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Computer Science

IT department USC

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22.April.2012. Worksheet No. 2 1

Software
COMPUTER SYSTEM

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

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Software
MS Windows 7, Vista, XP MS Word 2000-2010 Games PhotoShop Paint NotePad

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Software
Software is the programs that tell the computer what to do and how to do. All programs in a computer system.

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What is an Operating System Program?


Operating system programs are used I - to operate and control the computer parts (hardware) such as hard disk, floppy disk, printer, and display unit II - operate the other programs (applications). III manage and organize the files and information on the disk. Every computer must have at least one operating system program such as Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, MS DOS, Unix, Novel etc.
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Software
You can not use your computer without an operating system program. All other programs (application programs) run under the operating system programs. For example, any time when you want to write a letter, you run (start) one word processing program such as Word 2010, WordPad and you can type your letter and when you complete your work you can quit (close) the program. But any time when you want, you can not run and quit the operating system programs. When you press the power button to turn on your computer, operating system program automatically runs without asking anything you like your heart. Operating system program looks like your internal organs (heart, kidney) that always runs on the background. Application programs look like your external organs (hand, leg, foot) that any time you want you can use.

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SOFTWARE

Operating System Programs

Application Programs

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Operating System Programs


An Operating System, or OS, is a software program that controls and operates the computer hardware. It also manages all the other programs in a computer system. The other programs are called application programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as getting in the inputs from the input units, sending the outputs to the output units, managing files and folders on the disk, and controlling devices which is connected the computer such as disk drives and printers.
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Operating System Programs

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Operating System Programs


It is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every computer must have an operating system to run the other programs and operate the computer hardware. Without a OS program you can not operate your computer parts and you can not use the other programs. Computer users will not start it which is loaded by BIOS automatically on booting, when you power on your computer and it will continue running like your heart at background of the computer until turning off your computer. Without a computer Operating System, a computer would be useless.
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Operating system types


As computers have developed, so we have different types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of Operating Systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer Operating Systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.

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Operating system types


Graphical Based OS programs; Any OS program with GUI, short for Graphical User Interface, contains graphics and icons and is commonly used by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. Windows 7 Windows XP Windows 2000
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Operating system types


Text Based OS programs; Any OS program with text based user screen. You should type the commands to do anything. Below are some examples of Text Based Operating Systems. MS DOS UNIX NOVELL

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Operating system types


Multi-user A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Below are some examples of multi-user Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows NT Windows 2000
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Operating system types


Multiprocessing An Operating System is able to use more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows 2000 BeOS

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Operating system types


Multitasking An Operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking Operating Systems. UNIX Windows 2000 Windows XP
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Operating system types

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Application Programs
Some application programs come with (integrated or bundled) the Operating System Programs. Windows Explorer - Allows you to see and access all the folders and files on your HDD, FDD, CDD and Local Area Network. Internet Explorer - This is a browser program that enables you see web pages on the Internet. Notepad - Simple word processor with limited features used to make and modify text (.txt) files. Wordpad - Word processor with more features than Notebook. It can handle large document (.doc) files. Paint - Allows you to make, modify and save image files.
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Application Programs
CD Player - Simple CD player. Sound recorder - If you have a microphone plugged into your sound card you can record sounds and play them back with option of adding effects like echo. Windows Media Player - Plays video (.mpg) and audio (.wav) files.

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Application Programs
They are the optional programs which means doesnt require to operate your computer. If you want to do anything such as playing game, typing a letter, listening a music, drawing a picture, you can use one application program which meets with your needs. Computer users starts and quit any time any application programs. They looks like your external organs likes hand, leg, eyes. It is a program to perform a specific task or operation for users such as MS Word, Paint, games
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Application Programs
In addition to integrated application programs, there are thousands of third party application programs you can buy and install to your computer system them any time when you want. MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access Corel Draw Adobe Photoshop Games Adobe Acrobat
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Application Programs Types


Word Processing Programs Spreadsheets Presentation programs Database Programs Graphics and Photo Editor Programs Multimedia Programs Utilities

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Application Programs Types


Word Processing Programs Word Processor is a program to write, edit, format, and print a document (text). Typing a letter, an example task which you can do with a word processing program.

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Application Programs Types


Spreadsheets It is a program to work with financial data, and to make tables, to draw charts.

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Application Programs Types


Spreadsheets Drawing a table and performing some calculations like finding percentage and differences which can be done automatically by a spreadsheet program. Drawing a chart, an example task which it can be handled easily by a spreadsheet program.

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Application Programs Types


Presentation programs It is a program to present (show to people) information, pictures, charts, graphics.

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Application Programs Types


Database Programs It is a program to make and manage databases. Database means any information that can be categorized into the specific groups example records about student in a school, address books

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Application Programs Types


Database Usually a database file keeps track of the large amount of information that can be categorized into the groups (columns) such as name, surname

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Application Program Types


Graphics and Photo Editor Programs It is a program to draw computer graphics and to edit pictures.

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WINDOWS 7 USER INTERFACE, SCREEN VIEW


LABEL Wallpaper or background ICON

Desktop

Start button

System tray or Notification area

Taskbar
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WINDOWS 7 USER INTERFACE, SCREEN VIEW


The My Computer is an icon on the Windows 7 desktop, used for browsing what on your computer is. The Recycle Bin Icon on the Windows 7 desktop is used to hold recently deleted files. This allows you to recover mistakenly deleted files. The My Network Places Icon on the Windows 7 desktop is used to display the various resources like computers and files and printers available on the network .
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USING MOUSE

MOUSE ACTIONS
A mouse controls a pointer on the screen. You move the pointer by sliding the mouse over a flat surface in the direction you want the pointer to move. If you run out of room to move the mouse, lift it up and then put it down in a more comfortable location. Point to an item just locate the mouse pointer over any item. Click an item point to the item on your screen, and quickly press and release the left mouse button. Double-click an item point to the item, and then quickly press and release the left mouse button twice. Drag an item point to an item, and then hold down the left mouse button as you move the pointer.

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WINDOWS 7 COMPONENTS
Windows 7 has three main components: Windows, menus and dialog boxes.

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WORKING WITH WINDOWS


Maximize button

Title bar

Minimize button

Close button Menu bar Tool bar Vertical Scroll bar

Parts of a Window
if you;
I double-click an icon or II start a program

you can see a window.

On the picture you are seeing the Parts of the Window.


Status bar Horizontal Scroll bar

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WORKING WITH WINDOWS


USING A WINDOW
Windows in Windows 7 have common controls which you can use to scroll, resize, move, and close a window. Scroll To move vertically or horizontally in a window so you can view objects that are not currently visible. You can scroll through a window by clicking the scroll arrows, by dragging the scroll box, or by clicking the scroll bar. Maximize To enlarge a window to fill the screen. You can maximize a window by clinking the maximize button, or by double-clicking the windows title bar. Minimize To reduce a window to a button on the taskbar. You can minimize a window by clinking the minimize button. To display a minimized window, click its button on the taskbar. Restore To turn a window into its previous size. You can restore a window by clinking the restore button, or by double-clicking the window title bar. When a window is maximized, the Maximize button changes to the Restore button. Close To close a window, you can click the Close button. Move To move a window, you can drag the title bar. Resize To resize a window, locate the mouse pointer right over the border of the window, when the pointer shape changes the double-headed arrow drag the windows 22.April.2012. border to the new position. Worksheet No. 2 35

WORKING WITH MENUS


A MENU is a list of commands or options available. Windows 7 uses four kinds of menu: I - Pop-up (pull-up) menu, II - Pop-down (pull-down) menu, III -Cascade menu, IV - Shortcut menu.

Pop-up (pull-up) menu opens to up, for example, as default setting of Windows 7 Start menu is the popup menu.
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WORKING WITH MENUS

Pop-down (pull-down) menu opens to down, for example, File menu, Edit menu are the popdown menus.

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WORKING WITH MENUS

Cascade menu opens to the right or the left. Programs and accessories menus are the example of the cascade menu.

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WORKING WITH MENUS

Shortcut menu appears when you click the right mouse button.

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Dimmed command The greyed colour appearance of a command or an option is WORKING called dimmed command. Dimmed WITH MENUS commands can not be used at that moment. In the picture; Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste Shortcut are the dimmed command. Shortcut keys It is a key combination that you can use to carry out a menu command quickly by using your keyboard. In the picture, if you press the CTRL+A keys, you can execute the Select All command. And also you can use underlined letters as a shortcut key. In the picture, you can press Alt+E to open edit menu and while you holding down the Alt key release the E key and than press the A key to perform the Worksheet No. 2 40 Select All command.

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WORKING WITH MENUS


Cascade menu option If you see a triangle () to the right of the any menu option, when you point to this option a cascading menu appears. For example in the Start menu, the Programs item is the cascade menu option. If you open Start menu, to the right of the Programs you will see a triangle sign.

Dialog box option If you see a ellipsis symbol () to the right of the any menu option, when you click on this option a dialog box open.

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WORKING WITH MENUS


To open a menu: point to the menu name you want to open and click or use short cut keys e.g press the Alt key with an underlined letter key. To close a menu: click the anywhere outside the menu to close it.

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Customizing Windows - DESKTOP


Right click on desktop: Personalize Gadgets Sort View Screen resolution

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Customizing Windows - Taskbar


Right click on Taskbar: Properties

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Customizing Windows - Taskbar

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Desktop
The desktop is composed of the contents of your computer screen after Windows 7 has been started. Taskbar The taskbar is the long horizontal bar at the bottom of the screen. Unlike the desktop, which can get obscured by open windows, the taskbar is almost always visible. It has four main sections. Figure: Parts of Taskbar

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Desktop
Taskbar Four main sections: 1. The Start button , which opens the Start menu. 2. The middle section, which shows you which programs and files you have open and allows you to quickly switch between them. 3. The notification area, which includes a clock and icons (small pictures)) that communicate the status of the certain programs and computer settings.
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Desktop
Taskbar Four main sections: 4. The show desktop button minimizes all open windows to show the desktop. < >+<D> key combination can also be used to show desktop. Hovering over a Show Desktop button, will preview desktop using Aero Peek feature of Windows 7.
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Desktop
Start Button The Start button is located on the left edge of the taskbar, and it is the most important component on the Windows desktop. It is used to open the Start Menu.

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Start Menu
You can open Start menu by clicking the start button , or By using <Ctrl>+<Esc> key combination. Start menu lets you easily access the most useful items on your computer. All programs items opens a list of programs currently installed on your computer. Programs are added to the most frequently used programs list above All Programs items when you use them.
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Start Menu
Another feature of Start menu is search box. You can search a program, file, or folder by typing a word or a phrase into a search box.

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Desktop
Taskbar Buttons Taskbar buttons are icons representing open and pinned programs, folders, or files. Whenever you open a program, folder, or file, Windows creates a corresponding button on the taskbar. The button shows an icon that represents the open program.

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Desktop
Taskbar Buttons

Taskbar Buttons Representing Open or Pinned Items

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Desktop
Taskbar Buttons When you move your mouse pointer to a taskbar button, a small picture appears to show you a miniature version of the corresponding window. This preview, also called a thumbnail, is capable of playing videos and animations.

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Desktop
Taskbar Buttons

The Preview of an Open Program


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Customizing Folders
You can specify how your folders function and how content is displayed. For example, you can show or hide hidden files, file extensions, protected system files You can also choose to open items with either a single click or a double click. To change folder options use Folder Options dialog box. You can open the Folder Options dialog box from Control Panel or Windows Explorer window.
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Windows Explorer window

Folder and Search Options


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Control Panel

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Folder Options in Control Panel


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Folder Options dialog box


Use General tab in Folder Options dialog box to: Make folders open in the same window or in its own window. The way items open on mouse click (doubleclick or single click).
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Folder Options dialog box


Use View tab in Folder Options dialog box to: Hide files or show hidden files Display file size information in folder tips Hide or show file extensions Show or hide drive letters

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Regional Settings
You can change the format of numbers, currency, date, and time. When you select the country from the list in Regional and Language Settings dialog box Regional Options tab, the preferences for this country are displayed under samples. Windows programs and gadgets automatically use these preferences.

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Regional Settings
To change numbers, currency, time and date formats follow the next steps: Click on Control Panel icon on Start Menu. When Control Panel window opens, click Clock, Language and Region, and the select Region and Language.

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Regional Settings

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Clock, Language and Region


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Regional Settings

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Regional Settings
Select any country name from the Format dropdown menu, under the Formats tab in the Region and Language dialog box, and then click OK button.
Calendar Gadget and System Time in English Format

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Regional Settings

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Regional Settings

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Keyboard Settings
You can change some speed properties of keyboard. When you press and hold a character key on keyboard Windows repeats this character. You can change repeat delay and repeat rate. You can also adjust cursor blink rate. Use Keyboard link in the Control Panel to customize keyboard settings.

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Keyboard Settings

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Selecting Keyboard in Control Panel


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Keyboard Settings
Repeat delay is the amount of time that elapses before starting to repeat when you hold down a key. Repeat rate is the number of characters repeated in a unit time when you hold down a character key.
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Mouse Settings
You can customize mouse in Windows. You can: Switch primary and secondary mouse buttons Change the double-click speed of the mouse Create pointer scheme and change mouse pointers Change the pointer speed Display pointer trails while it is moving Hide or show pointer while typing Customize mouse wheel tasks
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Mouse Settings
To change mouse settings open Mouse Properties dialog box in the Control Panel.

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Mouse Settings

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Mouse Settings

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Changing Date and Time


Computers have built-in clocks. Even when the computer has no electricity this clock continues to work by its battery power. Clock supplies the computer time and date information. This information is used to determine when the files are created and modified. You should make sure the date and time are set correctly in your computer.
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Changing Date and Time


You can change time and date, change time zone, synchronize time and date from the Internet. To change settings for time and date click on the time and date displayed on the right edge of the Taskbar.

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Changing Date and Time

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Changing Date and Time

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Changing Date and Time

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Changing Date and Time


You can change time and date, change time zone, synchronize time and date from the Internet.

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Time Zone
To be sure that the clock shows time correctly, select your time zone and synchronize the time from the Internet. A time zone is a region on Earth, more or less bounded by lines of longitude, that has a uniform, legally mandated standard time, usually referred to as a local time. By convention, the 24 main time zones on Earth compute their local times as an offset from UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Local time in each time zone is UTC plus the current time zone offset for the location in question.
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Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer displays the hierarchical structure of files, folders, and drives on your computer. It also shows any network drives that have been mapped to drive letters on your computer. All media drives such as hard disk drives, DVDROM or Flash memory are displayed in a Windows Explorer and each is shown by a letter. Using Windows Explorer, you can copy, move, rename, and search for files and folders.
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Windows Explorer
For example, you can open a folder that contains a file you want to copy or move, and then drag the file to another folder or drive. Use Computer icon on the Desktop, or +E key combination to open Windows Explorer.

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Windows Explorer

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Creating a New Folder


To create a new folder, From the File menu select New, and then click Folder. When folder is created, give it the name you want, and then press Enter key.

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Creating a New Folder


You can also create a new folder by clicking New Folder button, which is located on a toolbar.

Right-click on any empty space in a folder or desktop to create a new folder. When shortcut menu opens, select New, and then click Folder. Ctrl+Shift+N key combination can also be used to create a new folder.
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Changing the Name of a File or Folder


To change the name of a file or folder, first of all select the item (file or folder). Right click the item, then from the shortcut menu, select Rename. Type the name, and then press Enter, but note that file names cannot contain the following characters: \ / : * ? < >|. You can also use F2 key, or a File menu to rename an item.
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Selecting Files and Folders


Selecting multiple files or folders helps you to copy, move, delete, and compress these files. These are some methods to select files and folders: To select non-consecutive files or folders, press and hold down Ctrl key, and then click each item. To deselect an item, click it again.

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Selecting Files and Folders


To select consecutive files or folders, click the first item, press and hold down Shift key, and then click the last item. You can also select consecutive items using Shift and arrow keys. To select all the files and folders in a window, from the Edit menu click Select All, or use Ctrl+A key combination, or click and draw a rectangle around any adjacent files you want to select. To cancel selection, click a blank area in the window.
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Copying a File or a Folder


Copy operation duplicates the file or the folder. To copy any item, click the item, and then select Copy from the Edit menu. Then, go to the destination folder, and select Paste (Ctrl+V) from the Edit menu. Another way of copying an item is dragging an item from source folder to destination folder, by pressing and holding down a Ctrl key.

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Copying a File or a Folder


Copy Function and Its Shortcut Key Displayed in an Edit Menu Alternative way of copying a file: Right-click an item, from the shortcut menu select Copy and then right click a blank area and then select Paste.

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Moving a File or a Folder


Move operation transfers files or folders to a different location. To move any item, click the item and then select Cut from the Edit menu or Organize button. Go to the destination folder, and then select Paste from the Edit menu, or use Ctrl+V key combination. You can also transfer files and folders by dragging them from one folder to another.

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Moving a File or a Folder


Alternative way of moving a file: Right-click an item from the shortcut menu, select Cut and then Right-click a blank area and select Paste. Practice: New Folder Create a folder in your computer, and give it your name. Then, copy pictures from your picture folder to the folder youve created.

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Deleting a File or a Folder


There are two ways of deleting items. Send them to Recycle Bin, or delete them permanently. Items sent to the Recycle Bin can be restored, but the ones who are deleted permanently can be only restored using special recovery programs such Recuva, Smart Recovery, Get Data Back or PC Recovery. To delete (send to Recycle Bin) any item, rightclick on it, and then, from the shortcut menu, select Delete.
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Deleting a File or a Folder


You can also delete a file using File menu or Organize button. You can also delete a file using key combination Ctrl + D To delete an item permanently use Shift+Delete key combination .

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Deleting a File or a Folder

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Restoring a File or Folder from the Recycle Bin


To restore a deleted file from Recycle Bin, open Recycle Bin, and then double-click an item you want to restore. When the dialog box opens, click Restore button, and then click OK button.

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Restoring a File or Folder from the Recycle Bin


Recycle Bin uses memory space of a C:\ drive, which means that a full Recycle Bin may slow down your computer. Emptying a Recycle Bin will delete items in it, which means that items will be deleted permanently. To empty Recycle Bin, right-click its icon, and then select Empty Recycle Bin. You can also restore deleted item, by right-clicking it and then selecting Restore.
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Restoring a File or Folder from the Recycle Bin

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Creating a Shortcut on the Desktop


A shortcut is a file that provides immediate access to a program, a folder, or a file. Shortcut appears as icons with curved arrows on Desktop. To create shortcut of any item on the desktop, rightclick any blank area on the desktop. From the shortcut menu, after hovering over New, select Shortcut. Then, from the Create Shortcut dialog box, click Browse button and select a file or a folder. After selecting an item you want click Next button, give a name to the shortcut, and then click Finish.
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Creating a Shortcut on the Desktop

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Creating a Shortcut on the Desktop


Alternative way to create a shortcut: rightclick an item, then after hovering on Send to, select Desktop (create shortcut)

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Sorting Files and Folders


Sometimes you may have too many different types of files and subfolders in a folder, and it may be a nightmare for you to find an item you want. Sorting files and folders may help you. You can sort files and folders according to their names, types, sizes or date modified. To sort your items, right-click any empty area in a folder, and then after hovering over Sort By, select any criteria you want in an Ascending or Descending order. Alternative way to sort files and folders is View>Sort By>
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Sorting Files and Folders

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Grouping Files and Folders


Grouping your items puts your files and folders in several groups according to your criteria. After creating groups, you can collapse or expand them by clicking little arrows which are located at the top-right edges of the groups. To group your files and folders, right-click any empty area in a folder. Hover over Group by, in a shortcut menu, and then select any criteria in an Ascending or Descending order. Alternative way to group files and folders is View>Group By>
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Grouping Files and Folders

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Changing the View of File and Folder Icons


You can change the view of your files and subfolders in a folder or desktop, depending which kind of view you like. To change the view of files and folders, click the little arrow next to Change your view button. To change the size of desktop icons, right-click any empty space on the desktop. Hover over View, in the shortcut menu, and the select Large icons, Medium icons or Small icons. Press and hold down CTRL key while using the scroll wheel of the mouse to change the view of items, or use View menu in a menu bar.
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Changing the View of File and Folder Icons

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