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Standards: HSS 7.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe
excommunicate
Emperor Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor, he fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials.
Crusades:
A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291.
Holy Land:
The region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died.
Pope Urban II
Medieval pope, he called on Christians to launch the First Crusade
King Richard I:
King of England, he led Christian soldiers in the Third Crusade. He earned the respect of his enemies as well as Christian soldiers for his bravery and fairness.
Saladin:
Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces during the Third Crusade
Clergy:
church officials
religious order:
A group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules.
friars:
A member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public
Thomas Aquinas:
Dominican philosopher, he argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian belief
natural law:
A law that people believed God had created to govern how the world operated
Magna Carta:
A document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights.
Parliament:
Joan of Arc:
French peasant girl, she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years War
Black Death:
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
heresy:
Reconquista:
The effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Muslim Moors during the Middle Ages
King Ferdinand:
King of Spain, he and his wife Isabella completed the Reconquista. They forced Jews in Spain to become Christian or leave and banned Islam
Queen Isabella:
Queen of Spain, helped complete the Reconquista. She paid for the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Spanish Inquisition:
An organization of priests that looked for and punished Christians in Spain.
The Heretic