Over Current Relay(Type-Application-Connection): Types of protection: Protection schemes can be divided into two major roupin s: !

!" #nit schemes $" %on-unit schemes 1) Unit Type Protection #nit type schemes protect a speci&ic area o& the system' i"e"' a trans&ormer' transmission line' enerator or bus bar" The unit protection schemes is based on (erchie&)s current law * the sum o& the currents enterin an area o& the system must be +ero" Any deviation &rom this must indicate an abnormal current path" ,n these schemes' the e&&ects o& any disturbance or operatin condition outside the area o& interest are totally i nored and the protection must be desi ned to be stable above the ma-imum possible &ault current that could &low throu h the protected area" 2) Non unit type protection The non-unit schemes' while also intended to protect speci&ic areas' have no &i-ed boundaries" As well as protectin their own desi nated areas' the protective +ones can overlap into other areas" .hile this can be very bene&icial &or bac/up purposes' there can be a tendency &or too reat an area to be isolated i& a &ault is detected by di&&erent non unit schemes" The most simple o& these schemes measures current and incorporates an inverse time characteristic into the protection operation to allow protection nearer to the &ault to operate &irst" The non unit type protection system includes &ollowin schemes: (A) Time raded over current protection (0) Current raded over current protection (C) 1istance or ,mpedance Protection (A) Over current protection This is the simplest o& the ways to protect a line and there&ore widely used" ,t owes its application &rom the &act that in the event o& &ault the current would increase to a value several times reater than ma-imum load current" ,t has a limitation that it can be applied only to simple and non costly e2uipments" (B) Earth fault protection The eneral practice is to employ a set o& two or three over current relays and a separate over current relay &or sin le line to round &ault" 3eparate earth &ault relay provided ma/es earth &ault protection &aster and more sensitive" 4arth &ault current is always less than phase &ault current in ma nitude" There&ore' relay connected &or earth &ault protection is di&&erent &rom those &or phase to phase &ault protection" Various types of ine !aults:

No 1

Type of Fault Phase to Ground fault (Earth Fault)

Operation of Relay Earth Fault Relay

2 3

Phase to Phase fault Not with Ground Dou le !hase to Ground fault

Related Phase Over current relays Related Phase Over current relays and Earth Fault relays

Over current "elay: A relay that operates or pic/s up when it)s current e-ceeds a predetermined value (settin value) is called Over Current Relay" Over current protection protects electrical power systems a ainst e-cessive currents which are caused by short circuits' round &aults' etc" Over current relays can be used to protect practically any power system elements' i"e" transmission lines' trans&ormers' enerators' or motors" 5or &eeder protection' there would be more than one over current relay to protect di&&erent sections o& the &eeder" These over current relays need to coordinate with each other such that the relay nearest &ault operates &irst" #se time' current and a combination o& both time and current are three ways to discriminate adjacent over current relays" Over #urrent "elay $ives Protection a$ainst: !" $" 6" 7" 8" Over current includes short-circuit protection" 3hort circuits can be Phase &aults 4arth &aults .indin &aults 3hort-circuit currents are enerally several times (8 to $9) &ull load current" :ence &ast &ault clearance is always desirable on short circuits" Pri%ary "e&uire%ent of Over #urrent Protection:

The protection should not operate &or startin currents' permissible over current' current sur es" To achieve this' the time delay is provided (in case o& inverse relays)" The protection should be co-ordinate with nei hborin over current protection" Over current relay is a basic element o& over current protection" Purpose of over current Protection 1etect abnormal conditions ,solate &aulty part o& the system 3peed 5ast operation to minimi+e dama e and dan er 1iscrimination ,solate only the &aulty section 1ependability ; reliability 3ecurity ; stability Cost o& protection ; a ainst cost o& potential ha+ards Over #urrent "elay "atin$s: ,n order &or an over current protective device to operate properly' over current protective device ratin s must be properly selected" These ratin s include volta e' ampere and interruptin ratin " ,& the interruptin ratin is not properly" 3elected' a serious ha+ard &or e2uipment and personnel will e-ist" Current limitin can be considered as another over current protective

device ratin ' althou h not all over current protective devices are re2uired to have this characteristic Volta$e "atin$: The volta e ratin o& the over current protective device must be at least e2ual to or reater than the circuit volta e" The over current protective device ratin can be hi her than the system volta e but never lower" A%pere "atin$: The ampere ratin o& a over current protectin device normally should not e-ceed the current carryin capacity o& the conductors As a eneral rule' the ampere ratin o& a over current protectin device is selected at !$8< o& the continuous load current 'ifference Bet(een Over current Protection ) Over oa* Protection: Over current protection protects a ainst e-cessive currents or currents beyond the acceptable current ratin s' which are resultin &rom short circuits' round &aults and overload conditions" .hile' the overload protection protects a ainst the situation where overload current causes overheatin o& the protected e2uipment" The over current protection is a bi er concept 3o that the overload protection can be considered as a subset o& over current protection" The over current relay can be used as overload (thermal) protection when protects the resistive loads' etc"' however' &or motor loads' the over current relay cannot serve as overload protection Overload relays usually have a lon er time settin than the over current relays" Type of Over #urrent "elay: (A) ,nstantaneous Over Current (1e&ine Current) Relay (0) 1e&ine Time Over Current Relay (C) ,nverse Time Over Current Relay (,1=T Relay) =oderately ,nverse >ery ,nverse Time 4-tremely ,nverse (1) 1irectional over Current Relay" (A) +nstantaneous Over #urrent "elay ('efine #urrent): 1e&inite current relay operate instantaneously when the current reaches a predetermined value" Operates in a de&inite time when current e-ceeds its Pic/-up value" ,ts operation criterion is only current ma nitude (without time delay)" Operatin time is constant" There is no intentional time delay"

Coordination o& de&inite-current relays is based on the &act that the &ault current varies with the position o& the &ault because o& the di&&erence in the impedance between the &ault and the source The relay located &urthest &rom the source operate &or a low current value The operatin currents are pro ressively increased &or the other relays when movin towards the source" ,t operates in 9"!s or less Application: This type is applied to the out oin &eeders (B) 'efinite Ti%e Over current "elays: ,n this type' two conditions must be satis&ied &or operation (trippin )' current must e-ceed the settin value and the &ault must be continuous at least a time e2ual to time settin o& the relay" =odern relays may contain more than one sta e o& protection each sta e includes each own current and time settin "

5or Operation o& 1e&inite Time Over Current Relay operatin time is constant ,ts operation is independent o& the ma nitude o& current above the pic/-up value" ,t has pic/-up and time dial settin s' desired time delay can be set with the help o& an intentional time delay mechanism" 4asy to coordinate" Constant trippin time independent o& in &eed variation and &ault location" 'ra(,ac- of "elay: The continuity in the supply cannot be maintained at the load end in the event o& &ault" Time la is provided which is not desirable in on short circuits" ,t is di&&icult to co-ordinate and re2uires chan es with the addition o& load" ,t is not suitable &or lon distance transmission lines where rapid &ault clearance is necessary &or stability"

Relay have di&&iculties in distin uishin between 5ault currents at one point or another when &ault impedances between these points are small' thus poor discrimination" Application: 1e&inite time over current relay is used as: 0ac/ up protection o& distance relay o& transmission line with time delay" 0ac/ up protection to di&&erential relay o& power trans&ormer with time delay" =ain protection to out oin &eeders and bus couplers with adjustable time delay settin " (#) +nverse Ti%e Over current "elays (+'.T "elay): ,n this type o& relays' operatin time is inversely chan ed with current" 3o' hi h current will operate over current relay &aster than lower ones" There are standard inverse' very inverse and e-tremely inverse types" 1iscrimination by both ?Time) and ?Current)" The relay operation time is inversely proportional to the &ault current" ,nverse Time relays are also re&erred to as ,nverse 1e&inite =inimum Time (,1=T) relay

The operatin time o& an over current relay can be moved up (made slower) by adjustin the ?time dial settin )" The lowest time dial settin (&astest operatin time) is enerally 9"8 and the slowest is !9" Operates when current e-ceeds its pic/-up value" Operatin time depends on the ma nitude o& current" ,t ives inverse time current characteristics at lower values o& &ault current and de&inite time characteristics at hi her values An inverse characteristic is obtained i& the value o& plu settin multiplier is below !9' &or values between !9 and $9 characteristics tend towards de&inite time characteristics" .idely used &or the protection o& distribution lines"

0ased on the inverseness it has three di&&erent types"

(1) Nor%al +nverse Ti%e Over current "elay: The accuracy o& the operatin time may ran e &rom 8 to @"8< o& the nominal operatin time as speci&ied in the relevant norms" The uncertainty o& the operatin time and the necessary operatin time may re2uire a radin mar in o& 9"7 to 9"8 seconds" used when 5ault Current is dependent on eneration o& 5ault not &ault location Relatively small chan e in time per unit o& chan e o& current" Application: =ost &re2uently used in utility and industrial circuits" especially applicable where the &ault ma nitude is mainly dependent on the system eneratin capacity at the time o& &ault (2) Very +nverse Ti%e Over current "elay: Aives more inverse characteristics than that o& ,1=T" #sed where there is a reduction in &ault current' as the distance &rom source increases" Particularly e&&ective with round &aults because o& their steep characteristics" 3uitable i& there is a substantial reduction o& &ault current as the &ault distance &rom the power source increases" >ery inverse over current relays are particularly suitable i& the short-circuit current drops rapidly with the distance &rom the substation" The radin mar in may be reduced to a value in the ran e &rom 9"6 to 9"7 seconds when over current relays with very inverse characteristics are used" #sed when 5ault Current is dependent on &ault location" #sed when 5ault Current independent o& normal chan es in eneratin capacity" (/) E0tre%ely +nverse Ti%e Over current "elay: ,t has more inverse characteristics than that o& ,1=T and very inverse over current relay"

3uitable &or the protection o& machines a ainst overheatin " The operatin time o& a time over current relay with an e-tremely inverse time-current characteristic is appro-imately inversely proportional to the s2uare o& the current The use o& e-tremely inverse over current relays ma/es it possible to use a short time delay in spite o& hi h switchin -in currents" #sed when 5ault current is dependent on &ault location #sed when 5ault current independent o& normal chan es in eneratin capacity" Application: 3uitable &or protection o& distribution &eeders with pea/ currents on switchin in (re&ri erators' pumps' water heaters and so on)" Particular suitable &or radin and coordinates with &uses and re closes 5or the protection o& alternators' trans&ormers" 4-pensive cables' etc" (1) on$ Ti%e +nverse over current "elay: The main application o& lon time over current relays is as bac/up earth &ault protection" (') 'irectional Over current "elays .hen the power system is not radial (source on one side o& the line)' an over current relay may not be able to provide ade2uate protection" This type o& relay operates in on direction o& current &low and bloc/s in the opposite direction" Three conditions must be satis&ied &or its operation: current ma nitude' time delay and directionality" The directionality o& current &low can be identi&ied usin volta e as a re&erence o& direction" Application of Over #urrent "elay: .otor Protection: #sed a ainst overloads and short-circuits in stator windin s o& motor" ,nverse time and instantaneous over current phase and round Over current relays used &or motors above !999/." Transfor%er Protection: used only when the cost o& over current relays are not justi&ied 4-tensively also at power-trans&ormer locations &or e-ternal-&ault bac/-up protection" ine Protection: On some sub transmission lines where the cost o& distance relayin cannot be justi&ied" primary round-&ault protection on most transmission lines where distance relays are used &or phase &aults 5or round bac/-up protection on most lines havin pilot relayin &or primary protection" 'istri,ution Protection: Over Current relayin is very well suited to distribution system protection &or the &ollowin reasons: ,t is basically simple and ine-pensive >ery o&ten the relays do not need to be directional and hence no PT supply is re2uired" ,t is possible to use a set o& two O;C relays &or protection a ainst inter-phase &aults and a separate Over Current relay &or round &aults" #onnection of over current an* Earth !ault "elay: (1) / Nos O2# "elay for Over #urrent an* Earth !ault Protection: 5or 6-phase &aults the over current relays in all the 6-phases act" 5or phase to phase &aults the relays in only the a&&ected phases operate"

5or sin le line to round &aults only the relay in the &aulty phase ets the &ault current and operates" 4ven then with 6 Over current Relay' the sensitivity desired and obtainable with earth lea/a e over current relays cannot be obtained in as much as the hi h current settin will have to be necessarily adopted &or the Over current Relay to avoid operation under ma-imum load condition"

Over current relays enerally have 89< to $99< settin while earth lea/a es over current relays have either !9< to 79< or $9< to B9< current settin s" One important thin to be noted here is that the connection o& the star points o& both the C"T" secondary)s and relay windin s by a neutral conductor should be made" A scheme without the neutral conductor will be unable to ensure reliable relay operation in the event o& sin le phase to earth &aults because the secondary current in this case (without star-point interconnection) completes its circuit throu h relay and C"T" windin s which present lar e impedance" This may lead to &ailure o& protection and sharp decrease in reduction o& secondary currents by CTs" ,t is not su&&icient i& the neutral o& the CTs and neutral o& the relays are separately earthed" A conductor should be run as stated earlier" (2) / No O2# "elay3 1 No E2! "elay for Over #urrent an* Earth !ault Protection: The scheme o& connection &or 6 %os Over current Relay ! %o 4arth 5ault Relay is shown in &i ure"

#nder normal operatin conditions and three phase &ault conditions the current in the 6phase are e2ual and symmetrically displaced by !$ 1e " :ence the sum o& these three currents is +ero" %o current &low throu h the earth &ault relay" ,n case o& phase to phase &aults (say a short between R and C phases) the current &lows &rom R-phase up to the point o& &ault and return bac/ throu h ?C) phase" Thus only O;D relays in R and C phases et the &ault and operate" Only earth &aults cause currents to &low throu h 4;D relay" A note o& caution is necessary here" Only either C"T secondary star point o& relay windin star point should be earthed"

4arthin o& both will short circuit the 4;D relay and ma/e it inoperative &or &aults" (/) 2 No O2# "elay 3 1 No E2! "elay for Over #urrent an* Earth !ault Protection: The two over current relays in RE0 phases will respond to phase &aults" At least one relay will operate &or &ault involvin two phase"

5or &ault involvin round reliance is placed on earth &ault relay" This is an economical version o& 6-O;D and !-4;D type o& protection as one overcurrent relay is saved" .ith the protection scheme as shown in 5i ure complete protection a ainst phase and round &ault is a&&orded #urrent Transfor%er 4econ*ary #onnections: 5or protection o& various e2uipment o& 4-tra :i h >olta e class' the 3tar point on secondary)s o& CT should be made as &ollows &or ensurin correct directional sensitivity o& the protection scheme Trans%ission ine 5 Bus Bar ) Transfor%er: 5or Transmission Dines * Dine side 5or Trans&ormers * Trans&ormer side

5or 0us bar * 0us side 6enerator Protection: Aenerator Protection * Aenerator 3ide

The above method has to be &ollowed irrespective o& polarity o& CT)s on primary side" 5or e-ample' in line protection' i& ?P!) is towards bus then ?3$)s are to be shorted and i& ? P$) is towards bus then ?3!)s are to be shorted" 4tan*ar* over #urrent ) Earth !ault Protection:

No 1

Name of the Equipment 11 "# Feeders + '#$ %a!acity OR (wo (ransfor,er in a -u -tation ( &rres!ective of %a!acity) + '#$ Power (ransfor,er

Protection ($) 2 No Over %urrent and one no Earth Fault &D'( relays ()) 2 No &nstantaneous Over current (hi*hest) and one no &nstantaneous Earth fault relay HV side : 33 "# )rea.er ( &ndividual or Grou! %ontrol with 3 Over %urrent and One Earth Fault &D'( relays LV Side:&ndividual 11 "# )rea.ers with 3 Over %urrent and One Earth Fault &D'( relays Differential relays OR REF relays on /# side

2 3 0

Only one P(R in a -u -tation HV Side : 1G fuseLV Side : 11 "# )rea.er with 3 Over (/ess than + '#$) %urrent and one E2F &D'( relay

Share this: Facebook3 Email Twitter2 Like this: Like Be the first to like this. 5,D41 #%14R #%CAT4AOR,F41 #alculate Transfor%er Over current Protection (As per NE# 1789/) 14C4=04R 7' $9!$ 7 CO==4%T3

7 >otes

Calculate Trans&ormer Over current Protection (%4C 789"6)

Calculate 3i+e o& Circuit 0rea/er on Primary side o& Trans&ormer as per %4C 789"6 Calculate 3i+e o& 5use on Primary side o& Trans&ormer as per %4C 789"6 Calculate 3i+e o& Circuit 0rea/er on 3econdary side o& Trans&ormer as per %4C 789"6 Calculate 3i+e o& 5use on 3econdary side o& Trans&ormer as per %4C 789"6 Calculate 3i+e o& Trans&ormer Calculate Trans&ormer 5ull Doad Dosses !ree 'o(nloa*9 Buy UN O#: 4heet

Share this: Facebook34 Email Twitter2 Like this: Like Be the first to like this. 5,D41 #%14R #%CAT4AOR,F41 Types an* "evolution of Electrical "elays 14C4=04R !' $9!$ ! CO==4%T

G >otes

+ntro*uction: Protective relays wor/ in concert with sensin and control devices to accomplish their &unction" #nder normal power system operation' a protective relay remains idle and serves no active &unction" 0ut when &ault or undesirable condition arrives Relay must be operated and &unction correctly" A Power 3ystem consists o& various electrical components li/e Aenerator' trans&ormers' transmission lines' isolators' circuit brea/ers' bus bars' cables' relays' instrument trans&ormers' distribution &eeders' and various types o& loads" 5aults may occur in any part o& power system as a short circuit E earth &ault" 5ault may be 3in le Dine to Around' 1ouble Dine to Around' Dine to Dine' three phase short circuit etc" This results in &low o& heavy &ault current throu h the system" 5ault level also depends on the &ault impedance which depends on the location o& &ault re&erred &rom the source side" To calculate &ault level at various points in the power system' &ault analysis is necessary" The protection system operates and isolates the &aulty section" The operation o& the protection system should be &ast and selective i"e" it should isolate only the &aulty section in the shortest possible time causin minimum disturbance to the system" Also' i& main protection &ails to operate' there should be a bac/up protection &or which proper relay co-ordination is necessary" 5ailure o& a protective relay can result in devastatin e2uipment dama e and prolon ed downtime" ;or-in$ of Protective 4che%e: Protective relayin senses the abnormal condition in a part o& power system and ives an alarm or isolates that part &rom healthy system" Protective relayin is a team wor/ o& CT' PT' protective relays' time delay relays' trip circuits' circuit brea/ers etc" Protective relayin plays an important role in minimi+in the &aults and also in minimi+in the dama e in the event o& &aults"

5i ure shows basic connections o& circuit brea/er control &or the openin operation" The protected circuit H is shown by dashed line" .hen a &ault occurs in the protected circuit the relay connected to CT and PT actuates and closes its contacts"

Current &lows &rom battery in the trip circuit" As the trip coil o& circuit brea/er is ener i+ed' the circuit brea/er operatin mechanism is actuated and it operates &or the openin operation" Thus the &ault is sensed and the trip circuit is actuated by the relay and the &aulty part is isolated" ;hat is "elay: A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition o& electrical circuit and closes its contacts" These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit brea/er trip coil circuit hence ma/e the circuit brea/er tripped &or disconnectin the &aulty portion o& the electrical circuit &rom rest o& the healthy circuit" !unctions of protective "elay:

To sound an alarm or to close the trip circuit o& a circuit brea/er so as to disconnect 5aulty 3ection" To disconnect the abnormally operatin part so as to prevent subse2uent &aults" 5or e" " Overload protection o& a machine not only protects the machine but also prevents ,nsulation &ailure" To isolate or disconnect &aulted circuits or e2uipment 2uic/ly &rom the remainder o& the system so the system can continue to &unction and to minimi+e the dama e to the &aulty part" 5or e-ample * ,& machine is disconnected immediately a&ter a windin &ault' only a &ew coils may need replacement" 0ut i& the &ault is sustained' the entire windin may et dama ed and machine may be beyond repairs" To locali+e the e&&ect o& &ault by disconnectin the &aulty part &rom healthy part' causin least disturbance to the healthy system" To disconnect the &aulty part 2uic/ly so as to improve system stability' service continuity and system per&ormance" Transient stability can be improved by means o& improved protective relayin " To minimi+e ha+ards to personnel 'esira,le &ualities of protective relayin$: !" 3electivity' $" 1iscrimination 6" 3tability 7" 3ensitivity' 8" Power consumption G" 3ystem 3ecurity @" Reliability B" Ade2uateness I" 3peed E Time Ter%inolo$y of protective relay: Pic-up level of actuatin$ si$nal: The value o& actuatin 2uantity (volta e or current) which is on threshold above which the relay initiates to be operated" ,& the value o& actuatin 2uantity is increased' the electroma netic e&&ect o& the relay coil is increased and above a certain level o& actuatin 2uantity the movin mechanism o& the relay just starts to move" "eset level: The value o& current or volta e below which a relay opens its contacts and comes in ori inal position"

Operatin$ Ti%e of "elay: Just a&ter e-ceedin pic/up level o& actuatin 2uantity the movin mechanism (&or e-ample rotatin disc) o& relay starts movin and it ultimately close the relay contacts at the end o& its journey" The time which elapses between the instant when actuatin 2uantity e-ceeds the pic/up value to the instant when the relay contacts close" "eset ti%e of "elay: The time which elapses between the instant when the actuatin 2uantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant when the relay contacts returns to its normal position" "each of "elay: A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay is less than the pre-speci&ied impedance" The actuatin impedance in the relay is the &unction o& distance in a distance protection relay" This impedance or correspondin distance is called reach o& the relay" <istory of Protective "elay: The evolution o& protective relays be ins with the electromechanical relays" Over the past decade it up raded &rom electromechanical to solid state technolo ies to predominate use o& microprocessors and microcontrollers" The timeline o& the development o& protective relays is shown below !"" to !#$ Electromechanical Relay( 13245-in*le Disc (y!e Relay (-in*le &n!ut) 13615-in*le %u! (y!e Relay (&,!edance Relay) Types of "elays: Types o& protection relays are mainly (A) Base* on #haracteristic: !" 1e&inite time Relays" $" ,nverse de&inite minimum time Relays (,1=T) 6" ,nstantaneous Relays 7" ,1=T with ,nstantaneous" 8" 3tepped Characteristic G" Pro rammed 3witches @" >olta e restraint over current relay (B) Base* on lo$ic: !" $" 6" 7" 8" G" @" 1i&&erential #nbalance %eutral 1isplacement 1irectional Restricted 4arth 5ault Over 5lu-in 1istance 3chemes !#$ to !%& Static Relay 13635-tatic Relay ($ll Pur!ose) 13+75Di*ital (y!e 13375Nu,erical (y!e 13825-tatic Relay with Relay ($ll Pur!ose)Relay ($ll Pur!ose) self chec.in* ($ll Pur!ose) !%& to !'" )i*ital Relay !'" to !!" Numerical Relay

B" 0us bar Protection I" Reverse Power Relays !9" Doss o& e-citation !!" %e ative Phase 3e2uence Relays etc" (#) Base* on Actuatin$ para%eter: !" Current Relays $" >olta e Relays 6" 5re2uency Relays 7" Power Relays etc" (') Base* on Operation .echanis%: (A) Electro .a$netic "elay (B) 4tatic "elay Analo Relay 1i ital Relay %umerical ;=icroprocessor Relay (#) .echanical relay9 (1) Ther%al (a) OT Trip (Oil Temperature Trip) (b) .T Trip (.indin Temperature Trip) (C) 0earin Temp Trip etc" (2) !loat Type (a) 0uchhol+ (b) O3R (c) PR> (d) .ater level Controls etc" (/) Pressure 4(itches9 (1) .echanical +nterloc-s9 (7) Pole *iscrepancy "elay9 (E) Base* on Applications: !" Primary Relays" $" 0ac/up Relays Type of "elay ,ase* on "elay Operation .echanis%: (1) Electro%a$netic "elay: 4lectroma netic relays are &urther cate ori+ed under two &ollowin cate ories" (A) Electro%a$netic Attraction "elay: This Relay wor/s on 4lectroma netic Attraction Principle (B) Electro%a$netic +n*uction "elay: This Relay wor/s on 4lectroma netic ,nduction Principle (2) 4oli* 4tate (4tatic) "elay: 3olid-state (and static) relays are &urther cate ori+ed under &ollowin desi nations" (A) Analo$ "elay: ,n Analo relays are measured 2uantities are converted into lower volta e but similar si nals' which are then combined or compared directly to re&erence values in level detectors to produce the desired output" (B)'i$ital "elay:

,n 1i ital relays measured ac 2uantities are manipulated in analo ue &orm and subse2uently converted into s2uare-wave (binary) volta es" Do ic circuits or microprocessors compare the phase relationships o& the s2uare waves to ma/e a trip decision" (#)Nu%erical "elay: ,n %umerical relays measured ac 2uantities are se2uentially sampled and converted into numeric data &orm" A microprocessor per&orms mathematical and;or lo ical operations on the data to ma/e trip decisions" (1) Electro%echanical "elay: <istory of "elay: This is the &irst eneration oldest relayin system and they have been in use &or many years" They have earned a well-deserved reputation &or accuracy' dependability' and reliability" There are two basic types o& operatin mechanisms: the electroma netic-attraction relay and electroma netic-induction relay" .easurin$ Principles: The electromechanical protective relay converts the volta es and currents to ma netic and electric &orces and tor2ues that press a ainst sprin tensions in the relay" The tension o& the sprin and taps on the electroma netic coils in the relay are the main processes by which a user sets in a relay" !unction of "elay: These relays are usually instantaneous in action' with no intentional time delay' closin as soon a&ter pic/up as the mechanical motion permits" .e can add time delay by means o& a bellows' dashpot' or a cloc/wor/ escapement mechanism" :owever' the timin accuracy is considerably less precise than that o& induction type relays" As such' users seldom choose these relays with time delay in switch ear applications" 4lectromechanical Relays can operate with either AC or 1C on the coils" There&ore' the 1C component o& an asymmetrical &ault de&initely a&&ects these relays usin this principle" =ost relays come enclosed in a semi &lush-mountin draw out case" ,nstallers typically install relays usually on the door o& the switch ear cubicle" They brin sensor and control wirin to connections on the case" The relay inserts into the case and connects by means o& small switches or a brid in plu ' dependin on the manu&acturer" As such' we can disconnect and withdraw it &rom the case without disturbin the wirin " .hen the relay is disconnected' the current trans&ormer (CT) connections in the case are automatically shorted to short circuit the CT secondary windin and protect the CT &rom over volta e and dama e" Operation of Electro%a$netic=attraction "elay: 5i ure shows a typical electromechanical relay" An input volta e is applied to the coil mechanism" The input volta e ma neti+es the core which pulls the arm towards it" This action causes the output contacts to touch' closin the load circuit" .hen the input volta e is removed' the sprin lever will push the contacts away &rom each other' brea/in the load circuit connection"

Operation of Electro%a$netic=+n*uction "elay: ,nduction relays are available in many variations to provide accurate pic/up and time-current responses &or a wide ran e o& simple or comple- system" They are actually li/e induction motors" On the relay' the movin element (rotor) is usually a metal dis/' althou h sometimes it)s a metal cylinder or cup" The stationary part (stator) is one or more inte ral electroma nets' with current or potential coils inducin currents in the dis/' causin it to rotate" #ntil the rotational &orces are reat enou h to turn the dis/ and brin its movin contact a ainst the stationary contact' a sprin restrains the dis/motion

This closes the circuit the relay is controllin " The reater the sensed &ault' the reater the current in the coils' and the &aster the dis/ rotates" A calibrated adjustment called the time dial sets the spacin between the movin and stationary contactsK this varies the operatin time o& the relay &rom &ast (contacts only sli htly open) to slow (contacts nearly a &ull dis/ revolution apart)" Reset action be ins upon removin the rotational &orce' either by closin the relay contact that trips a brea/er or by otherwise removin the mal&unction the relay is sensin " The restrainin sprin resets the dis/ to its ori inal position" The time re2uired to reset depends on the type o& relay and the time-dial settin (contact spacin )" =ost electromechanical Relays are typically rated &or minimum input to output isolation volta es o& !899 to $999 >AC" i%itations of Electro%a$netic relays: Dow speed o& operation" Chan e in characteristics over a period due to a ein e&&ect" Component &ailure leadin to relay &ailure" Relay is 0ul/y: 0ecause there are internal mechanical components with physical dimension restraints' the pac/a e si+e o& an electromechanical Relay can limit the si+e o& a PC0 desi n 4-cessive power consumption" ,mposes hi h burden on CT %o &ault data available e-cept phase indication" ,nherent in its desi n' the 4lectromechanical Relay must ma/e mechanical contacts in order to switch a load" At the point o& these contacts' o-idation brea/down occurs over e-tended li&e cyclin (typically !9G operations)' and the relay will need to be replaced" .hen an electromechanical Relay is activated' bounce occurs at the contact site" 0ounce creates a window o& time where the load circuit is &lic/erin between open and closed' a condition which may need to be considered in load desi n" ,solation volta e is another area where 4lectromechanical Relays are limited" (2) The 4oli* 4tate "elay (4tatic "elay):

<istory of "elay: The static relay are ne-t eneration relays "The 3olid 3tatic relays was &irst introduced in !IG9)s" The term ?static) implies that the relay has no movin mechanical parts in it" Compared to the 4lectromechanical Relay' the 3olid 3tatic relay has lon er li&e-span' decreased noise when operates and &aster respond speed" :owever' it is not as robust as the 4lectromechanical Relay" 3tatic relays were manu&actured as semi conductor devices which incorporate transistors' ,Cs' capacitors' small micro processors etc" The static relays have been desi ned to replace almost all the &unctions which were bein achieved earlier by electromechanical relays" .easurin$ principles: The wor/in principle o& the 3olid 3tatic relays is similar to that o& the 4lectromechanical Relay which means the 3olid 3tatic relays can per&orm tas/s that the 4lectromechanical Relay can per&orm" The 3olid 3tatic relays use analo ue electronic devices instead o& ma netic coils and mechanical components to create the relay characteristics" the measurement is carried out by static circuits consistin o& comparators' level detectors' &ilter etc while in a conventional electro-ma netic relay it is done by comparin operatin tor2ue (or &orce) with restrainin tor2ue (or &orce)" The relayin 2uantity such as volta e;current is recti&ied and measured" .hen the 2uantity under measurement attains certain well-de&ined value' the output device is tri ered and thereby the circuit brea/er trip circuit is ener i+ed" ,n a solid state relay' the incomin volta e and current wave&orms are monitored by analo circuits' not recorded or di iti+ed" The analo values are compared to settin s made by the user via potentiometers in the relay' and in some case' taps on trans&ormers" ,n some solid state relays' a simple microprocessor does some o& the relay lo ic' but the lo ic is &i-ed and simple" 5or instance' in some time over current solid state relays' the incomin AC current is &irst converted into a small si nal AC value' and then the AC is &ed into a recti&ier and &ilter that converts the AC to a 1C value proportionate to the AC wave&orm" An op-amp and comparator is used to create a 1C that rises when a trip point is reached" Then a relatively simple microprocessor does a slow speed A;1 conversion o& the 1C si nal' inte rates the results to create the time-over current curve response' and trips when the inte ration rises above a set point" Thou h this relay has a microprocessor' it lac/s the attributes o& a di ital;numeric relay' and hence the term Lmicroprocessor relayM is not a clear term" !unction of "elay: 4arly versions used discrete devices such as transistors and diodes in conjunction with resistors' capacitors' inductors' etc"' but advances in electronics enabled the use o& linear and di ital inte rated circuits in later versions &or si nal processin and implementation o& lo ic &unctions" .hile basic circuits may be common to a number o& relays' the pac/a in was still essentially restricted to a sin le protection &unction percase' while comple- &unctions re2uired several cases o& hardware suitably interconnected"

#ser pro rammin was restricted to the basic &unctions o& adjustment o& relay characteristic curves" There&ore it can be viewed in simple terms as an analo ue electronic

replacement &or electromechanical relays' with some additional &le-ibility in settin s and some savin in space re2uirements" ,n some cases' relay burden is reduced' ma/in &or reduced CT;>T output re2uirements" in a static relay there is no armature or other movin element and response is developed by electronic' ma netic or other components without mechanical motion" A relay usin combination o& both static and electro-ma netic units is also called a static relay provided that static units accomplish the response" Additional electro-mechanical relay units may be employed in output sta e as au-iliary relays" A protective system is &ormed by static relays and electro-mechanical au-iliary relays" The per&ormance o& static relay is better than electroma netic relays as they are &ast actin and accuracy o& measurement is better than electroma netic relay" The constraint in static relay is limited &unction;&eatures" ,n the last decade' some micro processors were introduced in this relay to achieve the &unctions li/e (i) 5use &ailure &eatures (ii) 3el& chec/ &eature (iii) 1ead Pole detection and iv) Carrier aided protection &eatures" Operation of "elay: The essential components o& static relays are shown in &i " The output o& CT and PT are not suitable &or static components so they are brou ht down to suitable level by au-iliary CT and PT" Then au-iliary CT output is iven to recti&ier" Recti&ier recti&ies the relayin 2uantity i"e"' the output &rom a CT or PT or a Transducer

The recti&ied output is supplied to a measurin unit comprisin o& comparators' level detectors' &ilters' lo ic circuits" The output is actuated when the dynamic input (i"e"' the relayin 2uantity) attains the threshold value" This output o& the measurin unit is ampli&ied by ampli&ier and &ed to the output unit device' which is usually an electro-ma netic one" The output unit ener i+es the trip coil only when relay operates" A*vanta$es of 4oli* 4tate "elay: 3tatic Relay burden is less than 4lectroma netic type o& relays" :ence error is less" Dow .ei ht Re2uired Dess 3pace which results in panel space savin " Arc less switchin %o acoustical noise" =ulti-&unction inte ration" 5ast response" Don li&e (:i h Reliability): more than !9I operations :i h Ran e o& 3ettin compared to electromechanical Relay =ore Accurate compared to electromechanical Relay Dow 4lectroma netic ,nter&erence" Dess power consumption" 3hoc/ and vibration resistant %o contact bounce =icroprocessor compatible"

,solation o& >olta e %o movin parts: There are no movin parts to wear out or arcin contacts to deteriorate that are o&ten the primary cause o& &ailure with an 4lectro =echanical Relay" %o mechanical contact bounce or arcin : A solid-state relay doesn)t depend on mechanical &orces or movin contacts &or its operation but per&orms electronically" Thus' timin is very accurate even &or currents as low as the pic/up value" There is no mechanical contact bounce or arcin ' and reset times are e-tremely short" Dow input si nal levels: ,deal &or Telecommunication or microprocessor control industries" 3olid state relays are &ast becomin the better choice in many applications' especially throu hout the telecommunication and microprocessor control industries" Cost ,ssues: ,n the past' there has been a rather lar e ap between the price o& an electromechanical relay and the price o& a solid state relay" .ith continual advancement in manu&acturin technolo y' this ap has been reduced dramatically ma/in the advanta es o& solid state technolo y accessible to a rowin number o& desi n en ineers" i%itations of static relays: Au-iliary volta e re2uirement &or Relay Operation" 3tatic relays are sensitive to volta e transients which are caused by operation o& brea/er and isolator in the primary circuit o& CTs and PTs" 3erious over volta e is also caused by brea/in o& control circuit' relay contacts etc" 3uch volta e spi/es o& small duration can dama e the semiconductor components and also cause mal operation o& relays" Temperature dependence o& static relays: The characteristics o& semiconductor devices are a&&ected by ambient temperature" :i hly sophisticated isolation and &ilter circuits are re2uired to be built into the relay desi n to ta/e care o& electroma netic inter&erence and transient switchin disturbances in the power system" :i hly reliable power supply circuits are re2uired" 4&&ect o& environmental conditions li/e humidity' hi h ambient temperature' dust accumulation on PC0 leadin to trac/in " The component &ailure" %on availability o& &ault data" Characteristic variations with passa e o& time" (A) 'i$ital "elay: <istory of "elay: Around !IB9s the di ital relay entered the mar/et" Compared to the 3olid 3tate Relay' the di ital relay ta/es the advanta es o& the development o& microprocessors and microcontrollers" ,nstead o& usin analo si nals' the di ital relay converts all measured analo 2uantities into di ital si nals" 1i ital protection relays is a revolution step in chan in Relay technolo y" ,n 1i ital Relay =icroprocessors and micro controllers are used in replacement o& analo ue circuits used in static relays to implement relay &unctions" 1i ital protection relays introduced in !IB9" :owever' such technolo y will be completely superseded within the ne-t &ive years by numerical relays" 0y the mid-!II9s the solid state and electromechanical relay had been mostly replaced by di ital relay in new construction" ,n distribution applications' the replacement by the di ital relay proceeded a bit more slowly" .hile the reat majority o& &eeder relays in new applications

today are di ital' the solid state relay still sees some use where simplicity o& the application allows &or simpler relays' and which allows one to avoid the comple-ity o& di ital relays .easurin$ principles: Compared to static relays' di ital relays introduce Analo ue to 1i ital Convertor (A;1 conversion) o& all measured analo ue 2uantities and use a microprocessor to implement the protection al orithm" The microprocessor may use some /ind o& countin techni2ue' or use the 1iscrete 5ourier Trans&orm (15T) to implement the al orithm" The =icroprocessors used in 1i ital Relay have limited processin capacity and memory compared to that provided in numerical relays" !unction of "elay: The &unctionality tends there&ore to be limited and restricted lar ely to the protection &unction itsel&" Additional &unctionality compared to that provided by an electromechanical or static relay is usually available' typically ta/in the &orm o& a wider ran e o& settin s' and reater accuracy" A communications lin/ to a remote computer may also be

provided" The limited power o& the microprocessors used in di ital relays restricts the number o& samples o& the wave&orm that can be measured per cycle" This' in turn' limits the speed o& operation o& the relay in certain applications" There&ore' a di ital relay &or a particular protection &unction may have a lon er operation time than the static relay e2uivalent" :owever' the e-tra time is not si ni&icant in terms o& overall trippin time and possible e&&ects o& power system stability" Operation of "elay: 1i ital relay consists o&: (!) Analo ue input subsystem' ($) 1i ital input subsystem' (6) 1i ital output subsystem' (7) A processor alon with RA= (data scratch pad)' main memory (historical data &ile) and Power supply

1i ital relayin involves di ital processin o& one or more analo si nals in three steps: Conversion o& analo ue si nal to di ital &orm Processin o& di ital &orm 0oolean decision to trip or not to trip A*vanta$es of 'i$ital "elay: :i h level o& &unctionality inte ration" Additional monitorin &unctions" 5unctional &le-ibility" Capable o& wor/in under a wide ran e o& temperatures" They can implement more comple- &unction and are enerally more accurate 3el&-chec/in and sel&-adaptability"

Able to communicate with other di ital e2uipment (pear to pear)" Dess sensitive to temperature' a in 4conomical because can be produced in volumes =ore Accurate" plane &or distance relayin is possible 3i nal stora e is possible i%itations of 'i$ital "elay: 3hort li&etime due to the continuous development o& new technolo ies" The devices become obsolete rapidly" 3usceptibility to power system transients" As di ital systems become increasin ly more comple- they re2uire specially trained sta&& &or Operation" Proper maintenance o& the settin s and monitorin data" (B) Nu%erical "elay: <istory of "elay: The &irst protection devices based on microprocessors were employed in !IB8" The widespread acceptance o& numerical technolo y by the customer and the e-periences o& the user helped in developin the second eneration numerical relays in !II9" Conventional electromechanical and static relays are hard wired relays" Their wirin is &i-ed' only their settin can be manually chan ed" %umeric relays are pro rammable relays" The characteristics and behaviour o& the relay are can be pro rammed" 5irst eneration numerical relays were mainly desi ned to meet the static relay protection characteristic' whereas modern numeric protection devices are capable o& providin complete protection with added &unctions li/e control and monitorin " %umerical protection devices o&&er several advanta es in terms o& protection' reliability' and trouble shootin and &ault in&ormation" The *istinction ,et(een *i$ital an* nu%erical relay rests on points of fine technical *etail5 an* is rarely foun* in areas other than Protection " They can be viewed as natural developments o& di ital relays as a result o& advances in technolo y" Typically' they use a speciali+ed di ital si nal processor (13P) as the computational hardware' to ether with the associated so&tware tools" .easurin$ principles: The input analo ue si nals are converted into a di ital representation and processed accordin to the appropriate mathematical al orithm" Processin is carried out usin a speciali+ed microprocessor that is optimi+ed &or si nal processin applications' /nown as a di ital si nal processor or 13P &or short" 1i ital processin o& si nals in real time re2uires a very hi h power microprocessor" The measurin principles and techni2ues o& conventional relays (electromechanical and static) are &ewer than those o& the numerical techni2ue' which can di&&er in many aspects li/e the type o& protection al orithm used' samplin ' si nal processin ' hardware selection' so&tware discipline' etc" These are microprocessor-based relays in contrast to other relays that are electromechanically controlled" !unction of "elay:=odern power system protection devices are built with inte rated &unctions" =ulti&unction li/e protection' control' monitorin and measurin are available today in numeric power system protection devices" Also' the communication capability o& these devices &acilitates remote control' monitorin and data trans&er"

Traditionally' electromechanical and static protection relays o&&ered sin le-&unction' sin le characteristics' whereas modern numeric protection o&&ers multi-&unction and multiple characteristics" The measurin principles and techni2ues o& conventional relays (electromechanical and static) are &ewer than those o& the numerical techni2ue' which can di&&er in many aspects li/e the type o& protection al orithm used' samplin ' si nal processin ' hardware selection' so&tware discipline' etc" 5irst eneration numerical relays were mainly desi ned to meet the static relay protection characteristic' whereas modern numeric protection devices are capable o& providin complete protection with added &unctions li/e control and monitorin " %umerical protection devices o&&er several advanta es in terms o& protection' reliability' and trouble shootin and &ault in&ormation" %umerical protection devices are available &or eneration'transmission and distribution systems

%umerical relays are micro processor based relays and havin the &eatures o& recordin o& parameter used as disturbance recorder &le-ibility o& settin E alarms E can be used one relay &or all type o& protections o& one e2uipment hence less area is re2uired" .ide Ran e o& settin ' more accurate' Dow burden hence low >A o& CT is re2uired which minimi+e the cost" %umeric relays ta/e the input analo 2uantities and convert them to numeric values" All o& the relayin &unctions are per&ormed on these numeric values" The &ollowin sections cover relay hardware' relay so&tware' multiple protection characteristics' adaptive protection characteristics' data stora e' instrumentation &eature' sel&chec/ &eature' communication capability' additional &unctions' si+e and cost-e&&ectiveness" %umerical protection devices are available &or eneration' transmission and distribution systems" =odern power system protection devices are built with inte rated &unctions" =ulti&unctions li/e protection' control' monitorin and measurin are available today in numeric power system protection devices" Also' the communication capability o& these devices &acilitates remote control' monitorin and data trans&er" These relays provide reat precision and convenience in application in the sophisticated electronic products" 0y combinin several &unctions in one case' numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays" The disadvanta es o& a conventional electromechanical relay are overcome by usin micro controller &or reali+in the operation o& the relays" =icro controller based relays per&orm very well and their cost is relatively low Also' the communication capability o& these devices &acilitates remote control' monitorin and data trans&er" Traditionally' electromechanical and static protection relays o&&ered sin le&unction' sin le characteristics' whereas modern numeric protection o&&ers multi&unction and multiple characteristics" 3ome protections also o&&er adaptable characteristics' which dynamically chan e the protection characteristic under di&&erent system conditions by monitorin the input parameters"

Operation o& Relay: A current si nal &rom CT is converted into proportional volta e si nal usin , to > converter" The ac volta e proportional to load current is converted into dc usin precision recti&ier and is iven to multiple-er (=#H) which accepts more than one input and ives one output" =icroprocessor sends command si nal to the multiple-er to switch on desired channel to accept recti&ied volta e proportional to current in a desired circuit"

Output o& =ultiple-er is &ed to analo to di ital converter (A1C) to obtain si nal in di ital &orm" =icroprocessor then sends a si nal A1C &or start o& conversion (3OC)' e-amines whether the conversion is completed and on receipt o& end o& conversion (4OC) &rom A1C' receives the data in di ital &orm" The microprocessor then compares the data with pic/-up value" ,& the input is reater than pic/-up value the microprocessor send a trip si nal to circuit brea/er o& the desired circuit" ,ncase o& instantaneous over current relay there is no intentional time delay and circuit brea/er trips instantly" ,n case o& normal inverse' very inverse' e-tremely inverse and lon inverse over current relay the inverse current-time characteristics are stored in the memory o& microprocessor in tabular &orm called as loo/-up table" A*vanta$es of Nu%erical relays: #o%pact 4i>e: 4lectromechanical Relay ma/es use o& mechanical comparison devices' which cause the main reason &or the bul/y si+e o& relays" ,t uses a &la system &or the indication purpose whether the relay has been activated or not" .hile %umerical Relay is in Compact 3i+e and use ,ndication on DC1 &or Relay activation" 1i ital protection can be physically smaller' and almost always re2uires less panel wirin than e2uivalent &unctions implemented usin analo technolo y" !le0i,ility: A variety o& protection &unctions can be accomplished with suitable modi&ications in the so&tware only either with the same hardware or with sli ht modi&ications in the hardware" "elia,ility: A si ni&icant improvement in the relay reliability is obtained because the use o& &ewer components results in less interconnections and reduced component &ailures" .ulti !unction #apa,ility: Traditional electromechanical and static protection relays o&&ers sin le-&unction and sin le characteristics" Ran e o& operation o& electromechanical relays is narrow as compared to numerical relay" 'ifferent types of relay characteristics: ,t is possible to provide better matchin o& protection characteristics since these characteristics are stored in the memory o& the microprocessor" 'i$ital co%%unication capa,ilities: The microprocessor based relay &urnishes easy inter&ace with di ital communication e2uipments" 5ibre optical communication with substation DA%

.o*ular fra%e: The relay hardware consists o& standard modules resultin in ease o& service" o( ,ur*en: The microprocessor based relays have minimum burden on the instrument trans&ormers" 4ensitivity: Areater sensitivity and hi h pic/up ratio" 4pee*: .ith static relays' trippin time o& N cycle or even less can be obtained" !ast "esettin$: Resettin is less" 'ata <istory: Availability o& &ault data and disturbance record" :elps analysis o& &aults by recordin details o& (!) %ature o& &ault' ($) =a nitude o& &ault level' (6) 0rea/er problem' (7) C"T" saturation ' (8) 1uration o& &ault" Auto "esettin$ ) 4elf 'ia$nosis: 4lectromechanical relay do not have the ability to detect whether the normal condition has been attained once it is activated thus auto resettin is not possible and it has to be done by the operatin personnel" while in %umerical Relay auto Resettin is Possible 0y combinin several &unctions in one case' numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays 3eparate connection is not re2uired' +ero se2uence volta es and currents can be derived inside the processor 0asic hardware is shared between multiple &unctions' the cost o& individual protection &unctions can be reduced si ni&icantly" Doss o& volta e &eature helps bloc/ the relay in case o& momentary;permanent loss o& volta e" i%itations of Nu%erical "elay: %umerical Relay o&&ers more &unctionality' and reater precision" #n&ortunately' that does not necessarily translate into better protection" %umerical Relay can ma/e &aster decisions" :owever' in the real world' &aster protection itsel& is o& no value because circuit brea/ers are still re2uired to interrupt at the direction o& the protective e2uipment' and the ability to ma/e circuit brea/ers interrupt &aster is very limited" %umerical Relay protection o&ten relies on non-proprietary so&tware' e-posin the system to potential ris/ o& hac/in " %umerical Relay protection sometimes has e-posure to e-ternally-sourced transient inter&erence that would not a&&ect conventional technolo y" %umerical Relay protection shares common &unctions" This means that there are common &ailure modes that can a&&ect multiple elements o& protection" 5or e-ample' &ailure o& a power supply or an input si nal processor may disable an entire protective device that provides many di&&erent protection &unctions" This problem has receive a lot o& desi n attention' and e-perience enerally has supported the notion that the e2uipment has a very hi h reliability once it is past the in&ant mortality sta e" 0ut it remains somethin to be aware o&" A multi&unction numeric relay can provide three phase' round' and ne ative se2uence directional or non-directional over current protection with &our shot recloser' &orward or reverse power protection' brea/er &ailure' over;under &re2uency' and over;under volta e protection' sync chec/' brea/er monitorin and control' ,t would ta/e !9 * !! sin le &unction 3olid 3tate or 4lectromechanical relays at least 8 to G times the cost" Additionally %umeric relays have Communications capabilities' se2uence-o&-events recordin ' &ault reportin ' rate-o&-chan e &re2uency' and meterin &unctions' all in an inte rated system" #o%parison of 'ifferent Type "elay:

+haracteristic (echnolo*y -tandard O!eratin* Princi!le 'easurin* ele,ents2 1ardware

Electro ,echanical Relay 1st *eneration Relays9

Static Relay

)i*ital Relay

Numerica

2nd *eneration Relays9

Present *eneration Relays9

Present *en

(hey use !rinci!le of &n this relays transistors (hey use 'icro!rocessor9 ;ithin uilt software (hey use ' electro,a*netic !rinci!le9 and &%:s r een used with !redefined values with !rede &nduction disc<Electro,a*nets< &nduction cu!< )alance )ea, R< /< %< (ransistors< $nalo*ue &%s co,!arators

'icro!rocessors< Di*ital &%s< Di*ital -i*nal Processors

'icro!roc !rocessors

'easurin* ,ethod

Electrical =tysconverted /evel detects<co,!arison into,echanical force< withreference value in $2D conversion<Nu,ericalal*orith,techni>ues $2D conve tor>ue analo*ue %o,!arator De!end u!on *ravitation (here value ,ay vary and the value chan*es to with res!ect to the surroundin* ,a*netic te,!erature also9 fields also9 )ul.y -low -,all Fast -,all Fast %o,!act #ery Fast

-urroundin* Environ,ent

Relay -i?e -!eed of Res!onse (i,in* function (i,e of $ccuracy Relia ility #i ration Proof %haracteristics Re>uire,ent of Draw Out %( )urden %( )urden

'echanical cloc. wor.s< -tatic ti,ers dash!ot (e,! 9De!endant 1i*h No /i,ited Re>uired 1i*h + to 17 #$ (e,!9 De!endant /ow @es ;ide Re>uired /ow 1 #$

%ounter

%ounter

-ta le 1i*h @es ;ide Not Re>uired /ow A794 #$

-ta le 1i*h @es ;ide

Not Re>ui /ow A794 #$

Reset (i,e $uBiliary su!!ly Ran*e of settin*s &solation #olta*e Function 'aintenance Resistance Out!ut %a!acitance Deterioration due to O!eration Relay Pro*ra,,in* -%$D$ %o,!ati ility O!erational value indication #isual indication -elf ,onitorin* Para,eter settin* Fault Distur ance Recordin*

#ery 1i*h Re>uired

/ess Re>uired

/ess Re>uired

/ess Re>uired

/i,ited

;ide

;ide 1i*h

;ide 1i*h

/ow -in*le Function Fre>uent 177 ,ille oh,s A 1 Pico Farad

1i*h -in*le Function Fre>uent 17 Oh,s C 27 Pico Farads

'ulti Function /ow 17 Oh,s C 27 Pico Farads

-in*le Fun #ery /ow 17 Oh,s

C 27 Pico F

@es

No

No

No

No

Partially

Pro*ra,,a le

Pro*ra,,

No

No

Possi le

@es

Not Possi le

Possi le

Possi le

Possi le

Fla*s< tar*ets

/EDs

/EDs< /%D

/EDs< /%D

No

@es (hu, wheel<dual in line switches

@es

@es

Plu* settin*< dial settin*

"ey!ad for nu,eric values<throu*h co,!uter

"ey!ad fo

Not !ossi le

Not !ossi le

!ossi le

!ossi le

"elay?s No%enclature as per AN4+:

No 2 3 21 24 28 37 32 38 07 06 03 47 41 42 42a 42 44 46 43 60

Type of Relay (i,e delay relay 3 %hec.in* or &nterloc.in* relay 21 Distance relay %hec. synchroni?in* relay Dnder volta*e relay $nnunciation relay Directional !ower (Reverse !ower) relay /ow forward !ower relay Field failure (loss of eBcitation) Ne*ative !hase se>uence relay 'achine or (ransfor,er (her,al relay &nstantaneous Over current relay $9%9 &D'( Over current relay %ircuit rea.er %ircuit rea.er $uBiliary switch ENor,ally o!enF (Ga Gcontact) %ircuit rea.er $uBiliary switch ENor,ally closedF (G :contact) Power Factor relay Field $!!lication relay Overvolta*e relay Earth fault relay

68 6+ 80 86 8+ 83 +7 +1 +1 D +1 O +3 +4 +6 +8 +8G +8G +8D +8N( 34 33 1+6$ 1+6)

Directional relay /oc.in* relay $lar, relay D9% Over current relay Phase an*le ,easurin* or out of ste! relay $% $uto reclose relay 'onitorin* loss of D% su!!ly Fre>uency relay Dnder fre>uency relay Over fre>uency relay $uto,atic selective control or transfer relay %arrier or !ilot wire receive relay (ri!!in* Relay Differential relay Generator differential relay ( Overall differential relay D$( differential relay Restricted earth fault relay (ri! circuit su!ervision relay Over fluB relay $uto reclose loc.out relay $uto reclose loc.out relay

"elays for Trans%ission ) 'istri,ution ines protection:

No

Line

Protection 'ainH&I Non switched or Nu,erical Distance -che,e 'ainH&&I Non switched or Nu,erical Distance -che,e 'ainH& I Non switched distance sche,e (Fed fro, )us P(s)

077 "# (rans,ission /ine

227 "# (rans,ission /ine

'ainH&&I -witched distance sche,e (Fed fro, line %#(s) ;ith a chan*eover facility fro, us P( to line %#( and viceHversa 'ain ProtectionI -witched distance sche,e (fed fro, us P()9

132 "# (rans,ission /ine

)ac.u! ProtectionI 3 Nos9 directional &D'( O2/ Relays and 1 No9 Directional &D'( E2/ relay9 NonHdirectional &D'( 3 Over %urrent and 1 Earth Fault relays NonHdirectional &D'( 2 Over %urrent and 1 Earth Fault relays

0 4

33 "# /ines 11"# /ine

"eference: