9500 MPR

Release 5.1

Alcatel-Lucent 9500 Microwave Packet Radio (MPR) is a solution for smooth transformation of backhaul networks from TDM/ATM to Ethernet. The 9500 MPR solution efficiently transports whatever multimedia traffic since it handles packets natively (packet mode) while still supporting legacy TDM traffic (hybrid mode), with the same Hardware. It also provides the Quality of Service (QoS) needed to satisfy end-users. This solution not only improves packet aggregation, but also increases the bandwidth and optimizes the Ethernet connectivity.

What is the product?

1.1 Working Modes

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7

9500 MPR Platform features

2.1 MSS

8
9 14 14 15 15 15 16

2.2 MPT 2.2.1 Multipurpose radio 2.2.2 Connectivity options 2.2.3 Frequency availability 2.2.4 XPIC 2.2.5 Throughput Packet Booster

3 4 5

MPR-e MPR-s Card Description

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Core Board PDH Access Board Ethernet Access Card (EAS) 2E1 SFP

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20 23 24 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36

5.6 SDH Access Card 5.6.1 STM-1 mux/demux application 5.6.2 STM-1 transparent transport application 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 EoSDH SFP E3 SFP MPT Access Card Power injector plug-in AUX board Fan Board +24V integrated DC/DC converter

MEF-8
6.1 MEF-8 6.1.1 BER performances 6.1.2 Packet Delay Variation control 7.1 Performances of Adaptive Modulation:

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37 37 38 39

8 9

Synchronization Ethernet Features

9.1 9.2 MAC Switching embedded Level 2 Ethernet Level-2 Addressing

40 43
43 43

9.4

Half bridge functionality

44 44 44 44 45 45 46 49 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 52 53

9.5 Summary of Ethernet Features Supported 9.5.1 IEEE 802.3x Flow control 9.5.2 Asymmetric Flow control 9.5.3 802.1Q VLAN management 9.5.4 Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad) 9.6 9.7 Ethernet OAM (IEEE 802.3ag) Ethernet Ring Protection (ITU-T G.8032v2)

9.8 Other features 9.8.1 Stacked VLAN (Q-in-Q): 802.1ad 9.8.2 VLAN swap 9.9 Ethernet QoS 9.9.1 Traffic priority 9.9.2 IEEE 802.1P QoS configuration 9.9.3 DiffServ QoS configuration 9.9.4 Congestion management 9.9.5 Quality of Service

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10.1

Radio Configurations
Antenna Mount

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57

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Power Supply

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1 What is the product?

Alcatel-Lucent with its innovation of Microwave Packet radio has introduced for the first time a Native packet microwave capable to be deployed on TDM network today and have already all the required potentiality to move to a full packet network.

From Backhaul Mobile

2G, 3G, 4G

Hybrid operational mode PDH/SDH ATM/IMA

Ethernet Private
Business office
Ethernet ATM TDM

9500 MPR at HUB site

Software settings
Packet operational mode

Fixed

DSL

Phone

Ethernet PDH/CES ATM/PW

9500 MPR can operate in Hybrid or Packet Mode with same hardware Enabling possibility for smooth migration from Hybrid mode to Packet mode
9500 MPR in fact is a packet-based solution designed to address in native way networks where packet based traffic is predominant, nevertheless supporting the still present TDM, which remains vital. 9500 MPR represents the solution to allow smooth migration from the TDM world to the packet domain in the Mobile Backhauling networks. The different incoming traffics are converted into Ethernet packets before sending them to the internal Ethernet switch, the packet overhead on E1 /STM-1 being removed before sent in the air. As capacity grows in the access, the requirement for higher bandwidth support will be needed in the backhaul as well as in the metro network. Alcatel-Lucent target to address metro networks requirement with a carrier Ethernet based solution combined with microwave packet transport. The result in the long run is a change in the backhaul from PDH links to carrier Ethernet and in the Metro from SDH to carrier Ethernet packet rings, and eventually to mesh networks. Exploiting the benefits

of packet architecture vs. circuit architecture (Multiservice aggregation, Service awareness, adaptive packet transport) in accommodating broadband services, 9500 MPR allows the access equipment to smoothly evolve in line with the new technology and related protocols (TDM/Ethernet) without the need of renewal of an existing microwave site and protecting the already made investments. Starting with release 5.1, 9500 MPR platform has been enriched with the support of long haul dedicated features. In fact also this part of the network a smooth evolution from SDH to Ethernet is happening bringing to a new requirement.

9500 MPR is based on two separate elements: the MSS, an indoor service switch that can also operate as a stand alone site aggregator a) the multipurpose ODU, the MPT, open to be managed in the following operating modes:

Split-Mount mode in conjunction with MSS Standalone mode (for native Ethernet applications) connected directly to any switch/router/base station

9500 MPR Node supports a mix of non-protected and protected or diversity operation for single link, repeater or star radio configurations. The core platform, MSS1/4/8, with multiplexing & symmetrical x-connection functions, is able to manage different radio directions, long haul and short haul links with the possibility to add-drop

tributaries in case of local PDH/SDH /Ethernet accesses. Core platform is based on packet technology (Ethernet Switch) with a generic interface serial 16 x GETH between Core and peripherals. The peripherals currently available are: 32 ports E1 card for PDH applications 2E1 SFP for few E1s connectivity E3 SFP for E3 connectivity AUX card for auxiliary channels and station alarms collection 2 ports STM-1 card for SDH applications EoSDH SFP for Ethernet over SDH applications Ethernet Access switch card providing 8GE i/F Fan unit

The Outdoor Units are connected to the MSS, through one of the following interfaces:
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One port of the Core Board One port of MPT Access card One port of EAS card

Industry-leading scalability and density is provided in the 9500 MPR, supporting a two rack unit MSS8 (2 RU) or a one rack unit MSS-4 (1 RU) or an half rack unit MSS-1. The MSS-8 has eight slots, MSS-4 has four slots, MSS-1 is a pizza box; in MSS 4 and 8 cases, two are allocated for core cards (control and switch module), with the remaining six (or two) being available for user traffic adapter cards (PDH access card, SDH Access Card, Auxiliary card) or for radio card (, MPT Access Card,). Each of the adapter card slots can be used for any adapter card type, removing the burden of complex preengineering and future scenario planning. 9500 MPR tail supports a mix of non-protected and protected or diversity operation for single link. For tail applications, the MSS-1c is able to manage up to 2 radio directions, with the possibility to add-drop tributaries in case of local PDH/Ethernet accesses. MSS-1c is based on packet technology (Ethernet Switch) with a max capacity of 5 Gbps. MSS-1c is a half width, one rack unit, offering a compact and cost optimized solution. The Alcatel-Lucent 9500 MPR has a compact, modular architecture, constructed to allow flexible use of line adapter cards so operators can optimize the configuration to meet the specific requirements of a site. With the modular architecture comes additional resiliency and flexibility. The solution can

optionally support 1+1 fully redundant configuration with core cards, PDH /SDH cards and radio access cards; each type of card can be redundant independently. Full-protected configuration is available, including EPS, RPS hitless, HSB and Core module protection. 9500 MPR together with all other Microwave and Optical transmission Network Elements is fully integrated into 1350 OMS Network Management System providing all the tools required operating the network. 9500MPR is also managed by the 5620 SAM broadband manager shared with the Alcatel-Lucent IP product portfolios to provide full management and provision of the network at service level.

1.1

Working Modes

9500 MPR provides, with a unique type of HW, two SW (Operational Systems) each one with its own set of features and corresponding licenses: Packet OS - Service Switch Aggregator Hybrid OS - Traditional Microwave

The Service Aggregator OS allows configuring any features and any HW (included the Traditional MW ones) supported in the release. It is possible to migrate (upgrade) from the Hybrid OS to the Packet OS by installing the proper SW and upgrading the license accordingly. Over-air capacity per ODU installed is common for both OS.

2 9500 MPR Platform features

Unique features include: Cost-effective wireless solution for High Capacity applications up to 1 Gbit/sec ODU/RF channel thanks to Packet Throughput Booster feature High Capacity Ethernet transport with embedded 16 Gbit/sec L2 switch Intelligent Indoor nodal unit supports up to 24 x ODU in 2U Multipurpose outdoor unit MPT working either in split mount or zero footprint Universal Node Architecture Aggregate any traffic type over a single traffic flow Statistical Multiplexing gain thanks to the Data Aware Features ODU capacity and modulation independent Adaptive modulation error free service driven TDM MEF8 Encapsulation E1, E3, SDH, Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet customer interfaces. Hardened-temperature, from 40C to +65 C. Optional +24V integrated DC/DC converter Software-configurable traffic routing, without local cabling. MultiService Packet Ring ITU-T 8032v2 9500 MPR Craft Terminal, an advanced Java-based maintenance tool presents local and remote node status with performance monitoring, configuration control and diagnostics.

2.1

MSS

MSS implements functionalities of grooming, routing, switching and protection, exploiting a packetoriented technology. It is a modular design through a variety of hot-swappable plugin cards.

The MSS is available in four different versions:

MSS-8 2RU shelf to support up to 24 MPT Supports up to 24 unprotected links, or 1 protected and 22 unprotected links, or 2 protected and 20 unprotected links, or 12 protected links.

MSS-8

MSS-4 1RU shelf to support up to 12 MPT Supports up to 12 unprotected links, or 1 protected link and 10 unprotected links, or 2 protected links and 8 unprotected links

MSS-4 Fan unit is optional and is needed in order to reach +65C; MSS-4 without Fan Unit supports up to +45C for all equipment configurations.

MSS-1 RU shelf to support up to 6 MPT Supports up to 6 unprotected links, or up 3 protected 1+1 links, or a mix of them.

MSS-1

9500 MPR MSS-1 is a compact system, offering E1/DS1 , Ethernet connectivity The interfaces currently available are: 16 ports E1/DS1 6 GETH ports, electrical and (2) optical 1 port for local craft terminal

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1 port for housekeeping 2 PFoE (power feed other Ethernet) ports for MPT connection

Fan unit is not needed for MSS-1 that is able to operate in wide range -40C up to +65 C. Here a summary table reporting main features:

FEATURES CHASSIS

MSS-1
Fixed No slots 16 Gbps Operating temp: 40C to +65C

MSS-4
Modular: 2 core slots (1+1), 2 interface slots 16 Gbps Operating temp: 40C to +65C

MSS-8
Modular: 8 slots 2 core slots (1+1), 6 interface slots 16 Gbps Operating temp: 40C to +65C

INTERFACES

16 E1/DS1, 4x 10/100/1000 RJ-45, 2x SFP Console, sync-in & sync-out, ToD, management, alarm TDM/PDH, SONET/SDH MEF compliant E-Line, E-Tree, E-LAN ITU-T G.8032 Multichannel Ethernet LAG SONET/SDH Dual feeds: +/-24V DC to +/- 48V

Up to 64 E1/DS1, 4 DS3, 4 STM1/OC3, 2 E3, 22 GE Console, sync-in & sync-out, ToD, management, alarm TDM/PDH, SONET/SDH MEF compliant E-Line, E-Tree, E-LAN ITU-T G.8032 Multichannel Ethernet LAG SONET/SDH Dual feeds: -48/-60V DC, or optional integrated +24V DC

Up to 192 E1/DS1, 12 DS3, 2 E3, 12 STM1/OC3, 54 GE Console, sync-in & sync-out, ToD, management, alarm TDM/PDH, SONET/SDH MEF compliant E-Line, E-Tree, E-LAN ITU-T G.8032 Multichannel Ethernet LAG SONET/SDH Dual feeds: -48/-60V DC, or optional integrated +24V DC

SERVICES NETWORKING POWER

MSS-1c 1RU and a rack width shelf to support up to 2 MPT

MSS-1c

9500 MPR MSS-1c is a compact system, offering E1/DS1 , Ethernet connectivity and up to 2 radio directions on a single hardware The interfaces currently available are: 16 ports E1/DS1 4 GETH ports, electrical and optical 2 ports for NMS chaining

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1 port for local craft terminal 1 port for housekeeping (not managed in current release) 2 PFoE (power feed other Ethernet) ports for MPT connection 2 optical Gb Ethernet for MPT connection

Fan unit is optional and external to MSS-1c, requested for usage from 50C to reach 65C external temperature.

9500 MPR MSS8 receives the Battery input through 2 power connectors mounted on the chassis and connected directly to the Back plane; on MSS-4 and a single connector is available. Each board receives the Battery input (via Back plane) and provides adaptation to the customer central power bus. 9500 MPR MSS1 receives the Battery input through 2 power connectors mounted on the frontal panel.

MSS-4/8 slots are reserved this way: Slot 1 is dedicated to the Core Main Board Slot 2 is dedicated to the Core Spare Board or to DC injector card Slots 3-8 are universal, reserved for transport and radio plug-ins

MSS-8 slot scheme Please note that for building protected radio links (with 2 radio access cards), the relevant boards have to be put on the same horizontal level, i.e. coupled on slots 3-4, or 5-6, or 7-8.

MSS-4 slot scheme The connection scheme between the modules and the core board in MSS-8 is depicted in the picture below. The transport modules are connected via Gigabit Ethernet to the Core-E modules Ethernet switch that is capable of merging and redirecting the traffic back to the transport modules or to the radio. The case for MSS-4 is similar.

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MSS-8 Block diagram

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2.2
2.2.1

MPT
Multipurpose radio

The innovative outdoor unit design of MPT, with GbE standard interface, opens the way to optimized cost solution in the backhaul network. MPT is a unique radio capable with the same hardware to be used: - in standalone configuration (i.e. w/o dedicated indoor units), particularly useful in tail sites enabling direct interconnection to Base Stations. In this configuration the equipment is called MPR-e. - in split-mount configuration with MSS indoors

Multi purpose Microwave Radio Concept

Single MW solution across multiple use Hybrid Connectivit Stand Alone

MPT
Nodal Split-Mount Integrated MW in

Any BS Any CPE

NO IDU

MSS-1c
Optimize E1 and Ethernet

Optimize Ethernet Only

Optimize Fixed/Mobil e

MSS-4/8
Optimize Microwave Nodal

SAR/TSS
Optimize MPLS Node

CARRIER ETHERNET

MPLS

The MPT is a Multipurpose Packet Radio that converts an Ethernet signal into a Radio signal; it performs not only IF/RF functionalities, but hosts the modem section too. The input interface is a standard Giga Ethernet interface (electrical or optical). Ethernet traffic coming from MSS or from any GEthernet generic device (base station, router, switch..) is transported to MPT through optical or electrical connectivity.

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2.2.2

Connectivity options

In case of electrical connectivity, indoor/outdoor distance up to 100m,a single CAT5 cable connects an MPT to the MSS, or the GEthernet generic device. In case of optical connectivity, two cables connect an MPT to the MSS or GEthernet generic device: one cable is a 50 ohm coaxial cable to send the -48 V power supply to the MPT; the second is an optical cable. In case of MPT HL the connectivity is always based on SFP . Two options are available optical SFP or SFP cable with predefined length.

2.2.3

Frequency availability

MPT covers the full range of frequencies from 5.8 GHz to 38GHz and 70/80 GHz, including 60 GHz. MPT HL cover frequencies from 4 to 13 GHz.

2.2.4

XPIC

Thanks to XPIC function, MPT can provide twice the capacity in one frequency channel ( Co-channel Dual Polarized) for any combination of Ethernet, PDH and SDH up to 1Gbps. This is very useful when access to frequency channels is limited. Two different configurations of traffic management are available: Configuration by default: traffic flows statically configured and separated by the user. Operator can segregate the two radio interfaces. In case of LAG, the mechanism is hashing the data flow. In case of hardware failure all the traffic is redistributed to the working radio and traffic dropping is performed according to QoS. LAG in conjunction with XPIC is providing both capacity increase and protection of the high priority traffic

MPT being a multipurpose radio, ALU implemented an innovative solution to allow XPIC upgrade. MPT-HC is capable to be upgraded in XPIC in field thanks to a dedicated module directly integrated in the outdoor unit. MPT-HL has always the module for XPIC integrated.

Adaptive Modulation (from 4QAM to 256QAM for MPT-HC and from 4QAM to 1024 QAM for MPTHL ) is a working mode supported in conjunction with XPIC . Several configurations are available:

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2x(1+0) XPIC configuration : 2 MPT-HC interconnected together with XPIC cable. This configuration allows operating simultaneously two links on the same radio channel, with one using the vertical polarization, the other one the horizontal.

Double 1+1 HSB XPIC : this configuration allows to protect 100% the traffic loaded on polarization H and V in case of failure. Double 1+1 SD HSB XPIC : same configuration as before with 2 antennas. In case of MPT-HL XPIC is supported also in conjunction with SD for transceivers with second receiver

2.2.5

Throughput Packet Booster

The fundamental objective behind the Alcatel-Lucent packet throughput boost feature on the 9500 MPR is to maximize the amount of traffic payload that traverses a link. This action is done by reducing the proportion of overhead required to transmit the payload. As most microwave links are point-to-point in nature and are not shared resources, there is significant opportunity to reduce unnecessary overhead. If we examine the content of a data packet, as shown in figure below, it is sometimes surprising to see the amount of overhead when compared to the actual user traffic contained in the IP payload field. The overhead fields are needed for routing, collision, and flow identification in complex topology LAN/WAN networks. But in a point-to-point radio link with fullduplex transmission where the medium is not shared by simultaneous users, overhead can be drastically reduced to improve and increase overall throughput over the air.

Significant benefits can be gained by reducing packet overhead, especially when small packets are considered. Lets take a look at each of the header fields in the basic Ethernet frame .The first two fields, Interframe Gap (IFG) and preamble, are not transmitted over the air and therefore not needed in a microwave transmission, so automatically 20 bytes can be entirely eliminated per Ethernet frame.

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 Interframe Gap (12 bytes). Ethernet devices must allow a minimum idle period between transmissions of Ethernet frames known as the Interframe Gap. IFG was introduced by IEEE 802.3 to avoid collision over a shared medium, such as the LAN. Preamble and Start of Frame Delimiter (8 bytes). These fields were added to the IEEE 802.3 standard to allow devices on the network to easily detect a new incoming frame. The remaining fields that are subject to compression but not automatically eliminated are: Ethernet header (14 bytes). This is the information used to switch an Ethernet frame across a network segment: Destination addresses (6 bytes) Source addresses (6 bytes) 802.1Q tag (4 bytes): Optional virtual LAN (VLAN) tag EtherType/length (2 bytes); EtherType is a two-octet field in an Ethernet frame. It is used to indicate which protocol is encapsulated in the payload of an Ethernet frame. Payload (46-1500 bytes): Contains user data and/or IP/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) frames We have seen that the IFG and preamble are not needed for microwave transmission, but how significant is that? Visualizing the typical throughput gain achieved with microwave transmission when compared to fiber may help. The highest gain occurs with smaller packets, so lets take an example where the Ethernet message is 64 bytes long, and the physical capacity transmission limit is 350 Mb/s. When the message is transmitted over fiber with one VLAN present, the frame carries only 42 bytes of useful payload information but requires 84 bytes overall for transport as it requires the IFG and preamble. As a result, 100 percent of the overhead must be transported along with the payload. For the same physical capacity transmission limit of 350 Mb/s and 64 byte Ethernet message over microwave, 20 bytes do not need to be transmitted. This results in about 100 Mb/s more data that can be transmitted with this Ethernet frame size, as shown in Figure 2.

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All microwave vendors can boast to this level of header suppression, but Alcatel-Lucent improves microwave header compression. With the transition to LTE, another opportunity arises for optimizing payload across a radio link. LTE deployments will increasingly use IPv6 packets, where additional header overhead is encapsulated in the Ethernet payload. IPv6 IP addresses occupy an additional 32 bytes, making the transport efficiency of multi-protocol packets of short length very poor. Header compression can significantly increase radio link throughput by reducing protocol header overhead. The header size that is compressed is constant, while the packet payload is variable. The greater the compression, the more gain achieved for payload capacity. Header compression is most beneficial when small packets are in the network, and when protocols like IPv4 or IPv6 are used. But not all packets are small. Internet Mix or IMIX is a term used to describe typical Internet traffic passing through network equipment such as routers or switches. When measuring equipment performance using an IMIX of packets, the performance is assumed to resemble what could be observed if that equipment is deployed in a real network. A typical traffic mix, adopted in the industry to test IPv4 performance and one that is considered to be a good example of the traffic to be found in a mobile backhauling network, is shown in Figure. Smaller packet sizes typically contain voice and larger packet sizes data.

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Using the IMIX packet distribution, with 56 MHz 256QAM modem profile, and the physical capacity transmission limit of 350 Mb/s, the following figure shows the amount of throughput gained by using the Alcatel-Lucent packet throughput boost feature when compared to standard IFG and preamble microwave suppression.

The light blue bar represents microwave with standard 20 byte suppression, and the dark blue bar represents throughput capacity gained with Alcatel-Lucent packet throughput boost feature, which also includes IFG and preamble suppression. As you can see, there is significantly more throughput gained using packet throughput boost header compression when compared to the standard microwave gains achieved with IFG and preamble suppression. Alcatel-Lucent 9500 MPR header compression is implemented without any compromise to existing features. With packet microwave, there is no change in Packet Delay Variation (PDV) values or increase in latency. The Alcatel-Lucent 9500 MPR implementation is unique in that it does not use additional buffers, which would introduce delay. With the Alcatel-Lucent packet throughput boost feature, operators gain the most capacity with the highest availability. As summary, with the Alcatel-Lucent packet throughput boost feature, operators can transport up to 1 Gb/s of traffic on a single channel. Under the most favorable conditions, the gain achieved by the 9500 MPR exceeds 300 percent, with an average that is often beyond 150 percent.

3 MPR-e
MPR-e is a new concept of radio outdoor radio. Current MPT radio thanks to its GEthernet interface and its modem has a full flexible architecture capable to support either split-mount architecture and stand alone architecture.

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This flexibility is minimizing drastically the number of spare MPT and allowing to operator to change his network topology based on the same hardware (full outdoor can become split-mount or the opposite). Any GEthernet generic device (base station, switch, router..) will become capable to transmit traffic other the air.

The Ethernet traffic is transmitted over the radio channel according to the configured QoS and to the scheduler algorithms.

4 MPR-s
Until recently, the design and form factor of wireless backhauling solutions were not of great importance to Service Providers, since they were typically mounted on high masts and unlikely to be seen from ground level. This concept is currently changing with the new Metro Cell and Small Cell network designs being rolled-out. Metro cells are being moved much closer to the ground, sometimes almost down to street level, e.g. on top of low buildings or light poles/lamp standards. Moving communications equipment this close to the public means that installing a large traditional microwave to backhaul these BTS would simply not be an option. MPR-s has been introduced to cover the metro cell backhaul with small form factor full outdoor radios. MPR-s also provides the following connectivity options: Sub-6 GHz NLOS/nLOS licensed and unlicensed, options that can support up to 250 Mbps in

point-to-point, or point-to-multipoint, configurations. 60 GHz unlicensed LOS options that can support 1 Gbps capacity.

5 Card Description
5.1 Core Board

The Core Board provides the key node management, control functions and Ethernet User traffic management by performing the following macro functions: MSS Controller to manage all the peripheral modules. MSS has a one layer control architecture implemented by a microprocessor acting as Equipment Controller and Physical Machine Controller.

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Layer-2 Ethernet Switch performing Cross-Connect function between all the peripherals and Ethernet ports. The switch assures to the system a complete interconnections between all the boards connected into MSS node. The cross-connection between the boards is realized by 1.25 GHz link.

Clock Reference Unit (CRU) with main function to generate the Network Element Clock. Ethernet interfaces can be optionally used or as user interfaces or to connect up to 6 MPT (Outdoor unit)

Core Board

The core board could be protected through a Core Spare (same PN of Core Main) that can be added to provide Control platform redundancy and protection of aggregated data using an external switch. The Core Board also carries the Compact Flash Card, which holds the terminal SW Configuration and Node License.

The Frontal panel interfaces provide:

3 x 10/100/1000 Base T Data Port 1 x 10/100/1000 Base T configurable Data/NMS Port 2 x SFP ports (Optical or Electrical GETH) 1 x 10/100 Base-T LAN for 9500 MPR Craft Terminal or NMS 1 x Local CT Mini USB to upload Pre-Provisioning File (unused)

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1 x Sync CK input via 1.0-2.3 coaxial connector that can be used as source for the Network Element clock

1 x Sync CK output via 1.0-2.3 coaxial connector that provides the NE Clock 5 LED indicators for test and status

Core Board Frontal Panel

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5.2

PDH Access Board

The PDH Access Board has the aim to manage the specificities of the related external interface, to implement the adaptation function between the external interface and the boundary internal interface providing the consistency to the established SLA rules.

The PDH Access Board has two main functions: Termination or reconstruction of the E1 signal with the original PDH Timing meeting G823/824 Requirements. Encapsulation/Extraction of those PDH data flows into/from std Eth packets MEF8 Compliant

PDH Access Board

The Front Panel Interfaces include: 32xE1 One Led indicator for status

In case of EPS line protection two boards will be plugged inside the sub rack and an additional protection panel will perform a Y connection for both Tx and Rx PDH signals. The card version is 32-port adapter.

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5.3

Ethernet Access Card (EAS)

In case more than 6 local Ethernet access are needed (that are built-in in the core card), 8 GE ports card offers additional 8 10/100/1000 Ethernet interfaces. An embedded 10 Gbit/sec L2 switch is present on the card.

There are 4 Electrical 10/100/1000 base-T electrical ports and 4 optical SFP (LX and SX). Supported features: IEEE 802.1D User Selectable QoS : none, DiffServ or 802.1p bits VLAN management 802.1Q Q-in-Q IEEE 802.1Q Port segregation Flow control 802.3x Auto-negotiation enable/disable Support of jumbo frames (9728 bytes) on FE/GE interfaces Per port policer Per flow policer Broadcast/Multicast storm control MAC address control list VLAN swap

EAS card can be used optionally as interface card to interconnect up to 4 MPTs; supporting up to 24 MPT with a single MSS8.

Additionally, EAS card supports Multichannel LAG L1 feature. Multichannel feature provides a solution where more traffic capacity is needed than can be transported over one physical link. N

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radio links are aggregated to provide one logical link with a capacity that is the sum of the individual links. This feature is particularly useful for wireless transmission systems where multiple radio links must be used in parallel to achieve very high capacities of 1Gbit/s and above. This provides optimum payload balance, regardless of the throughput demands of individual user connections Redundancy is also a feature of multichannel aggregation. If a link is lost, its traffic is directed onto the remaining link(s) within the group. If the Ethernet bandwidth on the remaining link(s) is over-subscribed, traffic will be dropped, though with appropriate QoS settings only low priority data will be affected - all high priority data will continue to get through. Multichannel feature can be applied in principle to any kind of traffic: Ethernet, TDM, ATM and SDH. Multiline feature is supported by EAS 8 Gbit/card, with MPT-HC connected to optical ports. LAG groups can be IntraEAS (all MPTs on same EAS card) or CrossEAS (MPT on EAS on the same Row); here below some example of supported configuration. Maximum number of MPTs in a LAG group is 4.
Core NE A Core NE B

EAS rLAG1

EAS1 rLAG1

EAS2 rLAG2

4 RF Channel s

4 RF Channel s

Core NE A

Core NE B

EAS1

EAS2 rLAG1 Stacking rLAG1

EAS1 rLAG1 Stacking rLAG2 4 RF Channel s

EAS2 rLAG1 rLAG2 4 RF Channel s

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Electrical and Optical EAS ports not belonging to a LAG can be used as User Ports or Radio Interfaces (SFP ports only) both in 1+0. Aggregated Radio Links should have same modem profiles.

Adaptive Modulation, ring protection has been introduced in conjunction with multichannel.

5.4

2E1 SFP

In order to target applications where a few number of E1s are needed, a miniature E1 over GE converter is available. 2E1 SFP is SFP device that provides two G. 703 E1 interfaces, supporting the same functionalities of 32E1 PDH card. In addition, this device is able to generate a dummy framed E1 in order to provide synchronization to an external equipment (like a BTS). This device can be used instead of 32E1 PDH card when the requested E1 connectivity is limited, saving in this way one slot in MSS4/MSS8 that can be used by other cards.

2E1 SFP

2xE1 SFP can be plugged in one of the two SFP ports of Core card, providing two G. 703 E1 interfaces (up to 4xE1 in case Core Card hosts 2 SFP). EPS protection is available in case Core Card is protected: the secondary SFP is hosted by the stand-by Core, and a Y cable is provided to connect the 2 SFP.

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5.6

SDH Access Card

9500MPR SDH Access card is the board that enables 9500 MPR to be connected to a SDH network. The same board can be used in two different working modes, addressing two different network scenarios: STM-1 mux/demux STM-1 transparent transport over the radio

SDH Access Board

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5.6.1

STM-1 mux/demux application

The STM-1 mux/demux behaves as a terminal multiplexer; it terminates or originates the SDH frame. It multiplexes up to 63xE1 into a STM-1 electrical/ optical line connection. Standard VC4 mapping of lower-order E1 traffic streams to/from STM-1 is applied, that means that a VC4 directly maps up to 63xVC12 into an STM-1 signal (in turn each VC12 contains 1xE1) Typical application is a direct connection to SDH add-drop multiplexers (ADMs)

5.6.2

STM-1 transparent transport application

In this application the board has the aim to manage the specificities of the related external interface and to implement the adaptation function between the external interface and the boundary internal interface. Up to 2xSTM-1/OC-3 are transparently transported through a single radio link.

The card supports 1xSTM-1 in channelized mode or up to 2xSTM-1 interfaces in transparent transport mode (2 optical interfaces or 1 electrical interface) The Front Panel Interfaces include: 2x SFP (optical LC connector or electrical 1.0/2.3 connector) One Led indicator for status

In case of EPS line protection two boards are plugged inside the sub rack. Optional splitter Y-cables are provided for both Tx and Rx SDH signals.

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5.7

EoSDH SFP

Ethernet over SDH (EoSDH) SFP is miniature Gigabit Ethernet over STM-1/OC3 converter that bridges between GE networks and SDH networks providing simple and efficient Gigabit Ethernet connectivity over SDH. The device offers a migration path for connecting future-ready IP devices to existing SDH/SONET networks

EoSDH SFP EoS SFP supports the following basic features:

Delivers Gigabit Ethernet traffic over a single STM-1/OC-3 link Supports standard GFP encapsulation according to G.7041/Y.1303: Gigabit Ethernet frames are mapped into VC-4 or STSc-3

Physical interface is 1xSTM-1 optical in a SFP cage with LC connector. EoSDH SFP can be plugged in one of the two SFP ports of Core card (up to 2xSTM-1 in case Core Card hosts 2 SFP). EPS protection is available in case Core Card is protected: the secondary SFP is hosted by the stand-by Core, and an optical splitter is provided to connect the 2 SFP.

29

5.8

E3 SFP

E3 SFP is a TDM Pseudo wire access gateway extending TDM-based services over packet-switched networks.

E3 SFP

The device converts the data stream from its user E3 interface into packets for transmission over 9500 MPR network; the addressing scheme is MEF8. These packets are transmitted via the SFP port of the Core Board; a remote E3 SFP converts the packets back to TDM traffic.

Physical interface is 1xE3 electrical in a SFP cage with 1.0x2.3 connector. E3 SFP can be plugged in one of the two SFP ports of Core card (up to 2xE3 in case Core Card hosts 2 SFP. EPS protection is available in case Core Card is protected: the secondary SFP is hosted by the standby Core, and a Y cable is provided to connect the 2 SFP.

30

5.9

MPT Access Card

The MPT Access Card is dedicated to connect the MPT to MSS,. Up to two MPT can be connected to the MPT Access Card Main physical characteristics: 2 x 10/100/1000 Base T Port for electrical data to/from MPT. These ports can also power the MPT through the same CAT5 cable. 2 x SFP Optical GETH for optical data connectivity to/from MPT Double 50 QMA Connectors as an option for MPT Power feeding in case of optical connectivity

MPT Access Card

Main Functions: o o o Provide traffic interface between Core switch and MPT Provide the power supply interface to the MPT Lightning and surge protection for both electrical GETH and power interfaces that are connected to MPT o o o o MPT 1+1 protection management Clock distribution function Radio Link Quality notification through MPR Protection Protocol frames Communication with Core controller for provisioning and status report.

31

5.10

Power injector plug-in

This card can be used for several applications: When MPT is connected to CORE, power injector is needed to provide power to the MPT at optimized price When MPT is used in stand alone (MPR-e) and connected to 7705SAR, Power injector plug-in can be used inside 7705 chassis to power MPT A box version is also available for all other applications of MPR-e. Main physical characteristics: 2 DC connectors in the front (box), or power from the backpanel. 2 RJ45 for the data in 2 RJ 45 for the data + DC out 2 LEDs indicating the presence of DC voltage on each Ethernet output

Power injector plug-in

32

5.11

AUX board

Service channels accesses and housekeeping alarm are supported by auxiliary peripheral. Auxiliary cards support two main functions: Auxiliary data channels management (2 x 64 Kbit/s service channels) External I/O management

AUX Board

Auxiliary board front panel is equipped with four connectors: EOW connector Service channel interface #1 (RS422 V11 DCE 64 kbit/s) Service channel interface #2 (RS422 V11 DCE 64 kbit/s) Housekeeping interface (6 inputs + 7 outputs. The polarity of each alarm is user configurable and a user defined label could be added per each alarm)

Only one auxiliary card per NE can be equipped, and in a fixed position: it can be lodged in slot 8 (bottom right) of MSS-8 or in slot 4 (bottom right) of MSS-4. Typical applications for AUX board are : transport over MPR of the ingress service channels that could be delivered for example by 9400 LUX 40/50, LUX12, 9400AWY 2.0/2.1, 9500 MXC transport over MPR of the ingress service channels that could be delivered by end user. Note in case of 64 Kbit/sec the end user must be always configured as DTE.

33

transport over MPR of the TMN signal coming from: o o LUX 12, V11 9.6 Kbit/s RQ2 protocol LUX 40/50, V11 9.6 Kbit/s SNMP protocol

Please note that in the last case MPR is taking care of pure transport; no termination of TMN channel is done inside MPR using aux card, while recommended TMN chain is done using Ethernet TMN interface for 9400AWY and 9500 MXC.

34

5.12

Fan Board

A FAN card is required inside the MSS-4/8 shelf. MSS-4 can be optionally equipped without fan card, supporting temperature up to +45C 1. The FAN holds three long-life axial fans, which are controlled and performance-monitored by the controller.

Fan Board To have high reliability 3 fans are used with separate alarms in order to understand the urgency (two or three fans failed) or the not urgency condition (one fan failed). The Unit is inserted from front side to avoid payload interruptions in case of fan maintenance. The FAN is hot swappable and in-service replacement doesn't affect traffic.

An optional Fan unit, called Fan Alarm Card, is available on MSS-8, hosting a housekeeping connector for Equipment Alarms (Summary, Major and Minor) and 4 housekeeping inputs and 8 high reliability fans. The board is mandatory when 24V DC converter is equipped.

35

5.13

+24V integrated DC/DC converter

An optional +24V DC/DC converter is available for MSS-8 shelf One or two converters are able to slide on the MSS chassis, side by side, in a single card slot. Unprotected converter kit will be used in configurations where single, non redundant A battery feed is used. Protected converter kit will be used when dual, redundant, A and B battery feeds are used. In either configurations, the +24VDC to -48VDC converter kits use a single vacant slot of the MSS chassis. There is no interconnection between the converter(s) and the MSS backplane. Both the +24 VDC input and -48 VDC output are available via 2 position connectors on the front of the unit. The converter(s) will receive its input(s) from +24 VDC primary power feed(s) and the -48 VDC output(s) will be connected to the MSS -48 VDC inputs located on the right side of the MSS chassis via a short external power cable, providing -48 VDC to the MSS, in the same way the shelf is powered when -48 VDC primary is used as oppose to +24 VDC. +24V DC/DC converter can power any module in the shelf (and of course related ODU connected to the module) up to a total power consumption of 348 watts. When + 24V DC/DC converter is used, the Fan Alarm board must be equipped in the rack.

36

6 MEF-8
6.1 MEF-8

As described in MetroEthernet Forum, MEF-8 is a standard for implementing interoperable CES equipment that reliably transport TDM circuits across Metro Ethernet Networks while meeting the required performance of circuit emulated TDM services as defined in ITU-T and ANSI TDM standards. The Circuit Emulation Service (CES) emulates a circuit network, by packetizing, encapsulating and tunneling the TDM traffic over Ethernet.

MEF-8 Service Definitions Alcatel-Lucent 9500 MPR implements a proprietary technique that reduces to a few percentages the overhead improving the use on bandwidth on air when MEF-8 emulated circuits are transported. The improvement depends on the MEF-8 payload size and frame format and in case of TDM2TDM results in having quite the same efficiency than a traditional TDM radio.

6.1.1

BER performances

When MEF-8 Ethernet frames are transmitted through a noisy medium (e.g. the Radio Physical Layer), bit errors may occur. If an Ethernet frame is affected by one error, this is detected and the entire frame is dropped. This affects the TDM with a worse BER that if compared with a traditional TDM over TDM transmission process, it is higher, multiplied by a factor that is the frame length. In order to avoid such BER degradation a technique is implemented such as for any reasonable BER on the Radio Channel, the TDM transported by MEF-8 CESoETH is affected by the same BER without any multiplication effect.

37

6.1.2

Packet Delay Variation control

A technique is implemented in order to control Packet Delay Variation (PDV) affecting MEF-8 Ethernet frames. With this technique the waiting time that affects MEF-8 Ethernet frames are not depending on the length of the Ethernet frame. This gives benefit in term of packet delay variation minimization, so that any kind of services (VoIP, TDM, ATM, Ethernet) is experiencing a small cost value of PDV, independently and regardless of the traffic load.

7 Adaptive Modulation

To be able to fulfill the required quality of service (QoS) parameter of the specific applications, together with the goal of efficient usage of the available frequency spectrum under temporal variable channel conditions, the signal transmission parameter should be adapted to the nearinstantaneous channel conditions. The receiver measures/estimates the communication channel conditions and sends a report to the transmitter station. The signal transmission parameters are determined for the next transmission according to channel quality estimation. The transmitter and the receiver must regularly synchronize the applied communication mode. An appropriate prediction method is needed for channel parameter estimation, because channel quality estimation error limits the performance of the adaptive system. The most reliable approach is based on the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR), measured obtained using the Mean Square Error (MSE). The radio with ACM is "error-less", in other words is able to guarantee the same performances either in case of Constant Bit Rate (CBR) payload or in case of "First Priority" payload. The error-less concept means that a certain portion of the traffic, i.e. SDH, PDH or other-like CBR or NCBR defined by the customer/operator as "first priority", shall be treated as the traditional traffic in SDH or PDH system, guarantying a certain level of availability. The remaining portion of traffic is carried with less availability, according to the link propagation performances, guarantying the "best effort" or other objectives.

38

9500 MPR allows to fully exploit the air bandwidth in its entirety by changing modulation scheme according to the propagation availability, associating to the different services quality the available transport capacity.

7.1
traffic.

Performances of Adaptive Modulation:

for Flat Fading, 9500 MPR supports notch speed up to 100 dB/sec without errors on priority

in case of Selective Fading 9500 MPR is able to provide a 40 dB notch event, thus supporting 100 MHz/sec speed without errors.

39

8 Synchronization
The Alcatel-Lucent 9500 MPR product family supports a full range of local and end-to-end networksynchronization solutions for a wide variety of applications. At the ingress of the microwave backhauling the network clock can be locked to anyone of the following sources: Synch-Eth Any plesiochronous E1/T1 data link chosen from any input interface Dedicated Sync-In port available on MPR core module for a waveform frequency signal at 2, 5, or 10 MHz Built-in free run oscillator. STM1 clock chosen from SDH input interface

At the egress of the backhauling network synchronization is made available through anyone of the following: Synch-Ethernet according to G.8261/8262 Any plesiochronous E1/T1 data link chosen from any output interface Dedicated Sync-In port available on MPR core module for a waveform frequency signal at 2, 5, or 10 MHz. STM1 clock chosen from SDH output interface

It is important to notice that ingress and egress methods can be freely mixed, depending on the specific needs of the operator. So, as an example, the network clock can be locked to an ingress E1 and delivered through a Synch-Eth or BITS interface at the egress of the microwave backhauling. On the radio channel, a 9500 MPR transfers the reference clock to an adjacent MPR device through the radio carrier frequency at physical layer. This method offers two main advantages: No bandwidth is consumed for the synchronization distribution Total immunity to the network load.

End-to-end scenarios where time-of-day/phase alignment are requested are fully supported, as 1588 PTP v2 is delivered transparently by MPR across the microwave backhauling network.

40

1588 transparent transport

Cell site

Cell site

Aggregation network
RNC

PRC

Cell site

Synchronization distribution path Point of availability of the synchronization Possible synchronization sources: E1/T1 available for data traffic 2.048 MHz, 5 or 10 MHz input

Possible synchronization options: E1/T1 2.048, 5 or 10 MHz output

MPR deployment in mobile backhauling

Both for Hybrid and Packet working modes, the Clock can be received at hand-off or delivered at the cell site. Synch-Eth, E1, PDH, SDH and BITS clock modes are available. 9500 MPR has an embedded reference clock which is distributed to each board of the network element. Such clock is generated in the Clock Reference Unit (CRU) of the core card (controller).

STM-1/OC-3

STM-1/OC-3

SDH/Sonet card
E1/T1

SDH/Sonet card

PDH card
ATM/IMA E1/T1

Distributed reference clock

E1/T1

PDH card
ATM/IMA E1/T1

ASAP card
Symbol rate

Clock selector

CRU
G813 quality

ASAP card
Symbol rate

Radio card
Synch- Eth Synch-Out

Radio card
Synch- Eth Synch-Out

Core card

Core card

Stratum 3 oscillator

Clock source selection and distribution

41

The availability of the Clock in the Network represents the most common scenario, characterized by a time source available at the ingress of the microwave backhauling network, derived from the primary reference clock.

Aggregation network
Service clock Network clock phase

PRC

DCR

1588

Network clock frequency

Sync-Eth T1/E1 BITS

L1 synch

L1 synch

Sync-Eth T1/E1 BITS

Sync-Eth SDH

Cell site

Microwave tail

Microwave hub

Microwave hand-off

Aggregation network

Service node with master clock

Network Clock Available Synchronization (frequency) is delivered to the cell site using any of the options available on MPR, depending on the operators need. Worth repeating ingress and egress methods can be mixed (i.e. Synch-Eth at the ingress, E1/T1 at the egress) via a simple configuration.

42

9 Ethernet Features

9.1

MAC Switching embedded Level 2 Ethernet

The switch is capable to evaluate the destination address of each frame received and to transmit the individual frames to the correct egress port according to information contained in a database "address resolution table" and associated to destination address. If the switch does not know on which port to forward the frame (destination address is not present in "address resolution table"), it sends the packet on all ports (flooding). The switch performs half transparent bridge functionality that is to filter the frames which destination is on the segment (port) where it was received.

9.2

Level-2 Addressing

The address management function is performed in the switch through the address table (Level-2 Table) that can manage up to 16384 entries in MSS-4/8, 8192 entries in MSS-1c. This means that the maximum number of MAC addresses supported is 16384 for MSS-4/8 and 8192 with MSS-1c. New entries are automatically learned when packet is received on port. These entries can be created or updated by the Equipment. The aging process periodically removes dynamically learned addresses from the "address resolution table". Learning is based on Source MAC Address and VLAN ID. It is possible to combine this function with the static configuration of the registration entries. For any valid incoming packet, the Source MAC Address is associated to the VLAN ID (directly from the packet or through VLAN Tables) and used to search the proper tables. If a match is not found, the new address is learned and associated with the ingress port of the packet. If a match is found, no further action is taken for learning. The Destination MAC Address along with the VLAN ID is used as a search key for the packets output port. If a match is found then the packet is switched out on the matched port, otherwise, if the match is not found, then a Destination Lookup Failure (DLF) occurs and the packet is switched out on all ports that are members of the VLAN, except that one which has received the packet in ingress.

43

9.3

Flooding

If the switch does not know on which port to forward the frame (destination address is not present in "address resolution table"), it sends the packet on all ports (flooding). By default the flooding is enabled on all ports and doesnt require any CT/NMS setting. Nevertheless using the cross connections capability is possible to restrict the flooding only on some ports.

9.4

Half bridge functionality

The switch performs half transparent bridge functionality (address learning to filter the frames which destination is on the segment where it was generated).

9.5
9.5.1

Summary of Ethernet Features Supported

IEEE 802.3x Flow control

In case of incoming Ethernet traffic leading to exhaustion of buffers on input queues, PAUSE frames are transmitted from the switch to remote peer in order to slow down the traffic (if the peer supports flow control). In the other direction, when the switch receives a pause frame on a specific port from peer equipment, the switch stops the packet transmission on that port until receives again a pause frame with resume transmission command. Flow control to be fully effective (no packets lost inside the network) requires that all devices in the end-to-end path support flow control. The flow control function is supported only when the capability is full duplex. The flow control setting on the switch ports linked to user Ethernet ports must be consistent with the setting on the user ports. Flow control is supported on MSS-1c, on 1 port, in full duplex asymmetric Tx mode, meaning that the switch will be able to transmit PAUSE frames, but will ignore received PAUSE frames. Flow control is not supported on MPR-e.

9.5.2
side.

Asymmetric Flow control

This features on switch port based, allows of enable the pause frame only in transmission or receiver

In the first case the switch can generate pause frame toward peer but is not able to stop transmission traffic when receives a pause from peer.

44

In the second case, asymmetric receive flow control enabled, the switch when receives a pause frame stops the transmission but is not able to transmit pause frame toward the peer. The asymmetric flow control setting on the switch ports linked to user Ethernet ports must be consistent with the setting on the user ports.

9.5.3

802.1Q VLAN management

The port-based VLAN feature allows of partition the switch ports into virtual private domains. According to the type of site configuration and cross-connections setting this feature is properly managed by the software. For example, if all traffic from one Ethernet port must be forwarded only in one radio direction is good to enable the traffic exchange only between these ports. The IEEE 802.1Q tag VLAN feature can be enabled including between the other the stripping or adding of the TAG and VLAN lookups in addition to MAC lookups (this feature between the other can be useful for re-route TMN traffic to the controller). The IEEE 802.1Q tag VLAN feature can be enabled or disabled (be transparent for the VLAN) including between the other the stripping or adding of the TAG and VLAN lookups in addition to MAC lookups (this feature can be useful to logically break a physical LAN into a few smaller logical LAN and to prevent data to flow between the sub-LAN), dropping NON-VLAN Frames.

9.5.4

Link Aggregation (IEEE 802.3ad)

Link Aggregation allows one or more physical links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group, such that a MAC Client (CES, VLAN Management, etc.) can treat the Link Aggregation Group as if it is a single link. Link Aggregation provides the following: Increased bandwidth: The capacity of multiple links is combined into one logical link Link protection: The failure or replacement of a single link within a Link Aggregation Group does not cause failure from the perspective of a MAC Client. Load sharing: MAC Client traffic may be distributed across multiple links. Automatic configuration: Link Aggregation Groups are automatically configured and individual links are automatically allocated to those groups relying on the Link Aggregation Protocol.

45

Static configuration: Link Aggregation Groups are statically configured by the operator.

Link aggregation is not currently supported on MSS-1c.

9.6

Ethernet OAM (IEEE 802.3ag)

Ethernet OAM is a set of procedures for maintenance and troubleshooting of point-to-point and multi-point Ethernet Virtual Connections that span one or more links. It is end-to-end within an Ethernet network. The following figure shows a network comprising of multiple domains within the metro network.

Customer domain

Provider domain

Operator 1 domain

Operator 2 domain

The customer subscribes to the services of a provider, who in turn subscribes to the services of two operators. Every domain has its own NMS. There are two planes. Vertical plane in red shows the OAM entities across different domains. Horizontal plane in blue has various OAM entities (MEPs and MIPs) within a domain. The following figures show the cross-section across the vertical OAM plane and the horizontal OAM plane respectively. The vertical plane figure shows a single monitored path for each administrative domain; the horizontal plane figure shows two monitored paths for the same administrative domain.

46

Customer Equipment
1 2

Operator A Bridges
3 4 5

Operator B Bridges
6 7 8

Customer Equipment
9

Customer Level
MEP
ETH

Levels

Provider Level Operator Level Server Layer

Maintenance End Point Maintenance Intermediate Point
Vertical plane cross-section

MIP

ETH Section or SRV

MIP10 MEP3

MIP9 MEP1 MIP1 MIP2 MIP3 MIP4 MIP5 MIP6 MIP7 MIP8 MEP4

MIP11

MEP2

MIP12

Bridge Port MIP MEP

Horizontal plane cross-section

47

Ethernet OAM provides the following tools:

Ethernet OAM will be supported on MSS-1c in future release.

48

9.7

Ethernet Ring Protection (ITU-T G.8032v2)

ERP allows a simple, Carrier Grade and reliable packet protection in ring topologies. It is applicable to Full Microwave Rings only. ITU-T G.8032v2 ERP filled the gap in Carrier grade Ring protection schema. (x)STP in fact has been developed for LAN environments and it is not employed anymore in new network deployments for its lack of determinism (depending on the position of root bridge) and scalability (BPDU needs to be processed in each node, MSTP is complex to operate, Per-VLAN STP is not standardized and scalable) in Carrier networks.

With reference to the following network scenario:

the following specifications apply: The ring is implemented by east and west facing radio directions Traffic can follow on both ring directions: Clockwise direction & Counter-clockwise direction Protection is triggered by physical criteria (no protocol intervention) Protection is based on R-APS messages sent on both sides of the ring by the nodes detecting the failure. Traffic is redirected by each node of the ring locally, ensuring parallel processing to speed up protection time. G.8032v2 algorithm operates on VLAN, regardless the type of traffic transported: TDM (TDM2TDM and TDM2ETH) and Eth (Multiple CoS and services) traffic types can be protected

49

Traffic flows (any type/priority) can be allocated on both ring directions to exploit the maximum ring bandwidth in normal conditions for best effort traffic and to limit packet delay when traffic enters from different points of the ring.

G.8032v2 is supported on both MSS1/MSS4/MSS8 Synchronization is managed through SSM messages (Synchronous Ethernet). Multichannel LAG L1 configuration can be supported inside the ring, with optionally error error free adaptive modulation configured.

9500MPR does support ITU-T G.8032v2 in mixed configuration as well, meaning that some links can be microwave and some links can use fiber. Here below few options available, with 8032v2 ring implemented by ALU devices.

50

9.8

Other features

Port Segregation: all traffic received/transmitted from one user Ethernet port or radio direction cannot be exchanged with specific user Ethernet ports/radio directions

Per flow policer: ingress rate limiter per VLAN, dropping the traffic exceeding a given CIR value

Per Cos policer: ingress rate limiter per p bits value (i.e. possibility to define a thresholds above which the traffic a given pbit value or a given set of pbits values is dropped)

Broadcast storm control: ingress rate limiter on broadcast traffic Multicast storm control: ingress rate limiter on multicast traffic MAC address access control list: only packet with SA inside a given list are transmitted towards the radio

These features are not supported by MPR-e.

9.8.1

Stacked VLAN (Q-in-Q): 802.1ad

The switch supports double tagging according to 802.1ad, in particular: adding a service VLAN on the ingress traffic pbits value of service VLAN is a)user configurable b)same value of customer VLAN. The EtherTypes supported are:

EtherType 0x8100 EtherType 0x9100 EtherType 0x88A8

9.8.2

VLAN swap

Every incoming frames on a given user having VLANID xxx is remarked with VLANID yyy without changing the priority (.1p bits). This feature is not supported by MSS-1c and MPR-e

51

9.9

Ethernet QoS

The Ethernet switch provides a Quality of Service mechanism to control all streams. If by CT/NMS the QoS is disabled all traffic inside the switch has the same priority, this means that for each switch port there is only one queue (FIFO) therefore the first packet that arrives is the first that is transmitted.

9.9.1

Traffic priority

In the switch the QoS assigns the priority for each packet according to information in:

Port-based: the same priority is assigned to each frame arriving at the given ingress port; IEEE std 802.1p: the packet is examined for the presence of a valid 802.1P user-priority Tag. If the tag is present the correspondent priority is assigned to the packet;

MAC based: the MAC destination address and VLAN ID are used to determine the priority for each packet;

DiffServ: each packet is classified based on DSCP field in the IP header to determine the priority;

By CT/NMS the priority can be chosen between 802.1p or DiffServ for each Network Element.

9.9.2

IEEE 802.1P QoS configuration

When 802.1p QoS mechanism is adopted the reference is the standard "IEEE 802.1D-2004 Annex G. User priorities and traffic classes that defines 7 traffic types and the corresponding user priority values. By CT/NMS is possible to configure the mapping 802.1p value to queue inside the switch (except for MSS-1c). When an incoming packet is not 802.1p it is assigned to the lowest priority queue.

9.9.3

DiffServ QoS configuration

When DiffServ QoS mechanism is adopted the classification uses the DS field of the IP packet header. By CT/NMS is possible to configure the mapping DS field value to queue inside the switch (except for MSS-1c). When an incoming packet has not DiffServ valid value it is assigned to the lowest priority queue. IPv6 TOS classification is supported as well.

9.9.4

Congestion management

In case of traffic congestion is possible to choose between Random Early Detection (RED) or tail drop algorithm before the congestion becomes excessive.

52

9.9.5

Quality of Service

Quality of service of CORE card: The Quality of Service feature of the Ethernet switch provides eight internal queues for each port to support eight different class of service (COS). For each egress port according to the method of QoS classification configured in the switch, the packets are assigned to specific queue.

High priority traffic is served starting from Queue 8 to 6, while the remaining five queues are shared by all generic Ethernet flows according the default and fixed classification mechanism configured by CT/NMS.

In MSS-1c, classification services is slightly different to stick with specific requirements of the tail. L2 switch in MSS-1c provides 4 internal queues per port All TDM flows are assigned to highest egress priority queue (Q4) Ethernet flows are assigned based on 802.1p or Diffserv information.

Service type TDM ETHERNET ETHERNET ETHERNET

Scheduler type

MPR QoS #4 #3

HPQ

DWRR

#2 #1

For MPR-e , the 3 first queues are dedicated to TDM2TDM, TDM2ETH and TMN traffic. TDM2TDM and TDM2ETH traffic management will be supported in future release. 5 next queues are dedicated to Ethernet traffic. For MPR-e, the Ethernet queues can be configured in HQP (starting from queue#5) in strict priority algorithm to guaranty real time transport such as VoIP

53

Service type TDM TDM2ETH TMN ETHERNET ETHERNET ETHERNET ETHERNET ETHERNET

Classification

Scheduler type

MPR QoS #8

VLAN&MAC VLAN&MAC VLAN&MAC 1p/Diffserv 1p/Diffserv 1p/Diffserv 1p/Diffserv 1p/Diffserv

HPQ

#7 #6 #5 #4

HPQ /DWRR

#3 #2 #1

Two types of scheduler algorithms are possible: Deficit Weighted Round Robin (DWRR); the weights determine the number of blocks (not the number of packets) that each queue can send at each algorithm round. Strict Priority (SP) or High Queue Preempt (HQP); guarantee that when the queue with higher priority is not empty, it is immediately served. The primary purpose of the strict priority scheduler is to provide lower latency service to the higher CoS classes of traffic.

54

10

Radio Configurations

The following configurations are available for each radio path. 1+0 In this configuration the radio chain consists of: One Radio Outdoor Unit (MPT) One Antenna One MPT Access Card

ODU 300/MPT

Modem/AWY/ MPT Access Card

(1+0)

1+1

In this configuration the radio chain consists of: Two Radio Outdoor Units ( MPT) One or two antennas One or two MPT Access Cards Following options are available for protected configuration: Hot Stand-by (with or w/o coupler) Frequency Diversity Polarization Diversity
1+1 Hot Standby

This method offers protection against HW failures providing two independent TX/RX chains. In (1+1)HSby one transmitter is working, while the other one is in stand-by; both receivers are active and the best ODU source is selected. In case of 1+1 Hot Stand-by on single antenna, both Radio Units are connected to a coupler, balanced or un-balanced.

55

Main

Hsby

Modem/MPT Access Card

(1+1)Hsby On Single Antenna

Alternatively, in case of 1+1 Hot Stand-by Space Diversity, each Radio Unit is connected to an individual antenna.

Main

Modem/MPT Access Card

Hsby

(1+1)Hsby On two Antennas

1+1 Frequency Diversity/Polarisation DIversity

This method offers protection against selective and temporary link quality degradation.

56

In (1+1) Frequency Diversity, both radio paths are active in parallel using different frequencies; this method, based on memory buffer that guarantees the bit to bit alignment, can offer error free protection against fading (via a hitless switch) up to 100dB/sec. Both two antennas and single antenna (dual polarized) mounting arrangements are available. (However, with FD, the usual arrangement is one antenna SP.) (1+1) Polarization Diversity adopts the same concepts of FD, but in this case the same RF signal is transmitted on two different polarizations (H/V) by means of a single double polarized antenna. Adjacent Channel Alternate Polarised (ACAP), Adjacent Channel Co Polarised (ACCP) and Co-Channel Dual Polarisation (CCDP) operations are supported

Main

F1/H1

F2/H2
Modem/MPT Access Card

Hsby

(1+1) Frequency/Polarisation Diversity On two Antennas

10.1
Direct-Mounted Radio Unit

Antenna Mount

The Radio Unit is attached to its antenna by a direct-mount collar, which includes a built-in rotator for selection of vertical or horizontal polarization. A full range of direct-mount antennas is offered with diameters from 0.3m to 1.8m. As an aid to antenna alignment, the ODU includes receive signal level (RSL) access

57

For single antenna protected, frequency diversity and 2+0 operation, a direct-mount antenna coupler for two ODU is available.

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Power Supply

9500 MPR operates with nominal a -48 VDC power supply (positive grounded)in a voltage range of 40.5 to 57.6V DC. The DC power supply must be UL or IEC compliant for a -48V DC SELV output. The MSS-8 has the +Ve pin on its DC power supply connector fastened directly to the shelf so must be used with a -48V DC power supply which has a +Ve earth; the power supply earth conductor is the +Ve supply to the radio. There must be no switching or disconnecting devices in this earth conductor between the DC power supply and the point of connection to the radio. MSS4/8 shelves are protected against polarity inversion, i.e. in case of inversion of "+" and "-" poles. In this case, simply the equipment does not switch on and there are no damages in the equipment. Power Distribution The system receives the Battery input through 2 power connectors mounted on the shelf (MSS-8 shelf only) and connected directly to the Backplane. MSS-4 and MSS-1 shelf have 1 power connector. Each board receives the Battery input (via Backplane) and provides adaptation to the customer central power bus. The input voltage range is from 40.5 to 57.6V DC. Nominal Voltage is 48V DC - Positive grounded. Power Protection

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Two different topics have to be considered: 1. DC/DC converter protection : 9500 MPR does adopt a distributed power supply architecture, meaning that each card has its own DC/DC converter. Consequently no single point of failure is present and powering is fully protected.

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