CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATIC NIGHT LAMP

AIM

To construct a night lamp which switches on automatically when darkness comes in the evening.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Resistance [2] i150K,1W] and [47K, 1/2W] Rheostat [1K Preset] Triac [400V, 1A] Diac LDR Lamp [100W] PCB

INTRODUCTION

It is very convenient to light a lamp in our absence in the evening when it gets dark. This circuit can be used to light the staircase light, porch light etc. using domestic ac supply. It is very inexpensive construction and we dont have to employ or depend anybody to put on the light when we are out of station.

THEORY

An LDR and a triac together plays the role of automation of this circuit. Triod AC Switch [Triac] is a power switching device as in the circuit as in the SCR. The triac conducts current in both directions while the SCR allows current only in one direction. It has anode, cathode and gate at its terminals. It behaves as an open switch as long as the cathode anode voltage is less than the breakover voltage of the device. It behaves like a closed switch as the cathode anode voltage exceeds the breakover voltage by giving a trigger pulse at the gate terminal. After that it continues to behave like a closed switch even after the removal of trigger pulse. It goes back to the open state, only when anode cathode voltage goes to zero or become negative. The resistance of LDR is low during daytime and high during night time. Ie, the required trigger pulse is developed across it when it becomes dark and it is applied across the gate cathode terminals and triac is triggered.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Connections are made as shown in the diagram. The circuit mes active only when the LDR is exposed to darkness. When the circuit is closed by closing switch, S. AC voltage rises from zero to a peak value of about 330 volts [230xsq. Root of 2] during all positive half

cycles cathode anode of the triac. The same voltage after division by the potential divider formed by resistance and LDR appears at the gate. Since the triac has a breakover voltage less than the peak value of the AC input, the triac will remain open as long as the gate voltage is inadequate to trigger it to the ON state. This is what exactly happens during the daytime when the LDR resistance is extremely low. As it becomes dark, the LDR resistance increases and at a certain darkness level, the voltage across it that appears at the gate is sufficient to trigger the triac. Now, the triac get closed and the bulb lights up. The bulb again comes to the OFF state only if the LDR is exposed to day light or switch, S is switched off.

CONCLUSION

The sensitivity of LDR to light is studied The property of triac to get triggered and becomes conducting as and when desired is understood.

PRECAUTIONS

Do not touch the exposed parts of the circuit since the circuit is handling the domestic AC supply. It is better to keep the circuit switched off when it is not in use.

REFERENCE

Thomas E V., A Manual of Practical physics, Tess Publisher, Thiruvalla. Maini A K., Electronic Projects for Beginners, Pustak Mahal, NewDelhi. Albert Paul Malvino, Electronic Principles, Tata Mcgraw Hills

HOW TO MAKE DANCING LED'S

by pranjal12 1. The first time the idea came into my mind was when I went into a party and saw those beautiful lights and disco balls.Then I thought that how nice it would be if I could make my own. 2. Also I was searching the website and found one of my friends posted an instructable of the same kind using an arduino, but this one is very simple as compared to that as it needs only a very simple components(as arduino is not so simple)

PRINCIPLE It works on the principle of charging and discharging of capacitors C1 and C2. Current from the positive of battery flows through first set of LEDs D1-D3 to the collector of Transistor1 through resistor R1. Resistor R1 limits current through the LEDs to protect them. The current through R1 charges capacitor C2. It then discharges through the base of T2 and resistor R4. This gives base current to T2 and it conducts. As a result second set of LEDs D4-D6 lights as the current flows through T1.Capacitor C2 again charges and the cycle repeats. ***********In the schematic the led's are of particular colour but i used them of different colours,so that it looks good**********

Step 3: COLLECTING THE PARTS

Picture added PARTS REQUIRED 1. LED'S (of any colours according to you) 2. BC547 transistors X 2

(BUY)

3. 100 ohm resistors X 2 (BROWN BLACK BROWN) 4. 10 micro F 40Volt capacitor X 2 5.47K ohm resistor X 2 ( YELLOW VIOLET ORANGE) OTHER PARTS 1. Soldering iron 2. Solder wire 3.General purpose PCB 4.Wire 5. 9 VOLT BATTERY

(BUY) (BUY) (BUY)

SEE - Calculating resistance value

All arrange all the parts on the PCB according to the schematic.Be carefull for the capacitorsas they may explode if connected in reverse polarity.

Then join all the parts .Then just solder them all together. Now just turn off the lights and you are ready to party. enjoy!!!!!! Well I wolud like to tell you one thing that you may create difference in the blinking of the LED's by replacing the capacitor from 10uF to 100uF. I would like inform you in advance that an electrolytic capacitor has to be correctly positioned according to its polarity or it may explode.!!!!!!! Q1) The circuit is not functioning?

Ans)There could be many reasonsa)The connections in the circuit are loose. b)The power source is not connected properely. c)The power source is not working. d)Either or both of your capacitors is not working.

Q2)The LED's are not blinking?OR Only one set of the LED's is lighting up? Ans) I myself encountered this problem but was able to solve it.Actually in my case one of the transistors was not working. And this prompted me to post an instructable. So, it is probable that the transistor in your case is not functioning. It may also be that either of the set of LED's is not connected properelly.

IF YOU STILL HAVE A PROBLEM I WILL BE VERY HAPPY TO SOLVE

and materials

For each student group Galvanometer, sensitive to e.g. 3.503.5 mA, 10 ohm resistance C-cores, laminated iron, 2 Copper wire, insulated with bare ends, 200 cm, 2 lengths Clip for C-cores Cell, 1.5 V in holder Switch Leads, 4 mm, 4 Power supply, low-voltage ('Westminster pattern' very-low-voltage supplies are best) Lamp in lampholder, either 1.25 V or 2.5 V, 2

Health and safty

If a zinc chloride cell is used, it will polarize in 60 s or less and must be left overnight to recover. If an alkaline manganese cell is used, there is a danger of the cell overheating with a risk of explosion - complete the circuit for 30 s or less. If a rechargeable cell (NiCd) is used, the wire will get very hot and the cell will be discharged in a few minutes - do the experiment as quickly as possible.

Read our standard health & safety guidance C-cores should be stored in their original pairs and clipped together to ensure a good fit and to prevent grit and dirt damaging them. The slightest gap will dramatically reduce the efficiency of the transformer.

a Wind 10 turns of insulated wire around one arm of a C-core. This forms the primary coil. b Wind 25 turns of insulated wire around one arm of the other C-core. This forms the secondary coil. c Connect the ends of the secondary coil to the galvanometer. d Connect the ends of the primary coil, via the switch, to the cell. e Close the switch. Bring the primary coil up to the secondary coil, as illustrated. f Clip the two C-cores together to form a transformer. Open and close the switch, and watch the galvanometer deflection changing. g Replace the galvanometer with a lamp, and operate the switch. h Connect the primary coil to the a.c. terminals of the power supply (2 V). Connect a second lamp in parallel with the coil, as shown. Switch on. Which lamp glows more brightly?

1 Care should be taken not to leave the cells connected for any length of time, as the primary coil may become hot. 2 The lamp connected across the power supply will only glow faintly, whereas the lamp across the secondary glows brightly as long as the length of wire in each coil is the same. To confirm that this is not due to a difference in the two lamps, these should be interchanged.

3 Students could change the numbers of turns of wire on each coil; in this case, the total length should remain constant (so that its resistance does not change).

This experiment was safety-checked in June 2007