, (2) "from the first years of my manhood =^3 ineufite
:

aetate."

88

dum

gessimus

"while he stood unshaken

in

counsels of the chiefs, we, too,


indicative:

won

name and honor

royalty and potent in " dum, with


:

F. 201
:

P. 99

(f.).

regno = in regno;
yepSvTov.

so consiliis=

in consiliis

cp. the

Homeric

jiovTii]

90

pellacis

first

occurs here in Latin

derived from /r-/a;^z'^, "to allure":

said of one

who

allures another to crime.

According to Festus
Vergil had evidently
applies to

lacit decipiendo inducit,

lax etenim fraus


epithets
that

est.

in

his

mind the stock

Homer

Ulysse?

42
91

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

hand
the

ignota loquor
:

\\\\\\ igfiota

scil.

vobis or mihi.

In the

first

case

meaning is you kncnv the sloty : in the second, / speak things notfron mere hearsay. suptris oris " he left the upper regions," ora properly the coast line ; then a dividi.e., " the world above."

ing line of any kind.

Here

it
:

means the
cf.

line separating the


1,

world

above from the world below "into the realms of light." 92


adflicttis

Lucretius

22, in

luminis eras,

9.3

et

adjligo, to dash to the earth. aviici: "and in my own heart


the misfortune of

Iraheham

"crushed

dragged on

life in

gloom and

grief."

{meLiim), I brooded in wrath over

my

guiltless friend."
\vi\-periec\.%

mectim

alone by myself.

Observe the force of the


r*-

trahebat>i, ituiiguabar.

F. 2l6, 3

97

(1j)>

3.nd notice the

change to the perfect {tacui) in the next

line.

94

nee

movi

"nor

in

my

madness did
it

hold

my

tongue, and

vowed,

should chance ever bring

about, should ever I return to

Argos, as a victor, that I should be his avenger, and

my native by my words I
;

aroused fierce enmity."


aniens, '.'foolish"
;

demens, " downright

cp. afpuv.

tulisset
:

remeassein

mad

;" cp. napaippov


:

subjunctive of

oblique narrative

remeavero. Argos:
we
96
97
also

his

words would be si quae fors unquani ttilerit from the form Argi, Arxorttm (masc. pi.);
and
ace. neut. sing.

have Argos

norti.

tiltorem

vie ftitttrtim

esse ultorem.

verbis:

"by my
:

threats": abl. of
this

means:

<?/

is

epexegetic.

hinc

"hence," either from

time or from this cause.


:

prima malt

labes
lish,

" the

first slip

towards destruction "

labes

from labor: Eng-

shp.

98

hinc

arma:
my

"from

this

time Ulysses always continued to alarm

me

by new charges,
ing

to scatter dark sayings

purpose, sought for means to

amid the crowd, and, knowattack me." Note the histori-

cal infinitives terrere, spargere,

quaerere for imperfect indicatives

F. 216,

3,

note 2; P. loi
is

(d).

vulgum: one of the few places

where vu/gus

arma
100
)iic

masculine: F. 275 5 P- 48 (b). quaerere conscius others take this to mean, "to seek allies as a conspirator."

ministro:

Calchas."
is

"and, indeed, he did not rest till by the aid of Note the artful way in which Sinon breaks off when he

just on the point of arousing the curiosity of his audience and compare the sjieech of Marc Antony over the body of Caesar in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 2, Calchante tninistro
:

NOTES.
ablative absolute.
is

43

This
yet,

abrupt method of breaking off a discourse


aposiopesis.

called

by the grammarians

101

sed

revolvo?

"but

\why do
e.g.

recollections ? "

Distinguishyr/^j/nz said of the person


;

said of the result of the act

no purpose unroll these bitter ; nequidquam stiscipit frtistra laboretn, " he under-I to
\

takes this labor without profit": ftequidquam auxilium itnplorat

"he begs
scroll.

in vain for help."

revolvo: metaphor

is

taken from a

//^rm^ revolving on the spindle, or from turning over the pages of a

102

quidve

est:

"or why do
class,

delay, if you account all the


it

one and the same


Greek).
tino
:

and

is

sufficient to
orditie.

orditte

in

ttito

audio

be called
/loi

this

Achaeans in (name of
like

-= appellor,
:

the

Greek clkovu 726 Horace


:

op.
:

kqkSjc

okoveiv oh /itAei BavovTi

Eurip. Ale.
:

Ttt recte
3, 6.

vivis si ciiras esse

quod

atidis

Milton's

Paradise Lost,

Or hearst thou rather, pure ethereal Whose fountain who shall tell ?

stream,

YYiiamdudum

iamdttdum sumendas: sttmite poenas sumite poenas "take the vengeance, you should have taken long ago." With

stimere poenas, cp. Xa[ieii> AIkt/v


cp. diSovat. diKT/v,

"to exact a penalty -/'poenas "to pay a penalty."


:

dare,

104

Aoc

ve/it
98

"

this,

the chief of Ithaca


is

would wish " the conditional


:

clause si hoc faciatis


r.
(c).

understood: F. 139 (b) and 192,


Iihacus'= Ulixes.
(i).

II

(b)

Ithactis
I
;

= diix
P. 85

?nagtto:

"at a great

price :" F. 150,

105

ittm

causas

"then, indeed,
;

we

press on to ask and enquire the

cause."
\{)^

tuni vero

note the emphasis.

-ignari

Pelasgae:

"ignorant of wickedness so great and of Pelasgic


:

craft."

For the genitive F. 61, 3; P. 81, b (i). Pelasgae: the Pelasgi were a Thessalian or Epirotic tribe, applied afterwards to The word the Greeks in Eurip. Or. 857 and often in Vergil. seems to come from the same root as Tre/lAof, koIloq^ Keli6q Lat.
:

palleo, pallidus,

from their complexion.


false

lOlJictopectoi-e:
pectore here

"with

heart." F.

71,

/; P. 85

(e).

Possibly

= " emotion.
note the repetition: "often the Danai desired to take

\0% saepe

saepe:

their flight, leaving

Troy behind, and

to disband through weariness

of the long war."

In prose the repetition of saepe

saepe

would be

44
expressed thus:

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

"As
:

often as the Danai...,so often a storm pre-

vented them."

aipiere

= cupierttnt
;

bello goes

v/'v\.\\.fessi.

\\Qfectsse)tt(jtie ututain

explain fully the force of the


P. 98 (a) 2.

mood and

tense

with titinam
Ill

F. 138, 4 (c)

interclnsit, soil, eos:

"barred their way." Auster: from tiro, avu, parch; here the parching wind. eu7ifes "just going." This wind would be adverse for those sailing from Troy to Greece.
:

\2praecipt<e

nimbi
:

"most of all when

this horse already stood


all

framed
In
v.

with beams of maple, storm clouds roared over


16 the planks are spoken of as of pine
t)-al>ibtis
:

the sky."

in v.

86,

as of oak.
if.

abl.

means.

adhere; local ablative = /


;

rtf//i;

113

siaret=esset,

Heyne, Forbiger

but surely the

full

force of staret

is

here more vivid and poetic.

114

scitantem.
for

Another reading

is

scitattim,

probably an incorrect one,

the supine rarely governs a case: cp.

Livy

21,

6:

legati a

Sagutitinis

Romani tnissi aiixilium ad


was
at

bellum orantes.
at Patara,

The

great

oracle of Apollo

Delphi; others were

Delos and

other places.

115

adytis

" from the sanctuary

:" cp.

a^vrov {a not zx\^ 6vvai, to enter)

properly the inner shrine containing the image of the god.

116

sanguine

et

virgine cacsa: a hen(iiadys = ja^?';zij virginis caesae,

"with the blood of a maiden slain." The Greek fleet was detained by head winds at Aulis till Agamemnon consented to sacrifice liis
daughter Iphigenia to Diana.

\Ylcum primumveniitis
v.

F. 203,

2; P. 99 (F.) v; io ut

venit,

119.
:

118
121

litandttm

impersonal, "expiation must be made."


the subjunctive
'\n

iretnor parent;

parent
is

is

the subjunctive of de-

pendent question.
of each other, "for

The meaning

they shivered as they enquired

whom

fate prepares their

doom."

VII tnagno tumtiUu


123

" with boisterous vehemence."

quae

flagilat
;

"demands what
"all the while

that

heavenly intimation means:"

F. 176

P.

99 \iX).Jlagilare implies violence and persistency.


:

124

iam canebant

many

a one continued to warn me."


Vergil dignifies the
if

It is best to

take miki as an ethical dative.

warnings of the Greeks with the verb canebant as


oracular, for oracles were always given in verse.

they were

NOTES.
125 126
artificis: bis

45

"the contriver,"
:

?.iJ.,

Ulysses.
regulariy used with adverbs for the

quinos

the distributive

is

cardinal numeral.

/^^/5

either,

"shut up

in his tent" or

"con-

cealing his thoughts.

128
129
.

Itkaci=ducis Ithaci=Ulixis: see


cotnposito
:

v.

104.
silence :" literally

"by

concert."

rumpit vocem, "breaks


forth
:

" makes an utterance break


qt/ae

" cp. priyvvvai

fui'/jv.

130
*

ttdere'.

"the

ills

each

feared for

himself they bore with

when turned to unius: here. The whole


patience,

the destruction of one

unhappy man."
All

sentence

is

extremely sarcastic.
ills

men

bear lightly the

ills

of others
tide7-e

when such

do not

affect themselves.
:

Others take conversa

converteriint et iulertoit
With
tidere: cp.
//^^/i?.

" they turned


ir'krjciav
\

and carried
root TLA,

to very destruction."
cp. Scottish

with

"bear;"
:

132

sacra parari

i\\Q

sacra, "preparations for the sacrifice" are defined

in the next line.

parari: historical

infinitive: F. 216, 3,

note 2;

P. loi (d).

133

salsae friiges

the coarse barley meal mixed with salt (mohz salsa) was sprinkled on the head of the victim just before the sacrifice c\).
:

ovTjoxvrai.

vitlae not

merely the

priest,

but also the victims were

crowned with garlands.


134
eripid

rttpi:
:

"I broke away,


leto:

confess

it,

from death; and

I burst

my

bonds,"

ablative of separation.
sacrifice
:

Human
;

victims were

usually

bound
3.

for

cp. Genesis xxii, 9

Ovid. Eleg. ex

Pont
135

limosoque

lacti

"and

in

a miry marsh " note the alliteration.


:

Vergil

may have had


marsh
Sulla.

in his mind's eye Marius,

who

took refuge in the

at

obscurus in ulva

Minturnae when he was trying to escape the soldiers of "screened amid the sedge."
:

13&~deidui: from
sails, if

delitesco. dimi

dedissent

"till they

haply they should set them."


;

duiii

dareid
if

might
:

set their

for the

F. 201, 4

P.

99

(f), iii.

With darent
sail

vela, scil. ventis.

mood The mood

depends on the oratio obliqua.

In direct discourse this would be: (dtim vela


:

"

I shall lie hid

till

they set

dod)

they haply shall

have

set sail (siforte dederint) "

the future perfect indicative of the


:

direct narrative passes into the pluperfect subjunctive of the oblique

F. 207, 7

P. 107 (b).
scil. est.

%Zl-^fnihi

spes tdla,

46
138
dulces natos
:

veroil's akn.

b. ii.

some find a difficulty here, for in v. 87 the children of Sinon must have been considerably advanced in years.

139

quos

reposcent:
;

"of them
flight."

will they even


qzios

haply claim vengeance as


for the

due (re) for


F. 92 P. 83
:

my
(f).

poenas:

two accusatives:

14015/

piabunt

"and

they will wash away this crime by this wretched


force oi hanc.

death of mine."
141

Note the
"therefore,
is

F.

19, 5

P. 92 (a).

quodferentis:

whom
pity

the truth

sullied that is

by the gods above, by the deities to known, I beseech thee by all the faith yet un* any where left among mortals ; pity woes so great,
;

an undeserving
:

sufferer."
6,

quod: often used in introducing

adjurations
oro.

cp.

Aen.

per:
903
:

363,
is

the object of /t'r

quod te per caeli iuciinduni lumen the whole clause, siquaJides: Aen.
venia hostibus oro
:

>

10,
6,

per si qua
12, 56.

est viciis

cp.

Aen.

4,

3'7

459;

resist:

the doubt in Sinon's


is

being too sacred for one to violate

mind of any pledge expressed by the subjunctive.


i
;

What would
in

restat express?

F. 192,

laborufn miserere
word
is

= Gk.

avEV (contracted av), Eng.


:

un ; and
in

P. 99 (h). temerare,

intemerata:

"to profane."

distinguish
;

meaning and construction


(f)
iii.

misereor and miseror: F. 146, 7

P, 8 1

W^his lacrimis:
require.

indirect

object.

ultro (connected with

ultra):

the

applied to acts that go beyond what the circumstances

we
146
viro

also pity
:

Here the idea is, him unasked."

"we

grant

him not only

his life but

taken best as an ethical dative

others take

it

as the ablative of

separation

by an inversion of construction, the usual construction


niauicis atqzie artis levari vine lis
\

being f/rz/w
147 148
dictis
:

F. 138

P. 85 (h),

ablative of manner.

antissos

obliviscere Graios

hy prolepsis=amitte Graios

et obliviscere:

"let the Greeks go and forget them."


tion with obliviscor
:

What
(f) iii.

is

the usual construcis

F. 146, 7

P. 81

The meaning
:
;

the

Greeks are not to be regarded as your countrymen since their acts


are hostile.

Possibly amissos obliviscere Graios


lost." esse
:

"forget that the


P. loi
(b).

Greeks are
149
noster:

being understood.
cf. a/ie/ius,

F. 205

" one of us"

"a

foreigner."

A Roman general
:

receiving a deserter addressed


eris.

mihi roganii

him with

the words

quisquis es nosier

" and unfold the truth to

my

question."

NOTES.
150

47

quo

" to what end have they built this huge and monstrous immanis from in "not," and root MA, "to measure": hence immeasurable in size. Note the repeated questions well mark
:

siatuere

horse."

the impatience of Priam.

quis auctor ?

" who suggested

it

"

151

quaereligio?
prefix

RED

or

"what religious purpose did it imply?": religto horn RE LIG, "bind": the restraining feeling from a belief
:

in the unseen universe.

machina

connected with

uf/So/uai, fifjri^,

root MA,
:

"engine": from " to think."


in the crafts

(irixavTi,

fivxoQ

152

t//e, i.e.,

Sinon.
:

dolis

Pelasga
:

" stored

of the Grecian
the heiidisee v. 83.

wiles "

cf. II. 4,

339

KamlcL dokoLOL KiKaa/isve.


:

Note

adys in dolis

et

arte Pelasga

(abl. of

means).

For Pelasga

153

szistulit

-wilh. palma, cp. Tra/la//^ ablative of separation. palmas "blade of .an oar": root PAL or pad, "to spread": cf. palor, pando. Note the treachery of Sinon.
:

vinclis:
' : '

falmas:

"raised to the skies his hands freed from bonds."

154 155

ignes

heavenly bodies.
:

ensesque nefandi
cial knives.

"and ye

accursed knives, " referring to the

sacrifi-

156

hostia: from the obsolete hostio


qiiod est hostire ferire
:

"to strike:"
H&nce,
t/ie

hostia dicta est ab eo

Festus.

thitig strtick.

151/as itira
to

"it

is

right for

me

to break the allegiance I have sworn


Oifitg,

the Greeks."
:

Distinguish /as = Gk.

established right by

According to Servius sacratum itis = sacramentiun, the ordinary oath of a Roman soldier and iusiurdivine law
ins,

human

law.

andiim, the rights {iura) that that oath implies.

158

Note
qtia

the beginning of successive lines

aphora).

omnia sub

by the same word /as {anall

auras',

"bring
18, 13
;

things to light":

cp.

ayeiv vw' avyag

Ilor.
si:

Od.
F.

1,

sub divum rapiatn.

159

= quae,

after

132,

2; P.

26:

"whatever they keep

secret."

160

tu

repettdam
and

"only do you abide by your promise, and do thou,


if I

Troy, preserve faith with thy preserver,


shall

shall

reveal

the

truth

make a
:

large recompense."
is

"Whh promissis

tnanere,

cp. stare iusiurando

the ablative
coepti

local or of means.

162

Danaui = Danaori(fn.
it

belli:

"confidence

in

undertaking

the war," equivalent \o /iducia qttd bellum incepertint, others take


to

be the genitive of reference or a causal genitive.

48
163

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

Palladis

stetit:

"by

Pallas' aid ever stood

used in the sense of "to remain firm," "to stand secure": cp. Verg. Georg. 4, 208: stat
phalic position of Palladis.
slo is often

firm."

Note

the em-

Fortuna donius
164

Hor. Od.

3,

3,

42

stet

Capiiolium.

auxiliis

is

ablative of instrument.

sed

enitii

"but, indeed, ever since the wicked son of Tydeus and

Ulysses, the contriver of crimes,

dium from her sanctuary and


height."
I^-

impius,

made bold to tear the fated Palladown the sentries on the towered on account of Diomede wounding Venus (Homer
cut
:

330"347):

scelertim inventor

see note on v. 90.

ex quo,

scil.

ternpore

we have
;

a similar omission in Gk. ff


there
is

ov, scil. j^^powv.

-^sed enim = a7Jka yap

always an
:

ellipsis after these

words

aKpdTroAic or abs. summa arx corripuere "(ever since) they 167


abl.
:

" but (a change came) for, tic." fatale the preservation of Troy was linked by fate (fatalis) with the preservation of the Palladium or image'of Pallas ; cp. M. Arnold "Backward and forward rolled the waves of fight round Troy but while this stood Troy could not fall." caesis ctistodibus,
which may
in this case
:

be supplied thus

aKpr/ rroAtg.

?netts

seized

the holy image and

dared with bloody hands to touch the maiden chaplets of the goddess, from that time the hope of the Greeks ebbed and slid away back-

virgineas vittas

mind of the goddess estranged." was worn by both matrons and maids, which in some respects differed cf. the "snood " worn by maidens and the "coif" or " curch " worn by the married women among the Scottish women of the former days. Scott's Heart of Midlothian, " Tresses of long, fair hair, which chap, xxii Effie dared
wards, their strength was broken, the
:

the

fillet

no longer confine with the snood or riband, which implied purity of maiden fame." So also Una in Spencer's Fairie Queen, I, 3, 4
From her
ex
illo,

faire

head her

fillet

she undight.
historical infinitive

scil.
:

Jluere ac tempore.

7-eferri,

=/fMx:V

ac relata est
final

a metaphor from the ebb and flow of the

tide.

The

monosyllable as well as the rhythm describes the abrupt and


tide.

slow motion of the


171

neemonstris

" and by no uncertain tokens did the Tritonian goddess give signs thereof." Tritonia scil. dea derived probably from TpirSg "third"; yiyvo/^ac "to be born": therefore "born on the third of the month," hence called TpcT6fi7/ucg, or from the three phases of the moon. Other derivations are given. See Proper Names.
:

NOTES.
ea signa
:

49

cp.

Aen.
12,

4, 237, hie nuntius,

has poenas;

468,
;

hoc metu.

monstrum = mone strum


Homer

"news

of this"

7,
:

595,

from

moneo "to warn "


i72
vix

hence

"a

warning."
are fond of put-

arsere

note that Vergil and especially

where we would place one clause subordinate to the other {hypotaxis) ; "scarcely was the image placed in the camp, when there flashed forth sparkling flames from its upraised /positum scil, est', see v. 10. eyes." castris=itt castris. minibus ablative of separation. arreciis, raised eyes were significant of fury just as downcast eyes were a sign of sullen anger cf.
ting co-ordinately (parataxis)

Aen.
173

I,

482

diva

solo fixes oculos


is

aversa ienebat.
;

salsus sudor:

sweat
cp.

naturally salt

the epithet adds to the realism

of the description.

The sweating

of images was looked upon as


:

portentous

qtiatttwr signa sangui7i

Livy 22, I. scuta duo sangtiiue sudasse multo sudasse.


:

27, 4,

174

terque

trenteniem
tell,

"and

thrice

from the ground the goddess

herself,

wonderful to
spear."

leaped forth bearing her buckler and quivering


:

solo: abl. of separation

dictu: give the construction of


174, 2

etnicuit:
175

the supines in -ot and -u respectively: F.

and 3;

P. 105.

"flashed forth," the apparition of the goddess suddenly

appearing and then disappearing like lightning.


extemplo taken with canit: "Calchas at once prophesies that the sea

must be hazarded

in flight,

nor

may

Troy's towers be overthrown by

at Argos, and bring back that divine presence which they have borne over the deep on their carved ships. " temptanda scil. esse alluding to the dangers
:

Argive weapons unless they seek anew auspices

of the deep.

canit, often said of oracles, as these


aei(5w

meter measure and probably chanted: cp.


21, 2
;

were in the hexaThucydides 2,


:

Tjiov xpV'^u.ovq i^avTo'iovq.Pergcuna {-oruni), neut.


:

pi.

citadel of Troy"

bury:
to the

cp. 'Kvpy6Q,

"tower": English

burgh,

borotigh,

"the

Q^xmscn. biug, properly

"a

fortress."

ni repetant, alluding

Roman custom
to take

of returning to the city of

Rome
:

from the

camp

anew

the auspices, if anything unlucky happened.

For subjunctive: F. 193, ii (b) ; P. 99 (h). Argis from the nom. pi. Agri -drum we also find Argos neut. nom. and ace. from root ARG, "bright," hence ihQ vforA mz.Y Taea.n Brighton cp.
:

argentum, apyog.
pelago: the

numen way by which

the favoring presence of the god.


is

often put in the ablative: cp.


:

Cic.

Fam.

X,

via breviore equites praemisi

Livy,

37,

14

Aegaeo

60

Vergil's aen. mari traiecit. ciirvis Homeric vr;tq yka<^vpai^

b.

ii.

cariiiis

abl.

of accompaniment

cp.

the

vrjeg Ko'iXai.

180

et

nunc aderunt: "and now in that they have sought their native Mycenae with the wind and are gathering arms and gods to attend
quod
ii,
:

them, after remeasuring the sea, they will be here unawares."

remenso
V. 46.

meaning "as to the


:

fact

that" with the indie.


:

F. i8i, 2; P.

209.
see

from remetior

passive use of a deponent verb

181

digcrit: literally,

"arranges" /.e., " expounds " must be taken to propitiate the gods.
:

in detail

what course

183

/lancpiaret
for the

"this image at his warning they reared in recompense Palladium and the injured deity, to expiate the horror of sacrilege." moniti scil. ab Calchante. pro nunihte laeso, i.e., to

make amends
ut ea: F. 184

for the offences


:

committed against the

deity.

quae=

P. 93, iv.

185

hanc

tueri: " yet Calchas bade them raise it to this vast size with oaken cross-beams, and build it up to heaven that it might not find entry within the gates nor be drawn within the city, nor protect your people under the shelter of the old faith." tamen in spite of the protestations of Sinon that the withdrawal of the deity would hasten Note that we have Sinon's own words 180-188, the doom of Troy.
:

and 189-194; the words of Calchas are in oblique narrative. caelo Note that ne aut are =^ ad caelum: v. 19. portis intra portas. cumulative, the aut connecting parts of the same general idea, neque

= necque,
189

introducing another idea.


violavisset

domim
direct

Miiiervae, objective genitive, "gift to Minerva."


for

pluperfect subjunctive in indirect discourse


:

future

perfect

of

F. 207, 7

P. 107

(b).

\^()quodconvertant: "which
reaches you.
scil.

evil

may
4
(c)

the gods
;

first

turn on himself:"
i.e.,

for the subjunctive see F. 148,


it

P.

98 {x).prius,

before

ipsum

Calchanta.

Yi\fnturum,
192

esse: indirect discourse following the verb of saying

im])lied in iussit.

sin

"if on the other hand."


:

\^Zullro

"unchallenged," see

v. 59.

Asia would not merely repel the


carry on an offensive

invading Greeks, but

\\o\\\6. further

war against

them.

Pelopea moenia=-Argos, founded

by Pelops.

NOTES.
194
et

51

" and such destiny awaited the descendants of us :" with nepotes eafata; cp. vtagnuin exilium,y. 190. nostras', of us Greeks.
: :
-.

V^operiuri per in periuro, perhirus, perfidits is not per intensive as in permapius, but a remnant of the same word found in Gk. napd " hence, "away frona." cp. napd(j>puv, "beside one's self
:

196audita

scil.

est: so

mptz

scil.

suwus.
I,

coactts,

"forced," hence,

"unnatural:"

cp.

Ovid, Am.,

8,

83: discant oculi lacrimare


coacto.

coacti: luvenal, 13,

133: vexant ocidos Jmtnore

197

Note nequenec

non non : such variations are not allowable in Larissaeus, from Larissa, the chief town in Phthia, a district prose. ofThessaly, from which Achilles came, meaning "Rock-town" according to Leaf. It is found in both European and Asiatic Greece.
;

\C)9hicmagis: "here, another


rible
is
I
;

sight, greater, alas,

and

far

more

ter-

120,

presented to us hapless mortals." iem scil. nobis: F. The famous group of statuary representing P. 82 (e) ii.

the death of

Laocoon and

his

near the baths of Titus on


Vatican.

two sons was discovered in A.D. 1506 tlie Esquiline hill and is now in the

Compare

carefully Vergil's pen-picture with the piece of statuary.

"What are the discrepancies and how would you account for them? Note (l) the serpents /ri"^ {primtim) kill the two sons and afterwards {post) seize the father as he comes to the rescue ; but according
to the sculptor the serpents are

twined about and

kill

the father and

the sons simultaneously.


(2)

In the statuary the figures are nude; in the story, the prob-

ability is that the father, at

any

rate,

would have on

his priestly

vestments.

Henry
Such
is

says,

" Sculpture could not represent

successive acts

the
.
.

chisel could fix

no more than a

single instant of fleeting time.

the infinite inferiority of sculpture, and of painting, to

poetry.

The

sculptor, or painter, labors

day and

night,

and

for

years together,

on one

object

and, in the end, his work, repre-

senting but an instant of time, fails to present to the

mind

as

many

ideas as the poet supplies in half a dozen lines, the work,

perhaps, of half an hour."

improvida pectora:

"our benighted minds": improvida,


F. 134, 2

i.e.,

not foreseeing the future.

iOl

Neptuno
82,
f,

dative of reference used for the genitive

P.

i:

ductus sorte:

literally

"drawn by

lot," i.e.,

chosen by

52
lot
:

Vergil's aen.
a

b. ii.

Roman custom
54
:

is

here ascribed to the Trojans

cp. Tacitus

Ann.

I,

sorte

dudi

e primoribus civilatis

wius

et viginii, soiIus

202

soUemnes:

"accustomed": derived from Oscan


originally applied to religious feasts

= tohts
:

and

annus
203

held yearly

*hence,

accustomed.
ecce: observe the

dramatic order of the Latin by translating

"but

from Tenedos over the tranquil deep I shudder while I tell the tale two serpents with enormous coils press down the seas and advance side by side to the shore." gemini often used for dtto:
lo!

cp.

Aen.

5,

162, gemiiii scopiili: 5,


:

sunt gewi'nae soinni portae

tmtnensis
mane
:

6,

7^9

266; geminos lebetas 6, 894, ^"<^ geminas jtunc Jlecte acies.


: :

orbibiis

ablative of quality

F.

131,9: P. 85

(c).

206

arrecta, scil. sunt: cp. Pindar,

"rear up."

The

traditional sea-serpent

had a

^aiCLV Tjlvde;
:

Pyth. lO, 47 : koX 7roiKt?.ov Kapa ApaKovruv <p6Plautus Amphi. 5, I, 56: devolatit an^ues jiibaii.

Livy 43, 13 in aede Forturiae anguetn jubatttm a comp'.uribus visum esse. Evidently Pliny, a good authority in Natural History,
disbelieves the truth of this
:

cf.

Ii, yj,

draconimi cristas qui viderit


7,

non

reperitur.

Milton {^Paradise Lost,

495) follows the traditional

account

The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field, Of huge extent, sometimes, with brazen eyes And hairy mane terrific. 207
pars

legit

the other part (of the body) skims the sea behind, and

in rolling folds they writhe their


(so also

monstrous backs."

The verb

lego

Gk.
:

2*' )-w

German
9,

lege7i) is
:

often said of a person picking

one's steps

cp.

Aen.

392

vestigia retro observata legit.

Here

said of the monster.

209^^
is

sonitus spuniante salo


s's

recurring

{onomatopoeia)

Note the hissing sound imitated by the "as the sea surges into foam, a sound
:

heard."

1\0 ardentesque

ora;
ace.

"and with

their blazing eyes .suffused with blood

and

fire,
:

ocidos
212

they licked with quivering tongues their hissing mouths."


of specification
:

F. 98, 3

P. 83 (e)

iii.

Note

also

here the r sound.

visw. ablative of cause.

agmine

certo

agmen properly a moving {ago):


(2)

hence

"with unwavering course." (l) an army on the march;


here.

a moving, advance.

Both ideas are involved

NOTES.

53

213 According
braeus
:

to Hyginus the two sons were Antiphantes and according to others, Ethron and Melampus.
their fangs."

Thym-

215

morsn

" with

2\&^ost=postea.auxi!io:
dative of purpose
:

"to
I,

their
l
;

help," literally,
:

F.

34,

P. 82 (c)

some say an

"for a help," ablative of

instrument.

The

force of sub:

sttbire,

succurrere subsidium con-

veys the idea of support

cp. v. 467.

218

dati
bis

their scaly bodies."

tmesis (a
to

" twice encircling his waist, twice encircling his neck with dati-circumdati is an example of circtwi figure in which the preposition is separated from the verb

which
:

it

belongs). c^//^

is

adative. ^f^r^'-a

is

accusative of specifi-

cation

see v. 56.
altis
:

219

superant
necks."

capite

cervicibus

" they tower above him with their heads and lofty ablative of measure: F. 58, 6; P.
:

85

(lO:

22Qille

the position of the pronoun indicates a change of subject. /:

dit divellere

"struggles to tear asunder."

22\perfustis

veneno:

"having

his

fillets

steeped in gore and black


v.

venom": for the accusative see "to bend" or " twist together "
felloe": English
w/Z/^f.
scil.

note
:

56: vittas from root VI,

cp. vitis, vimen, vieo: FiTvg,

"a

223

qua/is mugitus:
saitcii:

toUit=iales mugitus
is

tollit

quales sunt tauri

" he

raises

such bellowing as
is

(the bellowing) of a
II,

bull."

The

simile

found in Homer,

20,

wounded 403. Note fiigit

perfect (corresponding to the

gnomic

aorist of the Greeks) often

expresses an act repeated or customary.

The

simile

may have been

suggested by the fact


at the

tliat

time

(v.

202).

Laocoon was engaged in sacrificing a bull The bellowing and the struggling of a victim
signs.

at the altar
sit

were looked upon as ill-omened


oi varepov nporspov.

In fugitexcus-

we have an example

22'ii/icertamsea(rim: "shakes from his neck the erring a\e."iHcertam, i.e., ill-aimed; cp. certa hasta, "an unerring spear": cnta
sagitta,

"an arrow

that strikes the spot

aimed

at."

seairim: what

words of the third declension have

-iin in ace. sing. ? F. 40.


:

225 at:

introduces a change of subject


:

7.OZ. lap siieffugiunt

"glide in flight":
:

motion escape. "^


luo

lapsu

abl.

the high sanctuary,"

i.e.,

to

aTap.gemini see note v. literally "with gliding "to delubra ad suinma of manner. the ciude\.de/zibrum (from de and
cp.
'.

= 2.ovu, "wash")

the place of expiation, hence

"a

shrine."

64

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

Distinguish in meaning draco: from root


iEpKOfiai)

drak,

to

"look"

(cp.

hence "the bright eyed;" aiigids (from ango, o.yX^i "choke"), "that which chokes or squeezes its prey": serpens (from

serpo=-kpTru "creep"),

"

that

which
adj.

creeps.

226

Tritottidis scil. deae;


Tritoiiitis
:

we have

Tritonis, gen.

7riiotiidis

and

for

derivation see note on v.


:

\-i\.saevae\ in with-

holding her protection from the Trojans

see v. 163.
:

227

tegnnt!(r=se iegu7it
passive voice.

"they conceal tliemselves "

reflexive use of the

228

a*nctis

= cuncioyuin

see note on v. 201.

229et/eru}tt: "and they say that Laocoon has paid the penalty of his crime deservedly." scelus=poenas scehris Aen. II, 208: cp. scelerum poenas expendimus nines.
\

230

qui=qiiippe qui, utpote qui or


F. 198,

qmtm

is

"seeing that he outraged"

4;

P. 93,

iv.

Compare

the curse on the sailor

who

killed

the albatross in Coleridge's Ancient Alariner.

231 tergo

and 52 where the "side," "belly," and "womb" of But tergus, tergoris and tergum, -i may mean simply "hide" and may apply to all parts of the body. laeserit
:

cp. v. 51
is

the beast

struck.

intorserit, are causal subjunctive or subjunctives of virtual oblique

narrative.

233

see note

v. 66.

234

dividimtis

tirbis

" we cleave the walls and we throw open


Generally tnoenia (root
city for defensive
is

to

view

the battlements of our city."

MUN, "to
:

defend ")
(

\^

an outer wall of a
the

purposes

mums

= rminrus from

same

root)

a general term for a wall of any


cp. Aen. 6, 549

kind.

Here, however, ninrus must mean the outer wall, while


:

tnoenia must be the fortified dwellings within


iHoenia lata vidit triplici circumdata micro.

235

accingunt=se accingunt

'.

see v. 227, literally "gird themselves,"

j'.^.,

apply themselves, alluding to the long loose robes of the ancients

which were tucked up for active work : hence succinctus, cucinctus, "active"; discinctus, "idle." rotarum lapsus = rotas labentes "smoothly gliding wheels": cf. Hor. Od. I, 12, lO fluminum lapsusJlumina labentia : cp. Soph. Elec. 216 -pox^JV j3aattg.

237

siuppea

intenditnt

"draw

taut

alluding to the senators and

upon its neck the hempen bands :" young nobles of Rome drawing the

NOTES.
tettsae

55

or sacred cars containing the images of the gods, which were


to

drawn

and from the

capitol.

238;//a armis=/eta annaiis


239

virts

"teeming with armed men."


"chant hymns." Vergil is at the secular games when

sacra ca^nint = sacra cartnina ca7iunt:

evidently thinking of the

hymns chanted

maidens and youths sang songs to Apollo and Diana.

240

minans
with

"towering high glides into the midst of the city:" meaning of minor cp. Aen. i, getninique tnittanhir in caelum scopidi: from root MIN, "project": cp. tnoiis mitiae, "the
:

urbi

this

gable ends of a house."

241

Note
old
sill

the feeling expressed by this outburst.

The

line

is

a quotation

from Ennius.

242

Dardaiiidum = Dardaiiida7-um.
it

ipso
:

siibstitit

stood

still."
:

limen = iigmcn

from

iigo,

"at the very thresh"bind:" hence the

of the door

here the ground of the breach.


;

porlae:

connected

with per,

TvopoQ, Trcpdu

English -/are in thorovigh/hre, A. S. faran,

"to go."
243 244 245 246
ulero
:

ablative of specification.
' :

immemores
sac)-ala

'

regardless.
:

arce=in sacrata arce

v. 8.

hi7!c

Teucris:
that

"then, too, Cassandra opened her


to be

lips to

speak the

doom

by heaven's command, never believed by the Trojans." etiamx besides other warnings. For the story see Cassandra in Proper Names. credita verbs that govern a dative
lips,
:

was

in the active are

almost always used impersonally in the passive, only


:

in poetry

have we a few examples of the personal use of such verbs Horace has imperor, invideor: Ovid, credor more than once.
Ttucris
:

dative

F. 164,

I ;

P.

II,

57.

248

nos

urbem:

last,

whom that day was to be the deck the shrines of the gods throughout the city with festal
"we, poor
esset

wretches, to

boughs. "

qnibus

the subjunctive
i.e.,

may be

either causal or

concessive: implied in the relative,


esset

quibiis esset =quippe is tiobis

or quamvis ttobis esset: F. 196 and 198; P. 99. vehimus coronamus : Aen. 3, 405 ; 3, 545 ; 5, 72 cf. Homer II. I, 39
:

fZ -KOTE

roL ;(apiiuT' etti vr/ov Ipeipa.

The
:

leaves

would be those of
;

the.trees sacred to each particular

god

of laurel, to Apollo

oak, to

Jove

myrtle, to Venus, etc.

66
250
vertitur

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

Jiox
The

" meanwhile the sphere of heaven wheels round, and


vertitur
:

night rushes from the sea. "


vqice.

reflexive use of the passive

ancients believed that the heavens consisted of two

hemispheres, one of light and the other of darkness, and by the


revolution of those light and darkness were produced
:

cf.

Milton,

Paradise Lost,

9,

52
and now from end
to

end

Night's hemisphere had veiled the horizon round.

Night
ing day.

is

said to

'

rush

up from the ocean

'

in pursuit

of the retreat-

251

Note the
et

effect

of the heavy spondees of this line.

^I^fiisi per w-bcm: "stretched out to rest throughout the town": so fusi per herbani, said of the revelling crew of Aeneas Aen. i, 214.
:

254

Tenedos

"and by

this

time the Argive host was setting out


ittsiructis

from

Tenedos with

its

array of ships."

navibus

note

the military term.

255

tacitae

lunae

"amid

the favouring stillness of the quiet

moon."

Two directly

opposite views have been taken of this passage.

say that the passage shows that the


others that there

Some moon was quietly shining, was no moon shining. Some quote in support of
:

the latter view Milton, Samsoti Agonistes


dark

And
Hid

silent as the

moon,

When
in

she deserts the night,


her vacant interlunar cave.

From v. 340 we know that the moon was up. Vergil brings out prominently the light and calm of the night so as to further the
designs of the Greeks.

256

flammas

extiilerat

"when
is
is
:

the royal bark had raised aloft the

fire

signal": this clause

subordinate to the clause containing ibat

with which laxat

co-ordinate, laxat being a historical present.


cp.

With regia
3: poop."
Sc.

ptippis
art

Shakespeare, Henry JV.,

Pt.

I,

Act
(f)

3,

"Thou

our admiral, thou bearest the lantern in the


v.

effero is the technical

For quuia with the indie, see F. 203, 2; P. 99 word "to raise " the standard.
:

257

fatisqiie

iniquis
zeugma
and

" protected by the malign decrees of heaven."


in laxat:

258

Note

the

"(releases) the Greeks pent

up

in the

womb

stealthily loosens the pine bars."

NOTES.
263

57
the
first

It is difficult to see if

Machaon was

to issue

from the horse


imitation of
lacjv
:

why he

should be mentioned seventh.

It

may be an
iroi/xeva

Homer, II. II, 505: apiarEvovra Maxaova, some translate it " peerless."
265
so/nno vinoqiie sepultum
best to
:

hence

"buried in a drunken slumber." It is an example of hendiadys = 5(7w(? -vinoso. Ennius (A. 8) has the expression vino domiti somnoque sepiilti. Hence some look on sepultum in this passage of Vergil as a zeugma,

make somno

vinoqtie

"o'ercome with wine and buried words precludes this.


206
267
/'orlis
:

in sleep,"

but the order of the

abl. of

means.
:

agmina

iunguut

scil. sibi

"unite to themselves their confederate

bands."

268

7nortaHbus
7-aptatus

aegris
bigis
:

cf.

Homeric

6tilolGL (ipoTolai.
car,

272

"dragged along by the


Achilles
fastened
his

as formerly."

After

slaying

Hector,
it

body

to his chariot

and

dragged

thrice
:

around the walls of Troy.


his swollen feet."

273

traiectus

lora

"having had thongs bored through

We

sometimes find Latin verbs used in a middle sense expressing the action done to one's self by some one else, or done to one's self, The accusative in this case resembles in imitation of the Greek. cp. note on mamts, v. 56. the accusative of specification
:

274

Note the force of


4
(b)
;

zY/ti

cp. iKeiwf,

"that

illustrious

Hector": F. 118,

P. 92

(c).

275

qui

Achilli: "who returns having a graphic present for


redit
'.

donned the

spoils of Achilles."

is

tlie

perfect rediit.

exuvias

we

can say in the active, exuvias mihi induo, and in the passive, exuvias
ego induor or exuviis vie induo
as
if

and

exiiviis ego

induor. Achilli:

from the nominative Achilleus, gen. Achillei, contracted Achilli: Hector slew Patroclus, who had donned see note on Ulixi: v. 7. the armour of his friend Achilles.

276

vel

igftis

scil.

qui redit

"who

returns after hurling the Phrygian

flames against the ships of the Gxtsks."puppibus = inpuf'pes: see

note V. 36.

277

squalentetn

barbam

patrios,

scil.

qualis erat

'

'

Ah me

how

sad

he looked, wearing as he did a squalid beard and hair all matted with blood, and all the many wounds which he received around his

58
ancestral wcills."

Vergil's aex.
vuhiera
:

b. ii.

the

wounds he received by being

dragged around the walls of Troy.

279

ultro

without waiting for an answer: see

v.

^^.Jlens ipse: "in

tears too

myself"
'.

281

lux Dardaniae
vi. 6, 0d6jf

lux

is

6'ETapoiGiv t&i/Kev: 2

" the light of Israel":

Homeric ^dof, "safety": cp. Horn. II. Sam. xxi, 17, when David is called Luke ii, 32, ^6Jf f a-rrom'Xv'ijJiv eOvuv.
the
' :
'

283

expectate

vocative for nominative

from what regions dost thou,


exclamatory join with aspiciinferred from the

Hector, long expected,

come?"
:

itt:

The meaning of tit in such cases must be context, here zdut libente "how gladly "
mus.
!

l^^^labores
285
quae

'.

cp. vrt^wf

"sufferings."
cruel cause has

voltus?
?

"what

marred the serene beauty of

thy face

"
scil.

287

iUe

mihi,
5,

respondit:

see

note v. 42.
:

nee

7noraiur\
:

"nor

pays he any heed to

my

idle question "

for this use of vioror; cp.

Aen.
Epist.

400,
I,

7iec

dona moror,

"nor can

I for gifts"

so Horace

15,

17: vina nihil moror

illius

orae:

2,

I,

164:

nii

moror officiuni quod me g'/'avat.

im7iatedea: "goddess-bom"
290
ruit
II.

iQxded: F. 156, 4: P. 85
very summit
is

(h).
:

Troia
13, 772,
:

" Troy from


fj/lf TO

its

sinking in ruins"

cp.

-Kaaa

kcit'

aKpyg

'ITiiog anrEivij.

291

.frt/

to

datum Priam "

" you have


sat

fulfilled

your duty to your native land and


satisdare
is

satis

used as an indecl. neut.

a legal

phrase forgiving security for payment of a debt, here for the pay-

ment
292 293
hac
:

itself,

more connnonly expressed by


hand) of mine."

satisfacere.

" by

this (right

sacra stiosqtie

Penates:

"her

rites

and household gods."

sacra:

seems to be a general term for the religious ceremonies, and penates

What the penates were it is difficult to say. They were probably national deities represented in little images of wood or stone, and the word may be derived from PA, "to protect" or " feed " cp. pater, pascb, pcnus.
a particular term.
:

294

his

ponto:

"for these seek a

city,

a mighty

city,

which thou

shalt

erect at length after

wandering over the sea."

This of course refers

to the future city of


this

Rome.

vioenia quaere,

punctuation (the one adopted in our text),

magna magna is

quae',

with

predicative:

NOTES.

59
The other punctuation, howis common. " (the image oQ Vesta wearing

"which thou
296
viitas

shalt build

mighty."

ever, moenia quaere

magna, pererrato,
:

VestajuqiieVestam vittatam
"
:

fillet

hendiadys.
:

297

aeternum

iptem

the pe^iates of the family were closely identified

with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth. In the temple of Vesta at Rome, " the eternal fire " was maintained, the extinguishing of

which foreboded the

doom
more

of the

city.

298

diverso

is filled with tumultuous woe "throughout the city meanwhile confusion reigns with manifold cries of agony." Iticiu the wailing for the lost. Possibly diveiso means " in a distant quarter of the city." Note the emphatic position oi diverso. This, with the latter

htctu:

" meanwhile

the town

in all directions," or,

freely,

interpretation,

is

particularly significant as
:

marking the

transition.

299

viagis

magis
by

join with clarescmit

clearer

and clearer." secreta obtecta both predicates of recessit: " though my father Anchises' house lay deep withdrawn and
:

" the noises begin to grow

screened

trees."

In

Homer

Anchises

is

not an inhabitant of

Troy, but an independent prince of Dardania.

20\armoruique
ingruit
grits
: :

"and the clash of arms rolls onward." gar, "to call" or "shout": cp. garrire, gartdtts, ylpavo^, jTjpvsiv. Note the imitative harmony produced by
root

horror:

the recurring of the r sound.

302

excutinr

middle, " I shake myself from


:

?\q^^.'''' fastigia

properly
iecti,

the gable of the roof

here put for the roof

itself.

Fastigia

i.e., iectu7?i fastigatum,

a sloping or ridged

roof.

304

The construction
The
simile
is

is

adsio veJiiti..,.sttipet pastor.

The

contrast

is

between Aeneas listening to the din of battle and the shepherd hearing the roaring of a conflagration or a torrent from the top of a crag.
suggested by Homer,
II.

4,

455.

Cp.

Thomson's

imitation in his .Sfax^^w,

Autumn,
:

v.

idp'T^a^.furetitibiisAustris:

" when the winds are raging "


305

abl. abs.
:

montano JlumiMe is a kind of ablative of quality with iorrens "a whirling mountain torrent," or "the roaring torrent of a mountain
stream."

306

sternit

sternit

note the rhetorical effect gained by repetition, and

cp.

}p.i^,

ftiimtisfuit

560, subiit

subiit.

boumque labores

483, adparet

adpare7tt
the

-.

499, vidividi:
(iouv.

is

Homeric ipya

60
307
inscius
:

Vergil's aen.
not

b. ii.

knowing what

to

make of it because he
"the truth
is

is still

dazed.

309

manijesta:

makeyft/(jj-

Others one of the nominatives to patescunt, but the two distinct predicates have double the force and energy of a single predicate.
evident."
:

perhaps a predicate,

Danaum
310
d^d/i

see v.
:

\i,.^fides here
:

is

not "faith," but "that which


r/v'

causes faith "

cp. iriarig

Sophocles Electra 877,

ISovaa

Tvlariv.

rtnnam

"has

fallen in ruins," literally,


;

"has made a

fall."

dare,

from root

DHA

cp.

Tid?;/j.i

is

often used in the sense of


first

"make":
attacked
is

That the house of Deiphobus was evident from Homer, Od. 8, 517
vSfiovg eOtike.
:

okTMv

6' oXk'Q actie

noTuv Kepac^efiev

anvfiv,

avrap 'OSvGafja wpoTi


^Tifievai ijvT'

dcjfiara A7j'i(j)d^ov

Apr/a avv avrideu MevE/ldtj.

311

Vukano superante
gontis quae
7tymy).
figure.

abl. abs.

"amid

the overpowering flames":


Ucaleg07i=-domiis
Ucale-

Vulcanus = ignis {metonymy).

p)oxi7nus
is

proxima erat Note the lively

the owner

put for the house {meto-

effect

of the sudden introduction of the

312

igni

relucent
is

"gleam with

the blaze."
-e,

What words
;

in the
(c).
:

3rd

declension

may have

the ablative in

or -i? F. 40

P. 49

313

This

a fine example of imitative harmony {onomatopoeia)


is

the

braying of the trumpets


give signals in battle.

well represented by the

r'j.

anachronism here, as trumpets were not used in


" nor in (taking) arms

There is an Homer's time to

314

necarmis
satis.

is

armis = in armis capiendis.


dative oi purpose
:

there any reason good."

sat

315

bello

"but

my

feelings

burn to gather a troop

for

war.

ZX^^furor

armis:
is

how noble me that it


est

it is

"fury and wrath drove me headlong, and I think succurrit literally, "it occurs to to die in arms." noble" cp. Horace, Od. 3, 2, 13: dtdce et decorum
:
:

pro patria mori.


:

318

telis

ablative of separation
:

F. 309, see F.

27; P.

85, k.
75.

i.

Z\^Othryades
321
trahit:

for patronymics

304(h); P.

zeugma: " carries the sacred vessels and the conquered gods in his hands and hurries along his little grandson." For the latter meaning cp. v. 457> puerum Astyanacta trahebat, Sacra scil. vasa.

NOTES,
Henry, however, remarks on this:
sacra,
''

61
Deos
is

the explanation of

and the meaning

is,

not

'tlie

sacred objects and the gods'


first

images' but 'the sacred images of the gods,'

because Panthus

would be too much encumbered by three different objects sacred things, gods' images, and his grandson : and secondly, because we find ^acr^z by itself and without explanation meaning 'sacred images.' Ovid, Met. lo, 696 and Fasti i, 527."

cursu:
322
qtio

"distractedly":

literally

"with speed." /zwawa


our state?" or
i,

"to

the house of Anchises."

Panthu?
our state

literally
?

"in what
/(7cci:=^/<^

position

is

"how
sit
is

fares
res

"(7^

statu: Hor.

Ep.

12,

Romaua

loco.

stimma

25: quo
res

res

Nettleship shows that

summa

an old phrase for the later res publica, "our all," "the main chance." Others take the meaning to be, "where is the struggle Panthu vocative: Panthus -TldvBovq = JlavQooq voc. hottest?"

TiavQoe, HavQov.

premlimus

the indicative

is

far

more

vivid than

the customary subjunctive,

"what

stronghold are

we

to

occupy?"

Henry's interpretation is : " If we throw ourselves into the " arx" what kind of an ^^arx" shall we find it to be? Is the " arx" any
longer defensible?"
Certainly this interpretation, although some-

what
the

strained, relieves the question of that insipidity


it.

which otherwise
to

characterizes
first,
'^

This second clause then becomes a supplement


res

quo

summa
to

loco?'''

quite in accord with V's style.

The

fact that

Panthus has just come from the "arx" and that

Aeneas has resolved


interpretation.

go thiiher

(v.

315) lends force to Henry's

Zl'icumreddit

F, 203, 2

P.
v.

99

(f.

v.

Z2.\ summa dies: see note on


evitable

Ii.

itiehictabile

hour"

in Gray's Elegy.

Dardaniae

iempus
:

cp.

"the

in-

dative.
:

Zlhfuimusfuit; the perfect of ^; is oken.\x?,edi euphemistically "we were," but "are no longer" cp. Tib. 3, 5, 3, sive erimus sett nos " whether we shall be alive or whether the fates fata fuisse velint
:

" cp. Gen. xlii, 13, "the youngest is this day with our father and one is not:" Matt, ii, 18, "Rachel weeping for her children and would not be comforted because they
will that

we

should be dead

are not."

327

transtitlit:

according to the Scholiast on Aes. Theb. 310, the gods


its

departed in a body frum Troy on the night of


their

destruction bearing

images with them

cp. v, 351.

62
328

VERGIL'S AEN.
arduus

B. II.

equus:
lire
:

"the

horse, as

it

stands towering in the centre of

the town, pours forth armed

men and
moenibiis

triumphant Sinon insolently


:

spreads

and

confusion. "
"
:

see note v. 334.

330

bipatentibus

" wide open

with both halves thrown open.

Z'S\miUia qtiot=tot millia

quot.

332

angtista

viarum:

either for angnstas vias,

"the narrow

streets,"

ot

for augtista loca

viarum "

the narrow places of the streets."

333

Stat

stricta: vigiles
:

"the keen sword stands drawn with gleaming edge "


either

mucro, akin to afivacu afivK-yu, "to scratch."

334

primi
first

"the guard

at the entrance," or

"the guards

attacked."

336
337

numine
tn'stis

"by

the will."

Erinys:

"fell Fury."
:

Wagner

explains Erinys here as the

demon
339

of battle
:

cp.

Lucan,

4, 187, civilis

Erinys,

niaxivuis armis
oblati

others read for ariais, annis.


:

340

per lunam

"meeting us
(a).

in the moonlight. "

Scan

this verse

see Introduction p. xviii 5


.342
illis

amove
:

"

it

so happened that he

had come

to

Troy

in these

(direful)

days

fired

with frantic love for Cassandra."

Cassandrae:

objective genitive.
Z\?>

insano
belli

"because

it

hurried
;

him

to his ruin."

Conington.
amoris
I,

(i)

quiu

tempore amabat

(2) atit perpetuiim epitheton

est.^'

Seri.e.,

vius.

The second

interpretation of Servius seems the best:


3,

"passionate," "violent": cp. Plant. Cure.


est
;

20: ttam bonum

insane non bonum est, and Ovid Art. pauxiUiim amare sane Amat. I, 371 insano iuret amore mori. Understood in this sense,
:

the epithet raises our respect not only for Coroebus but for Cassandra, in the
it.

same degree

as,

understood in the former sense,

it

lowers

Henry.
was considered complete
:

344

gener used proleptically because he does not seem to have ever According to Roman custom, after betrothal married Cassandra.
relationship {affinitas)
XII,
cp, Tacitus

Ann.

pracbabat Caesar aures accipicndis adversus generum suspici-

onibiis (said of

Lucius Silanus

daughter, Octavia.)

who was newly betrothed to Caesar's The meaning then is " in hope of becoming
:

a son-in-law he was bringing aid." 345


qui audierit = qiiippe qui

audierit

" inasmuch as he did not

listen

to the warnings of his raving betrothed."

NOTES.
346
347

63

See note on
quos

v. 230.

vidi

" and when


confertos
:

I see those

banded together rushing boldly


:

into battle."
.S48

from confercio

others read consertos.

incipio super his.


dictis

It is best to

take super adverbially and to supply

with his

" thereupon

begin with these -woxAs." ^ortissima

frustra: bring out the alliteration by translating "bootlessly brave."

349

si

sequi'.
:

"if you have a fixed desire to follow one of desperate


soil. est.

daring

" with cupido certa,

350sir.
351

F. 176; P. 99(d).
scil.

excessere

ex urbe Troia.

It

seems to have been a universal


left

belief

among

the ancients that the gods

relates that during the siege

doomed city. Josephus of Jerusalem voices more than human


a
:

were heard crying on the day of Pentecost "let us go hence " cp. Aesch. Theb. 207
: ;

fierajiaivujiev hrevdev,

a?iX' ovi>

deovq

Tov^

TTJq aXjOvcriQ 7r<5^of EK2.Einetv ?i6yoc.

So

also Milton,

Ode on Nativity

leaving.

Apollo from his shrine

Can no more divine. With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos

352

quibus: ablative of instrument


firm
;

"by whose
see v. 56.
:

grace this empire stood

" for the force of steterat


its

353

incensae: emphatic from


trying to succour."
getic
(/..

position
:

"in flames

is

the city you are


et is

sucatrritis

a conative

j^resent.
it

epexe-

explanatory); the clause introduced by

explaining

how

they would meet death: "let us meet death by rushing into the
heart of the foe."

Usually the passage

is

explained as an example

of varepov Trpdrepovi "let us die and let us rush into the midst of

the

foe"= "let us rush


hostes.

into the midst of the foe

and die."

arma =

armatos

354

una

salutem:

the vanquished have

note the emphatic position o{ una: " the only safety " with salus scil. est. is to expect no safety
:

355

animis:

"courage."

additus
"kvmoi

scil.

est

lupi

ceu: this

may be an
;

echo of the Homeric


156.

ug ending the line in Iliad II, 72

16,

356

improba: generally denoting excess of all kinds in Vergil: cp. im" probus ira, " excessive in rage " improbus anser, "greedy goose
:

64

Vergil's aen.
:

b. ii.

improbus amor, insatiate love " iiiiprobus labor, "unflinching

With improba
"wicked,"
Hetiry IV.

vcntris

rabies

toil."

may be compared
cp.

the Shakespearian

"belly-pinched wolf."
i.e.,

Possibly here a strong personal epithet:

"painful;"

"villainous saltpetre."

King
at

357

excgit caecos:

"has driven them blindly

forth,"

i.e.,

to

prowl

random.

358

siccis

"thirsting for blood."


sic

The second
tela,

,part

of the simile

is

without the connective

with/^r

per

hostes.

359

mediaeque
city."

iter:
:

"and we pursue
is

our

way
:

into

the heart of the


;

mediae urbis

a genitive of quality

F. 124

P. 81

(e).

360

nox umbra "dark night hovers round us with encircling gloom." Henry claims that nox here is figurative for "the gloom of death," referring to Aen. 6, 866, and Horn., Od., 20, 351.
quis

361

labores?
his tears."

"who

unfold) in language the losses, or

can unfold the carnage of that night, who (can who is able to measure its troubles
a.\\iter3Ltion,

by

Note the studied


:

/unera /ando

lacrimis

fando labores.
363 364

see note v. 6.

dominata :

' '

that has held sway.


:

phirima limina
corpses."

"unnumbered both throughout


lie

the streets and the


lifeless

houses and the awful courts of the gods

strewed the

With

inertia corpora
:

cp. a^ievrjva Kopr/va of

Homer.
v. 72.

360 367

poeiias datit sanguine

" pay

forfeit

with their

life

" cp.

quo7ida?n Danai:

"at times even to the hearts of the vanquished valour returns and the victorious Greeks fall." Note the alliterations z^iV/wwV/z^j
victores.

368

crudelis
:

'
:

'

ruthless.
final syllable

369/awr
long,

Note the quantity of the

of pavor

-.

possibly

because the stress of the voice (ictus)


cp.
in

because

the letter r is trilled: " many a form of death "=" death


81
:

and also pluri?na imago: v. 411. many a form:" cp. Thucy.


falls

on

it

3,

Tvaaa I6ta Katkorrj davarov.


t:

370

se

offer

" comes

to
:

meet us."
socia

Zllsocia agjnina credens


372

agmina

[j^ssc)

crcdens.

Notice the emphasis gained by putting


of tlie line with a pause after
529.
ultro
:

the adjective at the beginning


v.

it

so also infelix,

345

sancius, v.

" unaccosted by

us."

NOTES.
374:

65

rapiunt-^feruntqiie
Kal ayeiv)
perty,
is
:

ordinarily the ^\\x2L%Q\%ferreetagere{Q.y^. (pepeiv


to the "carrying off" of portable pro-

/brre

'rekmng

and a^ereio the "driving" of captives or cattle. Here there little or no distinction betwreen the words: Tr. "plunder and

pillage."

377

settsit

hostes

Graecism for sensit

se

delapsuni esse
:

cp.

y'adero

kfiTveauv.

So

also Milton, Paradise Lost, g, 792

greedily she gorged without restraint

And knew
i.e.,

not eating death.

that she

was

eating.
:

So

also Catullus, iv, 2


Phaselus
ille

quam

videtis hospites

Ait fuisse navium celerrimus.

379

aspris sentihis niiens


abl.
:

"struggling amid rough brambles:" for the


simile occurs in

F., 309, 37

Iliad, 3, 33.

The same i. Note here a5/rM = a5/er/5.


;

P. 85, k.

Homer

380

refugit

perfect of instantaneous action or aorist.


re-

Note the recurring

dactyls

and the repetition of the unwary traveller.


:

well brings out the sudden recoil of

381

attollentem

blue throat."

tumeiitevi "as in anger and puffs out ca^r/a = caelulea from caelum, "sky,"
it

rises

its

deep

hence,

"skyblue."

382

visii

may go
' :
'

with tremefacius or with abihat

perhaps the former.

abibat

was beginning
is

to retreat. that of a favourable breeze.

385
388 389

The metaphor in adspirat


dextra
:

for the
:

more usual

dextrani.

insignia
that

devices on the shields, crests of helmets, or any other


to distinguish
it

mark

would serve

one warrior from another.

Perhaps

badge seems nearest to

in English.

390

dolus

reqtiirat

construe quis in haste requii-at


virtus
is
:

utrum

dolus {sit

adhibendus)

an

"who

fraud or courage

to be

in the case of a foe would ask whether employed ? " requirat : rhetorical question.

391

ipsi

i.e.,

the

enemy

will themselves supply the

arms we are to use

against them.

392
393

comantem
indnitur:
cingitur.

galeam

cp.

Homeric K6pv^
or

iTnroSaaEla.

"dons":

reflexive

middle

use:

cp.

511,

ferrum

66
396

veruil's aen.

b. ii.

haud

nostra

'.

"not under the protection

of our

own

gods."

By

donning the Greek armour they were no longer under the protection of the Trojan gods.
397
caectim

noctem:

see v. 340.
in

congressi proelia conserimus;

"meeting

(the Greeks)

we engage

many a

battle."
see v. 36.
6p6fio>.

398
399

Danaum:
moored.

see v. 14.

Orco = ad Orciun:
5,

cursu: "speedily": cp. Aen.

265: cp.

400Jida littora: "the


402

safe refuge of the coast,"


:

where the ships were


condimtur se con-

fortnidine turpi

"in craven

fear.
v.

scandtint'.

a sense construction: see note

32.

diint:

ing to

"hide themselves": a the middle voice.


"alas
!

reflexive use of the passive correspond-

402

heu

divis'.

it

is

not right for any one to trust at


niJiil is

all to

the

gods against their will."

the ace. of specification.

With
;

fas supply est. Distinguish /aj- est = xpv, said of the will of heaven jus est=6El, said of human right.

403

passis crinibus
pando,

either the abl. of description

" with her


tresses "
:

tresses all

loose," or the abl. of

means

" by her loosened

passis

from

404

a templo Minervae
Minerva."
off");

"from the temple,


(cp.

aye, from the very shrine of

temphim

Gk.

refxevog) is

applied to the whole buildri^iveiv,

ing and the land enclosed for sacred purposes (from

"to cut

adytum (a, "not," Sveiv, "enter") is the " unenterable The Oilean Ajax place where the image of the goddess was kept. was said to have dragged Cassandra and the image to which she was
clinging from the temple.

The
altar

been places of refuge


Matt,

precincts of religious buildings have from time immemorable : cp. " The Sanctuary " at Westminster. The
especially inviolable
:

was considered
xxiii, 25.

cp.

I.

Kings,

ii,

28

406

arcebant: "confined," so palmas; see v. 153.


non

that they could not be

raised in prayer.

407

Coroebus
:

" Coroebus with maddened


mente: abl. of description.
the

soul brooked not the

sight. "^/i<rw/a

408

perittirtis

for

more usual pcri'turum

see note

v.

377.

Tr.

"
409

resolving to die, he flung himself into the midst of the band."

densis armis = densatis arniis:

"closing our ranks."

NOTES.
410
411
l>io\.&

67
(v.

pritnum

turn (v. 413)

eiiam

420).

itosiforum,
tity

scil.

sociortan or atnicoriim.

obriiimur.
3,

Note the quanlengthened

of -ur.
it is

final
:

syllable

naturally short
4,

may be

when
4:\2facie
;

caesural
friends.

cp.

Aen.

64;

464.

miserrimax because

inflicted

by

"appearance,"
:

literally

"make"

{hom. facio).

Graecarttm
:

errore iiibarutn

" by

the mistake caused by our Grecian plumes"

subjective genitive.

413

ereptae

ira

"in wrath
is

at the rescue of the

maid."

virginis
;

causal
is

genitive.

Latin

sadly deficient in verbal nouns


perf. part, passive
;

their place

often supplied

by the

cp. v. 643, capta urbs,

"the capture of the city"


the city."

ab itrbe condita,

"from

the foundation of
;

Milton uses the same idiom in Paradise Lost, 9, 16


or rage

Of Turniis

for

Lavinia disespoused.

414

accerrimiis

"most

fiercely"

The Oilean Ajax

felt

aggrieved at the

loss of his prize.

415 416

gemini Atridae
adversiequis
'.

cp. diaaol 'ArpeiSac; see note, v. 203.

"as sometimes, when a hurricane


conflict,

bursts forth, the

west and south winds strive in opposing


exulting in the coursers of the

and the

east

wind
laetus

equis

Dawn."

adversi, predicate.

is

the

Homeric

l-n-Trioxapfiyg.

418 Note

the alliterative

harmony of

this line: translate,


stiis

"(then) creak

the forests and fierce in foam Nereus lowest depths. "

up the seas from their sptimeus equally applicable to the angry god and

angry
421
tota

sea.
:

ttrbe

note that the abl. and not per with ace.

is

the usual

construction

when
:

totus

accompanies a noun.

422
423

mentita
07-a

"false"
:

see v. 46.

signani

literally,

"and "our lips

they mark the jarring accent of our speech "


disagreeing in speech (with their own)."

In

Homer
424
ilicet

the Trojans and Greeks alike speak Greek.

Vergil means

here that there was a slight difference in dialect or accent.


:

"thereupon."

Originally ilicei=^ire

licet,

word used by the


assembly.

priests after the sacrifice or


its

was the technical by the consul after an

Then came

interjectional meaning.

425

divae: Minerva.

68
426

Vergil's aen.
unus
12,
:

b. ii.

additional force

imparts to superlatives or to adjectives of a superlative idea an cp. tf aptaroc, "by far the best " : Homer, Iliad, :
elc olcjvbg apujTog,

243:

afivveadaL

Trepi

ndrpTig.

Tr.

"the

justest of the just."

428

i/is
'

"heaven willed otherwise." The meaning of course is cp. Homer, Od. I, 234 vvv irepug efiovldvro deal /ca/cd fiT/riouvreg. Seneca recommends his friend on the occasion of any loss to say constantly without complaining, di's aliter visum est, or rather di melius scil. detit.
Heaven's ways are not ours
'
: :

visum:

fi"

430

labentem
TOL

"in thy

fall."

nee

texit

cp.

Homer,

II.

i,

2S

^lij

vv

ui) xpii-<^jJ-V CKi'/TTTpov

Kot

(jTe/xfia deoio.

AZX^flamma 7neorum

"expiring flame of my countrymen."


et

The

burnetc.
:

ing city was the funeral pyre of her defenders.


explanatory of the previous clause.
43:5

Jiam/ua,

Supply
move"

7ne before vitavisse.


:

vices:
I

"encounter": root viCK, "to

cp. Felkelv
'*

viiare (=victare), vicissim


:

" a change,"

turn "

English weak.
fall,

manu
si
fall)

German
:

weichen,

"if

fate

had so
.^

willed that I should

earned (my

by

my

deeds

ui

cadertfn belongs to si fata fuissent

and not

to t?ieruisse.

iS6^~ravior

"somewhat

enfeebled."

Ulixi: "caused by Ulysses":


v. 7.
:

subjective genitive.

For the form see


P. 99 (h).

438

hie

at the royal
(I3).

palace of Priam.
;

ceu forent

for the subjunctive

F. 193

note 2
:

441
"

acta testudine

"by

the advancing shielded column."

The

iestudo

consisted of a

body of men who locked


their

their shields together'

and

held

them
:

Women

over

heads

cp.

Tennyson,

Dream of Fair

heroes

tall.

Dislodging pinnacle and parapet

Upon
442
parietibus
:

the tortoise creeping to the "wall.

see note

on

v.

18

it

may be

a dat, or abl.

postesque

gradibus

"and hard by
gradibus
:

the door posts themselves they struggle up

the rungs,"

the steps of the scaling ladders.


(thus) protected,

443

clipeosque

obiciunt:
their

"and

with their

left

hands

present

shields against the missiles."

Others take clipeos

governed either by protecti used here in a middle sense or by


obiciunt:

"

placing their shields before them with the


[i.e.,

left

hand they

present

them

the shields) against the missiles."

NOTES.
4A^fastigia: "battlements."
\^^tt'cta

69

446

/lis

ctdmina " the roof covering." " with such weapons, when they see that
:

feizs

the last hour

is

come,

now
:

in death's extremity they

prepare to defend themselves."

448
449
451

c/crora alia

"

stately splendour."
:

i7nas obsedere fores

" have blockaded the doors below."


scil.

instaurali
aiixilio
:

anlmi

sunl

"our

spirits are

braced anew."

452
453

"to
:

aid "

dative of purpose.

limen

"there was a threshold, and a secret door and a passage connecting the chambers of Priam's palace one with limen = ligmen\ another, and a gate in the rear unobserved," ' that which binds, " hence the sill or U7itel. peryius usus properly,
'

tergo

by entering the door, one had access to the different rooms. relicti perhaps means overlooked by the assailants and unnoticed by the
defenders.

455
457

infelix
soceros
:

notice the emphatic position of this word.

in the masculine term are included Priam to her parents " and Hecuba, the 'father and mother of her husband Hector. avo = ad aviim see v. 36 ; cp. Plato Apol. 24, D. wf Eioayuq Tovroiat

"

Kal KUTj/yoptlg.

458

sniniui fastigia culmitiis


v.

"to

the ridge of the roof"

{ox fastigia

302.
:

460

itt

praecipiti
:

" on the brink,"

"on
scil.

the sheer edge."

suinmisqiie

lectis

"and
:

rising with its roof close to the stars."


v.

462

Danauin
adgressi

sefe

14.

solitae,

sunt.

What

verbs are

semi-

deponent

?
:

463

impulimusque
weak
it

" assailing with iron bars where the topmost

stories afforded

joinings,

tions

and push

forward."

we wrench it from its deep foundasumma tabulata are the stories that rise

above the roof of the main buildnig.


represents a continued act

Note the present convellimus and iinpulimus a single, momentary one.


falls

465
467

eatrahit
siibeimt
:

"

it

toppling over suddenly


to their aid."

with a crash in ruin."

" come
:

469

vestibulu7n

the open space before the door of a

derive
ve-sto.

it

from ve-sti-bu-lum,

"a

Roman house. place for standing outside "

Some
:

from

70
470

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

telis

aena
:

" gleaming

in
13,

arms of brazen sheen "


341
:

note

tlie

A^n-

*diadys

cp.

Homer

II.

avyrj -^aTiKELTj

KopvQuv anb

Tiafnvo-

fuvaov.

471

qualistrisukis
whom
its

"like as when a snake fattened on baleful herbs,

chill

winter kept swollen underground,

now
mouth

all

new,

its

slough cast

off,

and shining in youth,


It

rolls

along with breast erect,


its
it

slimy length towering to the sun, and in

makes

its

was a common belief among the ancients that the snake drew its venom from the food on which it fed. The simile is taken from the Iliad 22, 93, when Hector is
three-forked tongue quiver."

awaiting the attack of Achilles


<jf

6e

SpaKUV

ettI

x^'V opearepoc; ain^pa

(xivtjfftv,

BsiSpuKc)^ KUKo. (papfian! (5d 6e re fuv x^^'^K oivog,


a/j.Ep6aAeov 6e diSopKEv E?uaa6/ivog nepl je^jf.

"As
and

a serpent of the mountains upon his den awaiteth a man,


fell wrath hath entered into him, he glareth as he coileth himself about his den " cp.
:

having fed on evil poisons, and


terribly

Shelley's Hellas

ad finem

The ea rth doth

like

a snake renew

Her winter weeds outworn. So


also Tennyson, 7'ke

Two

Voices,

when he

describes the dragon-

An

inner intpnlse rent the

veil,

0/ that old husk ; /roi head to tail Came out clear plates of sapphire mail.

476

no7'iis

iuvcnta
'.

probably Vergil

is

thinking of the other


ore',

name

Unguis of means. agilalor equoriim = 'Homer\c 477 Scyria pubcs Pyrrhus brought
abl.
:

of Pyrrhus, Neoptolemus,

"young

warrior."

local ablative.

ijvioxoQ Jtttcjv.

a number of warriors from Scyros,

one of the Cyclades, where


II.

his grandfather

Lycomedes dwelt: Horn.


limen see note on

19, 325:

479 480

duralivtina
action,

" the
:

stubborn door "

for

v. 458.

perrumpitvellit

the present expresses incomplete and continuous

and
"
:

also

an attempt:

"is striving to burst through and


:

dedit a momentaiy complete "and now having cut out a panel, he has hewn a breach in the stout oak and made a huge opening with a yawning mouth." The
wrench
act
:

while the perfect cavavit

NOTES.
hinges (cardines) in a

71

Roman

house were not as with us fastened to

the side of the door, but were pivots working in sockets, one in the
lintel

doors were double doors (vulvae).

(limen stipenim ) and the other in the sill (limen). The cardo : froin KRAD, "to move,"

"to swing"
486 487

cp. cor., Kap6ia, KpaSr], apadaivu, KdpSa^.


in the narrative.

a/

marks a change

miscetur:
the

"is in confusion."
cavae aedes

The

(/^/z/j-

woman's apartments, ywaiKuvlTiq, which


:

w/ifrwr probably refers to in a Greek house were

in the back.

or

= cavaediiim,
:

either the "vaulted " or " hollow halls," an opening in the roof of the atrium over the

impluvium or
488
ululare

cistern containing rain water.

often said of a
It

woman's shriek of

grief as vagire

is

of an

infant's wail.

may be

observed that though oXoXv^u

is

etymo-

logically connected with ululare, it generally is applied to female

invocations of gods or of joy, and seldom said of grief


howl.

cp. English

aurea
tectis.

the contrast

is

in the splendour of the sky

and the

wretchedness of the palace.

489 490

The

tectis

= in

kisses

were a sign of sorrowful parting

cp.

Ovid Metam.

13,

Dardanidas matres patriorum.signa deorum

Dura

licet

amplexas.

491

vifatria: "in

all his father's

might "

abl.

manner.

Achilles

was

the father of Pyrrhus.


\'d'2.

labat

crebro
:

"totters before the frequent blows of the battering


this line
:

ram."

Scan

v. 16.

i93emoli
494 496

" wrenched
:

"

see note on v. 480.


:

aditus
sic

cognate object

"they burst an entrance."

non irahit:

" not so furiously when the river bursting his banks has gone forth foaming and has beaten down the opposing dykes with its whirling tide, it rushes raging over the fields in a mass and throughout all the plains it carries away the herds and the stalls No doubt this together." Note the double alliteration in v. 498. would be a familiar image to Vergil seen both on the Mincius and
the Padus.

cumulo

abl. of

manner.

499

ipse

"with

my own

eyes."

72
501
centtwiqiie nurtis
:

Vergil's aen.
according to

b.

ii.

Homer

(Iliad 6, 244),

Priam had

fifty

sons and

fifty

daughters.

The Imndred mentioned here must


and daughters.

refer

to both daughters-in-law

503

////

'

'

those famous.
:

504

barbarico
barians,

to

a Greek,

all

nations outside of Greece

especially the

Asiatic nations.

The

phrase
:

were bar"barbaric
Milton's

gold " suggests the idea of Oriental magnificence

cp.

Paradise Lost,

2,

Or when

the gorgeous East with richest hand Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.

The Romans
h^^^forsitan

often adorned the walls of their houses

and temples

with the spoils of war.

requiras limina
:
: :

note that in '^ ^x^\\ forsitan takes the subjunctive


:

forte, forsan, the indicative

fortasse,

once the indicative, otherwise

the subjunctive.

507

convuka

" the bursting of the doors of his house."


:

dlO^ferrum
^\\^fertu7'

cingitur

"girds on his useless sword "


"is rushing resolved to die."

middle

use.

7?ioriturits
:

512

7ittdoqtteaxe

"under the open canopy of heaven."

Vergil has
the

probably had in his mind a Greek house here.

The atrium was

main hall of a Roman house ia which were the images ofthe peiiates and an altar. The roof of this was partly open and below the open Around it ran a pillared portico space was a cistern (impluvium). to which rooms opened, with an altar to Jupiter hospitalis (Zeif
ifiKlLoq).

513

laurus

so in the description of the palace of Latinus Laurus erat


tecti

we

find (7, 59)

medio

in penetralibus altis.

Horace also alludes


atrium'. Od.
3, lo,

to the

custom of planting

trees
tecta

around the
:

22

nempe
:

inter
cp.

nemus inter pidchra saitim varias mdritur si'.va columnas.


5:
:

cp. I, 10,

516

praecipites

Tennyson, In Alemoriat/i, xv

"

The rooks are blown


armour."

about the skies."

518

sumptis itivenalibtis armis

"donning

his youthful

519

mens dira

"so dreadful a thought."


:

520
521

cingi: " to gird yourself "


defensoribi<s istis
:

reflexive.

"such defenders
hope
is
:

as you."

The

idea

is

that in
I, 2:

prayers, not in arms, our

cp. Shakespeare, Coriolaniis,

NOTES.
For the dearth,

73

The

gods, not the patricians


.o

make

it

and

Your knees

them, not arms, must help.

522

non

scil. ege7-et

from the eget preceding: "l',e hour would not need

such aid and such defenders, were even n.y


us."

own Hector now


hither,"

beside

52'Atandetn: some say,


hither, for
it

"retire,

beseech thee,

or

"come
is

is

high time."

Conington says: "while yet there

time."

524

moriere siviul:

"you
:

will die along with ns."

52&-^e/a/>sus

caede

"having escaped the sword of Pyrrhus."


:

527

porticibus longis

"flies
:

adown

the long cloisters "


lustrat
:

abl.

of the road

by which one goes


529
sanciiis:

see note v. 175.

"

traverses."
ilhitn

note the emphatic position of the adjective.

inse-

quitter:

" him eagerly Pyrrhus follows in act to deal a deadly blow."


:

infesto = infensto
cp. defendo, 6eivcj.

root

GHAN, Gk.

fev

Lat.

fend, "to strike":

530

tarn iamqiie

note that the repetition of iain makes the description " now now he holds him in his grasp, and follows hard upon him with his spear." The meaning is not that he actually holds him in his grasp, but he is so close to him that he seems to have caught him cp. Vergil Aen. 12, 754 ; iant, iamque tenet, similisque tenenti mcrepuit malts, said of a hound after a deer.
:

vivid

533

qttamquatu

tenettir

"though he

is

now hemmed

in

by death on

every side."

535

at:

cries, if there is

a frequent particle in imprecations: "Nay, may the gods, he any kind power in heaven which regards such deeds, render you all the thanks you deserve, and yield you your due
reward, for such a crime, for such a sacrilege, you

me

witness the death of

my

son before
pietas

my

eyes,

who have made and have defiled a


of the dutiful

father's face

with his death."


Here,

commonly used

feeling of

men

to the gods, to their country or to others


it is

who have

claim on them.

men:

so Aen. 5, 68S.
;

F. 1S8

P. 93,

iv.

quae caret: consecutive use of the relative qui fecisfi: direct address: "thou who hast

used for the reciprocal feeling of gods to

made."
is

Distinguish this from quifeceris.


tet

The
:

infinitive cernere

rare after facere for

cernerem./oedasti

defilement from seeing

his son's death.

74
540

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

atPriamo
you
note
are,
V.

'
:

was not

485.

cp. era kx-^fV

'

hero, Achilles, whose son you falsely say you in the case of Priam, his foe." ai: see sat urn from sero. quo ablative of origin. in koste Daphnis me mains urit, ego cp. Vergil Eel. 8, 83
'

but

tliat

like

hanc in Daphnide laiirum.


true son of Achilles.

This does not mean that Pyrrhus was

illegitimate, but that his nature

and conduct showed him to be no "he respected the right and trusts of a suppliant."y?^rw snpplicis the confidence reposed by the suppliant and the protection iu return. ertibuit Tjffero, yaxi'vero.

ittra enibnit

'.

542

corpttsqtie

after the

death of Hector, Priam went to the tent of


Achilles granted his request

Achilles to beg the corpse of Hector. and allowed him to depart in safety.

544 545

sine ictn
ratico:
:

"without

inflicting a

wound."

"hollow sounding": root RU, "roar": cp. 6-pv-/jaydoc, u-p'v-u rumor, riigire, r/imcn ( = nt^^nwii ) A. .S. riia, rune repulsiim, scil. est. (originally "a murmur")
:

546

umbone

the

umbo was the

projecting boss of the shield, constructed

in such a

leather:

way as to turn aside a weapon. It was covered with root ambh, "to project," cp. tcmbilicns, ojKbaTu)^.
t?-istia
:

548 550
553 555

Pelidae ge7iitori=ad Felidam genitorem.


ipsa: "very."

"

fell."

lateri=in
ttilit

latiis

see note on v. 19.

= abstulit.
:

556

popttlis terrisqiie

"proud

in so

many

nations and countries

" abl. of

cause.

b51litore = in

litore. Vergil may have in mind the sad fate of Pompey. According to Servius, Priam's body was exposed on the Sigetlm promontory.

559 560 562 563 564

at: see note v. 486.


subiit, scil,

saevus

horror:

"fell dead."

animum.
desolate.
tell

deserta

'
:

'

.Scan this line and

any irregularity

in the scansion.
:

copia: "force :" for the

more usual

copiae

cp.

Aen.

11,

734

incurrunt densi simul omnis copia Teucrum.

565

deseruere

dedere

"all had

left

me

wit'i utter

weariness and either

flung themselves to the earth or

had sunk

in despair into the flames."

NOTES.

75

567 This

is left out of all good MSS., though Servius was written by Vergil but left out by Varius and Tucca. The main argument against the genuineness is that in Aeneid 6, 570 seqq. Helen is spoken of as betraying Deiphobus to the Greeks. adeo: (op. (5?/) emphasizes the word super eram=^sitpercra77i, tmesis.

episode of Vergil
it

says

to

which
:

it is

joined.

Q'JOerranii
till V.

not on the ground, but on the roof.

He

does not descend

632.
\V\\X\

571

sibt

goes

praemehiens, not with infestos:

" she

fearing for her-

self the

Trojans

who were

hostile to her

on account of the overthrow


'Eptvvg.

Qilro^.'''' infestos: for the derivation, see v. 529.

hl%Erinys'. so Aeschylus (Ag. 749)


51ir-invisa
:

calls

Helen vvfKpOKlavrog
it

" a hateful being " others take


anifno.
:

" unseen."

575

animo=in

51Qscelerataspoenas = scelerispoe7ias

"to exact vengeance

for guilt."

577 578

scilicet

" forsooth

" generally used in bitter irony.


i.e.,

regina: "in queenly state,"

not as a captive like the other

Trojan

ladies.
:

579

coniugiutn
reniiges
:

abstract for the


3,

concrete coititv^em

cp.

rernigium for

Aen.

j^']i.^patresparentes: according to Euripides

after the

(Orestes 473) Tyndareus and Leda are represented as being alive death of Clytemnestra, but Homer (Od. Ii, 298) introduces

Leda
580

in the shades.
:

comitata

passive use of a deponent verb


:

see note v. 46.


is

5%\occtderit arserit sudarit

the future perfect

often used to express

indignation that an event spoken of as future should be realized. The sense is "shall she return now that Priam has been murdered, " Troy burned, Dardania bathed in blood ?

584
585

habet
nefas

'

'

brings with

it.

= nefastam, "the

wicked one."

sumpsisse merentes

poena s

" to have exacted a


586

penalty that deserved (to be exacted). "= j/-

fsisse poenas merentcs ut sumantur.

animumqueJlammae: "and

it

shall

my
589

soul with avenging

fire.

"

No

be where

my
else

delight to have filled

does explere govern a

genitive,

though many other verbs of fulness take one.


kind mother, revealing the goddess, pre-

cumdeam: "when my

sented herself in visible presence, never before so clear to

my

sight,

76
and she shone
obtulit:

vergil's aen.

b. ii.

in pure radiance through the night, in


is

form and

stature such as she

wont to appear to the heavenly host."


the indicative?
anieaiitea.
:

when does ^w take

superiority in size

no need of supplying se esse. qualis et quatita physical and beauty^were according to the Greek and Roman inseparable from mental superiority in size and beauty cp.
there
is
:

deam:

cum

Homeric
592 593

J/t'f

re ii'iyaq rt.
:

reprensum continnit
rosea

"she
:

seized

and held (me)."

ore
' :
'

Aen.

i,

402

rosea cervice.

594
595

dolor

indignation.
recessit ?
' '

qiionam

whither, pray, hath departed thy care for me.


tibi: dative of reference.

nostri:

objective genitive after fwra.

596

non aspicies:

"wilt thou not go and see."


ubi

before doing anything else.

hqucris

non = nonne.

prins
:

dependent question.
de-

597

superet conjnxne

construe non prius aspicies stiperetne coniux


also.

pendent question

599

ni

ensis

"unless

my

guardianship were

still

withstanding them,
of

already the flames would have swept


the

them away and the sword

enemy would have drained their blood." The ordinary form would be resisteret tulissent. The present represents a continuous

effort,

and the perfect the completion of the act

if

the effort were

relaxed.

601

tibi

"as you think

" dative of reference.

603

acnbnine:
quae
vision

cp. Kar' miprjq, literally,

"from the top

to the

bottom

"
:

"completelvj"

604

"which now veils your sight and dims your mental and lies damp and dark around yoft." caligat: root skal, Note the emphatic "to cover:" cp. squal-or, Kelaivog, K7/?Jg. position of tu, "do you not," no matter what others do.
%

caligat

608amilsaque saxis
of separation.

saxa

"and

rocks rent from rocks."

saxis

ablative

609

undaiitein
hands.

"rolling in billows."
the founder of Troy,
is

610 Neptunits,

destroying the work of his

own

612

Scaeas:

from aumdq, "]eft"or "west," hence the gate looking westward to the sea, for the Greek augur when he divined looked north, and hence " west " or "left " were with him synonymous cp. Horn.
:

NOTES.
Od.

77

aKOiov piov, " ihe western headland": others connect 3, 295 with Siko, tlie name of a Trojan hero, or demigod, and see the remnant of the same word in Sigeuvi, Sichaeus, Scamaiider.
:

it

615

iani

hisedit

"already,

lo,

Tritonian Pallas has perched on the top

of the citadel."

616

limbo: "robe," or "border," referring to the "KETzXaq: another readGorgone: on the is nimbo, "a halo." was the head of the Gorgon Medusa.
ing
shield or aegis of

Minerva

619

eripefiigam

a stronger expression than cape fiigatn

with an intima-

tion that he

would be rescued from

all

dangers.
Italy,

620

Referring to the
inimica

fact that Aeneas would be safely conducted to which was the original home of the Trojans.

622

numina
:

Jupiter, Juno,

and Minerva.
into the flames."

624 625

considere in ignes

"to sink down


:

ex imo
ac

cp. e

culmine

v.

603.

626

ruinam: "and even as when on the top of mountains, hacked by the steel and hard plied axes the woodmen with rivalry strive to threateningly it ever hangs and trembling cut down an aged oak shakes its foliage with quivering top." The fall of a hero is often
:

compared to the fall of a tree cp. Hom. II. 4, 482 when the fall of Simoisius is compared to that of a poplar ; so also the fall of the boxer Entellus in Aen. 5, 448, is compared to that of a hollow
: :

pine tree
ut

quondam cava

concidit aut

Erymantho.

aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus.

So

also Macaulay,

Lay of Horatius
And
As

Luna

the great Lord of

Fell at that deadly stroke,


falls

on Mount Alvemus
oak.

A thunder-smitten
630
vtdnerihtis

ruinam:

"till gradually

overpowered by blows
its

it

gave

one
in

final

congemuit

traxit
i.e.,

deep groan and torn from


:

ridge

it

falls in iniin."

the perfects (corresponding to the gnomic aorist


act.

Gk.) for a present, to express a frequent

iicgis

ablative of

separation.

632

dco

deae,

Venus.
:

633

expedior= me expedio

" I extricate myself," "

I find

my way

out."

78
634
perventiim,
P.
scil. est

Vergil's aen.
mihi=pe7-veni
:

b. ii.

"I have readied":

F. 164, 2;

96
:

(b).
it

637

excisa
is

is

exscijidere

more probable that exscissa is the correct reading, urbem is common but not excidere urbetn.
:

as

638

quibus sangtns
solidaeque
vigour
:

" whose blood

is

untouched by age. "

scil. est.

aevi

either the genitive of respect: cp. inaturus aevi,

anxius aevi; or a

genitive for the ablative of iustruftient or integer aevi=integri aevi\


descriptive genitive after sanguis.

639

vires

" whose strength stands

firm

in

all

its

native

" ablative of means.

641Note

ducere

the emphatic position of 7ne and the emphatic repetition of mihi.

vitam as vitam producere


:

(v.
:

from spinning

cp. Milton's Lycidas

6,

637).

Metaphor taken

Comes

the blind fury with the abhorred shears the thin-spun


life.

And

slits

642jfl/M

urbi:

"enough and more than enough

(it is)

that I have seen

one destruction and that


for the perjury of

we have

survived the capture of the city."

Vergil refers to the destruction of the city by Hercules in revenge

For capta urbs


^^\positum:
saluted "
:

Laomedon. superare is used here for "the capture of a city" ; see note v. 413.
"laid out for burial."
the utterance
adfati
:

superesse.

cp.

KEifiEvoq,

"having

referring

to

{conclat>tatio)

of the words

salve, vale, ave, as the friends

departed from the body at the funeral

pile:

Aen.
:

6, 231,

506;

11, 97.

645

fnami

either

of the foe," or

"by my own hand," or, as Heyne says, "at the hand "by attacking the foe." The latter part of the line

either put

would seem to imply that the enemy would through compassion an end to his life, or accord him the rite of burial by casting three handfuls of earth upon his remains ; see next note.

^\^^acilis
the

sepulcri
is

the usual interpretation of this passage

is,

"a trifling

thing

the loss of a sepulchre," a most unnatural speech to put in


it is

mouth of Anchises, unless

meant as the language of reckless

and
Od.
will

bitter despair, for the loss of

a sepulchre was looked u]ion as the

greatest of all losses.


I,

Another
:

interpretation, suggested

by Horace,

28, 35,

is

as follows
is

"The

casting of a few handfuls of earth

in token of burial
usually

not hesitate to perform)",

an easy thing (and one which the enemy surely iacttira, from iacio, although it

means "a

loss,"

may mean "the

act of throwing,"

Sepulcri

NOTES.

79

would be an easy and natural metonymy ; and facilis, literally "doable," would not be strained into "slight," "trifling" or "easily Moreover, it is a question whether the tragic despair sufferable."
indicated in a willinj;ness to forego burial and llms submit to eternal

unrest simply to escape a few years of uncertainty and sorrow in this


life, is

not just a

little

too improbable to be

artistic,

and

at

any

rate

out of accord with Vergil's fine appreciation of the niceties of things

and

his pathetic

tendency to soften painful

effects
v.

wherever possible.
645.

It all

hinges on the meaning of ipsa manii,


this, viz.
:
:

Taking the
the
will

most reasonable meaning of sequence of thought would be


pity me, strip

"by my own hand,"


enemy

"I

will slay myself, the


(in return)

my

body of

spoils

and

perform the easy

task of burial," cp. Horace's

Quamquam

festinas,

non

est

mora longa

licebit

Iniecto ter pulvere curras.

G48

annos demoror

either

"long

since have I delayed the years," or

"long have
"since."

I lingered through the years."

ex quo

scil.

tempore:

&\^^flttminis

igni:

" blasted

me

with the breath

of. his

thunderbolt and

smote

me

with his lightning."

Anchises

is

said to have been so


:

punished for boasting of the love of Venus. yz//;/zV ventis

per-

haps Vergil
fiery

refers to the theory of

Epicurus that lightning was a

wind.
:

650

perstabat memora7ts

"he
:

continued to speak": cp.

<5<rAft

leyuv.

&o\ effi{si lacritnis scil.

sumus

" were melted in tears."


effitsi

652

ne

dependent on the request implied in

smnns.
his weight
to

&oZfatoque

vellet

doom
654
haeret
:

that

" and would be willing was j^ressing us down."


:

to

add

the

an example of

zeiigfua:

"and he

clings to his purpose

and

sticks to the

same spot." Often the preposition is omitted before the former and expressed with the latter of two nouns,

656

qiioddabatur:

"what
:

us?"
657

C07isiliti7)i
:

plan or what chance was any longer offered means of human safety, ^^r/^^wa divine aid.
:

mene ore abandon

" did you expect, my father, that I could withdraw and thee, and has so unnatural an expression fallen from a
te
is

father's lips?"

relido

ablative absolute.

posse

speravisti

the verb spero

often used in the sense of "expect," not


infinitive.

"hope,"

and takes the present

excidit

according to Servius,

80
Aeneas uses
his father
:

Vergil's aen.
this

b. ii.

and not a stronger word, to soften the rebuke of


Troldv ae

cp.
deis

Homeric,
:

Tmg (pvyev epKoq bSovruv.


"
:

659

superis
et

scil.

" the gods above


(if)

cp. dei inferi.


:

660

anivio

"and

ablative

= /

animo.

peiituraeque iitvat
peritiu-ae.

this

is

thy firm resolve"


scil.

anhno
:

local
if it
is

te"

"and

thy pleasure to add thyself and thine to the fate of Troy


to perish."

doomed

note the force oi

661

isti'.

"which thou dost covet." Aeneas v. 645.


:

ianua: referring to the words of

662

iam

"straightway."
"
:

viidto
llie

de

sanguine:

"reeking with the

blood

or "fresh from
:

flowing blood."

663

pdtris, pdtre7n

such variations are common when a mute is followed by a liquid: cp. tenebris (Georg. 3, 551; 3, 401): pharetravi, pharetram (Aen. I, 336, 324) ; retro, retro (Aen. 11, 405 ; 5, 428) duplex, diiplicem (Aen. 12, 198; i, 655) ; so also Theocr. 6, 19;
TO,
fifj

aala KaXa

-Kii^avTaL

Hom.

II.

5,

31

'Apff, 'Apeg Bporo-

Tioiye.

odtruneat = obtriincare

consiievit.

664

hoc

darts,

you rescued me through the might see the enemy in my inmost chambers, and Ascanius and my father and Creusa by their side, one slaughtered in the blood of the other?" quod im eripis is the
it

cernam ?

" was

for

this that

through the

fire,

that I

subject of the sentence the idea


is

"

this

and hoc = propter hoc. note cernatn after ut was your object all along that I may now see," or it

may be
668

a case of vivid sequence as in Greek.


III.,

armaarma: emphatic repetition: cp. Shakespeare, Richard Act 5, Sc. 4 "a horse a horse my kingdom for a horse "
:
! ! !

669

sinite

revisar/i

sitiite ut

rezu'sam

ut

is

often omitted with such verbs


:

"permit me to seek again": /ac vetiias, " see that you


:

come"
cally.

licet aheas,
et

"you may

go."
:

irtstaurata

used prolepti-

=revisam

itistaurem proelia

" allow me

to seek again

and

renew."

670

nunquam
49
:

here equivalent to an emphatic non


effugies.

cp. Verg. Eel. 3,

nu7iquani hodie
:

&l\accingor
672
clipeoqiie

see note v. 227.


:

aptans

"and

was

fitting

my

left

hand
left

into the clasps of

the shield."

The

imperfect

may

either express the difficulty

he had

in doing this or the reluctance with

which he

the palace.

It

is

NOTES.

81

noteworthy that the strap or handle of the shield through which the
left

hand passed was

called iiisertorium.
:

674

With the passage 674-678


mache
in this

cp. the Iliad 6, 339, seq.

Where Andropericula

way speaks of Astyanax.


to perish."

675

periturus'.
all

"determined

in

omnia

scil.

"to

dangers.

676

sin:

"but

if,

arms."
678.

experius
:

on experience, you rest your hope on resorting to literally, " having tried arms," scil. arma.
:
:

quondam
dictxi

a bitter taunt
:

a wife no longer, since you desert me.


-ii
:

680

mirabile
manus
at
:

give the construction of the supine in

(F. 174

P. 105).

681

inter

07-a

in the

hands of his mother and being held up he

was
late

once above the face of Creusa and that of Aeneas. Trans"for while held in the hands and between the faces of his

sorrowful parents."

C82

ecce

pasci: "lo! a light crest seemed to shed a lustre from the head

and

and with harmless touch {it seemed) to lick his wavy locks around his temples." Distinguish in meaning levis and apex is properly the point of the cap of a visus scil. est. levis, here the flamen, something like the spike of a modern helmet
of lulus,
to play

was originally wound round with wool: root tactu: abl, of reference. AP, 'to tie,' 'to wind': cp. apto, aptus. pasci : metaphor of cattle or sheep moving quietly while feeding
'tongue of
fire.'

It

685
688

on pasture land.
trepidare
caelo
:

historical infinitive
:

so also excutere, restinguere.

= ad caelum
scil.

see note v. 36.


:

690
691

hoc tantum

precor

"this

is

my

only prayer."
deinde marks a sequence
:

deinde:

" do thou then grant us thine aid."

of the condition si pietate mcretnur.attxilium


reading, but Probus, Peerlkamp, Keil,

This

is

the

MSS.

Ribbeck and others read aiiguriurn to harmonize with Aen. Ill, 89, where almost the identiWe have followed cal expression ^^ da pater augurizim" is used.
the

MSS., but

it

may be a

case where all the earliest extant

MSS.
tell

have been tainted from the same source.


wha,t metrical figure in \i.firma
:

ratify

and by a second omen.


Scan
this line
:

693

into7tuit

laevum

"
left

it

Thunder on the
see note v. 54.

thundered on the left " cognate accusative. was a good sign according to Roman augury

82
694

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

Stella

luce:

A meteor or shooting
stition

trail accompanied with much light. was a phenomenon regarded with superamong the ancients. Cp. Aen. 5, 523 so also Shakespeare,

"a

star

drawing a
star

Julius Caesar, Act

2, Sc.

When

beggars die there are no comets seen


blaze forth the death of princes.

The heavens themselves

So

also

Richard II., Act

2,

Sc.

The meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven The pale-faced moon looks bloody on the earth,
;

And

lean-faced prophets whisper fearful things,


fall

These signs forerun the death or

of kings.

696

Idaea

silva

indicating that Mt. Ida

was the point


trail,

for

which they
stay

should set out.

Servius says that the light signified the future glory


:

of the house of Aeneas

the fiery

that

some would
;

behind

the length of the path,


it

their long

voyage

the furrow

(stdcus), that

would be by sea

and the sulphur-smoke, the death

of Aeneas, or the war in Italy.

697

signanteniqtie vias
hi7>i

htceni:
:
'.

"and marking

out

its

way"

(in

the heaven).

"then

in a long train its

furrow sheds a gleam."

turn

after its disappearance.

699

hie vera
7nora
:

for the

more usual

iutn vera.

auras:
se
:

Anchises was

probably before this stretched on his bed

see v. 644.
est,

700

delay on

my

part.

Note the presents

seqiior,

mark

strongly the promptness of Anchises.

702

dontiim "family." 703 augurium probably meant


: :

at first as

omens from the cry of

birds

avis, root

gar, "to cry"

cp. yr/pvEiv, garrire, graculus.

Troia

all that is left

of Troy, meaning lulus, Anchises and Aeneas, or some

say future Troy.

704 cedo
706

"

I yield,"

"

I resist

no more."

propritisque vohnint:
object
:

Conington takes incendia subject and aestus


fire rolls its

"and now
subject

the

burning tides nearer"

others
rolls

take

^z^j'/?/^

and incendia object: "the conflagration

fiery flood."

707

imponere passive used a middle sense = impone. 708 subibo hiimeris '.'support you on my shoulders. " labor
:

in

/.?

iste

"the

burden you cause."

NOTES.
711
longe

83
leading up to
is

Servius thinks that Vergil


verba.

is

tlie loss

of Creusa.
ani-

1Vl~quae dicam mea


mis advertite
struction is
advertere.
:

Note

that dicayti

future indicative.

literally turn to (regard)

my

words with your minds.


:

It is rare to find

such a construction with adverto


aliciti rei

the usual con-

animum

advertere or

animum ad aliquam rem

713

egressis szA. vobis

"there is to you having left the city": or "as you quit the city there is " cp. icri gol slaTrleovTi rbv KoTinov acTV " as you sail into the harbor there is a city."
'.

714

desertae

'.

"lonely": temples

to Ceres

were usually

in

a solitary

quarter outside the walls.

715

religioue

patrum
:

"by

the veneration of

my

forefathers."

Derive

religione

v. 151.

1\^.~sedem

"trysting place."

ex diverso
:

" from
for

different quarters."

718 Note

it is a sin to handle "As the emphatic position of ffie them, having come away from so bloody a war and from recent

me,

carnage."

719

donee
tion

abluero
:

cp. the teaching of the


i5c5ar (,uvtl.

running water was held indispensable for purificaTwelve Apostles where baptism is

ordered to be fv

721

latos

spread over my broad shoulders and my neck stooped (to receive the burden), the tawny lion's hide as a covering."

leonis:

"I
:

latos
Passingveste

umeros

is

the

Homeric evpeac
:

cjuovg

cp.

Tennyson,

T/ie

of Arthur:

"Make

Avei^ht."

super: adverb.
:

broad thy shoulders to receive my insternor a middle use of a passive.

pelle
'
:

hendiadys.

724

implicuit

'

clung
:

tight.

12oopaea locorum

" through

the shady places"

see note v. 332.

12Qdudum: "but now."


121neque

Graiai
:

"nor

the Greeks massed in opposing ranks."

ex'\s

used in a pregnant sense: the Greeks were not merely massed in

opposing ranks, but were also hurling their darts from these ranks.

729

suspensutn

"hesitating."
:

731 omnemque viani "and I thought that I had passed safely through " the thick trampling of feet." all my iomnQy." crebersonii us
:

732

Note the succession of dactyls well


ment.

marks the agitation of the move-

84
735
hie

Vergil's aen.

b.

ii.

mentem
me
:

"here

bereft

of

my

senses in
:

know
736

not what "


v. 23.
:

some unfriendly power confused and panic." nescio quod: literally, "I a weak aliquoJ. tnale amicum see note on
it

was

that

my

male fida

namque
places,
loca.

viartim

" for while

I speedily

keep along the unfrequented

and diverge from the familiar

line of the road. "

cursu:

see note v. 175, pelago.


rego,

regione:
cp.

avia

scil.

'direction,'
:

the
recta

original

meaning from

'I direct':

Livy, 21, 31

regione iter instituit.

738

heu

incertum

"alas

to

my

sorrow

my

wife Creusa torn from

me

by

fate either halted or strayed or sat

say."

misero: ethical dative.

The

resedit for the subjunctives substiterit

indicatives substitit erravit erraverit resederit of depend

down being

weary,

cannot

ent question

may be

explained by supposing that Vergil intended


:

the question to be originally a direct one

" did she

stop, or did she

wander away or did she introduced by sen.


741
nee

sit

down?"

The minor

alternative

is

rejlexi:
:

"nor did
till

thoughts to her
ancient Ceres."

antiquae
742

I look back for my lost wife or turn my had come to the mound and holy abode of amissam scil. coniugem. tumulum = ad tumtilum. I

cp. desertae v. 7'3v


is

demum
una
:

used only with (l) pronouns as

idem or

(2)

adverbs

turn,

ibi, sic, nu7ie,

jam

"here

at last,"

" here and not before."

743

"she was the only one missing."

I^AfefelUtx

"was

missed by."

Note

that /a//^
is

is transitive.

745

Note

the hypermetric line, the final que

elided before the aut of

the next line.

149--cingor

see note v. 227.


is

750

Stat

" my purpose
"life."
:

fixed "
1 2,

see note
:

v.

660.

sentential cp. Aen.

678

stat conferre

Here stat = stat mihi maniim Aeneae.

lh\ caput:
752
753

ohscura limina

"the dark
I

portals of the gate."

qua

lustro
my

"by which

our footsteps I
with
eyes."

had taken my departure and tracing back follow them through the darkness and scan them

756

siforte:

"if haply

if

haply

she

tition expresses the last ray of

hope.

had returned home." The repeWith si, " to see whether" ;

cp.

Greek

el.

NOTES.
1^%ilicet
'

85

'

forthwith.

lQ\foi-uibus

asylo
Juno

local ablative.

Perhaps Vergil

is

thinking of the

shrine of

in the capitol of

Rome.
":

l&bauro
770
771

solidi=ati7-o solido:
:

"of solid gold

abl. of description.

higemitians
tectis

"repeating": the name Creusa.


:

furenti

"rushing madly among the houses":

tectis

see note

V. 528.

ll'^nota major
after

confiaetl "

like the gods, the dead no longer "cribbed, cabined or were larger than mortals so Romulus when he appeared death according to Ovid Fasti, 2, 503 pulchei- et huinano
:

viator.

774

Note the

shortening (systole) in st^tertmt

cp. tulerimt (Eclogues 4,

61): stcterunt (Aen. 3,

48

ic, 338):

constUeruJtt (Aen. 3, 681).

1~5adfari

demere
:

historical infinitive.

']~%asportare

"to take."
is

lIQ^fas
781

as well as re^nator

subject oi sinit.
:

terrani=adiei-7-am Hesperiam
EGKcpia^

Italy

was

c'AX^'l

Hesperia: (Greek,

"the western land

"

cp. iff-t/joc, Vesper,

"evening": root

VAS,

"to dwell," the dwelling place of


:

the sun): Spain, ultima

Hesperia- -Lydlns
(Herod,
i,

94),

the Etruscans were said to come from Lydia and the Tiber flowing by Etruria is called Ttisctis
I,

Ttberis (Georg.

499).
:

7S2

opima virum

"rich in men": others take virum ^'\\\\. ama "the rich lands tilled by the husbandmen ": cp. Homeric, ipyg. avdpuv.
:

783 Note
IMparta

the alliteration r^j-

regmimrei^ia

"riches,

realm and a

royal bride."
tibi,
scil.

possessed.

est: "is already won for thee": though not yet Creusae Prophecy describes the future as present.
:

objective genitive

"for thy loved Creusa."


:

785

nan ego note the emphatic position so for Andromache: II. 6, 454, ore kzv
:

also
tiq

Hector had

this fear

'Axaiuv

xo-^k-oX'-'^^^^^

AaKpvotaaav

ayrjTat.

7S6

servittim iho

"shall go to be a slave."

Explain

this construction

of the supine in -um.

787

Dardanis

'.

"I, a descendant of Dardanus."

Give the endings of

female patronymics.

86
788

Vergil's aen.

b.

ii.

deum genetrix
lacrimantem
ter

specially worshipped on Mt. Ida,

" mother of the gods ": Cybele, a Phr}'gian goddess, and also a patroness of Troy.
me.
lines are translated
:

790
792

scil.

sotnno:

These

from Od.

ii,

204,

where

Ulysses says of the shade of his motlier


Tpiq /XEP
rplg 6e
e(j)upfXT/dr}v,

eTJeiv re

fie

Bv/iuq avuyei,
7/

/loi

k x^tpuv ckitj eIkeTmv

nal

'oveipcf)

enraTo.
" Thrice sprang
Thrice she
I

flitted

towards her, and was minded to embrace her from my hands as a shadow or even as a dream."
:

So

also

Wordsworth's Laodamia

Forth sprang the impassioned Queen her Lord to clasp

Again that consummation she essayed But unsubstantial Form eludes her grasp As often as that eager grasp was made.

794 798 799

somno
exsilio

a vision seen in sleep, rather than sleep

itself.

"for exile "


scil.

dative of purpose.
:

animis

parati
:

ire or sequi

" ready with heart and wealth


sea."
dedticere
is

to go.

800

pelago deducere

"

to lead

them over the


expedition.

the regul.nr

word used of a colonizing


801
Lucift'r=<l>ucs<t>opoq
:

803

"the light bringer. " The story goes that star of Venus guided Aeneas to Italy. spes opis either " hope of giving aid," or " hope of receiving it."
:

the

804

cessi:

used in two senses: metaphorical, literal, " I left " the scene.

"I

yielded" to

fate,

and

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.


ABBREVIATIONS.
^dj. =adjective
;

A'.=noun;

?i.

= neuter ;;;?.= plural

stij^.= singular.

Acama-S,

-ntis
;

N. m.
:

Acamas, a Greek hero

v. 2C2.

Aene-as, -ae

N. m.

Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, and hero of the Aeneid.

See Introduction.

Achaic-us,

adj. : of or belonging to Achaia, a district of Southern Greece -a, -um or the Peloponnesus (now the Morea) ; hence Greek or Grecian; see note v. 45.
; ;

Achill-es, -is N. m. Achilles, the chief Grecian hero in the Trojan War, son of Peleus and of the sea-goddess Thetis. He was slain by Paris shortly before the fall see v. 547. of Troy
: ;

Achiv-i,

-orum

N. m.

pi.

the Greeks
:

see note v. 45.


of the

Agamemnon,

Agamemnon, commander-in-chief -onis; N. m. army in the Trojan War, Iving of Mycenae, and brother of Menelaus.

Greek

Ai-ax, -acis ; N. m. : Ajax, a Grecian hero, son of Oileus, kin<? of the Locri in Greece. Sometimes called the lesser Ajax to distinguish him from the greater Ajax, son of Telamon, who, being defeated by Ulysses in the contest for the Anns of Achilles, went mad and slew himself. The Oilcan Ajax mentioned in Aen. ii as figuring in the siege of Troy, violated Cassandra in the temple of Minerva, and as a consequence was shipwrecked on his voyage home.

Anchis-es, -ae

He was, both by his father, ; N. m. : Anchises, father of Aeneas. Capys, and by his mother, Themis, descended from the royal house of Troy, whose ancestor was Dardanus. His beauty equalled that of the immortals. He was beloved by Venus, and by her became the father of Aeneas. For divulging and
boasting of the origin of Aeneas he was struck by a flash of lightning, which, according to some tradition, killed, according to others, blinded or lamed him. Vergil makes Anchises sui-vive the capture of Troy, and Aeneas carry his father on
his shoulders

the

first arrival

from the burning city. Anchises. according to Vergil, died soon after of Aeneas in Sicily, and was buried on Mt. Eryx.
;

Androg-eos,

-ei

N. m.
;

Androgeos : a Grecian hero


:

see v. 371.
;

Andromache, es N. N. m. Argiv-i, orum


;

f.

Andromache, wife
:

of

Hector

v. 457.

pi.

the Argivcs, or people of Argos, hence Greeks; see

note

v. 45.
;
:

ArgoliC-US,

adj. -a, -um of or belonging Peloponnesus (now the Morea).

to Argolis, or

Argos, a district of the

87

OO

VERGIL
;

AEN.
;

B. II.

ArgOS

N.

n. sing,

only in noiu. and ace.

also A.rgi,

-orum,

pi.

masc.

Argos, a
of

city in Argolis, the district in

which was situated Mycenae, the royal city

Agamemnon.
Asi-a, -ae
;

N.
-i
;

f.

Asia, or Asia Minor.


:

Ascan-ius,

N. m.
;

Ascaimis or
:

Ixilus,

son of Aeneas.
of

Astyan-ax, -actis
;

N. m.
:

Astyanax^ son

Hector and Andromache.

Atrid-es, -ae N. m. a patronymic, son of Atreus. and Jlenelaus, leaders of the Greeks against Troy.

The Atridae were Agamemnon

Auster,

-tri

N. m.

the

Soxdh wind ; see Notus.


:

Automedon,

-ntis

N. m.

Automedon, charioteer
B.

of Achilles.

Belid-es, -ae (properly Belides); N. m.


C.

patronymic, son o/ BeZws

see Palaniedes.

Calcha-s, -ntis

N. m.
:

Calchas, a Greek soothsayer.


;

Cap-ys, -yos

N. m.
;

Capys, a Trojan
f.
:

see

v. 35.

Cassandr-a, -ae

Cassandra, daughter of Priam, inspired by Apollo with the On the cav>ture of gift of prophecy, but doomed by him always to be disbelieved. the city, she fell to the lot of Agamemnon and accompanied him to Mycenae. See
N.
also Ajax.

Cer-es, -eris

N.
;

f.

Ceres,
:

Goddess of Agriculture.

Coroeb-US,
in the

-i

N.

m
.
:

Coroebus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon, and a suitor of Cassandra


;

Trojan army
;

see v. 341.

Creus-a, -ae
;

N.

Creusa, wife of Aeneas.

Cybel-e, -es N. f. a Phrygian goddess, identified with Rhea, or Ops, as the great mother of the gods, wife of Saturn, and daughter of Heaven (Uranus) and
:

Earth (Ge).

D.
Dana-i, -orum, or
note
V. 45.
;

-um
f.
:

N. m.

the descendants of Danaus

hence Greeks

see

Dardani-a, -ae

N.

Troy.

Dardanid-ae, -arum
Deiphob-US,
-i
;

N.
:

pi.

the descendants of Dardanus


;

hence, Trojans.

N. m.

Deiphohus, son of Priam

v. 310.

Diomed-es,
D6l6p-es,

-is

N. m.
N. m.

a famous Greek hero, son of Tydeus.


the Dolupians, a Thessalian people

-um
-a,

who came

to Troy with

the Grecian army.

Their leader was Phoenix.


aflj.
:

Doricus,

-um
;

belonging to the Dorians, an ancient Greek race

Grecian.

D^ma-s,

-ntis

N. m.

Dyvias, father of Hecuba.

E.

E6-US,

-a,
-i

-um
;

adj.
:

eastern

(^l\h><;).

Epe-os,

N. m.

Epeos, the inventor of the wooden horae

see

v. 264.

INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.


Epyt-US,
-i
;

89

N. m.
;

Epytus, a Trojan.
:

Erin-ys, -yos

N.

f.

Fury.

The Erynyes or Eumenides were Avenging

Deities, a

personification of curses.

Bur-US,

-i

N. m.
-i
:

East wiiul.
;

Eurj^yl-US,

Eurypylus, a Greek

v. 114.

F.

Fortun-a, -ae

N.

f.

Fortune, the Goddess of Fortune.

G.

Gorg-O,

a Gorgon, a creature with serpent locks and the power of turning beholders into stone. The head of one of them. Medusa, was fixed by Minerva upon her shield (ydp-yos, grim) v. 616.
or -on, -onis
;

N.

f.

Grai-us,

-i

p'.

Graii or Grai

N. m.

Greeks

see note

on

v. 45.

H.
Hect-or, -oris
;

Achilles after the latter

N. m. : Hector, son of Priam and bravest of the Trojans, slain by had pursued him thrice round Troy. His body was

dragged to the Grecian fleet at the wheels of Achilles' chariot, and was afterwards ransomed by the aged Priam, who, securing a twelve days' truce, performed the funeral obsequies. The story is to be found in Horn. Iliad, xxii and xxiv. See
vv. 270

and

540-543.
;

Hecub-a, -ae
Helen-a, -ae
;

N. N.

f.

Hecuba, wife of Priam.

Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Eloped with Paris to Troy in fulfilment of Venus' promise to give Paris the most beautiful woman in the world for wife, in return for his awarding to her (Venus) the apple of Discord.
f.:

Upon

this fateful event hinged the Trojan war. Menelaus, gathering an army of Grecian heroes and their followers, sailed to Troy and besieged it in order to recover his faithless spouse. Helen was frequently taunted by the Trojans as the cause of the war. At the close she returned home with her husband, and in the Odyssey, Bk. iv, we find her discharging the duties of hostess-wife as peacefully

as

if

Tyndaris,

nothing had happened. See, however, note on i.e., daughter of Tyndarus.


-a,

v. 567.

In

v.

569 she

is

called

flesperi-us,
or Asia

-um;
:

adj.: Western,

and so Italian when contrasted with Greece

(icrirepla).

flypan-is,

-is

N. m.

Hypanis, one

of the Trojans

who accompanied Aeneas on

the

night of the

fall of

Troy.
I.

id-a, -ae

Mt. Ida, a range of mountains close to Troy, noted for the luxuriance and veitlure of their forests. Noted in Mythology as the scene of manj' fables,
;

N.

f.:

particularly of the rape of

Ganymede and the judgment


Mt. Ida. Ilium, Trojan.
i.e.,

of Paris.

Idae-us,
ilaac-us,

-a, -a,
;

-um -um
n.:

adj.: belonging to adj.: belongiyig to

ili-um,

-i

N.

Ilium, another name for Troja,

Troy, though Troja and Ilium

seem to have been names applied

to different districts of the

same

city.

In recent

90

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

years wonderful discoveries have been made through the excavations of Dr. Schlieniann in the Troad. Remains of a prehistoric cilj- of great wealth and grandeur have been unearthed beneath the ruins of the historical citj', Ilium, on the site of the present town of Hissarlik. The destruction of the Homeric Ilium
is

usually assigned to 1184 B.C.


:

The

historic Ilium

was founded about 700

B.C.

Iphigreni-a,

ae daughter of Agamemnon. To avert the wrath of Artfimis (Diana), whom Agamenmon had enraged by killing a sacred hind, and who detained the

Greek

fleet at Aulis, Iphigenia was to be sacrificed ; but a hart was miraculously substituted for her, and she was conveyed in a cloud to Tauris, where she became

priestess to Artfiniis.

There

is

an allusion to the story in


See
v. 435.

v. 116.

iphit-us,

-i

N.

ra.:

IphiHis, a Trojan.

Ithac-us,
lul-US,
-i
;

-a,

-una;

adj.: belonging to Ithaca,

an island

in the Ionian sea,

west of

Greece, the

home

of Ulysses.

N. m.: lulus, son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius. The Julii (family of the Caesars, originally belonging to Alba Longa), were fond of tracing their descent to lulus (couAo9, "down").
;

lun-O, -onis
Troy.

N.

f.:

Juno, wife of Jupiter and queen of heaven, the bitter enemy of


cp. 5iFos, divine.)
(

(Sans.

Dyaus "bright,"
;

luppiter, lovis
gen. of
Zeu's),

N. m.: Jupiter, the greatest of the gods


sky.

= Diu-pater,

cp. Aids,

god of the clear sky, heaven, the L.

Lacaen-a, -ae
Helen

N.

f.

Spartan woman.

Sparta was called Laoedaemon

in v. 601

(Adicaira).

Laocoo-n,
note

sacrificing to
V. 199.

-ntis; N. m.: iaocoon,- priest of Apollo, although at v. 201 we find him Neptune. For story of his death see vv. 41 and 199 seti see also
;

Larissae-us,
Lucifer,
-i;

-a,

-uni

adj.

belonging to Larisxa, a town of Thessaly

an epithet

of Achilles, because Achilles

came from

Thessaly.
fero).

N. m.: Lucifer, the nioming star (Lux,

Lydi-us,

-a,

-um

adj.: belonging to

the original

home

of the Etrurians.

Lydia, a district of Asia Minor, on west coast, In v. 782 the Tiber is called Lydian, because
Italy,

of its proximity to the

Etrurians of

who were

originally Lydians.

M.
Macha-on,
Mar-S,
fighting.

-onis

N. m.

Machaon, a Greek surgeon, son

of Aesculapius.

-tis; N. m.: iTars,

God

of

War.

In

v.

335 by

metonymy

for

war,

battle,

Menela-US,

-i;

m.: Menelaus, son of Atreus, brother of


of Sparta..

Agamenmon, husband

of

Helen and king

Minerv-a, -ae; N. f.: Minerva, Goddess of Wisdom and the Arts, identified with Pallas, who aided the Greeks against Troy. (Probably akin in derivation to metis.)

Mycen-ae, -arum N. f.: Mycenae, royal city of Agamemnon in Argolis. Mygdonid-es, -ae N. m.: patronymic, soyi of Mygdon, epithet of Coroebus. Myrmidon-es, -um; N. m.r a people of Thessaly and the subjects of Achilles'
;
;

hence,

Mynnidons=followers of Achilles.

INDEX OF PROPER KAMES.


N.

91

Neoptolem-US,
name

also called Pyrrkus, son of Achilles. His from the fact that he came late to the tvar. See the beautiful passage in Odyssey xi, 105, and compare the account there given with the picture presented by Vergil, Aen. li, vv. 491-500 and 526-555.
-i
;

N. m.

NeoptoUmus

(yeos n-ToAeynos)

Neptuni-us,

-a,
-i
;

-um;

adj.: connected

with Neptune.
;

Nep tun-US,

N. m.: Neptune, God of the Sea the constant enemy of Troy owing to a breach of faith on the part of King Laomedon, who had bargained to reward him and Apollo for building the walls of Troy. After the fall of Troy he befriended Aeneas. (Probably from root niq, "to wash"; cp. ci'^w, I'lTrTo/u.ai, ci<^os nix,
;

nivia.)

Ner-eus
N6t-us,

(dissyll.) -ei

and -eos; N. m.: Nereus, a sea-deity, son

of

Oceanus and

Tethys, and father of the sea-nymphs; "the old


-i
;

man

of the sea."
q. v.

N. m.: Notus, the South %vind

Notos the Gk. equivalent of Auster,

O.

Ocean-US,

-i

N. m.: the Ocean.


;

Olymp-us,
gods.

-i

N. m.: Olympus, a mountain in Thessaly, the fabled abode of the

(Sansk. lup,
-i
;

"to break,"

Lat. rup.)
epiryco

Orc-US,

N. m.: Orcus, the lotver tvorld, the (jrave (akin to

or

ipyco,

"to

confine

").

Othryad-es, -ae;

N. m.

patronj'mic, son ofOthrys,

e..

Pan thus

see

v. 319.

P.

Palamed-es,
Pallad-ium,

-is; N. m.:

Palamedes, king of Euboea, a Grecian who


See
v. 82.

lost his life

through the wiles


-ii
;

of Ulysses.
:

N. n.

the Palladium,

an image

of Pallas (Minerva),

supposed to
In the

ha\e fallen from heaven. Trojan war it was carried


;

On
off

its

preservation depended the safety of Troy.

by Ulysses and Diomed.

Pall-as, -adis N. f., Pallas or Minerva: the former was the Greek name for the goddess of war, wisdom and the arts.

Panth-us,

-i(Voc.
;

Panthu);
:

N. m.: Panthus, priest Apollo in the Trojan citadel.

Par-is, -idis N. m. Pari, also called Alexander, son of Priam and Hecuba. When born he was exjjosed on Mount Ida, because his mother dreamed that she was delivered of a blazing torcli, which was interpreted by the seer Aesaeus to mean that the child would be the destruction of Troy. Paris was brought up by shepherds, and 60 signalized himself in protecting the people that he obtained the name of "man defender "('A AfffaiSpos). He married the nymph Oenone. Afterwards he was chosen a judye in the dispute about the golden apple. Having awarded the prize to Venus, against Juno and Minerva, he incurred the hatred of the two latter goddesses. He went to Sparta, carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, and hence the Trojan war.

Pelasg-i,
Greece.

-drum;
See note
;

N. m.: Grecians, the Pelasgi were thT earliest inhabitants of


v. 45.

Peli-as, -ae

N. m.

Pelias, a Trojan,

comrade

of Aeneas.

92
Pelid-es, -ae
;

Vergil's aen.

b. ii.

N. m.: patronymic, (1) the son of Pelens,


i.e.,

i.e.,

Achilles, v. 548, (2) the

descendant of Pelcus,

Neoptolemus, son of Achilles,

v. 263.

Pelop-eus, -ea, -eum;

whom

all

adj.: belonging to Pelops, an ancient king of Elis, after Southern Greece was called Peloponnesus or " island of Pelops." Hence

Grecian.

Penat-es, -atium;N. m.
"food," root PA, "feed"
;

pi.:

the penates or household gods (penua, "store" or

cp. pater, pasco).

Penele-us,

-i

N. m.: Peneleus, a leader of the Boeotians in the Trojan War.


;

Pergam-a, -orum
Periph-as, -antis
ing of Troy.
;

N. n.

pi.: 1.

Pergama, the

citadel of

Troy

2.

Troy.

N. m.: Periphas, one of the companions of Pyrrhus at the sack, " radiant one

Ptloeb-US,

-i

N. m.
;

Phoebus, a poetical name of Apollo


:

(<^oi^os,

").

Phoen-ix,
of Troy.

-icis

N. m.

Phoenix, son of Amyntor and friend of Achilles at the

siegfc

Phryg-es,

-um
;

N. m.
;

pi.:

inhabitants of Phrygia, that part of Asia Minor in which

Troy was situated

hence Phrygians or Trojans.

Phthi-a, -ae

N.

f.:

Phthia, a town in Thessaly and birth-place of Achilles.


slain

Polit-es, -ae N. m.: Polites, a son of Priam, eyes during the sacking of Troy v. 526.
;
:

by Pyrrhus before

his father's

Priam-US,

N. m.: Priam, King -i by the Greeks. Under him Troy and splendour.
;

of
is

Troy when that city was besieged and taken


said to have reached the height of her wealth

Priamei-US,
Pyrrh-US,
-i
;

-a,

-um

adj.: of or belonging to

Priam,

i.e.,

Trojan.
q. v.

N. m.; Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, also called Neoptoleiinis,

(Uvppot,

"red-haired.")

R.

Rhip-eus,

-ei

N. m.: Rhipeus, a comrade of Aeneas.

Scae-us,

-a, -um; adj.: Scaean; used in the phrase Scaeae portae, the famous Scaean or Western Gates of Troy. (Skoios, "on the left hand," i.e., western, because the Greek soothsayers turned their faces to the north.)
; :

Scyri-US, -a, -um adj. belonging to Scyros, one of the Sporades opposite Euboea, ami the birth-place of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles ; hence Scyria pubes^tYie Scyrian youth, i.e., a body of soldiers from Scyros led by Pyrrhus.

Sige-us,

-a,

-um
;

adj.
:

of or belonging to Sigeum, a promontory near Troy

Sigean.

Sin-on, -onis N. m. Sinon, the young Greek who indxiced the Trojans to admit the wooden horse into their city. He was a relative of Ulysses, whom he accompanied
to Troy.

Spart-a, -ae N. f. the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus, and home Menelaus and Helen Sparta, sometimes called Lacedaeinon.
;
:

of

Sthenel-us,

-i

N, m.

Sthenelus, a Greek, charioteer of Diomede.

INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.


T.

93

Tened-OS,

-i

N.

f.

Tenedos, an island four miles from the coast of the Troad.


:

Teucer, -cri N. m. -orum, Trojans.


;

Teucer, a kinfj of Troy and ancestor of Priam

hence Teucri,

Teucria, -ae

f.

land of Troy.
;

Thessandr-us,
Tll6-as, -antis
;

-i

N. m.

Thessandrus, one of the Grecian heroes in the wooden

horse, sometimes spelt

Tisandrus.
Thoas, one of the Greeks in the wooden horse.
;

N. m.

Thybr-is

(Tybris), -is or -idis


is

N. m.

old

name

for the Tiber, a river in Italy

on

which Rome

situated.
;

See
:

Lydius.

Ttljniioet-es, -ae

N. m.

Thymoetes, the Trojan

who was

the

first

to counsel that

the wooden horse be brought within the city.

Tritoni-a, -ae Tritonis, -idis or -idos N. to have been born at Lake Triton in Africa.
;
;

f.

Pallas or Minerva,

who was

said

Troi-a, -ae

N.

f.

Troy, see Ilium.


;

Troian-us,

-a,
;

-um
;

adj.
:

Trojan.

Tydid-es, -ae

patronymic, son of Tydeus, i.e., Diomede, one of the bravest Grecian heroes he was king of Argos, and after the Trojan war founded Argos Hippium, afterwards Arpi, in Apulia, southern Italy.
N. m.
-idis ; N. f. : daughter of Tyndarus (or Tyndareus), Menelaus, and sister of Castor and Pollux. See Helena.
i.e.,

Tyndar-is,

Helen, wife of

U.
UcalegO-n, -ntis
thix-es,
-is or
-i
; ;

N. m.
:

Ucalejon, a Trojan.

See

v.

312.

cleverness in strategy.

among the Greeks for his His wanderings on his return home after the fall of Troy constitute the subject of Homer's Odyssey, upon which much of the Aeneid is modelled. He is always referred to by Vergil as a type of Greek cunning.
N. m.
Ulysses, king of Ithaca, noted

Vest-a, -ae

N. f. : Vesta, goddess of the hearth and home. ; dwells or tarries," Sansk. root vas, " to dwell or tarry.")
-i
;

('EcrTia,

"she that

Vulcan -us (Vulcanus),


(Julgeo, " to be bright
").

N. m.

Vulean, god of fire

hence by metonymy, fire,

Z.

Zephyr-US,

-i

N. m.

the West wind.

ABBREVIATIONS.
is,

active.

interj.

interjoctioii,

abl

ablative.

mascaline.
neuter.

ace adj

accusative.
adjective.

adv

adverb.

nom. num.
part,
pass,
perf.

nominative.

numeral.
participle.

comp
conj.
.

comparative.
conjunction.

passive.

cp
dat

compare.
dative.

perfect.
plural.

pi.,
prep,

dep
f

deponent.
feminine.

preposition.

pron
sing,

pronoun.
singvilar.

fr

from.
frequentative.
indeclinable.
indefinite.

freq

sup.
sujierl

supine.
superlative.

indecl

indef

verb.

N.B.

It

originall}'

should be borne in written " i."


in

mind that

in Latin

words the consonantal " j" was

The words
akin to
it.

brackets e:thei inalcaxt the derivation of a word or are closely

94

VOCABULARY.
A.
from. To denote the direction from which an object is viewed a tergo, in the rear. To denote the agent : 62/. ((XTTO.)
a,

adeo,
abl.

adv. to such

an

extent

giving'

ab, prep, with


:

emphasis, indeed.

adfligo, (aff) ere, flixi, flictum, strike down, crush adflictus, crushed, dejected, dashed down.
;

abdo,
hide
;

Sre, dldi,

ditum, put
").

away

adflo, (aff)

are,

avi,

atum, breathe

of a weapon, with dat., to

plunge

upon

blast.

into (ab and do, " to give

adfluo,

re,
to.

fluxi,

fluxum, flow

to

abeo,
retire.

Ire,

ivi

or

ii,

itum, go

away

throng, flock

(adfor),
Stis
f.

ari,

atus sum, speak to (ad,

abies,

(abl.

abiete
fir.

abyiite

as

fari).

trisyll., V. 16),

pine,
Itli,

adglomero, (agg-)
wash
off,

are, avi,

atum,

abluo,

ere,

Ifltum,

roll to,

join to (ad, glomero).


ere, nOvi,

purify (ab, luo, "wash").

adgnosco, (agn-)
recognize.
;

nitum,

abnego,

are, a\i,
ili,

atum, refuse.
tentum, hold aivay hold ").
'

abstineo, ere,
re/ra in (abs = ab
;

adgredior, (agg-)
advance
to,

i,

gressus sum,

teneo,

'

attack, undertake.

abstim,
ac,

esse, fai,

am away,

absent.

adhuc,
of hoc,

adv. as yet (ad, hue, old form

see atque.

" up to this ").


us,
;

accido, fire, cidi, cisum. down hew (ad, caedo).


;

Jell;

cut

aditus,
proach (ad

m. entrance
i,

root

in eo,

avenue, ap" go to ").


; ;

accingo,

6re,

nxi,

nctum, gird on.

admiror,
be astonished.

atus sum, admire

wonder,

Pass, in reflexive force, with abl., gird


one's self with;

for

get

with ready for.

dat., gird one's self

adoro,
pear

are, avi,

atum, pray to, entreat.


ere,
tii,

accipio,

5re, c5pi,

ceptuni, receive

adpareo, (app-)
;

Itum, ap-

hear (ad, capio).

shoiv one's self; become visible.

accommodo,
dat.,/t
to,

are,
to.

avi,

atum, with

adsentio,
sent,

(ass-) ire, nsi, nsum, as(ad, sentio,

fasten

approve

"think").

acer,
AC,

oris, ere, adj. sharp, fierce (root

adservo,
closely
\

(ass-) are, avi, atum,^tard

"sharp," cp. acuo, acies, wkus).


a,

closely cling to.


are, avi,

acernus,
(acer,

um,

adj. of

maple wood
battle

adspiro,
breathe upon,

atum, with dat.


to.

"maple-tree").
iei,
f.

am favourable
stiti,

acies,

edge

line of battle

adsto, (ast-) are,


by
;

no sup. stand

(root AC, "sharp").

stand up, stand


esse, fui,

erect.

ad, prep, with the


at
;

ace.

to,

towards

adsum,

am

present

am at

near, beside.
ere, didi,

hand, approach.
ditum, add, join
to

addo,

adversus,
95

a,

um,

adj. opposite (ad,


").

(do, "give").

" towards," versus " turned

96
adverto,
attend
to (ad,

VOCABULARY.
ere,
ti, sum, observe, heed, "towards " verto, "turn ").

aliqui, qua, quod

(pi. ali-qui,

-quae,

-qua), indef. pron. adj. some, any.

adytutQ, i, n. the innermost shrine Of a temple (aSuToi', "the place unentered").


aedes,
house.
is, t.

one,

aliquis, quid, some one.

indef. pron. subst.

any

in sing, temple

in plur.

aliter, adv. otherwise.

aedif ico, are, avi, atum, build "house"; root fac, "make").
aeg"er, gra, grum, adj.
sad, sorroivjul.

(aedes,

.alii,

alius, a, ud, adj. another, other some, .others.


a,

alii

almus,
(aio,

um,
ium,

adj.

nurturing kindly
;

sick, iceary

"nourish").
n.
pi.

aenus,
aes, ae.is

a,

um,

adj. of brass

= aer-nus,

altaria, "high").

altar

(altus,

"bronze").
a,
;

aequaevus,
(aequus, "equal"

um, adj. of like age aevum "age").


atum, make equal.
level

altgri), adj.

alter, tera, terum (gen. alterlus dat. one of two, another, a second;
;

alter, .alter, the one.. the

other.
;

aequo,

are, a\d,
Cris,

altus, a, um,

adj. lofty, deep

as subst.

aequor,

n.

surface

sea

altum,

the sea, the deep (alo).


i,

(aequus, "even," "level").

alvus,
equal, fair.

fern, belly.

aequus,
aeratus,
(aes).

a,

um, adj. um,


adj.

level,

a,

of brass, brazen

ambiguus, a, um, adj. doubtful. ambo, ae, o, adj. both (aix^xn).

aes,

aeris, n. brass, bronze.

amens, tis, adj. out mad (a, " from," mens).


(acflio).

of one's m,ind.

aestus,

us,

m, heat

billows
life,

aijjicus,

a,

um,

sA]. friendly.

aetas, atis, f. time of aevtas. aevum, "age").

age (for

amitto,

ere, mlsi,
is,

missum,
;

let go, lose.

amnis,
everlasting
?.qua).

m. stream

aeternus,
(aetas).

a,

um, adj

river f=ap-nis: Sans, ap,

a large, rapid "water": cp.


with
inf.,

aether,

firis,

m. the briyhi upper


time

aii

amor,

oris,
to.

m. love

air

ether {al8^p).

eager desire
n. age,
ni,

aevurn,
Ager.
acre).

i,

(acwi/).

ampleotor,
Eng.

i,

plexus sum, embrace.


adj. spacioics, large
fill "),

agri.

field (aypds, cp.

amplus,
(am,
''

a,

um,

around," pleo, "

agger,

6ris, n.

bank,mound{3id,gero),

an, conj whether,

or.

agitator.

Oris,

m. driver

(agito).
'"

anguis,
squeeze "
;

uis,

m. and
e\ii).

snakt ;ango,

agito, are, avi, atum, keep moving, ptirsue ponder (freq. fr. ago).
;

Gk.

agmen,
oj

inis, n. course,

stream.
i

band
hence

angUStUS, a,um, ,m1j. narrow (ango). anima, ae^ i. breath, life (Sans. an.
" to breathe ").

soldiers

on
is

the

march

(ago.
").

" that which

set in motion

animus,
itume

i,

m. mind
;

in pi. spirit,

ago, 6re, Cgi, actum, drive, lead age, come now f {ayui).
-.

courage (avejuos

see anima).

annus,
(ager,

i,

m. year.

agricola.
colo).

ae,

ii:.

hiisbanaman

ante,

adv.

and prep, with


a,

ace. before.

antiquus,
;

um,

adj. old, ancient -

aiO: V. defect tay

3rd pers. sing.

ait.

(=anticus,

fr.

ante).

VOCABULARY.
aperio,
(ab, pario,
ire,
fli,

97
us,

ertuin, opeji

reveal

ascensus,
asper,
era,

m.

ascent.
adj. rough, fierce,
pi.).

" get from," "uncover ").

emm,

apex, Icis, m. point, spike ; tip of a flame, pointed flame (ap, "join to," cp.
aptus).

cruel(v. 379, aspris abl.

aspicio,
hold.

splcgre, spexi,

spectum,

be-

apto,

are, avi, aXnva, Jit, fit on.

apud,
ara,

ast, or at, conj. but.


prep, with ace. with,
f.

among.

ae,

altar.
f.

arbor,
arceo,

astrum, asylum,
ary
;

i,

n. star {aarpov).

i,

n.

Oris,

place ofi-cfuge, sanctu-

tree.

{a.(Tv\ov).

ere,

Qi,

no sup. confine
adj.

re-

strain (apKtto, a\Kij).

ater,

tra,

trum, adj. black, gloomy.

ardens,
ardeo,

ntis,

o/i

fire,

eajer

atque
;

(ac), conj.

and ( = ad "in

ad-

blazing (ardeo).
ere,
arsi,

dition"; que, "and").

arsum,

am

on

atrium,
fire,

i,

n.

entrance-hall ; court.

am eager.
arduus,
aries,
a,

attollo,

fire,

no

perf. or sup. lift

up

um,

adj. lojty, towering,

(ad, tollo).

high(jik\n to opflds, "erect").


etis,

attrecto,
tracto).

are, avi,

atum, handle

(ad,

m. ram
n. plur.

battering -ram.

(Abl. trisyll., ariete = ar.v6tC, v. 492.)

auctor,
(augeo).

oris,

m. author, originator

arma,
attack

orum,

arms

means of
"to

(apui, "fit,"

"adapt").
n.

audeo,
audio,

ere,

ausus sum, dare.

armentum,
plough
").

i,

herd (aro,

or il, Itum, hear (cp. Lacon. aBs = o5s, Eng. ear, Lat. auris).
ire, Ivi,

armiger, i (arma; gero, "carry"), m. armour-bearer.

augurium,
call ").

li,

n.

omew by
;

the utter-

ance of birds; o/oen (avis

root qar, "to

armipotens,
arms.

ntis,

adj.

powerful

171

aura,
are, avi,

ae, air, breeze (avpa).


a,

armo,
atus,
aro,

atum,

arm

arm-

as subst. a7i
are, avi,

armed man.

auratUS,

um,

adj. gilded (aurum).

atum, plough.
raise

aureus,
auris,

a,

um,

adj. golden.

arrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, lift, up (ad rego "keep straight ").
;

is, f.
i,

ear (see audio).


n. gold. n.

ars,

artis,

f.

art, skill

cunning.

aurum, ausum,
aut,
facio,

i,

daring deed (audeo).

artifex,

Icis,

m. and
(ars,

f.

cunning, work-

conj. or.

man,

contriver

"art";

autem,
crease
").

conj. but.
il,

"make").

auxilium,
us,
a,

n. help (augeo,

"in-

artus,

m.

joint,

limb{apm, "fit").

artus,

um,
n.

adj. close-fitting, tight.


(aro,

aveho, ere, vexi, vectum, carry way


<

arvum,
arx,

i,

ploughed land, field

pass., to be carried

away,

i.e.,

to

sail

"to plough").
place of defence, citadel (arceo, "to enclose" ; apxeia, oA/oj).
arcis,
f.

away.

avello,
tear aivay.

ere,

velli

or vulsi, vulsum,

ascendo,
scando).

Sre,

di,

sum, climb

(ad,

aversus,
averto,

a,

um,
ti,

adj.

turned away.

ere,

sum, turn away.

98
avius,
via.),

VOCABULARY.
a, uni, adj. (a,
;

" away from,"


as subst., by-

capio,
prisoner,

6re, cepi, captuni, catch

take

pathless

n.

avium,

captus,
a,

perf. part, as subst.

path.

prisoner, captive.
i,

avus,
axis,

m. grandfather, ancestor.

captlVUS,
taken as

um,

adj.

plundered,

is,

m.

axle,

axis; the axis of

sjjoil; captive (capio).


i,

heaven, heaven.

capulus,
caput,

m.
n.

the handle, hilt (capio

hence, "the thing grasped").


itis,

head; top

(Ke<^aATj).

barba,
(Sop^apo!,

ae,

f.

heard.

cardo,
careo,

inis,

m. hinge, pivot,

socket

barbaricus, a, uin, adj. barbaric "one who speaks an unknown


").
i,

(akin to Kpa&aCvia,
ere,

"to

swing'').
abl.

fti,

tongue

itum, with

am
keel

without (root KAR, "shear"; cp.


n.

iceipu)).
f.

bellum,
test

war( = duellum, "aeoncarina, ae


by meton. a
(cp. Kapvov, cornu),

between two ").

ship.

bigae, arum, f. -pi. pair-horse chariot ( = bi-iugae; bis, iugum, "a yoke").

carus,

a,

um,

adj. dear, loved.


abl.

bipatens,
teo,

ntis, adj.

doubly open

(pa.-

"to open").
is, f.

cassus, a, um, adj. with o/( = car-sus, fr. careo).


castra, orum,
n. pi.

deprived

bipennis,
"wing").

double axe

(bis,

penna,

camp.
hazard

casus,
iitiice (

us,

m.

fall, accident,

bis, num. adv.

= duis).

mischance, calamity (cado).

bos,

bo vis,

m. ox
i,

(/Sous).

caterva,
catulus,
cub.

ae,
i,

f.

crowd, band.
;

bracchium,
breviter,
(=brevima).

n.

arm (jSpaxiwc).
day
winter

m. a young dog

whelp,

adv. shortly, briefly (hrovis).


f.

bruma, ae,

the shortest

causa,
reason.

also

(caussa),

ae,

f.

cause,

cavema,
C.

ae,

f.

cavern, hollow.

cavo,'
to

are,

avi,

atum, make hollow;

cado,
stars
:

Sre,

cecldi,
set
;

to

sink or
a,

casum, fall happen.

of

pierce.

CaVUS,
se-

a,

um,

adj. hollow.

caecus,
cret,

um,

adj. blind;

dark;

cedo,
yield.

ere,

cessi,

cessum,

go

away,

hidden.
is, f.

caed.es,

slaughter (caedo).
;

celsus,
slay

a,

um

(root

kar,

in

Kap-q,

caedo,

6rc, cGcldi, caesuni, exit


;

"head"),

adj. lofty.

(root ciD- for scid

cp. scindo

Gk.

a-xiiui).

centum, num.
(exaTbi").

adj.

indecl.

hundred

caelicola, ae, m. and f. one who dwells in heaven; heavenly being (ca,c\um, colo).

cemo,

6re, crevi,

cretum, distinguish

caelum,
caligo,

i,

n. heaveii.
a,

{with the eyea); sce{c\>. Kpivut, "divide").

caerulus,

um,
f.

adj.

dark

blue.

certatim,
certo,

adv.

with

emulation;

Inis,
i,

thick darkness.

earnestly (certo).
are, avi,
a,

campus,

m. plain, field.

atum, contend,

strive.

cS,no, ere, cCcTni, cantum, sing: prophesy (because oracles were made in
verse).

certus,
cervix,

um,

adj. sure, fixed,

un-

erring (ccrno).
vlcis,
f.

neck (cer = icdpa veho).


;

VOCABULARY.
CesSO,
fr.

99
fire,

are, avi,

atum, cease

= ced-so,

COgO,

cOSgi,

cSactum, drive

to-

cedo).
a,

gether, compel (cum, ago).

ceterus,

um,

adj. the other.


;

ceu,
cieo,

adv. as, jjist as

as

gether
if.

CoUigO, ere, legi, lego). ; (cum


;

lectuni, gather to-

ere, civi, citum, set


Ki'u),

in motion,

collum,

i,

n. neck.

roMse (akin to

"go";

cp. Ktvew).
;

coluber,

bri,

m. serpent.
f.

.cingo,
gird
;

6re, nxi,

nctum, put round

pass, with

abL or

ace. of spec'n. to

columba, cdma, ae,


(ko^ij).

ae,
f.

dove.
;

hair

of trees, foliage

be girded with, gird one's selftcith.

Cinis,

6ris,

m. ashes.

comans,
with ace.

tis,

adj.

hairy
f.

crested.

circum,
around.

adv.,

and prep,

corues,
eo).

itis,

m. and

comrade (cum,

circumdo,
round.

are,

dedi, datum, place

comitor,
to

ari,

atus sum, accompany.


are, avi,

commendo,
are, avi,

atum, entrust

circumerro,
round.

atum, wander

(cum, mando).

COmniunis,
ere, fudi, fiisum, to
;

e,

cum

(root ml*, "bind";


;

circumfundo,
round
around.

pass, in middle force,

pour crowd

munus, moenia), mon.


cp.

adj. shared

com-

compages,
spicere, spexi, spec-

is,

f.

fastening; joint

circumspicio,
turn, look roxind
;

(cum, pango).

look

round

on.

compello,
co).

are, avi,

atum, address.
(pli-

Circumsto,
round
round.
Civis,
is,
;

are, st6ti,

no sup. stand
atum,

complector, xus sum, embrace

surround.
are,
avi,

circumvolo,
m. and
is, f.

Jiy

compleo, Gre, evi, etum,//Z up. composito, adv. by agreement (compono).

f.

citizen.

clades,

disaster (xXdio, "break").

comprendo,
grasp
{v>ith the

6re,

di,

sum, grasp;
pressum,

clamor,
m. shout.

oris,

(clamo

Sans,

kar-

mind), comprehend.
6re,

" celebrate"; cp. KaKiio,

kAtitos,

clarus),

comprimo,
concede,
draw.

pressi,

check, restraint (premo).


oris,

clangor,
Claresco,
groxv clear.

m.

cry; braying

(of

Sre,

cessi,

cessum, with-

trumpets) (xAayy^).
ere, ui,

no sup. inceptive,

concido,
(cado).

Cre, di,

no sup. fall down


cry.
to-

clarus, a, um, sound or sight.


classis,

adj.

clear,

bright, of

conclamo, are, avi, atum, shout ;


concretus,
gether,

is, f. fleet.
i,

um, adj. grown matted (cum cresco).


a,

claustrum,
clipeus
coepi,
(also

a. bar (claudo).
i,

concurro,
together.

ere,

curri,

cursum, run
shake

clypeus),
begin.

m. round

shield (KaKvnTu) " hide," cp. celo).


isse,

concutio,

ere,

ussi,

ussum,

ptum,

vigorously (cum, quatio).

COeptUS, perf. part. pass, of coepi. COgnosco, Cre, nOvi, nitum, inceptive,
begin to recognize, learn.

condensus,
condo,

a,

um,

adj. very thick.

ere, didi,

ditum, put together,

hide (do, "give").

100
confertus,
(cum,
farcio).
a,

VOCABULARY.
um,
adj. closely

packed

conticesco,
silent (taceo).

Sre, Hi,

no sup. become

configo,
acknowledge

Sre, xi,
eri,

xum,
fessus

pierce.

contineo,
confess,

ere,

tii,

tentinn, check, hold

confiteor,
COnfligO,
(fligo,

sum,

back (teneo).

(fateor).

Sre,

xi,

ctum, join

battle,

reach; touch

contingo, Sre, tigi, tactum, and pollute (tango).

touch,

"dash").
Sre,
f udi,

contorqueo,
fusum, pour
to-

ere, torsi,

tortum, hurt

confundo,
gether, confuse.

vigorously.

contra,
Sre,
ili,

adv.

on
a,

the other side.

COng'emo,
COngrero,
together.

no sup. groan
gestum, heap

contrarius,

um,

adj. opposite.

deeply (con, intensive).


ere,

convello,
violently,

Sre, vulsi,

vulsum, pluck

gessi,

rend axvay.
Sre,
ti,

ConvertO,
i,

sum, turn, turn


vdlutum,
roll

COngredior,
together, fight.

gressus

sum, come
hurlstrong-

round.

convolve,
together.

Sre,

vi,

COnicio,
ly (iacio).

6re, ieci, iectum,

copia,

ae,

f.

coniugium,
(iungo, root luo).

li,

n.

wedlock

husband

forces (the

latter

abundance; of troops, meaning usuallj' ex-

pressed by

pi.).

COniunx,
Conor,
tempt.

ugis,

m. and

f.

one joined ;

coram,
face,

adv. before

any one ; face

to

husband, wife, spouse (cum, iungo).


ari,

atus sum, e7ideavour, at-

corpus,

Cris, n.

body.

consanguinitas,
tionship, kinship

corripio,
atis,
;

Sre, Qi,

eptum,

seize vio-

f.

blood rela-

(cum

lently ; lay hold

o/(cor=oon=cum, with
rapio "seize").

sanguis).

intensive force

conscius,
(some one

a,

um,

adj.

knowing with
;

coruscus,
flashing.

a,

um,

adj.

vibrating;

else),

confederate

conscious of

(with gen.) (cum, scio, "know").

consequor,
sero).

i,

secutus sum, follow.

COSta,
crater,

ae,

f.

rib.

consero, 6re, serai, aertmn, join (cum,


COnsido,
(sedeo).
6re, sedi,

Sris,

m. mixing-bowl

(icpaTjJp,

Kepa-vwixi).

sessum,

settle

down

Creber,
CRK
;

bra,

bnmi,

adj.

frequent (root

cp. cresco).
Sre,
didi,

consilium,
root SAL or sar,

li,

n. counsel,
;

plan (con
stand

credo,
;

ditum, with dat.


v. 371).

"go"

op. consul, salio).


still

trust, believe (see

note on
ercvi,

consisto,

Sre, stiti, stitum,

cresco,

(sto, root sta).

cretus

cretum, grow; as adj. born, sprung.


Sre,
inis, n.

ing

conspectus, ; in conspectu, in sight; conspectu in medio, amid the gazing


us,

m. a gazing, regard-

crimen,

charge, accusation.

crinis, is, m. hair (root kar, cp. xapa, " the head"),

throng (conspicio).

crudelis,
mpsi,

e, adj.

crueL
adj. bloody.

consume,
sume, spend.

2re,

mptum,

con-

cruentus,

a,

um,
n.

culmen,
Sre, Qi,

Inis,

height,

summit;

COntexo,

xtum, weave.

roof.

VOCABULARY^
culpa,
ae,
i.

101
(usually deinde), adv
there-

fault.

deinde
atum, blame, hold
after, then.

Culpo,

are, avi,

guilty (culpa).

delabor,
deligo,
lego).

i,

lapsus sum, slip down.

cum (quum), conj. when.


cum, prep, with abl. with; always put after the personal pronouns me, te,
86, nobis, vobis, e.g^.

6re, legi, lectum, choose (de,

delitesco,

6re,

ITtui,

no
' '

sup. hide

mecum.

one's self, lie hid (de, lateo).

cumulus,
Cupido,
cupio,

i,

m. heap.
adj. aZZ(=coiunotus).

delutarum, i, n. shrineQuo

cleanse").

cunctus, a, um.
inis,
f.

desire.
li,

demens, tis, mad (de, mens).


demitto,
down.

adj. out of one's

mind,
send

Cre, Ivi or
i, f.

Itum, desire.

Sre,

mlsi,

missum,

CUpresSUS,
cura, euro,
ae,

cypress (Kvirdpi-a-aoi).
quare).

CUT, adv. why ? ( = quo,


f.

demo,
(de-emo).

ere,

mpsi,

mptum,

take

away

care, anxiety.

are, avi,

atum, care for, regard.


cursum,
ru7i.

demoror,
ing, delay.

ari, atus,

sum, keep wait-

CUITO,

6re, cticurri,

cursus,

us,
a,

m. running, course.
adj. bent.

demum, adv.
denique,

at

last.

curvus,
cuspis,

um,
f.

adv. at last.

idis,

spear,

densus,
"cover," op,

a,

um.
i,

adj. thick (Sacrvt).

CUStOS,
scutum,

odis (root sc^^

depascor,

pastus sum, feed on.


pSstli,

Kivdia),

m. guardian, guard.

deponOj
dozen.

ere,

pOsltum,

lay

D.
de, prep, with
abl.

descendo,
desero,
-'join").

ere, di,

sum, go down,

from, down from.

descend (sctxndo, "climb").


Sre, Qi,

dea,

ae,

f.

goddess ; see deus.


ili,

rtum, forsake (sero,

debeo,

ere,

itum, owe (de, habeo).

decern, num.

adj. indecl. ten (Sexa).


adj. graceful.

destine,
sto,

are, avi,

decorus,
decurro,

a,

mn,

"stand"),

set apart,

atum (root sta mark out.

in

Sre, curri, or cQcurri, cur-

desuesco,
unacczistomed
tomed.

Sre, suevl,
;

suetum, render

sum, run doivn,

desuetus, unaccus-

decus,
conduct.

6ris, n.

ornament, honour.
xi,

deduce,

ere,

otum, lead down,

desum,

esse, fQi,

am

wanting,

am

away (de, sum).


desiiper, adv. from above.

defendo, ere, di, sum, strike aioay defend{de, "from"; fendo, "strike").
defensor,
oris,

detineo,

5re,

tii,

tentum, hold or keep

m. defender.
become

back; detain (de, teneo).

defetiscor, i, fessus sum, weary ; defessus, weary.


deficio,
ing
; fail,

deus,
deorum dei and
Sans.
;

i,

di

m. god; gen. pi. deum or and dis are often used for

ere, feci,

fectum,

am

want-

deia.

disappear.
eris,

DI,

DTU,
;

dea, ae, goddess (root in "gleam"; cp. Zeus = dyau3,


8e6i).

degener,
race,

adj.

u^iworthy of the

" heaven"

but not
ere. vi,

degenerate
").

(de,

"from"; genus,

devolve,
dfixter,

vOlutum,

roll
tra,

down.
trum.

lace

tSra,

terum, and

102
on the right hand; favourable (See note on v. 54.)

VOCABULARY.
(Stftos).

dolor,

oris,
i,

m.

grief.

dolus,
(oAo5).

m. gxdle,

craft,

fraud, deceit

dextera,
hand.

or dextra, ae,

f.

the right

dominor,
6re, dixi,

ari,

atus sum, hold

sway

diCO,
call ;

dictum, say, speak;

(dominus, root dam, "subdue").

name (fieiKw^ii.)i,

domo,

are,

tti,

Itum,

tame, subdue

dictuni,

n.

word.

(Sa^au), root dam).

dies, ei, m. (in sing, sometimes fem.) day; figuratively, time (root Sans, di, "gleam" see deus).
;

domus,
Sdjiios).

iis,

f.

house

{Si/j-io,

"build";

donee,
draco,

conj. until.
i,

difRigio,

ere, fugi,

fugitum, flee in

donum,
dubius,
dliCO,

n. gift (do).

different directions (dis, fugio).

onis,
a,

m. serpent

(SpdKuir).

digero,
arrange
gero).
;

ere, gessi,

gestum, distribute,

um,

(=duhibius,

duo,

relate in order,

expound

(dis,

"two," habeo)adj. doubtful.


ere, xi,

ctum, draw, lead, draw

dignus,

a,

um,
i,

adj. worthy.

out.

dlgredior,
(dis, gradior).

gressus

sum, depart
chosen, dear

dudum,
dulcis,

adv.

a while

ago, lately.

e,

adj. sweet.

dilectUS,
(diligo).

a,

um,

adj.

dum,
dux,

conj. while; until.


a,

durus,

um,
m.

adj. hard, cruel.

diripio, fire, fli, reptum, tear asunder plunder (rapio).

dQcis,

leader.

dirus,
dread.

a,

um,

adj. fearful,

terrible,

E. ecce,
interj. lo
acis, adj.
!

behold

discedo,
disco,

6re, cessi,

oessum, depart.

edax,
(edo).

coiuuming, devouring
rtum, relate at

6re, dldlci,

no sup. learn.
(dis,

discors, dis, adj. differing "apart"; cors, "heart").


disicio,
6re, i5ci,
dejftco!/ (iacio,

edissero,
length

5re,

ui,

(e, dis, sero,

"join").

iectum, dash apart,

educo,
aloft.

6re, xi,

ctum, draiv out

raise

"throw"),

diu, adv. for a long time.

effero,
" gleam "
raise.
;

rre, extQli, eliitum,

bear forth,

diva,

ac,

f.

goddess (root

di,

see deus).

eFigies,
6re,
velli,

ei, f.

image

(ex, fingo).

divello,
apart.

vulsum,

pluck

effor,

ari,

atus sum, apeak out, utter.


fugi,

diversus,
dives,
Itis,

a,

um,

adj. different, vari(dis, verto).

effugio, Cre, from, escape.

fOgitum,

ii.

flee

ous; in a different quarter


adj. rich.

efifugium,

ii,

n.

escape (ex, fugio).

efifulgeo, ere,

Isi,

no sup. shine forth.


fusum, pour forth.

divido,

ere, visi,
a,

visum, divide.
adj. divine (divus).
pi.

effundo,

ere, fudi,
i1i,

divinus,
(root DI

um,

egeo,
abl.

ere,

no sup.
of.

am

needy

with

diVUS, i, m. deity (gen.


;

often divoni)

am in need

see deus).
dedi,

egredior,
(iufii).

grCdi, gressus

sum, go out;

do, dire,

datum, give

go out from

(ex, gradior).

VOCABULARY.
elabor,
escape from.
i,

103
6re, cidi,

lapsus

sum,

slip

out,

excido,
excito,

sum, cut out or

off,

destroy (ex, caedo).


fii,

emico,

are,

a.tuin,

Jiash forth
out.

are,

avi,

atum

(intens.

and

emoveo, ere, inovi, motum, 7nove


enim,
ensis,
con], for.
is,

freq. fr. ex-oio), arouse.

exclamo,
excutio,
(root i; cp.

are, avi,

atum, cry

out.

m. sword.
or
!i,

ere, cussi,

cussum

(quatio,

eo,

Ire, Ivi

Hum, go

"shake"), shake out, shake free; rouse,

wake

^ip from sleep.


ire, li

eljuc, t-eVai).

equidem
quidem
;

(comp'd of

interj.

e and

exec,

or
iis,

ivi,

Itum, go out.

cp. edepol), adv. verily, truly.


i,
;

exercitUS,
exigo,
<3re,

m. army.

equus,
tn-n-os

m. horse (Sans, acvas


root, AK, "sharp").

Gk.

egi,

actum

(ago,

"put

in

(iKKOs)

motion"), drive out.

ergo,
Germ,

adv. therefore (=e-rego; root,

exhale,

are, avi,

atum, breathe out.

RAO, "to extend upwards": cp. opeyw.


ragen).
6re,
ili,

exitialis, e (exitium), adj. ruinous.

exitium,
reptum, snatch atoay

ii

(ex, eo,

[itum] "go"), n.

eripio,
(e, rapio).

ruin, destruction.

exitus,
atum, wander.
end.

lis

(ex, eo,

"go"), m. issue,
desire.

erro,

are, avi,
oris,

error,
deception.

m. waiidering; mistake;

exopto,
exorior,

are, avi,
Iri,

atum, greatly

ortus sum, rise out or up.

erubesco,
(ex,

6re,

iii,

no

sup., V. incept, at"), feel

expedio,

ire, Ivi

or

Ii,

Itum, extricate,

rubesco,
about.

"become red
fli,

set free (ex, pes).

shame

expendo,
tltum, tear or dig
oxit

ere,

di,

sum

(ex, pendo,

eriio, Sre, overthrow.


et, eonj.

" weigh"), pay.

experior,
..at, both.
..

Iri,

partus sum, try ;

test.

and; even; et.


conj. also.
if,

expleo,
expllCO,

ere, plevi,

pletum, Jill up.

and.

are,

tli

and

avi,

itum and

etiam,

atum, unfold.
although
(et, si).

etsi, conj. even

expromo,

6re,

mpsi,

mptum, bring

evado,
evenio,
v.n.

6re,

si,

sum, go up, ascend;

forth (ex, pro, emo).

go out, pass beyond.


ire, veni,

exsanguis,
ventum
(ex, venio),

e,

adj. bloodless.
scldi,

exseindo,
scindo,

ere,

scissum (ex,

turn out, come


6re,
ti,

to pass.

"cutout"), extirpate.

everto,

sum, overthroiv.
vici,

evince,
utterly.

ere,

victum,

conquer

exsilium, ii (=exsulium, fr. exsul, "an exile," either fr. solum, "ground," or root SAL, "go" cp. salire, consul), n.
;

ba7iishment.

ex (e),

prep, with abl. out of, from.


6re,
arsi,

exspeeto,

are,

avi,

atum, look for

exardesco, up (ardeo).

arsum, blaze

eagerly (specio).

exstingUO,
cessum, go forth.
stinguo,

6re,

nxi,
cp.

notum

(ex,

excedo,

6re, cessi,

root

stig

o-ti'^w),

extin-

excidium, li (sometimes written exSCidium, as if from exseindo usually


;

guish;

kill.

exsulto,
sal), leap

are,

avi,

atum

(ex,

root

referred to excido), n. destruction.

up ;

rejoice.

104
exsupero,
"above"),
conquer.

VOCABULARY,
are, avi, Stum (ex, super, mmint above; tower high;

fatur, 3rd sing. pres. sum, to speak (4>riixC).

ind. of fan, fa^ui

fauces, ium,
adv.

|,

plur. throat ; jaws.

extemplo,
tempus).

immediately

(ex,

fax,

facis (root
a,

fa see
;

facies),
f r.

f.

torch.

extra
beyond.

( = extera,

femlneus,
abl.

sing.

um

(femina,

root fr

fern,

of

or FEV,

<fiv,

adv. exterus), prep, with ace. outside;

"to produce,"

cp. fio, futurus),

adj. pertaining to

a woman.
<i>av,

extremus,
most
;

a,

um,

superl. adj. out-

utmost, farthest.
ere,
tii,

fenestra, ae (root window, opening.


ferio.
Ire (perh.

cp.

^a.ivt,i), t.

exuo,
to,

utum,

strip

off.

Sansk. dhilr, "injure,"

exuviae, arum
"put
on"),
f.

cp. ferus, ferox, 9r]p, furere),

(ex-uo, root av, "\io

no

perf. or

sup., strike.

things

stripped off;

spoils.

fero,
F.
carry
(fab-

ferre,

off;

ttlli, latum, hear, carry; endure relate sometimes used


; ; :

fabricator,
rioo).

oris,

m. constructor

in

an intrans. sense
;

sic ferre, so

bring

to

pass, tend

feror,

am

carried, rush,
bear, bairn

move
fabrico, are, avi, atum man"), make, construct.
facies,
f.

(Sans, bhar, cp.


).

<^epio,

(faber,

"work-

[child]

ei

(root fa or fac,
fari, fax,

"to make
<},aLi'ui),

ferrum,
ferus,
fierce.
a,

i,

n. iron

sword.
-unld,

bright"; cp. facio,


face
;

um
um,

(see ferio), adj.

<l>riij.l,

appearance.
e,

facilis,
able").

adj. easy (facio,

hence " do-

fessus,
festino,

a,

adj. iveary (fatisco).

are, avi,

atum, hasten.

facio, 6re, feci, factum (see facies), do; make; cause. Passive fio, fieri, {actus sum, am, made; become.
factiira,
fallo,
i,

festus,
fetus,
(root FE,

a,

um,

adj. festal.

a, um, adj. pregnant, filled with "produce"; see femineus). a,

n. deed.

Actus,
deceive;
(fingo).

um,

adj.

feigned,

false

fCfelli, falsum, escape notice of {a^iXKoi).

6re,

falsus,

a,

um (fallo),
f.

fides,
adj. false.

Bi,

f.

faith

promise

pledge

{Tn.9-, 77C<7Tls).

fama,
in fari
;

ae,

report,

rumour (root
dha,

fa,

fidens,
fido,

ntis, adj. confident.

see facies).
Cre,

famulus,
"found,"
f.S,
n.

fisus

sum, with dat. of

(Sans,

"to

lay,"

person, have confidence in, trust.

cp. Ti-9r)-M0. I"- attendant.

f iducia, ae,
indecl.

f.

confidence.

divine law; what is

lawful.

f idus,

a,

um,

adj. faithful.
;

fastigium, li (fastigo, "make pointed"), n. gable roof, roof, battlement.


fatalis,
e,

fig'O, 6re, xi, xuni, fix

fasten.

fing'O, Cre, finxi, fictum, shape,


ei'y-,eiyya>'ui,

mould

adj.

fated (fatum).

"touch").

fatSor,

eri,

fassus

sum
<^ou),

(root fa,
<(>riij.i,

"to

finis,

is

(root FID, cp. findo, "cleave"),

make

to

shine," cp.

(jiaifuj,

m. and

f.

end.
(pv,

fari), confess.

fio, sec facio (root


n.

"produce"),

fatum,

i,

that which

is

spoken;

flrmo,
confirm.

are, avi,

atum, make strong,

oracle ; fate (ian).

VOCABULARY.
ririiiUS, a,

103
(:fuig
uifcn.,

um (akm

to fero,

fretus),

fUlmen, law
thunderbolt.

tx.

tul^eo),

adj. strong, firm.

flxus,

a,

um,

adj. fixed, resolved (Ago).


avi,

fulvns,

a,

um (fulgeo), yellow,
no
perf. or sup.,

tawny.

flagito, are,

atum, keep asking for, atum, hlaze

fumo,
reek.

are,

smoke,

demand.
flagro,
are, avi,
ae,
t.

(</)Ae-y<o).

flimus,
(fundus).

i,

m. smoke

(9vuj, see foedo).


i,

flamma,
to falx).

flame

(<^Ae-y(o).

fundamentum,
(akin

n.

foundation

flecto, 6re,

xi,

xum, bend, turn

fundo,
to(i>\vui, fluo),

6re, ffidi,

fusum

(root fdi), Gk.

fleo, ere, evi, etutn(akin


V. n.

X(Fm) pour ; spread out.

weep.
tears.

fundus,
funis,
is,

i,

m. bottom

(7^vtf;a^^).

fletus, us, m. weeping,

m. rope.

fluctUS,
fluruen,
fluo,

us,

m. wave

(fluo).
;

Inis, n. river

stream.
ebb atvai/.

funus, ris, n. funeral, death (akin to fumus, "smoke").


furio, are,
enrage.
avi,

6re, fluxi,

Quxum, flow;

atum, inake furious,

foedo, "smoke,"
defile.

are, avi,

atum

(Sans,

dhdmas,
foul,

cp.

fumus,

foul),

make

furo,
ferio).

ere, Oi,

no sup. rave, rage

(see

fons, tis, m. fountain (root in "pour," cp. fundo).


foris,
is, f.

xiFui,

furor,
"thief").

oris,

m. rage, madness.
by stealth (fur,
<l>o!>fi,

furtim, adv.

door
Inis,

(fliipa).

formido,
fors,
f.

i.fear, dread.

Ggd.lea, ae,
f.

k
sum,
rejoice

chance, only used in nom. and

helmet.
gilvlsus

abl. forte,

by chance
e, adj.

(fero).

gaudeo,
(y7)9eaj).

ere,

fortis,

brave.
f.

fortuna,

ae,
6re,

fortune.
frcgi,

gaza,
break
word).

ae,

f.

treasure (ya^a, a Persian

frango,
fragor,

fractum,

gelldus,
oris (root

a,

um (gelu),
a,

adj. cold, icy.

fraq

in frango),

m.

genainus,
genaitus,

um,

adj. twin-born.

breaking, crash.

ub,

m. groan, roar.

fremitus,

us,

m. roaring.
by meton.

gener,

eri,

m. son-in-law (root gen,


^

fretum,
for the sea.

i,

n. strait, frith,

cp. gigno, yivaui, genus).

genitor,
a,

oris,

m. father.
f.

frigidus,

um,

adj. cold (plyo';).

genetrix,
gen),

icis,

mother (gigno, root

frons,

dis, f . foliage.

frustra, adv. in vain.


(frux,
gis)

gens,
GEN).

tis, f.

family, race.
kin (yefos, root

mostly in plur. fruges, fruit

genus,

6ris, n. race,

of the earth, corn.

fuga,
((^euyw).

ae,

f.

flight.
;

fugio,

6re, fugi, ftigltum, flee

eteape

gero, Sre, gessi, gestum (root gas, "come," "go" ; gero in causative sense "cause to go"), hear, carry.

fulgeo,
{<f>Xeyui),

Sre

or

6re,

tulsi,

no sup.

glomero,
form
into

are,

avi,

atum

(glomus),

gleam, shine.

ball ;

gather together.

106
gloria,
ae,
f.

VOCABULARY.
glory (root clu, "hear"
;

horror,
hort.

oris,

m. shuddering, dread.
ex-

cp. kKvu), (cAeos, inclutus).

hortor, an, atus sum, encourage,


hostia, ae, on v.
hostis,
is,

gradus,

us, ni. step.

gramen,

Inis(Sans. root GAR, "swaln. grass.

f.

(hostio,

" strike") victim;

low"; Gk. ^op),

see note
ace. pi.
f.

166.

grates, only
thanks (gratus).

in

nom. and

m. stranger, enemy,

hue,
adj. pleasing (akin to

adv. hither.
i,
f.

gratUS,
gravis,

a,

um,

humus,
locative

ground; hunii

is

the

case

used adverbially, on the

e,

adj. heavy.

ground

(xa/xai).

graviter,

adv. heavily.

gravo,
burden.

are, avi,

atum, malce heavy,

iaeeo,
us,
itia

ere,

iii,

Itum,

lie,

am prostrate.

gressus,

m.

step (gradior).

iaeto,

are, avi,

atum, keep throwing


fr. iacio).

gurges,

m. whirlpool.

utter wildly (freq.

iaetura,

ae,

f.

flinging away,

loss,

H.

see note

v.

646 (iacio).
ari,

babeo,
regard.

ere,

ui,

Ituni,

have; hold,

iaculor,
(iacio).

atus sum, Jling,

hurl

haereo, ere, main steadjast.


hast^,
ae,
f.

haesi,

haesum,

cling, re-

lam,

adv. already.
adv. some time since.

iamdudum,
spear.

iampridena,
time.

adv.

now for a

long

baud,

adv. not at all; not.


ire,

liaurio,

hausi, haustum, drink up.


avi, atuni,

ianua,

ae,

f.

gate, door.

hebeto,

are,

make

dull

ibi, adv. there.

(bebes, liebetis, "blunt").

ictus,
!

lis,

m. stroke
a,

(ico).

hei, inter j. with dat. alas

heu,

interj. alas

not knowing, ignorant (in "not," and gnarus; Sans,


adj.

ignarus,

um,
cp.

hie, adv. here ; hereupon.


hie, haee, hoc, dom. pron.
this.

gna,

"know";
is,

yiyvuxTKui,

gnosco,

narrare).

hiemps, (hiems)
storm
(xei/iiiii').

higmis,

f.

winter,

ignis,

m.

fire.

ignotus,
this

a,

um,

adj.

unknown

(in,

hinc, adv. hence, from

place;

(g)nosco).

from
forth.

this cause;

from

this time, hence-

for dismissing

hodie,

adv. to-day
Inis (root in

(=hoc

die).

a formula originally an assembly hence, implying haste), adv. straightway, immediilicet


(ire-licet,
;

homo,
man.

humus,

x"M<'). "'

ately, forthwith.
ille, a, illud,

dem. pron. that; that

horrendus,
horrSo,
der.
Cre,

a, uin,

adj. dreadful.

famous;
IM,

that

man.
f.

no

perf.,

no

sup., shud-

imago,
akin to

Inis,

phantom ; form
unwariikc

(root,

ixiixioixaC).

horresco,
to shudder.

fire,

horrdi, no sup., Icf^n

imbellis,
um).

c, adj.

(in, bel

VOCABULARY.
imperium,
i,

107
ere,
si,

n.

military

command;

indulgeo,
yield
to.

turn,

with

dat.

empire (impero).

impetus, us, m. onset (in, peto). impius, a, um, adj. utiholy. imus, a, um, adj. used as superl.
infC-rus, lowest
;

indiio,

Sre, Qi, iitum (ej/Suoj),


e,

put on.

ineluctabilis,
of

adj. not to be strug(in,

gled out

of,

inevitable

"not," ex,
arma).

imum, as
ace.

subst. lowest

luctor, "struggle"; root lug, "writhe").

part.

inermis,
prep, with
;

e,

adj.

unarmed (in,
;

in,

towards,

into,

iners,
(in, ars).

rtis,

adj. inactive

motionless

against

with

abl. in, on.

infandus,
incendiuna,
ii,

a,

um,

adj.

unutterable

n.
di,

burning,

fire.

awful (in,
fire

fari).
Icis,

incendo,

ere,

sum, kindle,
beginning

infelix,

adj.

unhappy.
adj. (in, intensive,

(root, CAN, akin to KaCio, candeo).

infensus,

a,

um,

inceptum,
(incipio).

i,

n.

design

fendo, "strike"), hostile.

infestus,

incertus,
ful.

a,

um,

adj. not sure, doubt-

ous; hostile

um, adj. unsafe, danger= m-ienstus, fr. fendo).


a,

incido,
incipio,
(capio).

6re, cidi, c^axaa,fall

on (cfido).
begin

ere,

cepi,

ceptum,

infula, ae (Sans, bhala, "brow," cp. a white and red band of woollen stuff worn upon the forehead as
(|>(iAos), f . fillet
;

a sign of consecration.
ae,
f.

inclementia,
cruelty (clemens).

lack

of pity,

ingemino,
ingens,
hence

are, avi,
(in,

atum, redouble.

tis

"not," and gens:

include,
Claud o).

6re,

si,

sum, shut in

(in,

"that which goes

beyond

its

kind"), adj. huge.


a,

inclutus,
icAeos,

um,
e,

adj.

famous

(cUieo,

ingratUS,

a,

um,

adj. unpleasant.

see gloria).
adj. safe,

ingruo,

Bre, rui,

no sup.

rxish on, fall

incolumis,
(in,

unharmed

071

one

(in, ruo).

and root

of Kokoioj).

inicio,
a,

ere,

ieci,

iectum,

fii7ig

on

incomitatus,

um,

adj. u7iaccom-

(iacio).

panied (comes, "companion ").

inimiCUS,
with
(amicus).

a,

um,

adj.

unfrie7idly

incumbo,
dat. lean

6re, cilbfli, ctlbltum,

upon (cumbo,

"lie").

iniquus,
aequus).

a,

um,

adj. unfavorable (in,

incurro, Cre, sum, run into or

curri (or cilcurri), cur-

against.

inlabor,

labi,

lapsus sum, glide into.


lusuin,
of.

atum, bring charge against, accuse, blame (in, causa).

incuso,

are, avi,

inludo,
mock, jeer

Bre, lusi,

with dat.,

at,

7nake sport
e,

inde, adv. from that place or time,


thence, thereafter.

inmanis,
(in

adj.

huge, vast, auful

and root

of metier).
oris, adj. unmiiidfiil.

indicium,
cp. SctKvvfii,

li

(indico,
n.

root dig = 5eiK:,

inmemor,

"show"),
ari,

information.

inmensus, a, um,
inmisceo,
intermingle.
ere, ui,

adj. im7neasurable,

indignor,
ful
;

atus sum,

am

wrath-

boundless (metier, niensus).

brood vrrathfully over


a,

(in,

dignus).

mistum or mixtum,
missum, send

indignus,

um,

adj.

unworthy.

indomitus,

a,

um,

adj. unrestrained,

inmitto,
against,

6re,

misi,

unchecked (dome).

let loose.

108
innoxius,
noxa).
a,

TOCABULAR"?.
nm,
adj. harmless (in,

instaUTO,
stand
;

are, avi, atum, make to renew (crrav pot, icmjm, root sta).
stravi,

innuptUS,
(nubo).

a,

um,

adj.

unmarried

insterno, Sre, upon cover over.


;

stratum,

lay

inpello,
urge.

ere, pflli,

pulsum, drive on,

insto,

are, stiti,
6re, xi,
f.

statum, press on.

instruo,
Cre, evi,

ctum, build up, equip.


(in,

inpleo,
inplico,
entwine

etum./iZ up.
fii,

insula,
ituni,

ae,

island

and root sal

are, avi or

atum, or

in salio, consul, exul).

(TrXe/cio).

insultO,
pOsitum, place on.
adj. excessive,
v. 356.

are, avi,

atum, leap upon

inpono,
(in,

6re, pSstti,
a,

use taunts

(in, sa!io).

inprobUS,
probus)
;

um,
a,

bad

insuper,
integer,
;

adv. in addition.
gra,

see note

grum,

adj. untotiched

inprovidus,
(in, pro, video).

um,

adj. unforeseeing

undamaged sowid

(in, tango).

intemeratus,
a,

a,

um,

adj. unviolated.

inproviSUS,

um,

adj. wiforeseen.

intendo,
or direct
adj eager.
.

inquam,
inritus,

v. defect.,
a,

tay.
ratus,
fr.

sum or turn, stretch towards intentus niay be an


ere, di,
;

um,

(in,

reor),

adj. vain, iiseless.

inter, prep, with ace amo7ig.

inruo,

6re, Qi,

no sup., rush on or
madness.
adj. not healthy,

into.

intercludo,
(inter, claudo).

6re, clusi,

clusum, hinder

insania,

ae,
a,

f.

insanus,
inscius,
pursue.

um, um,

mad

interea, adv. meanwhile.


interior,
us,

(sanus, "Bound"),
a,

compar.

adj.

inner

adj. ig7iorant (scio).

(intus).

insequor, i, secutu3sum,/oZ?oM' after,


inserto, are, avi, atum, put into "into"; sero, "join").
(in,

intexo,
interlace.

6re,

ui,

textum,

inweave,

intono,
personally,

are,

tti,

no sup.

(in, intens.,

tono, "thunder"), thunder; intoiiat imit

insideo,

ere, sedi,

in, take possessioyi of,

sessum, am seated occupy (sedeo).

thunders.
ere, rsi,

intorqtieo,
sive, or

rtum

(in,

inten;

insidiae, arum,
plot (insideo).

f.

ambush,

artifice,

" against"), whirl or hurl against

see note v. 60.


n.

insigrie, is, badge (signum).

mark

of distinction

intra, prep, with

ace. within.

insinuo,
into.

are, avi, iitum, twine,

wind

intus, adv. from within, withi7i. inultUS, a, um, adj. unavenged


ulciscor).

(in,

insono,
echo.

are, Oi, Ttum, sov.iid within,

inutilis,

e,

adj. useless.
si,

invado,
tis, adj. guiltless (in, sons,
;

6re,

sum, go against,
ventum,

insons,
K8,

attack.

" g-uilty," really a participle

root as or

Gk.

e'l/ic

Lat. (e) sum).


fire,

invenio,
upon, find.

ire,

vcni,

come

inspicio,
into.

spexi,

spectum, look

inventor,
indecl. (root bta), tmajc,

oris,
f.

m. discoverer.
(in video),

instar,
likeneit.

n.

invidia,

ae,
a,

envy

invisus,

um, adj. hatful (invideo)

VOCABULARY.
involvo, 8re, vi^ utum, enroll, enwrap.
Ipse,
self.

109
ae,
f.

lacrima,

tear (akin to SdKov

a,

um,

pron. self; him-, her-,

it-

root DAK, bite").

lacrimo,
f.

are, avi,

atum, weep.

ira, ae,

anger.

lacus,

lis,

m.
si,

lake.

iste, a, ud, pron. dem. that, that of


yours. ita, adv. in this

laedo,

Sre,
a,

sum, hurt, injure.


adj.

laetuS;

um,

glad ; joyous.
.

way,

thut.
i^

iter, itingris, n. road, journey (root

laevus, left hand;


omens;

a,

um

(Aatds),

left,

on the

(I) adverse,

unpropitious, of

"go").

(2) foolish; see note v. 54.

iteruxQ, adv. a second time.

laeva,

ae,

f.

(soil,
i,

manus),
lick.

left

hand.

iuba,

ae,

i.

crest.

lambo,
iussum, bid. com-

6re,

no sup.

iubeO; mand.

ere,

iussi,

lamentabilis,
lapso,
are,
us,
a,

e, adj. to be

lamented.

no

perf. or sup. slip (labor).

iugum,
fuyoi',

mountain - ridge
ae,

(iun^o

lapsus,

m.

gliding.
adj. plentiful,

"that which joins").

largus,
iunctxara,
f.

um,

abun-

joint.

dant.

iungo,
iU8,

Sre, nxi,
fu-y).

nctum, jom(^u-yi'u,ui,
ordinance.

lassus, a, am (prob. = laxus), ad j./aint,


weary.
late, adv. far

root lUG or

uris, n. right
i,

laiv

and
f.

wide.

iussum,
iussus,
iustus,
youthful,

n,

command (iubeo)
I

latebra,
lateo,
adj.

ae,

(rare in sing.) lurking-

lis,

m. command.
adj. just (ius)

place, retreat (lateo).


ere,
fli,

a,

um,

no sup.

lie

hid {KavBavu),

iuvenilis. e (also iuvenalis),

root

Aafl).

la bus,
is,

eris, n. side {-nkarvs).


a,

m. and f. originally adj. young, then used as subst. youth, young man.

iuveniS;

latus,
tus
;

um,

adj.

broad (old Lat.

stla-

root star, as in sterno).


are,
avi,

laudo,
CLu,

atum, praise (Sans.


/cAiiw).

iuventa,

ae,

f.

youth,

i.e.,

the age of

"to hear"; Gk.


us,
f. f.

youth, in abstract sense.

laurus,
youth
;

laurel.

iuventUS,
ally abstract.

utis,

f.

body of

young men, in

collective sense; origin-

laus,

dis,

praise, renoivn.

laxo,
liivi,

are, avi,

atum,

loosen.

iuvo,

are,

latum, assist

juvat,

lego,
(Ac'yoj).

Cre, legi,

lectum, pick, choose;


of,

impersonally,

it

delights.

gather up, pass over surface

ski7n

iuxta, adv. and


close to (iuiigo
;

prep, with ace. next,

root sta).

lenis,

e,

adj. gentle.
(Ae'ioi/).

leo, onis, m. lion

L.

letum,
LI,

i,

n.

death (akin to deleo, root

labes,
labo,
labor).

is, f.

slipping, downfall (labor).

"dissolve").
e,

are, avi,

atum,

totter (akin to

levis,

adj. light

= legvis, cf

cAaxu's);

levo,
oris,
i,

are, avi,

atum, make

light

ease

labor,
labor,

m. labour ;

distress.
;

remove.

lapsus sum, glid^,

slip

down.

lex,

legis,

f.

law (root

iiia,

"bind ").

110
lig-num,
i,

VOCABULARY.
n. wood.

maestus, a, um(maereo,km to/niVos


and miser),
adj. sad.

ilgo, are, avi, atum, hind.

limbus, i, m.
limen,
limes,
Inis,

border, belt, band, girdle.


;

magis, comp.
rQagnus,
major
;

adv. more.

n threshold (=lig-men " the thing which fastens").


itis,

sup.

um, adj. great; comp. maximus.


a,

m. boundary ; path.

male,

adv. badly.
a,

limosus,
lingua,
dingxia
;

a,

um,
f.

adj. ?ncW!/(limus).

malus,

um,

adj.

bad

comp. pejor

ae,

tongue (original form

sup. pessimus.

aliin to tongue).

maneo,
leave.

ere,

mansi,
f.

mansum, remain.
fetter

linquo,

Ore, Iiqui,

no sup.

manica,
(manus).

ae,

handcuff;

lito, are, avi, atum, inake

sacrifice

(with favourable results).

manifestus,
litus, 6ris, " overspread").
n.

shore

(akin

to

lino,

clear (manus,

a, um, adj. palpable, and fendo, "strike").

loco,
position.

are, avi,
i,

atum, place.

manus,
m. place,

iis, f.

hand ; handful,

hattd.
;

locus,

plur. loci

and

loca,

mother root MA, "to make").


tris,
f.

mater,

(a.kin to ixTjT-qp

longaevus,
longe,

a,

um,

adj.

of great age,

medius,
middle

a,

um,

adj.

middle; in the

aged (longus, aevum).


adv. after.
a,
i,

(/necro!).

melior,
bonus,

us,

adj.

used as comp. of

long"US,

um,

better.
isse, v. defect, a.

adj. long.
;

loquor,

Idcutus, sum, speak

speak

memini,
(mens).

remember

o/(Sans. lap, Gk. AaK, "ta!k,"cp.

Aatricio).

lorum,
luctus,
geo).

i,

n. thong.
a,

memorabUis,
related,

e,

adj. deserving to be

lubricus,

um,

memorable.

adj. slippery.

lis,

m.

grief,

lamentation

(lu-

memoro, are, avi, atum, relate. mendax, acis, adj. lying (mentior).
mens, tis, mind (cp. mensa, ae, table.
f. f.

lugeo,
(Avypd?).

ere,

luxi,

luctum,

bewail

moneo).

lumen,
luna,

Inis, n. light { =

\ucn\en

same

mentior,
state (akin to

iri,

itus

sum,

lie ;

falsely

root as in lux, luceo).


ae,
i,
f.

mens;

original meaning,

moon

(^lucna).
(Aii/coi).

"invent").

lupus,
lustro,

m. wolf
are,

mercor,

ari,

atus sum, btty (merx).


ili,

avi,

traverse; surpi/
purify," root n:).

atum, go round; (original meaning, "to

mereo,

ere,

Itum

(also

as dep.

mereor, mCritus sum), deserve, merit.

lux,

lucis,

f.

light.

metus, us, m. fear. meus, a, um, poss. adj. my.


mico,
machine,
are,
i"ii,

M.
raachma,
(jii)Xa>'>)).

no

sup.,

move quickly

to

and
engine

fro

ae,

jlash, yleam.
Itis,

f.

miles,
are,
.^vi,

m.

soldier,

body of soldiers.

macto,

fitum, sacrifice (Sans,

root MAii, " adore").

mills, num. adj. indecl. a thousand; aa sul>3t. n. with pi. milia, thousands.

VOCABULARY.
minister,
tri

Ill
onis,

(double comp.

fr.

minus,

mucro,

m. point, edge.

"less,"). "' attendant : aider, abettor.

minor,
threaten.

ari,

atus

sum,

overhang

mugitUS, us, m. bellowing (mugio). multus, a, um, adj. m,iich, many a ;


in plur.

many.
i,
;

mirabilis,

e,

adj. wonderful.

miror,
at.

ari,

atus sum, wonder; wonder

murus, m. waK(=munru8 munio). muto, are, avi, atum, change ; exchange.

misceo,
mingle

ere, ui,

mistum and mixtuni,

N.

{ij.lyvvij.i).

nam, namque,
narro,
are,
;

conj. for.

miser,

6ra, 6runi, adj. superl. miser-

avi,

atum,

tell,

relate

rimus, toretehed.

(akin to gnarus
e,

Sans, gna,

"know").
another

miserabilis,

adj. pitiahle, wretched.

nascor,
scor,

i,

natus sum,
root

am &or?i( = giia-

misereor,
pity.

eri,

itus

sum, with gen.

yiyvoiJ.ai,

na = gna,

form
ere,

of gen).
i, m. son ; nata, ae, nati, c/tiWre?i( = gnatus).
f.

miseresco,
pity.

no

perf. or sup. feel

natus,
ter
;

daugh-

mitto,

ere, misi,

missum,

se7id.

navis, a
fort-

is, f.

ship (yavs).

modo,

adv. only.

moema,
ress (munio).

lum,

n. plur.

walls,

ne, adv. with imperative, not, do not conj. with Bubj. lest, neve (neu) neve (neu).. neither ..nor.
,

moles,
toil,

is, f.

mass
itus

bank

pile.

nebula,
ivith

ae,

f.

mist (nuhes,

ye(^os).

molior,
mollis,

Iri,

sum, perform

nec,

see neque.
a,

undertake (moles).
e,

nefandus,
nefas,
forbids
;

um(ne

fari,

"speak"),

adj. soft.
tli,

adj. unutterable ; impious.


n. indecl.
(fas).

moneo,
(mens).

ere,

itum, warn, advise

that which divine law

guilt

mons,
motmtain.

tis (root min,

" to project"), m.

nego,

are, avi,
otis,

atum, say no, deny.

nepos,
are, avi,
i,

m. grandson, descendant.
conj. neither
;

monstro,

atum, show.

neque,
.

or

nec,
.

neque

monstrum,
monster (moneo).

n.

omen ;

prodigy,

.neque, neither .nor.

nequiquam,
um.
adj. belonging to
to

adv. in vain.

montanus,
a mountain.

a,

nescio.
know,

Ire,

sclvi or scii,

scltum, not

nescio quod, used as adj.,

=i

mora,
op. ^poTd5

ae,

f.

delay.
(root

know not what, some mysterious.


mar
;

morior, i, mortuus sum = fi[o]poTos), die.

neu (contr.
nex,

for

neve).

See ne.

nScis (Sans,
f.

moror,
(mora).

ari,

atus sum, delay

linger

cp. viKv;, vKpQ<;),

nac "disappear": murder, death.

ni=nis],
f.

conj. unless.
nil,
bit).
i,

mors, tis, death (see morior). morsus, us, m. bite (mordeo). mortalis, e, adj. mortal, human
(mors).

nihil or
hilum, not a

nihlli,

n.

nothing (ne.

nimbus,
nitidus,

m. rain-cloud.

a,

um

(niteo, akin to nix),

moveo,

ere,

movi, motum, m.ove.

adj. shining, bright.

112
nitor,
fr.
i,

VOCABULARY.
nlsus or nixus

sum ( = g-nitor,

obstupesco,
obtego,
hide.
6re,

fire,

stQpui, no snp. be-

root

GJJic),
i,

strive; climb (with effort).

come amazed, confounded.


xi,

nodus,
non,

m. knot.
nayne (nosco).
;

ctum, cover over,


avi,

nomen,
noenum,
ojie

inis, n.
(

adv. not

= ne-unum

cf. ri;-,

ne-,

obtrunco,
pieces.

are,

atum,

cut

to

E. not, Ger. nein).

OCCasus,
tra, side.
a,

us,

m.

fall, destruction (ob,

noster,
of our

trum, adj. our, as subst.

c5do).

OCCido,
adj. well-known.
f.

6re, cidi,

casum, fall doum,

notus,

um,

perish (ob, cado).

nox,

noctis,

night (yv^).

OCCUlto,
celo).

are, avi,

atum,

coiiceal (ob,

nubes, is, f. cloud {vi<i>o<;). nudus, a, iim ( = nugdus, "make bare"), adj. naked.
nullus,
no.
a,

root nao,

OCCumbo,
doicn
;

6re, oQbtti,
to.

cQWtum,

fall

with dat. yield


i,

um (ne-uUus),

adj. not

any,

oceanus,
oculus,
i

m. ocean
(Sans,

(wiceai'os).

akshi,

root,

itsh,

numen,
"nod"
;

Inis (for

nu-imen, root

hit,

videre),

m.

eye.

cp. vevu, re-nuo), n.

nod; divine

will; deity.

6di, isse (Sans, root badh, " strike," "thrust" Gk. mBiuS), v. defective, hate.
;

numerus,
nunc,

i,

m. nwm&er.

odium,
offero,

ii,

n. hate.

adv. 7101V (vvf). adv. never (ne, unquara).

ferre, obtilli, oblatuni,

put

he-

nunquam,
nuto, are, tway to and fro.
O,

fore, present.

nU3quani,adv. nowhere(ne, usquani).


avi,

omen,

Inis (perh.

originally os-men,

atum

(root no), nod,

root AUD, "hear"), n. omen, sign.

O.
interj.
!

omnipotens, tis, omnia, e, adj. all.

adj. almighty.

ob

(old form obs), prep, with ace.


;

on

account of (akin to Sans, api

Gk.

eTrl).

obduco,
obiecto,
pose (freq.

6re, xi,

ctum, draw atum,

over.

onus, Cris, n. burden. opacus, a, um, adj. shady. opimus, a, um, adj. rich (opes). oppono, Cre, p6sui, p6situm, place
opposite.

are, avi,
obicio).

Jlins; to, ex-

fr.

obicio,
iacio).

Cre, ieci, iectum, fling to (ob,

opes,

(ops) opis, f. aid, poicer ; opum, wealth, resources.

in plur.

opto,
desire.

are, avi,

atum (root

op, "look"),

Obliviscor, i, litussum(liveo = pliveo, " to be a dark blue" cp. 7rAios jrtAAd?),


;

opus,
6ra,

Bris (Sans, apas), n. work.


f.

V.

dep. a. forget.

ae,

shore, coast.
i,

obriio,

6re, Oi, fttum,

ovenvhelm.

oraculuna,
orbis,
is,

n. oracle (oro).
coil.

Obscurus, a, um
cp. (TKcvri,

(Sans, sku, "cover";

m. round, circuit ;
orsus

scutum,

cutis,

Eng. sky), dark.


ob-

ordior,

Iri,

sum (akin
;

to opwtii-;

observe,
terve.

are, avi,

&tum, watch,

cp. orior), begin.

ordo,
Cre, sOdi,

Inis (root

OR

Sans, ar-,

"go";

obsideo,

sessum,

sit

down

"strive
row.

upward";

cp. orior),

m. order,

against, besiege (ob, sedeo).

VOCABULARY.
orior,
Iri,

113
re,
feci,

ortus sum, arise (opwixi).

patefftcio,
open, open.

factum,

make

ornus,
6ro,
OS,

i, f.

mountain atum

ash.
(os,

are,

avi,

"mouth"),
(Sans. Ssja,

pateo,
in pando),

ere,

ili,

no sup. (root pat, also

pray, entreat.
oris,

am open.
tris,

n.

mouth; face
bone
i,

pater,

m. father (root pa, "feed," no sup. begin

"face").

cp. TraTJJp).
(ocrreoi').

6s,

ossis, n.

patesco,
patior,
(7rao-x<o).

ere,

tii,

to be

osculum,
OStendo,
(obs, tendo).

n. little tnouth, kiss.

open or obvious.
pati,

Sre, di,

sum and tum, shmv

passus

sum,

suffer

P.

patria,
(of the

a.e,.f.

fatherland.
adj. belonging to one's

palma,
{naXaiXT]).

ae,

f.

palm

patrius,
hand),
father.

a,

um,

palus, udis
pool),
f.

(akin to

TrrjAds,

"mud"

paulatim (paucus), adv. little by little.


;

marsh.
ere,

pauper,
di,pansum and passum
iriTa.wviJ.i.),

6ris (akin to

paucus, parvus,

pando,

Travpos), adj. poor.

(root PAT, in pateo,

spread

pavidus,
pavito,
fear.

a,

um,

adj. terrified.

open, xinfold; passis crinibus, vn,th dishevelled hair.

are, avi,

atum,

am

in great

par,

pSris, adj. equal.

pavor,

oris,

m. fear, panic.

parco, ere, peperci, parcitum or parsum (=sparco, akin to o-Trapcd;, spare,


paucus, parvus), with dat. spare ; cease.

pectus,

6ris, n. breast;
i,

mind, feelings.

pelagus,
pellax,
lacio,

n. sea {iriKayo^).

parens,
and
f.

tis(pario,

"bring forth "1, m.

acis (pellicio, "entice," fr. akin to cAku), adj. deceitful, cajol-

parent.
Sre,
tii,

ing.

pareo,
paries,

Itum, with dat. obey.


(of house).

pelliS,
palam),
f.

is

(Gk.

Tre'Aas ;

akin to -nKarv^,

etis,

m. wall

skin, hide.
ere, pep{ili,pulsum, drive
ere,

pario,

6re, pepSri,

partum, produce;

pello,
ably root,

away.

procure, gain.

pendeo,
(par).
f.

pependi, no sup. (prob-

pariter, adv. equally

<T({)aS

in (xipeySovri, "sling"; cp.

parma,
(TrdpfiT,).

ae,

small round shield

funda), hang.

penetrale,
are, avi,
tis, f.

is

(penetro

conn, with

paro,
pars,

atum, tnake ready.

penates, root pa, in pasco), n. inmost


place, shrine.

part ; often = some.

parvus,

a,

um (see

parco), adj. small;

penitus
utterly.

(root pa), adv. from, within

comp. minor, super, minimus.

pasco, ere, pavi, pastum (root pa, cp. pater), feed (animals); in passive, /eed,
feed on (used of the animal
itself).

per, prep, with

ace. through.

pereo,

ire, ivi,

or

ii,

Itum, perish.
over.

pererro,
steep (fundo).

are, avi,
Sre,

atum, wander
fudi,

passim (passus, pando, " spread out "),


adv. everyu'here.

perfundo,

fCisum, soak,

passus,
pastor,

us,

m. pace (pando). m. shepherd


(pasco).

oris,

periculum, or periclum, i (root PAR, "conduct," cp. irdpos), n. danger.

114
periUTUS,
ius).

VOCABULARY.
a,

um,

adj. forsu'orn (per,

POSCO,

Sre, pSposci,

no

sup.,

demand.
sup.,

possum,
re, rupi,

posse, p6tfli,

no

am

perrumpo,
through.

ruptum, break

able (potis sum).

post, prep, with


ere, vi,

ace. after

adv. after-

persolvo,
persto,
continue.

sdlutum, pay

to the

wards.

full (solvo, "loosen").


5,re,

postis,
statum, persist,

is,

m.

post.

steti,

potens,

ntis, adj.
itis,

powerful.

praeceps,
ire, veni,

adj.

headforemost

a.'

pervenio,
reach.

ventum, come

to,

subst. precipice (prae, caput).

praeceptum,
a,

i,

n. precept, instrut

pervius,
through.

um,

adj. affordinx;

a way

tion (praecipio).

praecipito,
m. foot (root pad, "go";
Uuin, seek.
f.

are,

avi,

atum, fall or

pes,

pSdis,

throiv headlong (praeceps).

Cp. JTOUS).

praecipue,
6re, Ivi or
li,

adv. especially.
n. heart, breast

peto,
mass

praecordia, iOrum,
(prae,

phalanx,

ngis,

phalanx: dense

cor

properly

" the

midriff,"

of troops ((^oAayf).
f.

"diaphragm").

pietas, atia, gard (pius).

dutiful affection, re-

praeda,

ae,

f.

booty.
ere,

praemetuo,
adj.

no

perf.

or sup.,

pineUS,
pio, are,

a,

um,

of pine (pinus).

fear beforehand.

avi,

atum, expiate.

praemium,
preces,
rare, prCce

li,

n.

reward.

placeo, ere, ui, Itum, with dat., p/eae; placet, inii>ers., it is pleasing to.
placo,
mourriing
are, avi,
oris,

defective

noun

f.

(nom. and

gen. sing, not found, prCcem and preci

atum, appease.

and

pi.

common), prayer.
5re, di,

plangor,

m. beating of the bt-east,

prehendo (or prendo),


hold
of.

sum

(prae, hendo, akin to xii'Savaj), seize, lay

(ttAjjo-o-u)).

plurimus,
much, great ;

a,

um,

superl. adj.

very

in pi. very
f.

many.
;

premo,
strike

6re, pressi,

pressum,

p)-ess

domi.
are, avi,

poena,
polus,
i,

ae,

(root vv

cp.

irouri,

prenso,

purus, punio), punishment.

freq. of praeheiido),
(rroAos).

atum ( = praehenso grasp strongly.

m. the pole, heaven


;

primum,
primus,
first.

adv. frst, firstly.

pone ( = po8ne
pono,
old prep.
6re,

cp. post), adv. behind.

a,

tmi (obsol.

preji. pri

cp.

pOsfli,

pOsTtum

= postio,
sino),

prior, primus, akin to pro), superl. adj.

port=irpoTi, wpos,
;

and

put, 2'lace

put
i,

aside.

pontus,

m. sea (novro^).
i,

principium, ii, n. beginning; principio, used as adv. firstly (primus, capio).


prius, adv.
sooner.

populus,
porta,
nade.
ae,

m. (root plr

in pleo, ple-

Dus), jieople, nation.


f.

pro, adv.

for, in the place of(np6).


ere, cessi,

gate.
(porta),
f.

procedo,
arcade, colon(cedo, "go").

cessum, advanct,

porticus, us
porto,

procul,
are, avi,

adv. at a distance.
Cre, ctibtli, ctibltum, nA;

atum

(root por, akin

procumbo,
forwards, down.

to pkr), carry

VOCABULARY.
proditio,
onis,
f.

115
atum
(root
TV,

a bringing forward
ditum,

betrayal (prodo).

piito, are, avi, "cleanse"), think.

prodo,

ere, didi,
' '

p^lt

forward,

betray (pro, do,

Q-

give ").

produce,
prolong.

6re, xi,

ctum, lead forward,

qua,

adv. by

what way

where.
quaesituni,

quaero,
seek, search,
ii,

fire,

quaesivi,

proelium, prolabor,

n. battle.

enquire about.
adj. of ivhat sort.

i,

lapsus sum, glide for-

qualis,

e,

wards, sink down,

quamquam,
n.

conj. although.

promissum,
promitto,
out, promise.

i,

promise.
missuni, hold

quando,
since.

adv.

when

conj.

because,

6re,

misi,

quantus,
great as.

a,

um,

adj. hoiv great

as

promo,

ere,

mpsi, niptum (pro, enio),

bring forth or out.

quater, num,
atum, with dat.

adv. four times.

propinquo,

are, avi,

quatio,
perf.

Sre (root cru,

"move"), no

approach (prope).

quassum, shake.
conj. because.

propinquus, a, um,
propior,
pius,

adj.

near akin.
;
;

quia,

us, comp. adj. nearer comp. adv. nearer (prope).


i,

quicunque,
pr6-

quaecunque, quodcun-

que, pron. ivhoever.

prosequor,
pany,
escort
;

quid,
seciitus

interr. adv.

sum, accomcontinue

why ?
to
jaceo,

go

forwards,

quidem,
quies,
"lie"),
f.

adv. indeed.
(akin
Keifioi,

(speaking).

etis

prospicio, ere, forward (specio).

spexi, spectum, look

rest, repose.

quin,
quini,
each.

conj. but, that

to corroborate,

proteg-o, 6re, texi, tectum, put in front as a cover ; protect.

nay, more.
ae,
a,

distrib.

num.

adj. five

protinus,

adv. forthwith (teiius, root

TEN, " hold," in teneo).

quinquaginta, num.
ctum, drag forth.
vectum,
carry

adj. fifty.

protraho,

6re, xi,

quis, quae, quid


interrog. pron.

(Sans, kis, Gk. ri^),


?

proveho,
forward.

6re, vexi,

who ? what
si,

quis, quid, after


a,

nisi,

ne

indef.

proximus,
(prope).

um,

pron. a7iy one.


superl. adj. nearest

quisquam, quaequam,
is, f.

quicquam,

pubes,
puella,

youth, body of youths.


girl,

pron. indef.

any

one.

ae,

f.

maiden.

quisque, quaeque, quodque


subst. quidque), indef. pron. each.

(or

as

puer,
-,

Cri,

m. boy, youth.
f.

quisquis, quicquid,
ever, whatever,

','-

pugna,
pulvis,

indef. pron.

who-

ae,

fight (ttu^).

'>

J^

pulcher,

ehra, chrum, adj. fair.

6ris,
is, f.

m. dust.
stern, poop.
adj. pure, bright (root
in

quo, adv. whither. quod, used as conj.,


that
;

as

to

the fact

puppis,

in excl. wherefore.

purus,
PU,

a,

um,

"cleanse,"

also

poena,

puto,

quonam, adv. whither pray ? quondam, adv. once, formerly;


times.

at

punio).

116
quoque,
conj. also.
adj. indecl.

VOCABULARY.
regnator,
how many.
oris,

m. ruler (rego).
(lego).

quot, num.

regnum,
as oblig-atio),

i,

n.

kingdom

R.

religio, onis (no, " bind," hence same


f.

religion, piety

object of

rabies, no gen. or
rage (rabio).

dat. rabiem, rabie,

religious aive.

religiosus,
a,

a,

um,

adj. holy,

vener-

rapidus,
(rapio).

um,

adj. hurrying,

rapid

able.

relinquo,
tii,

Cre, iTqui, lictum, leave.

rS,pio, re,
apTTi),

raptum

(root opir

cp.

"bird

of prey," apira^u), "seize"),

reluceo, gleam back.

ere,

luxi,

no

sup.,

flash,

seize, snatch.

rapto,
drag

remeo,
are, avi,

are,

avi,

atum, return

(re,

atum, snatch violently,

meo, "go").

(rapio).
oris,
f.

raptor,

m. plunderer.
reason, (;ause(reor,ratus).

Sans.
dus),

remetior, Iri, mensus sum (metior, MA, "measure"; cp. /j.erpoi', momeasure back
fire,
;

ratio, onis,

retrace,

raucus,
recedo,
retire,

a,

um

(ru,

"make

loud

remitto,

misi,

missum, send back.

noise"), hoarse.
5re, cessi,

renovo,
cessum, withdrato;

are, avi,

atum, renetv (nevus).

reor, no
repello,

inf. riltus

sum, think.
rSpulsum, drive

recens,
recipio,

6re, reppuli,

tis,

adj. fresh.

back.

ere, cSpi,

ceptum, take back,

rependo,
back.

6re, di,

recover (oapio).

sum, weigh or pay

recondo,
back).

ere, didi,

dltum, hide (far

repente,
repeto,
seek anew.

adv. suddenly.
ivi

recuso,
causo).

ere,

or

Ii,

are,

avi,

atum,

Itum, re-seek,

refuse

(re,

recutio,

repleo,
re,

ere, plevi,

pletum,

cussi,

cussum, strike

Jill.

backwards or back

(quatio).

reporto,

are, avi,
fire,

atum, carry back.


perf. or sup.,

reddo,
redeo,
(re-d-eo).

C-re,

reddldi,

redditum, give

reposco,
in return.

no

claim

back, restore.
Ire,
ivi,

or

ii,

Itum, return

reprimo,
back (premo).

6re, pressi,

pressum, keep

reditus,
redlico,

us,

m. return (redeo).

requiesco,
requiro,

ere, evi, Cre,

etum,

rest.

6re, duxi,

ductum, lead back.


relatum, carry

qulslvi,

quisltum,

(quaero) seek to know, ask.

refero,

ferre, rettilli,
;

or take back

relate.

tiling

reflecto,
refiigio,
shrink.

res, rei (perh. root ra, in reor, " the thought of "), f. thing affair.
;

Sre, flexi, flexum,


Cre, fugi,

bend back.

resideo,
iii^Mnm, flee back,
stay behi7>d.

ere, sodi,

no sup.,iJ down,
no sup.,

rSfulgeo,

resisto,
Ore, falsi,
f.

Cre,

restiti,

resist

no sup. shine
,

out.

(root Bta).

regina,
regio,

ae,

qtieen (rex).
district (rego). adj. royal (rex).

resolvo,
respicio.

Ere, vi, sfilutum, unloose.

onis,
a,

f.

Ore,

spexi,

spectum,

look

regius,

um,

back for or at (specie).

VOCABULARY.
responsum,
arrii'Sio).
i,

117
a,

n.

reply (spondeo, Gk.

sanctus,
;

um

(sancio,

"ordain,"

restinguo,
resto,
left.

6re, nxi,

nctum, put

out.

"fix"; root SAK, "accompany," "honor" cp. sequor), adj. holy, reverend.

are, stiti,

no

sup., remaiii,

am

sangruineus,
blood-red.

a,

um,
blood.

adj.

bloody,

retro

(re

and pronominal

suffix -ter,

sanguis,
sanies,
sanguis).

inis,
f.

m.

as in citro, ultro, etc.), adv. backwards.

iei,

gore (weakened form of

reverter,
revincio,
revise,

i,

versus sum, return.

ire, nxi,
si,

nctum, bind back.


revisit (video).
roll back.

sat = satis
sata, orum,
(sero, root sa).

(aSrji').

ere,

sum,

n. plur.

sown

things, crops

revolvo,
rex,
tain"
;

ere, vi,

vClutum,

regis (rejjo, Sans, arg,


cp. bpiyoi,

"to obGerm, rcich and recht),


strength

sati-O,

-are, -avi,

-atum, saSis/y (satis).

satis, indecl. adj. and adv. enough.

m.

kinff.
Oris, n.

saucius,
oak-wood, oak
;

a,

um,

adj.

wounded.

robur,
rogo,

saxum,
stone.

(root sak, "cut"), n. rock,

{puvvvfjiL, cp. pi^Ml,

"strength").
atuni (prob. akin to

are,

avi,

scalae, arum,

f.

ladder (scando).

rego, opeyui), ask.

scando,
adj. rosy (rosa).

ere, di,
a,

sum, climb, mount.

roseus,
rota,
ae,

a,
f.

um,

sceleratus,
scelus,

um,

adj. guilty.
;

wheel.
f.

Cris (root

skhal, " fall"

akin

ruina,
cause
to

ae,

downfall, ruin (ruo).


rupi,

to KiiAL, "deceive"), n. guilt.

rumpo,

ere,

ruptum, break

scilicet, adv. one


;

may

know, doubt-

break forth (root rup).


Jail
;

less (scire, licet).

ruo, 6re, iii, utum, rursus, adv. back


versus).

rush.

scindo,
{ax'-i'^,

fire, scTdi,

scissum, cleave, tear

acjain, afresh (re-

Ger. scheiden).
ari,

SCltor,
S.
knoiv
;

atus
of.

sum

(scio),

seek to

enquire
are,

sacer,
i,

era,

crum, adj. holy;


;

sacrum,

seco,

tii,

n.

as subst. sacred rite

sacred object

securis, sexus,

sectum (sak, " cut " cp. saxum, sica, (rxi^ui), cut.
;

(root SA

sanus

Gk. crads, ; Gk. ayio;).


otis,

<ru)os,

"safe"; Lat.

secretus,
mote,
"divide").

a,

um,
(se,

adj. separate, re-

hidden

"apart";

cerno,

sacerdos,
sacro,
hallov).

m.

priest.

are, avi,

atum, make

holy,

secundus,
(sequor).

a,

um,

adj.

favourable

seciiris,

is, f.

axe

(seco).

saepe,
saevio,

adv. often.
ire,
li,

Itum,

am fierce,

secus,
ittrath-

adv.

otherwise

(root sec, in

sequor).

fill (saevns).

sed, conj.
a,

but.

saevus,
salsus,
saltus,

um, um,

adj. fierce, crxiel. adj. salt (sal, SA5).


(salio).

a,

sedeo, sedes,
Seges,
fill"

ere, sedi,
is, f.

sessum,

sit (e^o/uai).

seat.

us,
i,

m. leap
;

fitis

(probably root
f.

sag, " to

salum,

n. brine

sea

(sal),

or " feed"),

cornfield

crop.

litis (root BAR, salus, "guard," whence servo, servus, oAos), safety.

segnities, em,
ing),
f.

e (other cases

want-

slownesi (segnis, sequor).

118
semper,
Senex,
sentio,
sentis,
adv. always.
adj. old,
f.

VOCABULARY.
simalo,
comp.
senior.
(similis).

are,

avi,

atum,

imitate

sfinis,

sententia,

ae,

opinion, judgment.

Sin, conj. but

if.

ire, seusi,
is,

sensnm, perceive.

sine, prep, with

abl. without.

m. thorn.
or
li,

sinistra,
sepultum, bury.

ae,

f.

left

hand.
let be
;

sepelio,

ire, ivi

sino,
allo%v.

6re, sivi,

situm,

permit,

septem, num,

adj. seven (eirTa).

sepulcrum
Chruni),
i,

(less

correctly

sepul-

sinuo,
sinus,
root sta).

are, avi,

atum, make

to

bend or

n.
i,

tomb

curve (sinus).
us,
f.

(sepelio).

sequor,
sero,
Gk.

sCcutus sum, follotv.


a,

bay, gulf.

serenus,

um,

adj. clear, brir/ht.


sa,

sisto, Sre,

stiti,

statum, place

(Vo-Trj/ii,

ere, sevi,

ffaoi, o-ijeoi,

satum ( = seso, root "to sift"), sow.


m. and
f.

socer,

6ri, ra.

father-in-law (iKvpoi).

serpens,
serpo,
seniS,
adj. late.

tis,

serpent (serpo).
(ipnta).
"),

6re, psi,
a,

ptum, creep
sarat,

SOCius, i (root SEC in sequor), companion as adj. socius, a, um, con:

federate, united.

um (Sans,

"thread

sol,

sOlis,

m.

the

sun

(Sans,

svar,

"shine";
li,

cp. tjAios, creAas).


ere, sOlitus
;

servio, ire, Ivi or am a servant, serve.

Itum, with dat.

soleo,

sum,

am accustomed
"will,"

(akin to suesco

Sans, svadha,
").

servo,

are,

avi,

atum

(root

sar,

"might," " custom

" gua.rd"), keep, preserve; keep

close to;

servans,
vant
of.

ntis,

as adj. with gen. obser-

solidus,

a,

um
e,

(sollus,

root sar; oAo?,

"whole"), adj.
see si.

solid, whole.

seu,

SOllemnis,

adj. yearly

religious,

si, conj. if;

sive (seu). .sive(8eu)


adj. hissing.
so.

solemn (soWua,

i.e.,

totus, annus).

whether,

.or.
a,

solum,
um,
solidus), n.

(root SAR,

"to guard";

cp.

sibilus,

ground.
unloose
{

sic, adv. in this way,

SOlvo,
luo, Auw).

Cre, vi, salfitum,

= se-

siccus,
Gk.

a,

um(Sans. Qush, "dry up")


dry.

auu)), adj.

solus,
root SAR,

a,

Sidus,

iris, n. star, constellation.

um(akin to sollus, " whole" "guard," "keep entire "), cp.


;

Bigno,
guish.

are, avi,

atum, mark,

salvus, adj. albne.


distin-

somnus,
i,

i,

m. s;ee^( = sopnus, m. soimd.

iinro?).

^igrnum,

n. sign.
li,

sdnitus,

us,

silentium,
Sileo, ere,

n. silence (sileo).

tli,

no sup.,

am silent.
"together";

Sono, are, Qi, Itum (Sans, svan, " sound"; Eng. swan), sound.

to

Silva,

ae,

f.

wood

(vAij).

sonus,
sopor,
sors,

lis,

m. sound. m. sleep
;

simllis,

(Sans, saina,

oris,
f.

(Hirvoi).

Gk.oi^a, 6fxoio5), adj. like ;sup. siniillinuis.

tis,

lot

fate.

8imi51(Sans. sama, " together"), adv.


at the same time.

sortior,
choose (by

Iri,

itus

sum,

dra^v

lots;

lots).

simulacrum,
<aiinilie}.

i,

n.

image, phantom

spargo,
abroad

Cre,

si,

sum,, scatter, spread

((rireipw).

VOCABULARY.
species,
ei,
f.

119
a.&,

appearance

(specie).

svad, "totaste,"Gk.
cp. suavis,

ai'&avai,

"please"

spero,
hope /or.

are,

avi,

atum

(spes),

hope,

"sweet"), advise.
to,

Siib, prep, with ace.


ei

beneath

to-

spes,
trn-dw),
f.

(prob. root spa,


;

"draw out "

ivards
;

with

abl.

under (iin-d).
or
ii,

hope
ae,
f.

expectation.
coil (a-rrelpa).

subeo,

Ire, ivi

itum, go under,

Splra,

come up, approach,

enter.

spissus,

a,

um,

adj. thick.

subito, adv. suddenly


"
strip
").

(subeo).

spolium,

ii,

spoil ((TKvWui
f.

Subitus,
SUbicio,
(iacio).

a,

um,

adj. sudden.

sponsa,
dee).

ae,

betrothed

bride (spon-

ere, ieci,

iectum, place under

spumeus, a, um, adj. foaming. spumo, are, avi, atum (spuma,


"foam";
"black";
spuo, " spit "), /oam.
ere, ui,

SUblabor,
glide away.

i,

lapsus sum, slip down,

SUbsisto,
kalas,

ere, stiti,stitun\, ere, cessi,

stand still.

SQUaleo,

no sup. (Sans,

SUCCedo,

cessum, with dat.

cp. KcAai^ds),
a,

amrough.
(squama),
adj.

go below or toivards (sub cede).

SQUameus,
scaly.

um

successus,
SUCCUrro,
to,

us,

m.

success.

ere, curri,

cursum, run up

stabulum,
root sta).

i,

n.

stall,

stable

(sto,

aid

occur (to the mind).


are, avi,
;

sudo,
f.

atum

(Sans, root sviD

static, onis, age (root sta).

halting-place

anchor-

cp. ISpd?

prob. akin to v6uip), siveat.


oris,

sudor,
Qi,

m. sweat (sudo).
ti

Statuo,
sta).

tre,

utum,

set

up

(root

SuflFero, ferre, sustuli, sublatum, bear up bear up against, 2vithstand.


;

Stella,
aCTTijp).

ae,

f.

star

= ster-ula;

cp.

sufficio,

i5re,

feci,

fectum, supply;

suffuse (sub, facie).

sterno,

ere,

stravi,

stratum, stretch

out, lay low {oTopivvvixi).

sulcus,
sulfur,

i,-m.

furrow

(oAkos, cAko)).

sto, are, stfiti, stfitum, stand, stand firm (root sta cp. i(rTr)|jii = <TicrTa;ui, Eng.
;

firis, n.

brimstone, sitlihur.
superl. adj. highest,

summus,
see superus.

a,

um,

Stand).

stride, 6re

(also

strideo,

6re), di,

no

siimo,

Cre,

sumpsi, sumptum, take.

sup. creak, grate (rpifuj).

super,

prep, with abl. over; on the top


;

StringO,
"squeeze,"

ere, nxi,

strictum (root strio,

of; concerning

as adv. in addition.

tight"; cp. stretch, straight), of a sword, unsheath.

"draw

superbus,
Supero,
survive

a,

um,
avi,

adj.

haughty.

struo,

ere, xi,
ii,

etum, build

devise.

atum, rise above; ain superior; pass over, climb.


are,
esse, fai,

Studiura,

n. zeal (crnovSri).
lii,

supersum,
superus,
is
a,

retnain over.
v-mp) adj. that
last,

stupeo,
"block,"

no sup. (akin to stipes, "stump,") am amazed; am


ere,
a,

um (super,
of;

above

superl.

sfiprenuis,

aiid

amazed

at.

sumnms, highest part

superl, erum,

stuppeus,
part of flax
"),

um

(stuppa,

"coarse

those above

the gods.
Tcis,

adj.

of tow.
suasi,

supplex,
suasum
(Sans.

adj.

bending the knee,

suadeo,

ere,

suppliant (sub,

plico).

120
surgo,
rejjo), rise.

VOCABULARY.
ere,

surrexi,

surrectum (sub,

tempus, Cris, n. time ; in phir. the temples of the head {refivm, " cut '').
tendo,
ere, tetendi,
;

SUSCitO,
cito).

are, avi,

atum,

sfi> i/p (sub,

tensum, stretch;

direct one's course


a,

pitch a tent (reiVw).


f.

suspectus,
(sub, specie).

um,

adj.

suspected

tenebrae, arum,
teneo,
ere,
ui,

plur. darkness.

tentum (root ten or

suspensus,
SUUS,
aiFo,
their own.
a,

a,

um,

adj.

hung up
cp.

TAN, "stretch," in reifioand tendo), hold,

doubtful (suspendo).
possess, adj. his her ,its
,

holdfast, restrai)i.

um

(Sans,

sva

"own";

tener,
(TiivOl).

era,
e,

Crum, adj. tender.


adj. thin (stretched
out),

cr<^e)

tenuis,
T.

tenus,
"board,"
or storey.
n. floor

prep, with abl. put after its

tabulatum,
' '

(tabula,

case, as far as (tendo).

plank " root ta or tab),


;

ter, num, adv. thrice.

taceo,

ere,
a,

ili,

itum,

am silent.
tao, in,

terebro,
"rub"),

are, avi,

atum (terebra

tero,

tacitus,

um,
(

adj. silent.

bore.
i,

tactus, us

= ta^-tus, root

tergum,
terra,
r^pffOfjLai).

n. back.
f.

tango), m. touching, touch.

ae,

earth, dry land (torreo,

talis, e (containing demonst. element Tin iste, Eng. it, that), adj. of such hind,
siich.

terreo,
tester,
(testis).

ere, ui,
ari,

itum, terrify.

atus sum, call to witness

tain, adv.

so.

tamen, adv. notwithstanding. tandem, adv. at length.


tantUS, a, um (see talis), adj. tanttim, as adv. only.
so great
;

testudo,
texo,
ere,

Inis,

f.

tortoise;

"testudo"

(see note v. 441).


fli,

xtum (root TEK, "beget,"


i,

"malce";

cp. tlktm), weave.


ni.

tardus,

a,
i,

um,

adj. slow.

thalamus,
(9a.KaiJ.o<;).

marriage chamber

taUTUS,

m. bull
n.

(raCpov).

tectum,

i,

roof; house (tego).

timeo,

ere,

tii,

no sup. fear.

tegO, C-re, xi, ctura, cover, hide (Sans, sthag, "to hide"; o-Te-yw).
tellus,
uris,
f.

tollo, Sre, sustfili, sublatum (root tul; Gk. TaX in TaAai'TOf, rA^i-ai cp. tuli),
;

the earth

country.

raise, carry, carry

away.

telum,
TiicTuj,

Xoi"<o,

(for texlum root tek of i "to beget"; tvk or tv^- in Tuy"hit," " chance upon " cp. rofo;',
; ;

torrens,
"boil").

ntis,

m.

torrent

(torreo,

torus,
couch.

(fr.

storus

root stor, stkr,


"),

tcxo), n.

weapon.
are,
avi,

STRA in Bterno, tnopivvvixi, " spread

m.

tempero,
check
;

atum

(tenipus),

refrain.
tatis (tempus),
n.
f.

tot, num. adj. indecl. so many.


storm.
off,

tempestas,

totiens, adv.

so

many

times.

templum,
Tifivia),

i,

temple (piece cut

totus, a, um (perh. akin to tutus, "safe," "guarded"; cp. soUus, "whole,"


fr.

temptO,
prcbe..

are, avi,

atum,

try, attempt,

root SAR, "guard"), adj. whole.

czvlorc

trabs,

triibis,

f.

beam.

VOCABULARY.
traho, "move";
tre, traxi,

121
ari,

tractum (Sans, trakh,

tutor,

atus sum, tnake safe, pro-

cp. Tp,\u)), drag,


ere, icci,

draw along.
iacio),

tect (tutus),

traicio,

iectum (trans,

tutus,

a,

um,

adj. safe (tueor).

thruiv through, pierce.

tuus,
adj. calm.

a,

um,

possess, adj. thy.

tranquillus,

a,

um,

transfero,
across.

rre,

tilli,

latum,

carry

U.
ubi, adv. where, when.

tremefacio,
to tremble.

ere, feci,

factum,

7/iaA;e

ubiQue,
avenge.

adv. everywhere.
i,

ulciscor,
ullus,

ultus

sum,

v.

dep.,

tremendus, a, um, adj. terrible. tremo, ere, (ii, no sup. tremble, quiver
(Tp.).

a,

um
ius,

(for unulus, dimin. of

unus), adj. any.


oris,

tremor,
trepido,
hasten.

m. trembling.

ulterior,
;

comp. adj. further;


a,

are, avi,

alum, tremble much

superl.
(ultra).

ultimus,
oris,

um,

furthest, last

trepidus,
tridens,
"tooth").
tristis,
e,

a,
tis,

um,

adj. alarmed.
(tres, dens,
is

ultor,

m. a wnr/er (ulciscor).

m. trident

ultro, adv. voluntarily (beyond what needed or asked).

adj.
a,

sad

stern.
(tres, sulcus), adj.

ululo,

are, avi,
f.

atum, howl

(oAoAu^ui).

trisulcus,

um
i,

ulva,

ae,

sedge.

with three furrows, three-forked.

umbo,
Ad?).

onis,

m. boss of a shield
shade;

(ofi<l>a.-

a,

triumphus, hymn in honor


trucido,

m.

triuinph{0pLaii.^o<;,

of Bacchus).
avi,

umbra,
(truncus,
a,

ae,

f.

spirit, ghost.

are,

atum

caedo), butcher.

umidus
um,

(less correctly,

humidus),

adj. wet,

damp

(umeo).

timncus,
limbs.

i.

111.

trunk, body without


i,

umSrus
una,

(less correctly,

humerus),

tuba,
defend.

ni. shoidder{ujiJ.oi).

ae,

f.

trumpet.
adv, at one time, together.
itus

tueor,

eri,

sum,

see,

watch

turn, adv. at that time

then,
'

tumeo, Sre, ai, no sup., sweK. tumidus, a, um, adj. swelling.


tumultus,
(tumeo).
us,

unda, ae, f, wave. unde, adv. whence. undique, adv. on


where.

all sides,

every-

m. uprising, tumult

undo,
waves;

are, avi,

atum

(unda), rise in

swell.

tumulus,
turba,
ae,

i,

m. mound, to?6 (tumeo).


crowd.

unquam,
unus,
urbs,
strong"),
a,
is
f.

adv. at

any

time, ever.

um,
(

adj. one.

f.

Sans,

vardh,

" to

make

turbo,
turbo,
adj. foul.

are, avi,

atum, throw into con-

city.

fusion, disturb.

urgeo,
Inis,

ere, ursi,

no sup. (Gk. Ftpy,


(for uso,

m. whirlwind.
"),

"shut

in"), press hard.


ere,
0o>,

turpis, e(root tarp, " he ashamed


turris,
tower

uro,
Ls; Gk.

ussi,

ustum

root

"singe"; a'vu, "kindle");

ia, f.

(jvpci.t).

bum.

122

VOCABULARY.
(us, for

usquam
usque,
U3US,

ubs

fr.

ubi, indef.),

Vero, adv. in
verso,
ponder (verto).

truth.

adv. anywhere. adv. right on, ever.

are, avi,

atum, keep turning,


top,

fis,

m.

use,

employment

(utor).

vertex,
verto,
yet.

Icis,

m.

head

(verto).

ut, adv. and conj. as, when, how; so that, 171 order that.

Sre,

ti,

sum, turn, overturn.

venim,
verus,
a,

uterque,
uterus,
udder).
i,

utraque,

utrumque, pro.

adv. truly; but indeed, but

noni. adj. each of two.


ni.

um,

adj. true.

belly,

vomb

(ovOap,

Vester,
n.

tra,

trum, possess, adj. your.


i

uti = ut,

lohen.

vestibultim,
that
.'

(Sans, vas, "dwell"),

utmam,

adv.

would that

porch, entrance.

vestigium,
V.

ii

(vestigo), n. footstep.

vacuus, a, uni (vaco), adj. empty. vado, ere, no perf. or sup. go, advance.
vagor,
v.\Qir
;

vestis,

is, f.
;

raiment, dress (root va8,


ivvvpiL, iaetji).

"put on"
veto,

Gk.

are, ai, 6ris

Itum, forbid.
(Sans,
vatsas,

ari,

atus

sum

(vagus,
v.

root

cp.

veho,

"wagon"),

dep.

vetus,

"year";

wander.

eros), adj. old ; superl.

veterrimus.

Valeo,
farewell.

ere, (\\,il\im,am strong ;

vale,

vetustus,
cp. veho,

a,

um,

adj. ancient.

Via, ae(Sans. vah.lmi, "bring," "lead,"


a,

validus,
Vallis,

um,

adj. strong.

"wagon"),

f.

road.

is, f.

valley.

Vibro
empty, vain,
vip,

(or vi), are, avi,

atum

(Sans,

vanus,
false.

a,

um (vaco), adj.
um,

"tremble"), quiver.
(gen.),

vicis
a,

vicem, vice (Gk. eiKu;


f.

Varius,

adj. different, changing.

root FiK, "yield"),

change; turn.
in.

vastus,
huge, waste.

a,

um

(akin to vanus), adj.

victor,

ori^ (vinco),

conquer, or as

adj. conquering.

Vates,

is,

m. prophet, hard.
or.

victoria,

ae,

f.

victory.

Vel, conj.

video,
(iSoy), see.

ere, vidi,

visum (Gk. root FiS

in

vello,

ere, velli, vjilsum ((Kkiu), pluck,

tear aivay.

Velo,
veil.

are,

avi,

utuni (valum), cover,

U},'ras,

vigeo, ere, no perf. or " mighty "),_//o?(rwA.


ilis

sup.

(Sans.

vigil,
i

(vigeo),

adj.

watchful; as

velum,

(root

VAR "cover"),
as.

ii.

sail.

subst.

watchman.
or

Veluti, adv. just

vinculum
" bind
(akin to Sans,
"), n.

vinclum,

(vincio,

Venerium,
Venio,
root

i,

n. poison.

chain.

!re, veni,

ventum
;

vinco,

Cre, vici,
i,

victum, conquer.
(olfos).

OA

Gk.

/3a- in /Sairco

Eng. "come"),

Vinum,

n.

wine

cotne.

venter,

tris,
i

m.

belly (emepov).

violabllis, e profaned.

(vis), adj.

that

may

be

ventus,
Gk. aTio,

(Sans, root va,

"blow";

Violo,
violate.

are, avi,

atum, do violence

to,

aFiip),
i,

m. wind.

verbum,

n.

ward

(epi).

Vir,

viri,

m. man, hero.

VOCABULARY.
Virgineus,
maiden.
a,

123
are,
avi,

um, adv. belonging

to

VOCO,
" sa}'"
;

atum
call,

(Sans,

vak,

Gk. Fen, cVos),


are, avi,
;

summon.
"turn

Virgo, maiden.

inis (root

varo, "strength"),

f.

volo,
volo,

atum

(Sans, val,

one's self "


utis,
f.

cp. velox), Jly.

virtus,

tnanliness, virtus (vir).

velle, vfilui (Sans,


;

var

Gk. po\

vis, vis (Gk.


pi.

is

= Fis),

f-

violence, force

in /Soi/'Ao/iai
;

Eng.
oris,

will), wish.

vires, ium, strength.


ere,
si,

volucer,
"fly").
see.,

ere, adj.

sivift (volo,

viso,
(video).

no

sup., go to

vitsit

VOlumen,
ijs,

Inis, n.

fold (voUo).
roll.

Visus,

m. sight

(video),

VOlvo,
(voveo).

6re, vi,
i,

vSlutum,

vita, ae (vivo,
Vito,
are, avi,

;8i'os), f. life.

votum,
vox,

n.

vow ;

votive offering.

atum, shun, avoid.


vocis,
i f.

voice (see voco).

Vitta, ae
gether"),
f.

(vieo,

"bend," "twist

to-

fillet,

garland.
adj. living.

VUlgUS,
(but m. in
tude.

(Sans, varga,

"group

) n.

v. 99),

common

people, miutt

Vivus,

a,

um,

vtx, adv. scarcely.

VOCiferor,
cry aloud.

ari,

atus

sum

(vox, fero),

n.

VTllnus, wound.

feris

(root tul

akin to vello),

VUltUS,

us,

m. countenance.

PECULIARITIES OF VERGIL.
(1)
(a)

Grammatical.

Accidence and Syntax.

ablative, local, 112, 172, 421, 557. ablative, for accusative

Graecisms
185.

(1) (2)

with intra,
,

abstract for concrete, 36, 72, 3S1

579, 654.

Case forms ace, 213, 569. Words, adytmn, 257 asylum, 761.
Constructions, 377, 408.

accusative of specification,
221, 273.

1, 80, 210,

217,

(3)

Ilesperia, derived, 781.


95.

amens, demens distinguished,


anfjuis derived, 225.

historical infinitive, 132, 167.

hostia derived, 156.

archaisms: gen.

-um = orumm Danaum = Danaorjan, 14; -oni = -orum, divoin = divorum, 241.
pi.

hypotaxis, 172.

iam, ntmc distinguished,


implied,
4.

33.

indirect question after a verb of telling

at,

apex derived, 682. used in imprecations,


7.

530.

infinitive historical, 132, 167.


infinitive after

atriutn, 512.

aut, -ve, distinguished,

a verb of showing for ut with subjunctive, 64, 74, 165, 220, 455,
520.

audio, used in a passive sense, 162.

^wster derived,

112.

ingruit, derivation of, 301.

caligat derived, 604.

inmanis, derived,
instar, derivation

156.

canit said of oracles, 175.

and construction

of, 15.

cardo explained and derived, 480. copia=copiae, 504.

lego, in sense of pick one's steps, 207.

limen derived,

458.

cum primum
553, 721.

with indie,

117.

male limiting
moenia,

adjectives, 23.

dative of recipient, 19, 36, 47, 85, 396,


,

murxis

derived

and

distin-

guished, 232.
225.

delubrum derived,

ncquidquam, frustra distinguished,


nunc, iam distinguished, 33. namque often omitted in Eng. omission of parts of verb esse
3,

101.

demens, amens distinguished, 95. deponent verbs used passively, 46.


distributive for cardinal numerals, 126.

trans., 67.
in perfect,

draco derived, 225.

25, 165, 168, 172, 196.

enim = indeed,
et

164.

objective genitive, see genitive.

= ctiam,

149.

palma

derived, 153.

ethical dative, 146.

parataxis, 172.

fas, ius, distinguished, 157, 412.

frustra, ncquidquam, distinguished, 101.

passive verbs in a middle sense, 302. passive verbs in a reflexive sense, 227, 250,
252, 402, 633, 671.

gemini=duo,
"

203, 415.

genitive, subjective, 572.


locative, 59.

Pelasgi derived, 106.


pellax derived, 90.
per- force of in periurus, periuro, perfidus, 195.

"

respect, 22.

" "

objective, 30.
causal, 413.

per governing a whole clause,

141.

gloria derived, 182, 125

Pergama

derived, 175.

126

PECULIARITIES OF VERGIL.
super, adv., 348.
testudo, 441.

personal use of verbs that govern a dat.


in act.
,

246.

pietas defined, 535.


perfect used of instantaneous action, 12,
3S0.

Tritonia derived, 171. Ulixei (gen. explained),


ultro,

7.

meaaing

of, 145.

pluperfect indie, for pluperf. subj. in a


4i-clause for vividness, 55.
poe7ia, derivation of, 71.

unus, force of with superlatives, umbo, derivation of, 546. ut = whe7i with indie, 117.
ut, exclamatorj-, 2S3.

426.

quia with

indie,

and

subj., 84.

rauco, derivation

of, 545.

ve

aut, distinguished,

7.

reposco with two accusatives, 139.


religio, derivation of, 156.

verbs of saying often omitted, 42, 287


547.

Scaeus derived,

612.

vestibuluin derived, 469.


vitare derived, 433.
vittac virgiiua-c explained, 167.

sed enirn, elliptical, 164.

serpens derived, 225.


singular subject

and plural verb


;

(sense

vitfa, derived, 221.

construction), 30

see also 64.

(b) Prosody.

ab'litl

= dhyitg,
;

16; so pdrUtlbfis=pdTyi'492.

spondees, uses
systole, 774.

of, 26, 261.

tlbus

drUte = dry^t^,
in

h.vpermetric, verse 745.


irregularitj'

quantity,

Belidac

for

vowels naturally short, lengthened in arsis: obruXmur, 411 pdvor, 469


;

Beltdae, 81.

di^mus, 563.

spondaic, verse 68.

(2)

Style and General.


hysteron-proteron, 223, 353.
;

Aeneid
498.

left unfinished, 66.

alliteration, 9, 50, 135, 418, 783

(double)

metonymy,

311.
get, 8.

night said to rise and


573.

anachronism, 157, 313, anaphora, 158.


aposiopesis, 100.

onomatopoeia, 209, 301, 418.

omens on the
prolepsis, 148.

left, 54.

emphasis gained by
(2)

-'

sea-serpent with mane, 206.


similes, 223, 304, 416, 471, 626.

(1) repetition of preposition, 51.

"
"

noun, 668.
adverb, 108, 530,
3.54.

statuary, painting
of, 200.

and poetry, difference


173.

(3)

(4) position of

pronoun,

86.

sweating of statues omens,

euphemism,

11, 325.

gates, open, a sign of peace, 27.


gifts of foes proverbially fatal, 49.

synecdoche, 25, 27. shooting stars, how regarded, 694.

temples places of refuge, 404.


three grc.it
appellatives of

Gods leave a captured


hemistichs, 66,
2;i4,

city, 357.

the Greeks
45.

341, 468, 614, 720, 767.

hendiadys, 115, 265, 296, 470, 722.

according to Homer and Vergil, thunder on the left, 693.

human

sacrifices

bound,

134.

zeugma,

64, 321, 258.

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