Document title

Optional subheading Slimdek residential pattern book

For multi-storey residential buildings

INtRodUctioN to SLimdeK

Introduction to Slimdek
The Slimdek construction system 1

Technical aspects of Slimdek

Introduction 3 Asymmetric Slimflor Beams (ASB) Deep decking Openings in the slab Edge beams Tie members Connections Columns Discontinuous columns Slimdek in an unbraced structure Fire resistance Acoustic insulation Attachment of cladding to edge beams Service integration 3 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 13 14

The application of Slimdek

Chosen building for study Building form Structural grids Plan form and room layouts Floor layout Structural options Material usage 15 16 17 18 22 22 28

Steel balconies and parapets

Types of balcony Balcony attachments in Slimdek Parapets and balustrades 29 30 32 35 36

References

Figure 1.1 6 storey apartment block at Portishead Marina. 2 2

Slimdek is a shallow depth steel floor system that offers particular advantages in multi-storey residential buildings.
Steel framed construction has for some years dominated the UK market for multi-storey commercial buildings due to its cost, speed and quality benefits. The proven values of structural steelwork are now being taken advantage of in the fast growing multi-storey residential building market. The Slimdek floor system from Tata Steel offers particular advantages in multi-storey residential buildings. It provides a shallow floor depth and can achieve 60 minutes fire resistance with no added protection. New research has also shown that Slimdek separating floors comfortably meet the acoustic insulation requirements of the new Part E (2003) Building Regulations. Slimdek floor system Slimdek is a fully engineered floor solution that has been developed to offer cost-effective shallow-depth floors for multi-storey steel framed buildings with grids of up to 9m x 9m. The system simplifies the planning and servicing of a building resulting in significant cost and speed of construction benefits. Reductions in floor depth of up to 400mm per storey, compared with conventional construction, can be achieved using Slimdek. This offers the potential for extra floors to be accommodated within a given building height or alternatively a reduction in total building height and consequent savings on envelope costs. Slimdek floors achieve inherent fire resistance of up to 60 minutes with no added fire protection, reducing costs and speeding up programme times. The relative light weight of steel frames also leads to savings on foundation costs.

Slimdek plan form and room layouts. Page 17.

Figure 1.2 4 and 6 storey apartment buildings at Penarth Marina, Cardiff. 3

Slimdek residential pattern book Introduction to Slimdek

Figure 1.3 Components of Slimdek

The key features of the system are: A shallow composite slab, which provides excellent load resistance, diaphragm action and robustness. An Asymmetric Slimflor Beam (ASB), which achieves efficient composite action without the need for shear studs. An inherent fire resistance of up to 60 minutes with ASB fire-engineered (ASB (FE)) sections. Lighter, thinner web ASBs, which can be used unprotected in buildings requiring up to 30 minutes fire resistance or in fireprotected applications. ComFlor 225 deep decking, which can span up to 6.5m without propping (depending on slab weight). Light weight construction.

Slimdek has been widely employed in the commercial sector, and its advantages are now being realised in residential applications. It has been used in major residential projects in Glasgow, Manchester, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Bristol and London. Recent examples of residential building projects are illustrated in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. Slimdek can be combined with other components, such as rectangular hollow sections (RHS) for columns and edge beams, light steel infill walls and separating walls that are directly supported by the composite floor, as well as roof-top penthouses and mansard roofs using light steel framing.

This brochure focuses on the practical application of Slimdek in a mixed-use residential and commercial building in an urban area. This building type allows us to examine a variety of design and detailing issues. It is a six-storey building, with car parking below ground and retail outlets at ground-floor level. The same floor grid is used for the car park and apartments, which removes the need for a transfer structure. Two plan forms are illustrated, to show the versatility that exists with Slimdek construction.

Figure 1.4 Slimdek installation on site.

Figure 1.5 Typical column-free space achieved using Slimdek.

Figure 1.6 Slimdek used in a major renovation project in Covent Garden, London.

Technical aspects of Slimdek

Slimdek comprises a composite slab, formed on deep decking, which is supported on the bottom flange of Asymmetric Slimflor Beams.
Slimdek comprises a composite slab, formed on ComFlor 225 deep decking (designated CF225 for clarity in some diagrams), which is supported on the bottom flange of Asymmetric Slimflor Beams (ASB) see Figure 1.3. The typical span capabilities of ASB beams and deep composite slabs in Slimdek are set out in Table 2.1. Asymmetric Slimflor Beams The Asymmetric Slimflor Beam (ASB) is a hot-rolled section in which the degree of asymmetry between the widths of the top and bottom flanges is approximately 60%. The top flange has a raised rib pattern rolled into it to provide composite action with the concrete encasement, without the aid of a mechanical shear connector. A range of 10 ASB beams is manufactured with the properties given in Table 2.2. Fireengineered ASB beams (designated as ASB(FE)) achieve 60 minutes fire resistance

Slimdek supported by ASBs.

without any additional fire protection, whereas ASB beams achieve 30 minutes fire resistance, increasing to 120 minutes when additional protection is applied to the soffit. For construction the minimum slab depth in

Table 2.2 is defined either by 35mm cover to the ASB or 70mm topping to the decking (this topping depth does not reflect any acoustic requirement). A view through an ASB beam and the composite slab is shown in Figure 1.3.

Width of Flange Thickness Minimum ASB beams in Slimdek. Top Beam Bottom Web Designation mm mm mm

Table 2.1 Typical span capabilities of

Slab Flange Depth Beam Span Beam spacing (m) mm mm(m) 340 340 6.0 325 6.0 325 7.5* 320 6.0 300 9.0* 300 300 6.0 295 6.0 295 7.5*

Table 2.2 Dimensions of ASB beams and minimum slab depths.

Designation Mass kg/m 300 ASB (FE) 249 300 ASB 196 300 ASB (FE) 185 300 ASB 155 300 ASB (FE) 153 280 ASB (FE) 136 280 ASB 124 280 ASB 105 280 ASB (FE) 100 280 ASB 74 249 195 185 155 153 136 124 105 100 74 Depth mm 342 342 320 326 310 288 296 288 276 272 Width of flange Top Bottom mm 203 183 195 179 190 190 178 176 184 175 mm 313 293 305 289 300 300 288 286 294 285 Thickness Web mm 40 20 32 16 27 25 13 11 19 10 Minimum Flange mm 40 40 29 32 24 22 26 22 16 14 Slab Depth mm 340 340 325 325 320 300 300 300 295 295

of40 60 mins 40 203 Fire Resistance 313 280 ASB (FE) 100 183 293 20 406.0 280 ASB (FE) 136 195 305 32 297.5
179 300 ASB 289(FE) 153 16 190 300 ASB 300(FE) 185 27 190 300 ASB 300(FE) 249 25 176 280 ASB 28674 184 280 ASB 294105 175 280 ASB 285124 11 19 10 327.5 249.0 229.0 227.0 167.5 147.5

178 Fire Resistance 288 of13 30 mins**26

300 ASB 155 300 ASB 196

9.0 9.0

6.0 9.0*

Notes: ASB (FE) are re engineeed sections

* Propped slab during construction ** Additional re protection required for R60

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Deep decking
Deep steel decking (ComFlor 225) spans between the bottom flange of the ASB beams and supports the wet concrete during construction. The embossments formed in the decking achieve excellent composite action with the concrete, assisted by bar reinforcement. Light mesh reinforcement is provided in the concrete topping for crack control purposes. A cross section of ComFlor 225 is shown in Figure 2.1. Each decking element is 1.25mm thick and 600mm wide and has special attachment points for service and ceiling hangers. The ComFlor 225 decking is provided with end diaphragms and cut-outs to allow placement and retention of the concrete around the ASB beams, as illustrated in Figure 2.2. A cross-section through the composite slab in Figure 2.3 shows the positioning of the bar reinforcement. A minimum concrete cover of 80mm over the decking ensures fire resistance and acoustic insulation, although it may be necessary to increase this cover depending on the size of the ASB selected (see Table 2.2). The typical slab depth for residential applications is 300mm to 330mm, which creates a floor depth of approximately 400mm when combined with acoustic insulating layers and a suspended ceiling. The typical span capabilities of deep composite slabs using ComFlor 225 decking are presented in Table 2.3. Temporary propping is not generally required for spans up to 6m. Spans may be increased to 9m if two lines of temporary props are used during construction. Services can be passed through openings in the ASB beams and between the ribs of the slabs.
100 8 30 7 37 15 35 195 30 30 40 Vertical embossments Horizontal ribs

600 400 240 30

Service hanger (typical detail)

35 33 100

Figure 2.1 Cross-section through ComFlor225 deep decking showing service attachments.

50

Deck cut-out

15

Slab topping

Cover to top of beam

225

End diaphragm 50 nominal bearing

size (diameter, mm) for Span of slab (m) Figure 2.2 Detailing of ComFlor 225 decking at ASBBar beams.
Mesh reinforcementBar size (diameter, mm) for Span of slab (m)

Slab depth (mm) 5.5 300 320 340 Propping

Axis

6.0 16
50

6.5 16 20

7.0 20 20

7.5 20 20 25

8.0 25 25 25

8.5 32 32

9.0 N.A. 32

16 16 16

16 20

20 20 Main reinforcement

16, 20, 25 or 32 32 diameter32

No propping generally

Single line props required

Double line props required

Figure Cross-section through composite slab.slab. Blue2.3 area shows propping requirements for each
N.A. = not generally applicable because natural frequency of slab is less than 5Hz.

Table 2.3 Reinforcement requirements (bar diameter) in deep composite slabs for 60 minutes fire resistance.
Slab depth (mm) 5.5 300 320 340 Propping 16 16 16 6.0 16 16 20 Bar size (diameter, mm) for Span of slab (m) 6.5 16 20 20 7.0 20 20 20 7.5 20 20 25 8.0 25 25 25 8.5 32 32 32 9.0 N.A. 32 32

No propping generally

Single line props required

Double line props required

Blue area shows propping requirements for each slab. N.A. = not generally applicable because natural frequency of slab is less than 5Hz.

ASB beam

T12 bar x 1500 long

beam span/ 16*500

300

beam span/16 for composite beam design

Openings in the slab

Opening may be positioned between the ribs of the decking without affecting the loadbearing capacity of the slab. The maximum width of these openings is 400mm. Wider openings may cut through one or more ribs, in which case it is necessary to reinforce the slab to distribute the forces to the adjacent ribs. A standard edge trim is pre-fixed as a box around the opening. The maximum recommended size of opening is 1000mm x 2000mm before additional trimmer beams are required. Details of permitted openings and additional reinforcement around the openings are presented in Figure 2.4. Openings next to columns should be detailed to avoid the ASB and tie members. For these cases, the close proximity of the openings to the ASB does not affect the composite strength to the same degree as when openings occur in the span. As a consequence, some relaxation of the dimensions given in Figure 2.4 is possible. The recommended minimum distance from a grid line to the centre-line of a 150mm opening is 225mm, or 200mm for a smaller opening. It is also possible to accommodate a minor notch in the bottom flange of the ASB near the end connection to provide an opening for a service pipe, but this should be detailed in order to allow for fabrication before delivery to site. A detail showing the provision of a service pipe close to an ASB near a column is presented in Figure 2.5.

Opening

1000

Minimum A142 mesh throughout 1000 B

Additional top reinforcement Additional bottom reinforcement to adjacent ribs (by engineer)

400 Opening A A 2000

Centre-line of ribs B ASB beam Curtailed bar Transverse bar End diaphragm Transverse bar beam span/16 for composite beam design

Temporary Edge trim Temporary xed as 'box' prop prop

Temporary Edge trim Temporary prop prop xed as 'box'

Section A - A

Section B - B

Figure 2.4 Detailing of openings in the slab in Slimdek.

Column (UKC) Mesh reinforcement

Service pipe (max. 150 dia.)

CF225 decking A A Setting out level ASB Tie beam Welded stiener 225 min.

Connecting bolts

Service pipe 225 min.

Tie beam

Welded stiener

Section A - A : Plan view

Figure 2.5 Provision of a service pipe close to an ASB in a Slimdek floor near to a column.

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Edge beams
If the configuration of windows and cladding allow then a downstand beam can be used as an edge beam. However, where this is not possible then two alternative forms of edge beam are recommended ASB or RHS (Rectangular Hollow Sections). ASB beams may be designed in two alternative configurations: 1. ASB encased in concrete for fire resistance and effective composite action, as illustrated in Figure 2.6. In this case, the edge of the slab is detailed at 200mm from the centre-line of the beam to allow for fixing of the edge trim, and placement of the concrete and L-bar reinforcement. 2. ASB partially encased in concrete, as illustrated in Figure 2.7. In this case, no composite action is developed and the fire resistance is reduced to 30 minutes, unless additional protection is applied. The edge of the slab may be detailed at 100mm from the centre-line of the beam (actual distance is half the flange width or 95mm). To anchor the slab, an L-bar is placed in holes pre-drilled in the ASB. The edge trim allows for a thin concrete topping. The advantage of the second option is that any eccentricities in the column connection are reduced. However, the disadvantage is that the projecting flange of the ASB has to be cut away (depending on the cladding system), and additional insulation is required to reduce cold bridging.

10 mm dia. additional 10 mm dia. additional L-bars at 300 centres L-bars at 300 centres 200 55 200 55

1000

1000

30

30 Edge Edge trim trim

Figure 2.6 Encased ASB details at edge beam.

150

150 50

50

End diaphragm End diaphragm

A142 mesh A142 mesh

20 L-bar (10 ) 20 L-bar (10 ) bolt hole at 300 centres bolt hole at 300 centres 30 30

A142 mesh A142 mesh

Mineral Mineral wool wool inll inll

End diaphragm End diaphragm ASB cut away by 55 (if necessary) ASB cut away by 55 (if necessary)
Figure 2.7 Partially encased ASB details at edge beam.

Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) may be used as either composite or non-composite edge beams. Non-composite beams are illustrated in Figure 2.8. RHS edge beams provide an attractive option because of their ease of detailing at the faade line. Furthermore, their high torsional stiffness facilitates eccentric connections, for example, of cantilever balconies. When the edge beam is used only as a cladding support, torsional stiffness is still required because of the eccentric load from the cladding. For composite construction, shear connectors may be welded to the top flange of the RHS to increase its spanning capabilities by composite action. However, the slab depth needs to be taken as 85mm above the RHS section, which makes the 300mm RHS impractical in composite construction (see Table 2.4). The sizing of the RHS sections generally depends on the orientation of the slab and the cladding load. For scheme design purposes, the RHS sizes given in Table 2.5 may be used.

Rigid insulation in external cavity Optional additional insulation (to reduce U value) Cavity

Light steel stud wall with 2 layers of gypsum board Separating strip Proprietary battened raft oor

Acoustic sealant

Halfen or similar stainless steel brickwork support Cavity barrier to oor/wall junction External brickwork tied to inner stud wall

15 min. plasterboard resilient strip Acoustic sealant Deection head

Deep composite metal deck oor Trapezoidal prole

12.5 plasterboard Resilient bars timber battens, or metal frame ceiling

Figure 2.8 Non-composite RHS edge beam supporting brickwork.

Table 2.4 Section dimensions of RHS Slimflor edge beams.

Designation of RHS 200 x 150 (240 x 15 plate) 250 x 150 (240 x 15 plate) 300 x 200 (290 x 15 plate) * including 15 mm plate + Slab depth applies to R60 re resistance Thickness (mm) 8.0 10.0 12.5 8.0 10.0 12.5 8.0 10.0 12.5 Mass * (kg/m) 70 79 91 76 87 100 94 100 126 Depth (mm) 215 215 215 265 265 265 315 315 315 Minimum Slab Non-composite 295 295 295 295 295 295 300 300 300 Depth (mm)+ Composite 295 295 295 335 335 335 N.A. N.A. N.A.

Table 2.5 Approximate section sizes of RHS edge beams supporting brickwork.
Beam span (m) Non-composite Composite Data for 6m span slab onto RHS < 6.0 200 x 150 x 8 200 x 150 x 8 7.0 200 x 150 12.5 or 250 x 150 x 10 200 x 150 x 10 8.0 300 x 200 x 10 200 x 150 x 12.5 9.0 N.A. 200 x 150 x 12.5

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Tie members
Tie members are required to provide robustness by tying columns at each floor. Generally, tie members are in the form of inverted Tees. Smaller UKB or RHS sections with a welded plate are often used where the tie beam supports other local loads. Figure 2.9 illustrates a typical Tee section; this allows for sufficient placement of a Z-section where the deck layout is not in multiples of 600mm. The depth of the Tee is taken as not less than span/40 in order to avoid visible sag. The Tee section does not participate in resisting loads applied to the slab, so reinforcement is placed in the ribs adjacent to the Tee. This does not generally require fire protection, where it is partially encased in the slab. The Tee may be attached by an end plate to the column web or to a stiffener located between the column flanges. This same stiffener may act as a compression stiffener in a moment-resisting connection to the major axis of the column.

Decking cut to suit setting-out requirement

Mesh reinforcement

Reinforcement bar 600 ASB bottom ange Z section Tee section cut from UKC or UKB

Figure 2.9 Inverted Tee section as a tie member.

ASB end plate Perimeter UKC

Connections
Slimdek has been developed primarily as a flooring system for braced steel-framed buildings. Typically, the beams and slabs are analysed as simply supported elements. Continuity, which is inherent within the system, is only partially used for the serviceability criteria. It is possible to use the ASB beam as part of a sway frame, provided extended end plate connections are used. In this case, columns must be analysed for combined bending and compression. Beam-to-column connections with ASB or RHS beams should generally be made by full or extended end plates in order to ensure adequate shear and torsional resistance due to out-of-balance loads (primarily during construction). For UKC section columns, beamto-column connections are generally made to the column flange. Where connections are made to the column web, it may be necessary to weld a plate between the tips of the column
ASB edge beam ASB edge beam

ASB internal beam

Figure 2.10 External UKC section column connection to ASB edge beam.

flanges to avoid cutting back the ASB section. A typical external UKC column connection with an ASB edge beam is shown in Figure 2.10, and in Figures 3.15 and 3.16. For RHS columns, connections can be made using Flowdrill or Hollo-bolt connections. Hollo-bolts require the formation of a hole of 1.7 x bolt diameter. As a result of this, the maximum diameter is generally 20mm to allow for edge distances and gaps. A typical external RHS column connection with a RHS Slimflor edge beam is shown in Figure 2.11.

At RHS columns, it is often difficult to attach ASBs on adjacent sides. This may be achieved by using alternate extended and flush end plates, as illustrated in Figure 2.12. This approach is only applicable for columns with a minimum width of 200mm. In other cases, welded T-stubs may be used to attach the beams.

10

Perimeter RHS column (or UKC with plates welded across ange tips for edge beam connections) RHS Slimor edge beam with 15 thick ange plate

Hollo-bolts

Internal ASB beam

Extended end plate

Figure 2.11 External RHS column connection to a RHS Slimflor edge beam.

15 end plate A

Flowdrill or Hollo-bolts

Flowdrill or Hollo-bolts

Flange cut away

A 200 RHS column 200 RHS column

a) Side view of ASB beam

b) Cross-section A - A

Figure 2.12 End plate connections to RHS columns.

Columns
Universal Column (UKC) sections are recommended for internal columns because of their ease of connection. Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) columns can be used for fire resistance or for architectural reasons. For example, RHS columns can be contained in the separating or faade walls, as illustrated in Figure 2.13.

2 x 12.5 plasterboard

Vertical channel (to attach wall ties)

Non-loadbearing light steel stud

RHS column 50 cavity Resilient mineral wool separating RHS and light steel section Insulation board

Figure 2.13 RHS column incorporated in faade wall (plan section).

11

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Discontinuous columns
Columns can also be designed as storey-high elements and attached to the flanges of the ASB, as illustrated in Figure 2.14. This unusual configuration is possible in medium-rise buildings because the modest compression forces can be transferred through the thick web of the ASB to the concrete encasement. In these cases, moment continuity can be developed in the ASB to optimise its performance. For more heavily loaded columns, vertical stiffeners would be required in the web of the ASB. When adopting this approach, particular care and attention must be paid to the design and detailing, especially to ensure frame stability and resistance to progressive collapse (through horizontal and vertical tying, or by key element design).

Slimdek in an unbraced structure

Vertical bracing can be eliminated in a structure with Slimdek floors by designing the connections between the ASBs and the columns as moment-resisting. Where UKC columns are used, these connections should be made to the column flanges. Extended end plates increase the effective depth of the connection and increase its moment capacity. A typical extended end plate connection is shown in Figure 2.15. For detailing purposes, dimension A should be taken as 44mm for ASB280 and 62mm for ASB300. RHS columns may be used, but the moment capacity of beam end connections are generally less effective than for UKC sections, except for the thicker wall sections.

The moment capacity of typical extended end plate connections is summarised in Table 2.6 (moment capacities for specific ASB weights may be obtained from the Slimdek Manual). These moment capacities are relatively insensitive to the ASB section size, as bending of the end plate controls their design. The design of wind-moment frames is a special case where the connections are treated as pinned under vertical load and moment-resisting under wind loading. As a simple rule, the maximum number of storeys permitted in a wind-moment frame should not exceed the number of columns in the direction in which the wind forces act (up to a maximum of six storeys). Therefore, for wind acting on the front face of a building with four columns across the width, the maximum height is four storeys. For a rectangular plan building with wind acting on the short length, there are potentially more columns to resist the wind loads along the building, and the maximum height recommended is increased to six storeys, provided that the columns are orientated so that their stiffer direction is along the building length. In this second orientation, vertical bracing can be eliminated in the faades, leading to large fenestrations and freedom of space planning.

RHS tie

150 SHS column A

200 120 50 ASB 15 end plate A 150 SHS column tf 40 A 75 d 75 50 tf 300 10

a) Side view of ASB beam

RHS tie

150 SHS column

ASB

Figure 2.15 Extended end plate connection to an ASB beam.

150 SHS column

Table 2.6 Moment capacities (kNm) of extended end plate connections

Column size 203 UKC kg/m x 46 x 52 x 60 x 71 254 UKC x 73 x 89 Data: 15 end plate in S355 steel and M20 bolts ASB280 81 86 91 92 92 92 ASB300 85 90 95 97 97 97

b) Cross-section A - A

Figure 2.14 ASB beams continuous over storey-high RHS columns in medium-rise buildings.

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Fire resistance
The fire resistance of the ASBs is achieved by partial encasement in the composite slab. Generally, 60 minutes fire resistance can be achieved by ASB sections, increasing up to 120 minutes if board materials, a suspended ceiling or intumescent coatings, protect them. The fire resistance of the deep composite slab is achieved by bar reinforcement of the minimum sizes shown in Table 2.7. The axis distance defines the distance from the centreline of the reinforcing bar to the soffit of the decking (see Figure 2.3). Mesh reinforcement is placed in the topping at a minimum top cover of 15mm. The reinforcement detailing requirements are illustrated in Figure 2.3.

Acoustic insulation
Separating floors in Slimdek are easily capable of providing the acoustic insulation (both airborne and impact) required to meet the new Part E (2003) Building Regulations. When combined with the prescribed floor and ceiling treatments the floor has been able to achieve Robust Detail (RD) status (E-FS-1). RD status means that post-completion testing of the floor is not required. A typical cross section through a beam and slab showing the various layers is shown in Figure 2.16. Table 2.8 illustrates the excellent performance in robust detail in-situ tests compared to the requirements given in Part E of the Building Regulations.

Masonry or double-leaf light steel separating walls can be used in conjunction with the Slimdek floor. Doubleleaf walls are generally recommended because of the ease and speed of construction and the elimination of wet trades on site. Typically, this type of wall comprises two leafs of studs (each 50 to 70mm deep) separated by a layer of mineral wool. The outer faces of the studs are fixed to double layers of plasterboard, to give an overall thickness of around 250mm. Care should be taken to ensure an adequate cavity width, and adequate densities for the materials used. Specialist manufacturers have produced a number of proprietary wall and detail solutions.

18 thick tongued and grooved chipboard walking surface (or similar)

Proprietary batten with integral foam strip

Concrete oor slab with ComFlor225 deep decking

280 ASB 100

Single skin 12.5 thick plasterboard suspended ceiling

Proprietary resilient bars

Figure 2.16 Cross-section through ASB beam showing acoustic insulating layers.

Table 2.7 Detailing requirements for deep composite slabs.

Parameter 60 or less Min. slab depth Min. bar diameter Axis distance to bar Min mesh size in topping 295 mm 16 mm 70 mm A142 Fire resistance (mins) 90 305 mm 20 mm 90 mm A193 120 320 mm 25 mm 120 mm A252

Column size 203 UC x 46 kg/m x 52 kg/m

ASB280 81 86

ASB300 85 90

x 60 kg/m 91 95 13 x 71 kg/m 92 97 254 UC x 73 kg/m 92 97

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Details of the attachment of a separating wall to an ASB beam are illustrated in Figure 2.18. A deflection head allows for relative movement between the ASB and the separating wall. Note that board present at the top of the wall is needed for fire as well as acoustic purposes. One of the most crucial features with this type of wall is the interface between the wall head and the soffit of the slab, particularly when the deck ribs do not run parallel to the wall. The attachment of a light steel separating wall to the soffit of a composite slab with ComFlor 225 decking is illustrated in Figure 2.19. Profiled mineral wool inserts are required to prevent both sound and fire passing through the voids in the deck. Board beneath these inserts also serves both fire and acoustic purposes. When this detail is properly achieved the wall can be expected to pass Part E requirement. More information on expected acoustic performance and typical construction details can be found in the accompanying SCI Publication P336 Acoustic Detailing for Multi-Storey Residential Buildings.

Table 2.8 Acoustic performance of Slimdek.

Acoustic Test Data (dB) Airborne sound reduction DnT,w + Ctr Part E Robust Detail Slimdek Performance (E-FS-1) (Range) (Mean) > _ 45 > _ 47 50-64 56 Impact sound , L nT,w < _ 62 < _ 57 24-46 38

Platform oor Separating strip Acoustic sealant

Separating strip Acoustic sealant

Proprietary battened raft oor

Deep composite steel decking

12.5 plasterboard 1 layer of 15 plasterboard or other re-stopping material laid at between ASB and light steel channel 12.5 plasterboard ceiling on proprietary metal frame ceiling Deection head Acoustic sealant Light steel frame separating wall

Resilient bars or timber battens

Figure 2.18 Acoustic detail of ASB beam and light steel separating wall.

Platform oor

Separating strip

Separating strip Acoustic sealant

Acoustic sealant

Proprietary battened raft oor

Deep composite steel decking 12.5 mm plasterboard on proprietry metal frame

Pack with mineral wool 2 layers of 19 mm gypsum board

Additional mineral wool in ceiling void around junction

Acoustic sealant Light steel frame separating wall

Figure 2.19 Acoustic detail of separating wall transverse to composite slab.

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Attachment of cladding to edge beams

Cladding attachments depend on the type of cladding used and the type of edge beam. For encased ASB beams, the centre-line of the ASB is detailed at 200mm from the edge of the slab (see Figure 2.6). More detail on cladding systems and their attachments is given in Figures 2.20 to 2.23. For details on cladding attachments to RHS edge beams, see Figure 2.8.

Rigid Rigid insulation insulation in in external external cavity cavity

Light Light steel steel stud stud wall wall with with 2 layers 2 layers of of gypsum gypsum board board Separating Separating strip strip

Breather Breather paper paper

Sheating Sheating board board

Cavity Cavity Halfen Halfen or or similar similar stainless stainless steel steel brickwork brickwork support support

Acoustic Acoustic sealant sealant Proprietary Proprietary battened battened raft raft oor oor

Cladding Cladding rail rail onon angle angle brackets brackets

Proprietary Proprietary battened battened raft raft oor oor

Cavity Cavity barrier barrier to to oor/wall oor/wall junction junction Resilient Resilient bars, bars, timber timber battens battens or or metal metal frame frame ceiling ceiling 12.5 12.5 plasterboard plasterboard Acoustic Acoustic sealant sealant Deection Deection head head

Cladding Cladding sheet sheet

Optional Optional additional additional insulation insulation (to (to reduce reduce U value) U value) External External brickwork brickwork tied tied to to inner inner stud stud wall wall

Deep Deep composite composite metal metal deck deck oor oor 1515 min. min. plasterboard plasterboard resilient resilient strip strip

Deection Deection head head

Deep Deep composite composite metal metal deck deck oor oor 12.5 12.5 plasterboard plasterboard 1515 min. min. plasterboard plasterboard resilient resilient strip strip Acoustic Acoustic sealant sealant

Resilient Resilient bars, bars, timber timber battens battens or or metal metal frame frame ceiling ceiling

Figure 2.20 Detailing of brickwork support by ASB beams.

Figure 2.22 Rain-screen cladding attachment in Slimdek.

Rigid Rigid insulation insulation material material Platform Platform floor floor Polymer Polymer based based render render Slimdek Slimdek floor floor

Breather Breather paper paper (with (with optional optional sheathing sheathing board board behind) behind)

Rigid Rigid insulation insulation Optional Optional additional additional insulation insulation Separating Separating strip strip Acoustic Acoustic sealant sealant Proprietary Proprietary battened battened raft raft oor oor

Fire Fire break break

Clay Clay tile tile cladding cladding system system

1515 drained drained cavity cavity Light Light steel steel frame frame non-loadbearing non-loadbearing stud stud wall wall Sheathing Sheathing board board Deep Deep composite composite Resilient bars, bars, metal metal deck deck oor oor Resilient timber timber battens battens 12.5 12.5 plasterboard plasterboard or or metal metal frame frame Acoustic Acoustic sealant sealant ceiling ceiling 1515 min. min. plasterboard plasterboard Deection Deection head head Non-loadbearing Non-loadbearing light light steel steel frame frame stud stud wall wall

Fixing Fixing rail rail onon packers packers

Drained Drained 1515 cavity cavity

Figure 2.21 Insulated render cladding attachment to ASB beams.

Figure 2.23 Brick-tile cladding attachment in Slimdek.

15

Slimdek residential pattern book Technical aspects of Slimdek

Service integration

Openings in the slab for pipes and service risers. Openings in the web of the ASB for horizontal service distribution in the floor zone. Trays embedded in the slab for horizontal distribution of electrics or small diameter pipes in the surface of the slab.

Large openings can be formed between the ribs of the decking and through openings in the ASB beams (subject to effective fire compartmentation). Electrical trays should be positioned to align with the ribs of the decking so that they observe fire resistance and acoustic insulation requirements (see Figure 2.24).

300 max. Opening in slab T12 bar Mesh 150 max. Horizontal service tray 50 max.

80 min. 60 min.

Opening in ASB

160 max.

320 max.

ASB bottom ange

Figure 2.24 Service openings and electrical trays in Slimdek.

16

The application of Slimdek

This section examines a typical mixed-use residential building in steel using Slimdek construction.
Our example building is a six-storey structure with a roof-top penthouse, illustrated in Figure 3.1. The building design could be extended to ten-storeys without significant modifications to the structure. The interior of the building may be configured with apartments on either side of a central corridor, referred to as the deep plan form, or with apartments configured across the full width of the building around an access core, referred to as the shallow plan form. See Figures 3.5 and 3.6. The building is be adapted for mixed use, making provision for retail uses at ground floor (by increasing the floor-to-floor height) and for car parking at basement level. The length of the building is not defined, as the plan forms are repeatable. The flexible use of space provided by Slimdek is illustrated in Figure 3.2.

Penthouse

Flat

Central Corridor

Flat

Flat

Central Corridor

Flat

Flat

Central Corridor

Flat

Flat

Central Corridor

Flat

Flat

Central Corridor

Flat

Retail

Figure 3.2 Flexible space using Slimdek.

Car Park

Figure 3.1 Deep plan form cross-section through building.

The building considered has three distinct levels: Below-ground car-parking. Retail or office level at first floor. Residential floors above. The structural grid adopted is dictated by the car park level, to avoid the use of an expensive transfer structure. This is based on a threecar bay (7.5m wide) along the faade, and columns at 4.8m, 6.7m and 5.0m respectively across the building (deep plan) or 3.9m, 7.2m and 4.8m (shallow plan) to allow for sufficient vehicular access.

17

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

Building form
The steel-framed apartment building has the following characteristics:

Light steel walls

Light steel walls are used for: external walls to create a rapid dry envelope; compartment or separating walls between apartments; internal walls within apartments.

No limit on building height

The building is six storeys high (plus penthouse and car park levels). The ground oor can be adapted for retail use. There is no limit on building height when using Slimdek, but four to ten storeys is the sensible range for this type of residential construction. Penthouse apartments are located at roof level.

Acoustic insulation
Excellent acoustic insulation is achieved by the Slimdek oor with its resilient layers.

Utility servicing
Servicing is rationalised by vertical risers in the core and horizontal routes through the oor slab.

Prefabricated modules
Bathrooms are assumed to be prefabricated modules set into the slab to avoid mis-alignment of the oors.

Minimal foundation costs

Foundations are located directly below the columns. The lightweight steel construction minimises foundation costs.

18

A repeatable floor plan area

A repeatable oor plan area (for either plan form) of approximately 20m x 16m is accessed from a single braced core. Spans of 4.8m to 7.5m achieve a sensible layout of apartments and rooms, which may be recongured independently of the beam lines. This allows a range of apartments with oor areas from 60m2 to 120m2 to be created.

Structural grids
Optimum structural grids (i.e. column layout) differ greatly between applications: Car parks grids are normally based on 5m (two-car spaces) or 7.5m (three-car spaces) as in Figure 3.3. Residential buildings grids are often based on multiples of 600mm (4.2m being efficient for studios). Commercial buildings use grids based on multiples of 1500mm (6m, 7.5m and 9m being common column spacings). From this it is apparent that, for a mixed-use building, the column grids will not align unless either the arrangement of car parking space or residential accommodation is modified. Alternatively, a steel or concrete transfer structure may be designed to transfer loads from the super-structure to the columns of the car park substructure. In this case, it is important that the superstructure is sufficiently light so that the transfer structure is not made deeper increasing foundation costs.
7.5m 5.4m 7.5m

4.8m

6.7m

Minimal floor depth

Using Slimdek, the oor depth (including a suspended ceiling and battened oor) is typically 400mm.

Faade materials and finish

External brickwork cladding with a light steel stud inner skin is assumed for the steelwork designs, although a variety of faade materials may be used. (Ground supported brickwork is not practical above four storeys.)
Figure 3.3 Structural grid as dictated by car park level.

5.0 m

19

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

Plan form and room layouts

Two plan forms are considered, which are presented in the following illustrations: 1. A deep plan form with apartments on either side of a central corridor. 2. A shallow plan with apartments across the full depth of the building. The building is extendable horizontally by repeating the shallow plan form, although with the deep plan form it is possible to serve three units with only two stairs or lift areas (see Figure 3.4).

Deep plan form

The deep plan form has the following features: Columns are located at 7.5m and 5.4m along the faade. Columns are located at 5.0m, 6.7m and 4.8m across the plan form of the building. A 2.1m-wide corridor is provided along the building. Columns are generally located in the 300mm-wide separating walls between apartments. An alternative lift location may be introduced (see Figure 3.10). The ratio of habitable:gross floor area is about 85% per residential floor. Apartments of approximately 50m2 and 65m2 floor area are provided, which are each suitable for two and four people respectively. A total of 14 car parking spaces is provided (including two disabled spaces) for the five residential and penthouse levels. The car parking lies fully within the building depth. The penthouse level is accessed via the stairs and provides two 68m2 apartments, each suitable for four people. A retail area of 880m2 is provided.

Shallow plan form

The shallow plan form has the following features: Columns are located at 7.2m and 6.3m along the faade. Columns are located at 3.9m, 7.2m and 4.8m across the plan form. Columns are all located in the separating walls between apartments. Three apartments are accessed directly from each stair/lift area on each residential floor. The ratio of habitable:gross floor area is about 85% per residential floor. Apartments of approximately 50 and 75m2 floor area are provided, which are suitable for two and four people respectively. A total of 13 car parking spaces are provided (including two disabled or wide spaces) for the five residential and penthouse levels. The car parking projects 3.9m to the rear of the building. A retail area of 640m2 is provided. The penthouse level is accessed via the stairs and provides two 73m2 apartments, each suitable for four people.

Figure 3.4 Repeatable floor plan with three units sharing two lift/stair areas.

20

1 BED FLAT Kitchen/ dining/living Bedroom Bedroom

1 BED FLAT Kitchen/ dining/living

Bedroom 2 BED FLAT

Bedroom

Kitchen/ dining/living

Kitchen/ dining/living

Bedroom

Bedroom 2 BED FLAT

Figure 3.5 Deep plan form Layout of apartments.

2 BED FLAT Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom

2 BED FLAT Bedroom

Kitchen/ dining/living

Kitchen/ dining/living

Bedroom

Kitchen/ dining/living

1 BED FLAT

Figure 3.6 Shallow plan form Layout of apartments.

21

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

Figure 3.7 Deep plan form car parking level.

Retail Unit

Retail Unit

Figure 3.8 Deep plan form layout of retail level.

22

Bedroom

Bedroom

Kitchen/ Dining/Living

Kitchen/ Dining/Living

Bedroom

Bedroom

2 BED FLAT

2 BED FLAT

Figure 3.9 Deep plan form penthouse level.

2 BED FLAT Bedroom Kitchen/ dining/living Bedroom

1 BED FLAT Kitchen/ dining/living

Bedroom

Bedroom

Kitchen/ dining/living

Bedroom

Kitchen/ dining/living 1 BED FLAT

2 BED FLAT

Figure 3.10 Deep plan form layout of apartments for alternative lift location.

23

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

Floor layout
The structural layout of the floor in both plan forms comprises 280 ASB beams spanning up to 7.5m, and a deep composite slab spanning up to 7.5m between the beams (spans in excess of 6m require temporary propping in normal-weight concrete). The slab depth is nominally 300mm. Shallow decking may be supported off the bottom flanges to create a shallow slab in the core area, providing an additional zone for servicing within the floor.

Structural options
The various structural layouts of the building are presented in Figures 3.11 to 3.15. In a braced frame, longitudinal bracing is provided at suitable locations in the faade, depending on fenestration positions and sizes. Bracing locations can be difficult to design in highly glazed faades. The advantage of a wind-moment frame design is that vertical bracing can be omitted in the longitudinal direction of the building, which allows full-height glazing to be used throughout. Alternatively, vertical bracing has to be located between columns in separating walls, in the faade, or around the core. The disadvantage of the wind-moment frame option is that it is not generally appropriate for buildings of more than six storeys, and columns are often heavier than in a bracedframe design. Moment continuity is achieved by using extended end plates welded to the ASB or RHS beams.

Tie members (generally in the form of Tees) are provided parallel to the decking, in the absence of the ASB beams. At the perimeter of the buildings, ASB beams or RHS sections with a welded plate may be used. The centre-line of the ASB beams is offset by 200mm from the edge of the slab to allow for access of the edge trim (see Figure 2.6). The connection is detailed as in Figure 3.16. Alternative details not requiring this eccentricity, but requiring additional fire protection to the exposed ASB, are presented in Figures 2.7 and 3.17. The equivalent detail of an RHS edge beam to a RHS column is not eccentric, as shown in Figure 3.18. For this reason, RHS edge beams are preferred. At internal columns using smaller RHS sections, the ASB will project outside the column, in which case bolted connections may be made to plates welded to the RHS, as shown in Figure 3.19. The columns are detailed to be located within a 300mm separating wall, which consists of two 100mm C-sections with a 40mm gap, and two layers of fire-resisting plasterboard. The maximum column width is therefore 200mm (i.e. 203 UKC or 200 x 200 RHS or 300 x 200 RHS). If the column size is increased to 254 UKC, an intumescent coating should be used to provide adequate fire resistance. Where columns align with partitions, exposed RHS columns may be used, which are fire protected by intumescent coating or filled with concrete. An example of the use of RHS columns located in a light steel separating wall is illustrated in Figure 3.20.

24

7500
20 46 KC 355 3U S

7500

5400 280 ASB 74 or 204 UKC 52 + plate

KC 3U 20 355 S

7500

20 46 KC 355 3U S

20 46 KC 355 3U S

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC 89 + plate

280 ASB 74 or 203 UKC 46 + plate

Stair 280 ASB 74

Lift

280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC 89 + plate

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

152x89 I CF51 Void

CF51

280 ASB 100

254 x 146 UKB31 S275 152x89 I CF51

280 ASB 100

KC 3U 20 355 S

280 ASB 74

CF225
20

280 ASB 74

300 deep NWC slab on CF225 decking

280 ASB 74 P P

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 52 + plate

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

2200
2200 4800 6700 4800

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 74 or 203 UKC 46 + plate

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

@20 kg/m S275

165 x 152T

280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC 89 + plate

280 ASB 74 or 203 UKC 60 + plate

280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC 89 + plate

P = Decking propped at construction stage

Figure 3.11 Structural layout for deep plan building ASB edge beams and UKC columns.

7500
46 KC 355 3U S 20

7500
46 KC 355 3U S 20

5400
46 KC 355 3U S 20

7500
46 KC 355 3U S 20

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

P 280 ASB 74

CF51

CF51 254 x 146 UKB31 S275 152x89 I CF51

165 x 152 T @20 kg/m S275

Void

165 x 152 T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 100

300 deep NWC slab on CF225 decking P

280 ASB 74 280 ASB 100

CF225

165 x 152 T @20 kg/m S275

165 x 152 T @20 kg/m S275

165 x 152 T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 46 + plate

280 ASB 74 or 203 UKC 46 + plate

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 46 + plate

= Decking propped at construction stage

Figure 3.12 Structural layout for deep plan building ASB edge beams and UKC columns - propped.

25

280 ASB 74 or 254 UKC89 + plate

280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC107 + plate

280 ASB 74 or 254 UKC89 + plate

Stair

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 46 + plate

280 ASB 74 or 203 UKC 46 + plate

Lift

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 46 + plate

5000

6700

4800

46

20 20 20

20

20

86 KC 355 3U S 86 KC 355 3U S 46 KC 355 3U S

86 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S 20 86 KC 355 3U S 20

71 KC 355 3U S 20 20 71 KC 355 3U S 46 KC 355 3U S

46 KC 355 3U S 20 71 KC 355 3U S 20 71 KC 355 3U S 20

52 KC 355 3U S

71 20

52 KC 355 3U S

71 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S
46 KC 355 3U S 20 KC 3U 20 355 S 71 KC 3U 20 355 S 71

20

46 KC 355 3U S

52 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S 20

52 KC 355 3U S 20

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

7500
25 0x

7500
25 0x 15

5400

7500
20 0x 20

250 x 150 x 6.3 RHS +plate S355 250 x 150 x 6.3 RHS +plate S355 2200 250 x 150 x 6.3 RHS +plate S355

Stair

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

150 x 90 I 280 ASB 74 CF51

152 x 89 I CF51 280 ASB 74 150 x 90 I Void CF51

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 100

0 20 0x 30 355 S

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

CF225

300 deep NWC slab on CF225 decking

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 100

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

300 x 200 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

250 x 150 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

300 x 200 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

= Decking propped at construction stage

Figure 3.13 Structural layout for deep plan building RHS edge beams and RHS columns as a wind moment frame option.

26

5000

6700

P
30

P
20

4800

15 0x S RH 55 8.0 S3 20 0x 20 0x 12 20 0x 20 0x 12 S RH 5 .5 S35 25 0x 15 0x S RH 55 8.0 S3 25 S RH 5 .5 S35

0x

0x S RH 55 8.0 S3

10 S RH 5 .0 S35

300 x 200 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

250 x 150 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

15 0x 25 355 S

Lift

300 x 200 x 8.0 RHS + plate S355

0x 8.0 RH 20

280 ASB 74

30 0x 20 0x 10 0x 20 0x 10 0x 15 0x

0x 20 0x 10

S RH 5 .0 S35

S RH 5 .0 S35

x1 0.0 RH S

30 0x 20 0x 10

0x 20 0x 10

S RH 5 .0 S35

S RH 5 .0 S35

S RH 5 .0 S35 S RH 55 8.0 S3

20

25 0x 15 0x

0x 20 0x 10

S RH 55 8.0 S3

S RH 5 .0 S35

2700

2100

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

203x133 UKB25 S275

2000 280 ASB 100 or 254 UKC + plate with anchored re-bars 2300
52 KC 355 3U S 20

Riser 280 ASB 136 280 ASB 100 300 deep slab on CF225 decking P

203x133 UKB25 S275

280 ASB 100

1000 280 ASB 74 or 254 UKC73 + plate 4800 7200

46 KC 355 3U S 20

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 71 + plate

280 ASB 74
KC 3U 20 355 S

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 71 + plate

280 ASB 74

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

165 x 152T @20 kg/m S275

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 52 + plate

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 52 + plate 1200 4800 7200

280 ASB 74 with anchored re-bars or 203 UKC 52 + plate

1200 6300

6300 P = Decking propped at construction stage

Figure 3.14 Structural layout for shallow plan building ASB edge beams and UKC columns.
15 0x

2700
S RH 55 6.3 S3

2100

254 x 146 UKB31

254 x 146 UKB31 S275

203 x 133 UKB25 S275

S275

2000 300 x 200 x 12.5 RHS + plate 2300 4800 7200 300 x 200 x 6.3 RHS + plate 1000 1900 3900
20 0x 10 S RH 5 .0 S35 0x 10 S RH 5 .0 S35 10 S RH 5 .0 S35

Stair

254 x 146 UKB31 S275 Lift

250 x 150 x 10.0 RHS + plate 300 deep NWC slab on CF225 decking P
30 0x 20

280 ASB 74
0 15 0x 25 355 S

250 x 150 x 10.0 RHS + plate

Riser

203 x 133 UKB25 S275

280 ASB 136

280 ASB 100

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 100

P
20 0x 20

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74
20 0x 30 355 S

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

280 ASB 74

P
25 0x 15

250 x 150 x 10.0 RHS + plate

250 x 150 x 10.0 RHS + plate 1200 4800 7200

250 x 150 x 10.0 RHS + plate

1200 6300

6300 = Decking propped at construction stage

Figure 3.15 Structural layout for shallow plan building RHS edge beams and RHS columns acting as wind moment frame.

27

1900

3900

30 KC 355 2U S 15

Stair

254 x 146 UKB31 S275 Lift

KC 2U 15 355 S 30 46 KC 355 3U S 20

86 KC 355 3U S 20 86 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S 20

46 KC 355 3U S 20

46

86 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S 20

86 KC 355 3U S 20 46 KC 355 3U S 20

15 0x

0 15 0x 15 355 S x6

25 0x 15 0x 10 S RH 5 .0 S35 20 0x 20 0x 12 S RH 5 .5 S35 25 0x 15 0x S RH 55 8.0 S3 25 0x

20

25 0x 15 0x 0x 12 S RH 5 .5 S35 15 0x S RH 55 8.0 S3

.3 RH S

0x

S RH 55 8.0 S3

x8 .0 RH S 0x 12 .5 RH S 20 0x 20 0x

0x

S RH 55 8.0 S3

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

280 ASB 136 320 x 180 x 12thk plate

203 UKC 86 Column 120

80

120 4 No. M 20 bolts

200 300 x 200 x 12 thk ASB end plate

4 No. M20 g8.8 bolts 80

120

300 x 300 x 15 thk plate 280 ASB 74 edge beam 120

Figure 3.16

ASB connection to edge column (showing eccentric detail).

320 x 200 x 12thk plate

280 ASB 136

203 UKC 86 Column

140

80

120 4 No. M 20 bolts

4 No. M20 g8.8 bolts 80

300 x 200 x 12 thk ASB end plate

120

280 ASB 74 edge beam 31.5 120

Figure 3.17

ASB connection to edge column (no eccentricity).

28

320 x 200 x 12thk plate

280 ASB 136

250 x 150 x 10 thk RHS column

120

80

120 4 No. M 20 Hollo-bolts

50 40

M20 Hollo-bolts in 33 O / holes

280 ASB 136 250 x 150 x 6.3 thk RHS Slimor beam and 15 mm thk plate

170 x 430 x 12 thk plate

10

70

100 (min.)

Figure 3.18

RHS edge beam connection to RHS column.

50 50

200

Facade line

50 80

50

100

Facade line

20 mm dia. bolt 300

300 200

150

Flowdrill bolt holes (20 mm dia.)

360 200

300 200

(a) Column on centre-line of edge beam

(c) Column along facade line

ASB

Facade line 12

ASB

Facade line

Tie beam cut from 457 x 191 UKB

12 50 100 SHS column

Tie beam cut from 457 x 191 UKB

50 100

Seating plate welded between end plates

Seating plate welded between end plates

(c) Plan on column in (a)

(d) Plan on column in (b)

Figure 3.19

ASB bolted connections to RHS column.

29

Slimdek residential pattern book The application of Slimdek

A typical detail of a light steel separating wall at a RHS column is illustrated in Figure 3.20. The wall thickness is 300mm when using a 200 x 200 RHS column. The wall thickness will increase if larger columns are used.

Mineral wool insulation 12 mm re resisting board 19 mm plank

Material usage
The typical steel usage for a six-storey building (relative to the gross floor area) is: Beams 32-38kg/m2 Columns 7-10kg/m2 Bracing, secondary beams 1-3kg/m2

30 mm thick dense mineral wool board 200 x 200 SHS column

100

38

300

100

The precise values for the various structural options are presented in Table 3.1. A steel weight of 40-45kg/m2 may be used for scheme design using Slimdek, increasing to 50kg/m2 for more complex building shapes. The structural arrangement can be adapted to any sensible plan form. It is apparent that the weight increase in the steel structure is negligible for this six-storey building when designing using the wind moment principle. However, the connections may be more complex. The self-weight of the 300mm-deep composite slab is 350kg/m2 in normal weight concrete, which requires propping during construction for spans in excess of 6m. However, the self-weight is reduced to 280kg/m2 when lightweight concrete is used, which does not require propping for spans of up to 6.3m.

Figure 3.20 Detail of separating wall at RHS column.

Table 3.1 Summary of steel weights kg/m2 for various structural options.
Building Options Shallow Plan Form Beams Edge Beams ASB RHS Columns Bracing Structural weights (kg/m2) Beams UKC RHS Braced Wind moment frame Braced slab span longitudunal Braced slab span transverse Wind moment frame Wind moment frame 33 35 Columns 7 8 Bracing 1 Total kg/m2 41 43

ASB ASB

ASB

ASB

UKC

33

42

Deep Plan Form

ASB

ASB

UKC

39

48

ASB

ASB

UKC

39

47

ASB

RHS

RHS

38

47

30

Steel balconies and parapets

Balconies and terraces are important additions to modern urban living, which often require interesting architectural solutions.
In conventional concrete construction, the slab is continued outside the building envelope to form a balcony or other projection. However, this is no longer the preferred solution because of the need to prevent cold bridging through the slab, to meet the new Part L Building Regulations. It is now necessary to provide a thermal break in the slab, or to insulate it externally. The three generic balcony systems are detailed below: 1. Stacked ground-supported modules, which may be installed as a group by lifting into place. The columns extend to ground level. 2. Cantilever balconies, achieved by either: - Moment connections to brackets attached to torsionally stiff edge beams. - Moment connections to wind-posts connected between adjacent floors. 3. Tied balconies achieved by either: - Ties back to wind-posts or to the floor above. - Vertical ties to a supporting structure located at roof level. In the first case, no vertical load is transferred to the structure or faade of the building, but the modules are attached to the structure for horizontal restraint. In the second case, the size of the balcony is limited in order to reduce the moments that are transferred to the internal structure. In the third case, the ties can be relatively unobtrusive but vertical ties will require a projecting structure such as a roof truss, to carry the loads on all the balconies.

Types of balcony
Modern balconies are usually prefabricated steel units, which are attached to the internal structure by brackets or through posts, so that thermal bridging effects can be minimised.

Figure 4.1 Steel balconies attached to curved edge beam in Slimdek at Harlequin Court, London (Goddard Manton Architects).

31

Slimdek residential pattern book Steel balconies and parapets

Balcony attachments in Slimdek

In Slimdek, RHS edge beams are torsionally very stiff and are recommended for cantilever attachments of balconies, where brackets are welded to them. To minimise cold bridging, a single bracket at each side of the balcony should be used. Wind-posts may be bolted to the top and bottom of ASB edge beams or to fin plates welded to RHS edge beams. They are designed to resist moments developed by the cantilever balcony and can be relatively large. Again, RHS sections may be preferred. The attachment of balconies to a curved faade in Slimdek is illustrated in Figure 4.1.

Details of various forms of attachment of balconies to RHS and ASB edge beams are illustrated in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3. They are designed to minimise cold bridging. The support of a tied steel balcony to ASB edge beams is illustrated in Figure 4.4. The fin plate welded to the ASB provides a direct attachment both for the balcony and for the tie to the balcony below, and minimises cold bridging. Torsional effects are resisted by the continuity effect of the slab, when the deck ribs are orientated as in this figure. When the deck ribs are orientated parallel to the ASB, and it is merely acting as a cladding support, torsional effects should be taken into consideration in the design of the beam.

The same principles may be followed for other types of balconies, such as where RHS posts are introduced to which the balconies are attached. In this case, fins are welded to the post rather than to the beams to minimise cold bridging. A cantilever attachment may be made using steel ferrules to the sides of RHS edge beams, as in Figure 4.5.

Facade line 50 200 Slab level

Cut in edge trim

Bolted connection

a) Bracket connection to ASB

b) Longitudinal view of bracket

Figure 4.2 Bracket attachment to ASB edge beam.

Facade line

Facade line

a) Pre-welded cantilevers

b) Bracket or n attachment

Figure 4.3 Cantilever or fin attachments to RHS edge beams.

32

Figure 4.4 Detail of attachment of tied balcony in Slimdek.

Figure 4.5 Cantilever balcony attachment in Slimdek.

33

Slimdek residential pattern book Steel balconies and parapets

4.3 Parapets and balustrades

Parapets and balustrades often pose particular technical issues because of the need to resist lateral forces and hence torsional effects on the edge beam, and also to avoid cold bridging through the slab. Two examples are illustrated.

Figure 4.6 shows a steel balustrade directly connected to a steel channel section, which is attached by a welded fin plate to a fin plate connected to the ASB. This detail ensures continuity of the insulation in the warm roof and in the cladding. Because of the relatively weak torsional stiffness of the channel section, it is recommended that the fin plates are spaced at not more than 2m along the beam.

Figure 4.7 shows a parapet wall directly connected by a steel angle or channel to the top flange of the ASB. Bolts can be pre-attached to the top flange to receive stub columns (normally RHS) at, say, 1200 mm centres. Light steel infills may be used between these stub columns. The external brickwork is held in place by wall ties, and the top bricks by an exposed angle.

Colourcoat steel coping

Galvanised steel balustrade Single ply membrane bonded to metal ashing Walkway tile Insulation Screed laid to falls Aluminium ashing

Angle at top of posts

18 mm ply or blu-clad or similar board faced with vapour permeable membrane Steel posts @ 1200 centres Colourcoat cladding to external face of parapet Insulation Angle attached to top of beam by pre-xed bolts Single ply membrane (or simply roong membrane) on insulation on screed to falls

Steel channel section exposed visually

Facing brick/ masonry external leaf

Steel n plate welded to beam to provide support to channel section (max. 2 m centres) Insulation (passing both sides of n plate) 2 layers plasterboard on light steel framing

Figure 4.6 Detail of balustrade attachment in Slimdek.

Figure 4.7 Detail of parapet wall attachment in Slimdek.

34

References
Sources of information
Building Regulations 2003 Approved Document E: Resistance to the passage of sound. The Stationery Office, 2003. Slimdek Manual. www.tatasteelconstruction.com Steel in multi-storey residential buildings (P332). The Steel Construction Institute, 2004. Acoustic Detailing for Multi-Storey Residential Buildings. (P336). The Steel Construction Institute, 2004 Design of Asymmetric Slimflor Beams using Deep Composite Decking (P175). The Steel Construction Institute,1997. Design of RHS Slimflor Edge Beams (P169). The Steel Construction Institute, 1997. Case studies on residential buildings using steel (P328). The Steel Construction Institute, 2003.

Support for the construction industry from Tata Steel

Guidance on the design and use of structural sections and plates
Tata Steel provides free advice to the construction industry covering all aspects of the design, specification and use of its range of construction products. Tata Steel manufactures structural sections and plates for building and civil engineering applications. Advice is provided by our team of qualified engineers with extensive experience in the design and construction of buildings and bridges. Specialist advice in fire engineering, durability and sustainability is also available. Our regional network of engineers covers the whole of the UK and Ireland and is supported by a dedicated design team based at our manufacturing centre in Scunthorpe. General Enquiries on other products and systems manufactured by Tata Steel will be routed to our Construction Centre who will direct you to the appropriate source of market and product expertise.

Tata Steel Construction Services & Development

PO Box 1 Brigg Road Scunthorpe North Lincolnshire DN16 1BP Construction hotline +44 (0) 1724 405060 Email: construction@tatasteel.com Website: www.tatasteelconstruction.com

List of contributors
Peter Lusby-Taylor Prof. Mark Lawson Prof. Ray Ogden Dr. Stephen Hicks Dr. Jim Rackham - HTA Architects - The Steel Construction Institute - Oxford Brookes University - The Steel Construction Institute - The Steel Construction Institute

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While care has been taken to ensure that the information contained in this brochure is accurate, neither Tata Steel Europe Limited nor its subsidiaries accept responsibility or liability for errors or information which is found to be misleading.

Copyright 2012 Tata Steel Europe Limited

References to British Standards are in respect of the current versions and extracts are quoted by permission of the British Standards Institute from whom copies of the full standard may be obtained.

Tata Steel Construction Services & Development PO Box 1 Brigg Road Scunthorpe North Lincolnshire DN16 1BP Construction hotline +44 (0) 1724 405060 E: construction@tatasteel.com www.tatasteelconstruction.com
Tata Steel Europe is registered in England under number 05957565 with registered office at 30 Millbank, London SW1P 4WY English Language version 36