Histology of Male Genital System Semester VI (2012)

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The Male Genital System The male re roducti!e "genital# system consists o$ the t%o testes sus ended in the scrotum, a system o$ intratesti! lar and e&tratesti! lar genital # !ts, asso!iate# glan#s, and the male !op latory organ' the penis% The testes are res onsible $or the $ormation o$ the male gametes, kno&n as s ermato'oa, as &ell as $or the synthesis, storage, and release o$ the male se( hormone, testosterone% The glands associated &ith the male re roducti!e tract are the aired seminal (esi!les, the single prostate glan#, and the t%o ) l)o rethral glan#s "o$ )o& er#% These glands $orm the non*cellular ortion o$ semen "s ermato'oa sus ended in the secretions o$ the accessory glands#, &hich not only nourishes the s ermato'oa but also ro!ides a $luid !ehicle $or their deli!ery into the $emale re roducti!e tract% The enis has a dual $unction: +t deli!ers semen to the $emale re roducti!e tract during co ulation and ser!es as the conduit o$ urine $rom the urinary bladder to outside the body% T*STIS ,ach testis is surrounded by a ca sule kno&n as the t ni!a al) ginea% +mmediately dee to this layer is a highly !asculari'ed loose connecti!e tissue, the t ni!a (as! losa% The osterior as ect o$ the tunica albuginea is some&hat thickened, $orming the me#iastin m testis, $rom &hich connecti!e tissue se ta radiate to subdi!ide each testis into a ro(imately 250 com artments kno&n as the lo) li testis ,ach lobule has one to $our blindly ending semini$erous tubules and small conglomerations o$ endocrine cells, the interstitial cells "o$ Leydig# &hich synthesi'e testosterone%

- ermato'oa, roduced by the semini$erous e ithelium o$ the semini$erous tubules, enter short straight ducts, tubuli recti, that connect the o en end o$ each semini$erous tubule to the rete testis, a system o$ labyrinthine s aces housed &ithin the mediastinum testis% The s ermato'oa lea!e the rete testis through 10 to 20 short tubules, the ductuli e$$erentes, &hich e!entually $use &ith the e ididymis% The !ascular su ly o$ each testis is deri!ed $rom the testicular artery, &hich descends &ith the testis into the scrotum accom anying the ductus de$erens "!as de$erens#% The ca illary beds o$ the testes are collected into se!eral !eins, the am ini$orm le(us o$ !eins, &hich are &ra ed around the testicular artery% .lood in the am ini$orm le(us o$ !eins is cooler than that in the testicular artery, reduces the tem erature o$ the arterial blood, thus $orming a countercurrent heat e(change system, kee ing the tem erature o$ the testes a $e& degrees lo&er "/50 )#, than that o$ the remainder o$ the body% At this cooler tem erature s ermato'oa de!elo normally1 at body tem erature, s ermato'oa that de!elo are sterile% TH* S*MI+I,*-./S T/0/1* The &all o$ the semini$erous tubule is com osed o$ a slender connecti!e tissue layer, the tunica propria, and a thi!2 seminifero s epitheli m, se arated $rom each other by a &ell*de!elo ed basal lamina% The semini$erous e ithelium is se!eral cell layers thick and is com osed o$ t&o ty es o$ cells: Sertoli !ells and spermatogeni! !ells% The latter cells are in !arious stages o$ maturation% The lateral cell membranes o$ ad2acent -ertoli cells $orm o!!l #ing 3 n!tions &ith each other, thus subdi!iding the lumen o$ the semini$erous tubule into )asal an# a#l minal !ompartments% Thus, the 'onulae occludentes o$ these cells establish a )loo#4testis )arrier that isolates the adluminal com artment $rom connecti!e tissue in$luences, thereby protecting the developing gametes from the immune system.. Sertoli !ells f n!tion in: su orting the de!elo ing s ermatogenic cells1 establishing the blood* testis barrier1 hagocytosis o$ cyto las shed by de!elo ing s ermatogenic cells1 manu$acturing the $ollo&ing substances: androgen binding rotein "A.P#, antimullerian hormone, inhibin, testicular trans$errin, and a $ructose*rich medium% S$*-M"T.G*+*SIS Most o$ the cells com osing the thick semini$erous e ithelium are s ermatogenic cells in !arious stages o$ maturation% -ome o$ these cells, spermatogonia, are located in the basal com artment, &hereas most o$ the de!elo ing cells3primary spermato!ytes, se!on#ary spermato!ytes, spermati#s, and spermato5oa3occu y the adluminal com artment% - ermatogonia are di loid cells that undergo mitotic di!ision to $orm more s ermatogonia as &ell as rimary s ermatocytes, &hich migrate $rom the basal into the adluminal com artment%

Primary s ermatocytes enter the $irst meiotic di!ision to $orm secondary s ermatocytes, &hich undergo the second meiotic di!ision to $orm ha loid cells kno&n as s ermatids% - ermatids are trans$ormed into s ermato'oa by shedding o$ much o$ their cyto lasm, rearrangement o$ their organelles, and $ormation o$ $lagella% The maturation process is divided into three phases: 4Spermatocytogenesis: s ermatogonia di$$erentiate into rimary s ermatocytes 4Meiosis: reduction di!ision &hereby di loid rimary s ermatocytes reduce their chromosome com lement, $orming ha loid s ermatids 4Spermiogenesis: trans$ormation o$ s ermatids into s ermato'oa "s erm#

S$*-M"T.6..+ - ermatids discard much o$ their cyto lasm and $orm a $lagellum to become trans$ormed into s ermato'oa, a rocess kno&n as s ermiogenesis% The s ermato'oa "s erm# are long cells "565 6m#, com osed o$ a head, housing the nucleus, and a tail, &hich accounts $or most o$ its length The tail o$ the s ermato'oon is subdi!ided into $our regions: neck, middle iece, rinci al iece, and end iece% The lasmalemma o$ the head is continuous &ith the tail7s lasma membrane%

The neck "55 6m long# connects the head to the remainder o$ the tail% +t is com osed o$ the cylindrical arrangement o$ the nine columns o$ the connecting iece that encircles the t&o centrioles, one o$ &hich is usually $ragmented% The osterior as ects o$ the columnar densities are continuous &ith the nine outer dense $ibers% The middle iece "55 6m long# is located bet&een the neck and the rinci al iece% +t is characteri'ed by the resence o$ the mitochondrial sheath, &hich encircles the outer dense $ibers and the centralmost a(oneme% The middle iece sto s at the annulus% T&o o$ the nine outer dense $ibers terminate at the annulus1 the remaining se!en continue into the rinci al iece% The rinci al iece "585 6m long# is the longest segment o$ the tail and e(tends $rom the annulus to the end iece% The a(oneme o$ the rinci al iece is continuous &ith that o$ the middle iece% -urrounding the a(oneme are the se!en outer dense $ibers that are continuous &ith those o$ the middle iece and are surrounded, in turn, by the $ibrous sheath% The end iece "55 6m long# is com osed o$ the central a(oneme surrounded by lasmalemma% The a(oneme is disorgani'ed in the last 0%5 to 1%0 6m% G*+IT"1 D/CTS Intratesti! lar Genital D !ts The intratesticular genital ducts are the t ) li re!ti "straight tubules#, the rete testis' and the # !t li efferentes% These ducts carry s ermato'oa and li9uid $rom the semini$erous tubules to the ductus e ididymidis% Most semini$erous tubules are in the $orm o$ loo s, both ends o$ &hich 2oin the rete testis by structures kno&n as t ) li re!ti7 These tubules are recogni'ed by the gradual loss o$ s ermatogenic cells, &ith an initial segment in &hich only -ertoli cells remain to $orm their &alls, $ollo&ed by a main segment consisting o$ cuboidal e ithelium su orted by a dense connecti!e tissue sheath% Tubuli recti em ty into the rete testis' contained &ithin the mediastinum, a thickening o$ the tunica albuginea% The rete testis is a highly anastomotic net&ork o$ channels lined &ith cuboidal e ithelium% :rom the rete testis e(tend 10*20 # !t li efferentes% They ha!e an e ithelium com osed o$ grou s o$ nonciliated cuboidal cells alternating &ith ciliated cells that beat in the direction o$ the e ididymis% This gi!es the e ithelium a characteristic scallo ed a earance% The nonciliated cells absorb much o$ the $luid secreted by the semini$erous tubules% The acti!ity o$ ciliated cells and $luid absor tion create a $luid $lo& that s&ee s s ermato'oa to&ard the e ididymis% A thin layer o$ circularly oriented smooth muscle cells is seen outside the basal lamina o$ the e ithelium% The ductuli e$$erentes gradually $use to $orm the ductus e ididymidis o$ the e ididymis%

*&!retory (e&tra testi! lar) Genital D !ts ,(cretory genital ducts trans ort the s ermato'oa roduced in the testis to&ard the enile meatus% These ducts are the # !t s epi#i#ymi#is' the # !t s "(as# #eferens' and the rethra7 The # !t s epi#i#ymi#is is a single highly coiled tube about 8*6 m in length% Together &ith surrounding connecti!e tissue and blood !essels, this long canal $orms the body and tail o$ the epi#i#ymis7 +t is lined &ith seudostrati$ied columnar e ithelium com osed o$ rounded basal cells and columnar cells% These cells are su orted on a basal lamina surrounded by smooth muscle cells, &hose eristaltic contractions hel to mo!e the s erm along the duct, and by loose connecti!e tissue rich in blood ca illaries% Their sur$ace is co!ered by long, branched, irregular micro!illi called stereo!ilia7 The e ithelium o$ the ductus e ididymidis artici ates in the u take and digestion o$ residual bodies that are eliminated during s ermatogenesis% :rom the e ididymis the # !t s "(as# #eferens' a straight tube &ith a thick, muscular &all, continues to&ard the rostatic urethra and em ties into it% +t is characteri'ed by a narro& lumen and a mucosa &ith longitudinal $olds, co!ered along most o$ its e(tent by seudostrati$ied columnar e ithelium &ith stereocilia% The lamina ro ria is rich in elastic $ibers, and the thick muscular layer consists o$ longitudinal inner and outer layers se arated by a circular layer% The abundant smooth muscle roduces strong eristaltic contractions that artici ate in the e( ulsion o$ the s ermato'oa during e2aculation% The ductus de$erens $orms art o$ the s ermatic cord, &hich includes the testicular artery, the am ini$orm le(us, and ner!es% .e$ore it enters the rostate, the ductus de$erens dilates, $orming a region called the amp lla% +n this area, the e ithelium becomes thicker and e(tensi!ely $olded% At the $inal ortion o$ the am ulla, the seminal !esicles 2oin the duct% :rom there on, the ductus de$erens enters the rostate, o ening into the rostatic rethra7 The segment entering the rostate is called the e3a! latory # !t7 The mucous layer o$ the ductus de$erens continues through the am ulla into the e2aculatory duct, but the muscle layer ends a$ter the am ulla% M"1* "CC*S.-8 G*+IT"1 G1"+DS

The accessory genital glands roduce secretions that are essential $or the re roducti!e $unction in men% The accessory genital glands are the seminal (esi!les' the prostate' and the ) l)o rethral glan#s7 The Seminal Vesi!les The seminal (esi!les consist o$ t&o highly tortuous tubes about 15 cm in length% ;hen the organ is sectioned, the same tube is obser!ed in di$$erent orientations% +t has a $olded mucosa that is lined &ith cuboidal or seudostrati$ied columnar e ithelium rich in secretory granules% These granules ha!e ultrastructural characteristics similar to those $ound in rotein*synthesi'ing cells% The lamina ro ria o$ the seminal !esicles is rich in elastic $ibers and surrounded by a thin layer o$ smooth muscle% The seminal !esicles are not reser!oirs $or s ermato'oa% They are glands that roduce a !iscid, yello&ish secretion that contains s ermato'oa* acti!ating substances such as carbohydrates, citrate, inositol, rostaglandins, and se!eral roteins% The carbohydrates, o$ &hich fr !tose is the most abundant, are the source o$ energy $or s erm motility% -e!enty ercent o$ human e2aculate originates in the seminal !esicles% The height o$ the e ithelial cells o$ the seminal !esicles and the degree o$ acti!ity o$ the secretory rocesses are de endent on testosterone le!els% The $rostate Glan# The rostate gland, the largest o$ the accessory glands, is ierced by the urethra and the e2aculatory ducts% The slender ca sule o$ the gland is com osed o$ a richly !asculari'ed, dense irregular collagenous connecti!e tissue inters ersed &ith smooth muscle cells% The connecti!e tissue stroma o$ the gland is deri!ed $rom the ca sule and is, there$ore, also enriched by smooth muscle $ibers in addition to their normal connecti!e tissue cells% The rostate gland, a conglomeration o$ /0 to 50 indi!idual com ound tubuloal!eolar glands, is arranged in three discrete, concentric layers mucosal, submucosal, and main% The mucosal glands are closest to the urethra and thus are the shortest o$ the glands% The submucosal glands are eri heral to the mucosal glands and are conse9uently larger than the mucosal glands% The largest and most numerous o$ the glands are the eri heralmost main glands, &hich com ose the bulk o$ the rostate% The lumina o$ the tubuloal!eolar glands $re9uently house round to o!al rostatic concretions "cor ora amylacea#, com osed o$ calci$ied glyco roteins, &hose numbers increase &ith a erson7s age% The rostatic secretion constitutes a art o$ semen% +t is a serous, &hite $luid rich in li ids, roteolytic en'ymes, acid hos hatase, $ibrinolysin, and citric acid% The $ormation, synthesis,

and release o$ the rostatic secretions are regulated by dihydrotestosterone, the acti!e $orm o$ testosterone% The 0 l)o rethral Glan#s The ) l)o rethral glan#s "Co%per9s glan#s#, /*5 mm in diameter, are ro(imal to the membranous ortion o$ the urethra and em ty into it% They are tubuloal!eolar glands lined &ith mucus*secreting sim le cuboidal e ithelium% -keletal and smooth muscle cells are resent in the se ta that di!ide each gland into lobes% The secreted mucus is clear and acts as a lubricant%

$*+IS The enis is com osed o$ three columns o$ erectile tissue, each enclosed by its o&n dense, $ibrous connecti!e tissue ca sule, the tunica albuginea% T&o o$ the columns o$ erectile tissue, the cor ora ca!ernosa, are ositioned dorsally1 their tunicae albugineae are discontinuous in laces, ermitting communication bet&een their erectile tissues% The third column o$ erectile tissue, the cor us s ongiosum, is ositioned !entrally% .ecause the cor us s ongiosum houses the enile ortion o$ the urethra, it is also called the cor us ca!ernosum urethrae% The cor us s ongiosum ends distally in an enlarged, bulbous ortion, the glans enis "head o$ the enis#% The ti o$ the glans enis is ierced by the end o$ the urethra as a !ertical slit% The three cor ora are surrounded by a common loose connecti!e tissue sheath, but no hy odermis, and are co!ered by thin skin% -kin continues distal to the glans enis to $orm a retractable sheath, the re uce% ;hen an indi!idual is circumcised, it is the re uce that is remo!ed% ,rectile tissue o$ the enis contains numerous !ariably sha ed, endothelially lined s aces% The !ascular s aces o$ the cor ora ca!ernosa are larger centrally and smaller eri herally, near the tunica albuginea% <o&e!er, the !ascular s aces o$ the cor us s ongiosum are similar in si'e throughout its e(tent%