Cory Diamond, Rowan Post, Charles Thornton-White

Annotated Bibliography
Montford Point Marines
African Americans in the Military - U.S. Department of Defense Official Website. (2004, November 11). African Americans in the Military - U.S. Department of Defense Official Website. Retrieved November 5, 2013, from http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2007/blackhistorymonth/timeline.html This website provided us with a general timeline of the involvement of African Americans in service to the United States Armed Forces. It included broad descriptions of African Americans in American wars, as well as personal stories and anecdotes. We used this website to add to our page African Americans in Warfare which incorporated stories and general overviews of other races participation in all of America's major wars up to WWII. This site also provided us with interesting fact and trivia about the Montford Point Marines and their involvement in WWII. Micheals, J. (2011, October 27). USA TODAY. USATODAY.COM. Retrieved January 2, 2014, from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2011-10-26/first-black-marineshonored/50945902/1 Used for information on the pages Montford Point, Officers and Legacy, this page provided primary sources and an interview/account of an actual Montford Point Marine. Information regarding the legacy of the MPM, and the awarding of the Congressional Medal in 2012 was present. In addition, it had information about the Buffalo Soldiers and other African American fighting forces. Theill, Coral Anika. "Montford Point Marines: Honoring and Preserving their Legacy." Leatherneck 94.2 (2011): 18-21. ProQuest.Web. 25 Nov. 20 This site was used to find information about racism in Montford Point, and to gain more knowledge on the structure of the marine corp. It was also used to learn about the labor jobs the marines participated in, like moving ammunition and driving supply trucks. Through this website we gained specific information centered around the Montford Point Marines. The contents of this site follows the progress of civil rights in the country, as well as in the military. Focusing primarily on the Marines. Because of these two topics the Montford Point Marines are focused on heavily. A variety of speeches and quotes pertaining to our topic are on this sight, making it a very useful resource. Williams, Chad. "African Americans and World War I." African Americans and World War I. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-world-war-i.html>. Before the Montford Point Marines, African Americans had served in the military for generations. Taking steps towards equality. Some of the most progression occurred in

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WWI. It was only possible for the Montford Point Marines to do what they did, because of the previous African American soldiers. This site provided us with in-depth research and first hand studies of these soldiers in WW2. A time when racial prejudice was even more common, and many aspects of the armed forces were closed to other races. This site gave us great background on our subject. "H-Net Reviews." H-Net Reviews. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2013. <http://www.hnet.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14407>.\ Created by Heather Marshall, a historian at Duke University, this site provided a wonderful commentary of the struggles and success of the Montford Point Marines. Using her resources at Duke, she provided us with many primary sources through her paper. Multiple quotes are used in this quote, that help to give a general description of what it was like to be an African American soldier joining a previously segregated branch of the Military. This site provided us with an in depth overview of our subject, the Montford Point Marines.

Dietrich, Robert. "Black Marines: Proud Tradition." The Tribune: A. Nov 10 1984. ProQuest. Web. 20 Nov. 2013 . This Newspaper article from 1984 provided us with multiple primary source documents including a letter from an unknown Montford Point Marine, and multiple pictures from Montford Point as well as the Montford Point Marines serving at Iwo Jima. This article gave us greater insight as to how the Montford Pointers were viewed sooner after their service, as well as an older perspective of the war and the Marines part in it. Much knowledge was gained through this article, which we distributed throughout our sight. Most prominently in sections under Montford Point and History. This site was extremely important to our own web page. Nalty, Bernard. "The Right to Fight."National Parks Service. National Parks Service, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014, from http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/usmc/pcn-190-00313200/sec4.htm This source was used in our project to emphasize the process of creating Montford Point and abolishing segregation within the United States Marine Corp. We used this source to gain information about how Montford Point was created and the steps it took to enlist African American soldiers instead of white soldiers. This site provided an in depth description of how Montford Point produced the first all African American defence battalions in the United States Marines. We used this knowledge to benefit our website and add to our own understand of the process the United States underwent during this time.

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Montford Point Marines 1942-1949. (n.d.).Library of the Marine Corps. Retrieved October 3, 2013, from http://guides.grc.usmcu.edu/content.php?pid=283343&s This website is the United States Marine Corps. research library site. It includes an entire section devoted to Montford Point. It included basic information about the history of the Montford Point Marines and their role in the pre-civil rights movement and the desegregation of the Marines. It included a variety of important knowledge including the number of enlisted personnel, links to other documents and multiple commemorative videos including one of SgtMaj Michael Barrett and others speaking about the legacy of the Montford Marines. This was a very important library to our project. It provided us with primary source documents as well as modern takes and commemorations on the Montford Point Marines. The Avalon Project : Summary of the Three-Power Pact Between Germany, Italy, and Japan, Signed at Berlin, September 27, 1940.. (n.d.). The Avalon Project : Summary of the ThreePower Pact Between Germany, Italy, and Japan, Signed at Berlin, September 27, 1940.. Retrieved November 17, 2013, from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/triparti.asp This is the library of the Yale school of Law and it provided us with a variety of articles centered around WWII, the desegregation of the Military and especially the Montford Point Marines. The articles included opinions of the Montford Point Marines during WWII. Titled the Avalon Project, it focuses mainly on the laws of desegregation, the Executive Orders issued, and the publics reaction to such laws and orders. It also talked about the treaties formed between the different powers at the time, and the effect this had on the American people. This study, from a law based perspective provided interesting insight into a new aspect of our project. Overall it was a very useful resource that helped us to learn about our subject in a new way. Executive Order 8802. (n.d.). Executive Order 8802. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-8802.html This website focuses primarily Executive Order 8802, and was used on that page. Most of the information on this page was used to double check other Executive Order websites for accuracy. This page is the entire document of EO8802, and the quote I do hereby declare that it is the duty of employers and of labor organizations, in furtherance of said policy and of this order, to provide for the full and equitable participation of all workers in defense industries, without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin;. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - OurDocuments. (n.d.).Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - OurDocuments. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odex8802.html

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Used for information about President Roosevelt, and information about the Executive Orders passed during his terms as president. The date of Executive Order 8802, along with information relating to the planned protest by Asa Philip Randolph. Information was primarily used to check against other sources, and to find additional sites relating to Mr. Randolph. States Department of Labor. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor - OFCCP - History EO 11246. U.S. Department of Labor - OFCCP - History EO 11246. Retrieved December 16, 2013, from http://www.dol.gov/ofccp/about/History_EO11246.htm A history of Executive Orders relating to Civil Rights (8802), and also information about the following Executive Orders that expanded the reach of 8802, and other orders passed during the Vietnam and Korean wars. States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2013, June 10). World War II: Timeline.United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007306 A timeline of World War Two, with most of the major events outlined with dates and significant information. Used on many pages, for reference and for dates of battles like Iwo Jima, Saipan and Peleliu. In addition, this site also had events pertaining to the Japanese surrender. Start of World War II: September 1939-March 1940. (n.d.). HowStuffWorks. Retrieved December 1, 2013, from http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-ii/start-world-war-2.htm Used for background research on World War Two, this site contained major events, historical battles, and troop movements and attack plans. Mostly used as a reference, not actually recorded in the site. The Revolutionary War. (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2narr4.html This site was used on the page African Americans in Warfare, and provided information about the revolutionary war. We needed confirmation about the numbers of black soldiers who fought for the American independent forces, as opposed to the number of soldiers fighting for the British. In addition, also information about the slave owners who offered to free black slaves if they fought for the armed forces. Teaching With Documents:The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War. (n.d.). Black Soldiers in the Civil War. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ Used for the page African Americans in Warfare, this page was used on the paragraph

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about the civil war. We needed information about the "Buffalo Soldiers", African American soldiers played an enormous role in the Civil War. And if the 179,000 black men served the Union Army was an accurate number. Glaister, D. (2006, October 20). Absent from history: the black soldiers at Iwo Jima. theguardian.com. Retrieved January 4, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/20/usa.film This site was used on the page Iwo Jima, and contained information about the commanding officers, as well as the number of African American troops present in the actual battle. It also had some excellent primary source quotes from black and white martines who were present at the battle of Iwo Jima. Zahn, C. (2012, February 21). Echoes of Iwo Jima heard by present-day Marines.Quantico Sentry Online. Retrieved January 4, 2014, from http://www.quanticosentryonline.com/news/article_8582a2ce-110e-57f9-8b0f01e033e3d48d.html The information gathered on this page was used on the page in our site Iwo Jima, and contained the number of African American troops present in the actual battle. It also had some excellent primary source quotes from black and white martines who were present at the battle of Iwo Jima. Additional information was also present, like the casualty rate and length of the battle. Also was the number of Japanese soldiers who fought against the US marines, and their casualty rate.

Bryan, J. (n.d.). - Fighting for Respect: African-American Soldiers in WWI. - Fighting for Respect: African-American Soldiers in WWI. Retrieved January 3, 2014, from http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwi/articles/fightingforrespect.aspx Information about the history of African Americans in warfare, page is an excerpt from the magazine On Point. Used for the page African Americans in warfare and for some background information around World War One. This sight served as an archive for all American Military history. It also had focuses involving African Americans in warfare, an important aspect of our project. As the Montford Point Marines took a large step towards equal rights in the armed forces, it was important for us to research previous steps towards equality that had been taken. This site provided us with a great opportunity to do so. Wilson, C., & Ferris, W. (n.d.). Frederick Douglass, 1818-1895. Frederick Douglass, 1818-1895. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/douglass/bio.html After being on another page, we discovered a reference to a man, Frederick Douglas. This site was used to find out information about his life, legacy and contributions to civil

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rights. Frederick Douglas was arguably the most prominent leader of African American rights during the 19th century. The aforementioned site above had a quote on it, used on the page of our site African Americans in Warfare, and we needed to verify if the quote was real, or accurate. Battle of Peleliu. (n.d.). Battle of Peleliu. Retrieved January 8, 2014, from http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/ We used this source to gain a general knowledge about when and how the Battle at Peleliu took place. The exact length of the battle was unknown to us, and that length was found on this site. We were able to find who spearheaded the operation and what battalions were involved in it. The information was used on the page Peleliu, and was double checked with other Peleliu sources. O'Brie, F. (n.d.). Battle Of Saipan. History Net: Where History Comes Alive. Retrieved November 21, 2013, from http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-saipan As one might be able to tell from the title, this page consisted of information about the battle of Saipan, and was used on the page Saipan. Contained troop movements, length of battle, commanding officers and the participation of African American soldiers. Montford Point Marines. (n.d.). Montford Point Marines. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from http://library.uncw.edu/web/montford/links.html Consisting almost solely of information regarding the soldiers of Montford Point, this site provide information on the pages under the tab Montford Point. It had quotes, interviews and other essential information crucial to the development of our project. A section of this website was dedicated to transcripts of Montford Point marines, providing us with many primary sources. Patrick, B. (n.d.). Military.com Content.Military.com Content. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent?file=ML_montford_bkp Lots of information about the soldiers of Montford Point, and history of Executive Order 8802, and the training of Montford Point. Lots of information on this page was used to fact check other sites. In addition, it also had an excellent conclusion paragraph, Most important, the men of Montford Point made it impossible for the Marine Corps to return to its prewar policy. President Harry S. Truman eliminated segregated units in 1949. But the Montford Point Marines have not been forgotten. In 1998, Parris Island drum major Staff Sgt. Vernon Harris composed the music to a song, "I'll Take the Marines," commemorating the group. The words had been written by a Montford Marine, LaSalle Vaughn. "If African Americans at that time could go through the rigorous training of Marines when it was segregated and they were looked down on and still be proud Marines it

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encourages all Marines to look forward and recognize our progress," Harris said.

Ferren, C. (2003, January 12). The Men of Montford Point The First Black Marines.The Men of Montford Point The First Black Marines. Retrieved February 5, 2014, from http://www.geocities.com/nubiansong/montford.htm Created by the son of a Montford Point Marine, this site was used as a fact checking page, and also provided us with new insights about the struggles and hardships the Montford Point Marines went through. Spangler, T. (2012, June 28). With video: Montford Point Marines -- segregated during World War II -- get long-overdue honor. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://www.freep.com/article/20120628/NEWS07/206280586/Montford-Point-Marinessegregated-during-World-War-II-get-long-overdue-honor This Source was used for quotes by the veterans of Montford Point and others involved with honoring these heroic men. The article is centered around the presentation of the congressional gold medal to the Montford Point Marines. We used these quotes on the racism in the military page. This site talks about how the United States were in need of troops and that was when the African Americans came into the US Marines. Aizenman, N. (2004, May 26). Black Soldiers Battled Fascism and Racism. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/articles/A55650-2004May25.html This site was used for information on the abuse that these men went through in the effort to prove themselves as worthy citizens of the United States of America. We were able to find individuals on this site that we could then research in depth on. This site was also used for quotes by African American in the 52nd division. We gained a lot of background knowledge from this site such as information on the United States unparalleled need for troops and how even though it was obvious that black soldiers were just as skilled and brave as white soldiers, white commandants refused to recruit black soldiers. These men were tired of this poor treatment and that is what this source made us aware of and set up a solid basis for our understanding on the racial abuse in the military. African-American Soldiers in World War II Helped Pave Way for Integration of US Military. (n.d.). VOA. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2005-0510-voa47-67929177/396374.html This source was used for Racism in the Military and on the page that is Racism outside of the Military. We used this source to gain knowledge on the process that the government went through to end segregation in the military. Information about the effort that was put into the movement against segregation. During research on other pages we

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came across the name Woodrow Crocket so we researched him and found this sight talking about how he was an example showing how African American soldiers are equal to white soldiers. This sight also talked about racism and the history of trying to rid the military of it. "Tom Lea & the Art of War." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Feb. 2014. <http://art-for-achange.com/blog/2009/07/tom-lea-the-art-of-war.html>. The Price is a painting that we used on the battle of Peleliu page. This picture was painted by a war artist who was present at the battle of Peleliu. He was laying in the battle field when he saw a man stumbling with half of his body shredded. The artist later painted The Price to represent how gruesome the battle of Peleliu was. Asa Philip Randolph (1889-1979). (n.d.).AFL-CIO. Retrieved December 15, 2013, from http://www.aflcio.org/About/Our-History/Key-People-in-Labor-History/Asa-Philip-Randolph-18891979