Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis: muckraker who wrote about tenement houses and slums in his book How the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell: muckraker who wrote History of the Standard Oil Company Robert M. LaFollete: pompadoured gov of Wisconson, undersized and overbearing, the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders, wrestled power from the lumber and railroad "interests", perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities Charles Evans Hughes: Governor of New York, United States Secretary of State, and the Chief Justice of the United State. He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson. Upton Sinclair: muckraker who wrote about meat packing industry in the Jungle Initiative : Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves. Referendum : Approval by the people for laws Recall: Progressive device that would enable voters to remove corrupt or ineffective officials from office Muckrakers: Wrote with lots of detail to bring about emotions and move citizens to action Elkins Act : Curbed railroads Hepburn Act: Effective railroad-regulation law of 1906 that greatly strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission. Free passed were restricted. No bribery/persuading. Northern Securities Case: 1904 Supreme Court refused railway promoters' appeal and ordered the Northern Securities Company to be dissolved, angered big businesses, enhanced TR's reputation as a trustbuster Meat Inspection Act: Meat subject to federal inspection Pure Food and Drug Act : Prevent mislablying of food Newlands Act: authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.

Dollar diplomacy: Generally unsuccessful Taft foreign policy in which government attempted to encourage overseas business ventures. Payne-Aldrich Act: lowered tariffs Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: Secretary of the Interior opened public lands to corporate development in WY/MT/AK, criticized by Pinchot Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives?

Modernize American institutions to 1) use the state to curb monopoly power 2) improve common person's conditions of life and labor, fairness in suffrage (women's suffrage and Australian ballot) Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?

Lincoln Steffens unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. Ida M. Tarbell published an expose of the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker said that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. John Spargo brought the abuses of child labor to light. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by experimenting on himself. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.

The Progressives favored the "initiative" so that voters could directly propose legislation, the "referendum" so that the people could vote on laws that affected them, and the "recall" to remove bad officials from office. They also wanted to root out graft, using a secret Australian ballot to counteract boss rule, and have direct election of U.S. senators to stop corruption. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?

Progressives in Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city-manager system, which was designed to take politics out of municipal administration. Urban reformers attacked "slumlords," juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La

Follette wrestled control from the crooked corporations and returned power to the people. Under the leadership of Governor Hiram W. Johnson, other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and California. Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?

They were successful. Progressives made major improvements in the fight against child labor. The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers. Anti-liquor organizations like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally, in 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?

They were get control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."

He understood the political popularity of monopoly-smashing, but he did not consider it a sound economic policy. He did not want to punish the trusts for their economic success, so he made his purpose symbolic. He wanted to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country. He did not come down on trusts as hard as he could have. Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?

It enlightened the American public to the disgustingly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?

Roosevelt, convinced by the actions other conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, head of the federal Division of Forestry, convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act. He pined to preserve the nation's shrinking forests by setting aside 125 million acres in federal reserves, earmarking millions of acres of coal deposits, and he earmarked water resources for irrigation and power.

The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?

The panic paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms, and Congress, in 1908, passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in response to the hard-pressed banks being unable to increase the volume of money in circulation. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?

He was to be known as the president to tame capitalism giving it a long adult life, with enthusiasm and perpetual youthfulness, that strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism, and, most of all, the president that started a conservation crusade. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain

He was fat, jovial, graduated second in his class at Yale, had an enviable reputation as a judge and a lawyer, and was a trusted administrator of Roosevelt's, but he had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, was passive to Congress, did not take criticism well, and he was more wedded to status quo than to change. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?

A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft, seeing a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests, had Secretary of State Philander C. Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and Haiti, while in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, American forces were brought in to restore order and protect American investment. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?

In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. In his seven and a half years in office, Roosevelt brought 44 suits against trusts. In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. After Taft tried to break apart U.S. Steel despite Roosevelt being personally involved in one of the mergers that prompted the suit, Taft increasingly became Roosevelt's antagonist. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?

Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, thus betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Taft rubbed salt in the wound by proclaiming it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed." The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?

In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed, with LaFollette as its leader, but in February 1912, Roosevelt began writing to state governors that he was willing to accept the Republic nomination. Roosevelt forthwith seized the Progressive banner pushing LaFollette aside. Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad Big Picture Themes 1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft. 2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people. 3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico. 4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being. Chapter #29: Identifications Eugene Debs : candidate of Socialist party Pancho Villa : Mexican revolutionary "bandit"; assaulted American citizens and territory provoked US expedition to MX John J. Pershing : Led the American Expeditionary Force which urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force. Wilson sent him to capture Villa, and hepenetrated deep into Mexico, clashed with Carranza's and Villa's different forces, but didn't take Villa. Central Powers: World War I alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary Allies: The coalition of powers - led by Britain, France, and Russia - that opposed Germany and its partners in World War I Lusitania: Large British passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 prompted some Americans to call for war against Germany Sussex Pledge: Germany's carefully conditional agreement in 1916 not to sink passenger and merchant vessels without warning Federal Reserve Act: banking system under a new federal law of 1913; money reserves saved for repressions and such

New Nationalism: TR's Progressive policy; 1) consolidation of trusts and labor unions 2) growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington 3) active gov't role in economic and social affairs 4) women's suffrage, social welfare programs New Freedom: Wilson's political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition Underwood Tariff: reduced import fees by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax. Federal Trade Commission: New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prevent monopoly and guard against unethical trade practices Clayton Antitrust Act: Wilsonian law that tried to curb business monopoly while permitting labor and agricultural organization Chapter #29 Identifications The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom 1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.

Roosevelt campaigned for female suffrage and a broad program of social welfare, such as minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance. Wilson's New Freedom favored small enterprise, desired to break up all trusts. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President 2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.

With the Republicans split, Woodrow Wilson easily won with 435 Electoral votes, while Roosevelt had 88 and Taft only had 8, but the Democrats did not receive the majority of the popular vote. Socialist Eugene V. Debs racked up over 900,000 popular votes, while the combined popular totals of Roosevelt and Taft exceeded Wilson. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics 3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?

Woodrow Wilson was a sympathizer with the South, a fine orator, a sincere and morally appealing politician, a very intelligent man, cold personality-wise, austere, intolerant of stupidity, and very idealistic. When convinced he was right, Wilson would break before he would bend, unlike Roosevelt. Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff 4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"

The three parts were the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson Battles the Bankers Know: The Federal Reserve Act

5.

How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?

It had a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money. The President Tames the Trusts Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act 6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?

In 1914, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act, which empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery. The 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts, and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis 7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilsons progressive legislation and actions.

Wilson proceeded with further reforms, such as the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, which made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest, and the Warehouse Act of 1916, which permitted loans on the security of staple crops. The La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915 required good treatment of America's sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring as a result of the cost to maintain sailor health. The Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916 granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The 1916 Adamson Act established an eight-hour workday with overtime pay. Wilson appeased the business by appointing a few conservatives to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission, but he used most of his energies for progressive support. New Directions in Foreign Policy Know: Haiti 8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.

Wilson, unlike his two previous predecessors, didn't pursue an aggressive foreign policy, as he stopped "dollar diplomacy," persuaded Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, and even led to American bankers' pulling out of a six-nation, Taft-engineered loan to China. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing 9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?

Mexico had been exploited for decades by U.S. investors in oil, railroads, and mines, but the Mexican people were tremendously poor, and in 1913, they revolted, and installed full-blooded Indian General Victoriano Huerta to the presidency. The rebels were very violent and threatened Americans living in Mexico, but Woodrow Wilson would

not intervene to protect American lives. After a small party of American sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico, in 1914, Wilson threatened to use force, and even ordered the navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing protest from Huerta and Carranza. Thunder Across the Sea Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers 10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?

In 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The domino-effect began where Austria declared war on Serbia, which was supported by Russia, who declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany, which declared war on Russia and France, then invaded neutral Belgium, and pulled Britain into the war and igniting World War I. A Precarious Neutrality Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II 11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?

German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America tarnished the Central Powers' image when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a New York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plans for sabotage. America Earns Blood Money Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex 12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?

Germany announced its use of submarine warfare around the British Isles, warning the U.S. that it would try not to attack neutral ships, but that mistakes would probably occur. German subs, or U-boats, sank many ships, including the Lusitania, a British passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well. The attack killed 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916 Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War" 13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?

The Democratic ticket, with Wilson at its head again, went under the slogan "He kept us out of war," and warned that electing Hughes would be leading America into World War I. Even though Wilson didn't specifically promise to keep America out of war, enough people felt that he did to vote for him. Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives? Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians 14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?

I think the "New Left" historians are right. The Progressives wanted reform. They would not fight for reform if the corruption did not directly affect them in any way. The Progressives were the people who were affected by the corruption of trusts and wanted to do something about it.