Specific objectives

Diseases of the vascular system: This chapter aims at providing the students with the ability to: 1-define atherosclerosis, medial calcific sclerosis and arteriosclerosis 2- List the risk factors for atherosclerosis, and explain the role major risk factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. 3- Describe the morphologic details of the classic and the complicated lesions of atherosclerosis 4- Explain the theories of atherogenesis and the role of endothelial cells, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and lipoproteine and the possible role of thrombosis 5- Correlate the clinical course with the lesions and complications of atherosclerosis 6- Define hypertension and explain the difference between benign and malignant hypertension 7- Explain the role of the blood volume and peripheral resistance, and the role of the renninangiotensin-aldosterone system in the regulation of blood pressure. 8- Describe the morphologic features of arteriolosclerosis. 9- List the important types of vascultitis ( polyarteritis nodosa, hypersensitivity angiitis, wegner granulomatosis, temporal arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, Kawasaki disease, and thrombo-angiitis obliterans). 10- Explain the difference between Raynauds disease and Raynauds phenomenon 11- List the common types of aneurysms, and explain the differences between them (atherosclerotic, dissecting, syphilitic, mycotic, and the congenital types) 12- Define varicose veins, list examples and describe their possible complications 13- List the causes of lymphangiitis and lymphedema, and explain their complications. 14- list the types of vascular tumors and tumor-like lesions, and describe their biologic and morphologic characteristics (hemangiomas, glomangioma, hemangioendothelioma, hemangiopericytoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposis sarcoma, lymphangiomas, and lymphangiosarcomas) Diseases of the heart: This chapter aims at providing the students with the ability to: 1- list the mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction and cardiac adaptation 2- Explain the dynamics of the left sided and right sided heart failure, causes, and effects. 3- Explain the pathogenesis of ischemic heart diseases, and the role of fixed coronary obstruction, coronary thrombosis, vasoconstriction and increased oxygen demands 4- Define four syndromes of ischemic heart diseases ( Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart diseases and sudden cardiac death) 5- Explain the differences between stable, Prenzemetals, and unstable angina 6- Explain the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction, and describe the functional and morphologic changes of myocardium following occlusion of the coronary artery. 7- Compare between transmural and subendocardial myocardial infarctions 8- Explain the clinical course and complications of myocardial infarction. 9- Explain the diagnostic tools and therapeutics intervention for acute myocardial infarction. 10- Define chronic ischemic heart diseases and describe the morphologic changes and clinical course 11- Define sudden cardiac death, and list the most probable causes 12- Describe the structural and functional changes in the heart in hypertension 13- Define Cor-pulmonale and explain its causes and effects. 14- List the causes of mitral and aortic valve lesions and describe their effects 15- Describe calcific aortic valve disease in normal and in congenitally bicuspid valves 16- Describe the morphologic features and clinical effects of mitral valve prolapse. 17- Explain the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever, and describe the cardiac lesions in acute and chronic phases of the disease 18- Compare between acute and subacute infective endocarditis, regarding etiology, morphological changes and complications 19- Describe the characteristic features of non-bacterial thrombotic (Marantic) and Limbman-Sacks endocarditis. 20- Describe the cardiac changes in Carcinoid syndrome 21- Compare the three types of cardiomyopathies ( Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive)

22- List the major causes of myocarditis, and describe the structural changes and effects. 23- List the types of pericardial effusion, and the types of acute and chronic pericarditis 24- List the primary tumors of the heart, and describe the morphology and clinical course of atrial myxomas. 25- Classify congenital heart diseases, and describe the anatomic and hemodynamic changes in: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, Fallots tetralohgy, transposition of great arteries, truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous connections, coarctation of aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and aortic stenosis.

Diseases of the lung: This chapter aims at providing the students with the ability to: 1- Differentiate between pulmonary vascular disease, obstructive airway disease, and restrictive pulmonary disease 2- Identify the mechanism of pulmonaryhemodynamic edema of left -sided heart failure, and pulmonary edema of microvascular injury in adult respiratory distress syndrome 3- Explain the wide range of effects of pulmonary embolism, from no symptoms altogether, to immediate death, or hemorrhagic infarct of the lung, or pulmonary hemorrhage, or pulmonary hypertension and cor-pulmonale 4- Enumerate the causes of pulmonary hypertension, and describe its effects. 5- Explain the mechanism of absorptive and compressive atelectasis (collapse). 6- Define emphysema, enumerate its types, and explain the protease -antiprotease theory. Describe the morphologic changes and functional abnormalities in emphysema 7- Define chronic bronchitis and explain the morphologic changes and clinical course 8- Define bronchial asthma, and explain the pathogenesis of the extrinsic allergic and the nonreaginic types of asthma. Describe the morphology of the lungs, the functional changes and the clinical course 9- Define bronchiectasis and explain its pathogenesis. Describe the morphologic and functional changes, the clinical course and complications. 10- Differentiate between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia, in terms of the causative agents, the morphologic changes, the clinical course and complications. 11- Describe the pathogenesis of lung abscess, its morphology, effects and complications. 12- Differentiate between primary and secondary pulmonary tuberculosis, regarding the pathogenesis, morphologic characteristics, patterns of progression and prognosis. 13- List the causes of diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, and explain the morphologic and functional changes of the lungs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 14- Explain the risk factors for lung cancer. Describe the morphologic and biologic differences between squamous cell carcinoma, small cell undifferentiated (oat cell) carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, and carcinoid tumors. Explain the clinical course, modes of presentation and commonly associated paraneoplastic syndromes 15- List types of pleural effusion, their common causes and clinical effects. 16- Define pneumothorax, and explain the causes and clinical effects 17- Describe the epidemiology, morphology and clinical course of pleural mesothelioma. Diseases of the Head and Neck: This chapter aims at providing the students with the ability to: 1- List the inflammatory and neoplastic condtions of the external ears. 2- Differentiate between acute suppurative and acute serous otitis media, and explain how can chronic otitis media cause hearing impairment, osteomyelitis of the mastoid air cells, and rarely brain abscess 3- Explain the relationship between otitis media and cholesteatoma. 4- Explain how can lesions of the inner ear; such as otosclerosis, Menieres disease, labyrinthitis and acoustic neuroma encroach on the vestibular and choclear functions, and result in hearing impairment and vertigo.

5- Differentiate between infectious rhinitis (mostly viral) and allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and explain the role of type-I hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, its association with recurrent nasal polyps and its relation to mucocele or empyemas of the nasal sinuses. 6- Enumerate the types of tumors of the nasopharynx and describe their morphologic characteristics and biological behavior. The list should include; inverted papilloma, nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, undifferentiated carcinoma, isolated plasmacytoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, and chordoma. 7-Indicate the causes of laryngitis and describe the clinical course both in children and in adults. 8- Differentiate between laryngeal polyps, papillomas, and carcinomas. Also, show the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic carcinomas of the larynx. Oral Cavity 9- Give examples of the common congenital anomalies and inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity; including aphthous, herpetic and candidal ulcers. 10- List the types of acute and chronic sialoadenitis, with special reference to mumps and Sjogrens syndrome. 11- List the tumors of the salivary glands, and describe their morphologic characteristics and biological behavior. The list should include: pleomorphic adenoma, Warthins tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Students must be able to do the following: 1- Define esophageal disorders; including diverticulae, achalasia, esophagitis, lacerations, varicose veins (Varices) and tumors. 2- Describe the morphologic characteristics of esophageal cancer, and the relation of esophageal reflux to Barretts esophagus and the risk of developing carcinoma. 3- Explain the cause of esophageal varices and list other causes of esophageal bleeding. 4- Define gastritis, and differentiate between acute and chronic gastritis, and between fundal and antral types of chronic gastritis. 5- Define peptic ulcers, and differentiate between gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers in terms of pathogenesis, morphology and complications. 6- List benign and malignant tumors of the stomach, and differentiate between early gastric carcinoma and advanced cancer; in terms of depth of invasion, morphologic features and clinical course. 7- Describe the structural and clinical features of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. 8- Identify the abnormality in Meckels diverticulum, and in Hirschsprungs disease. 9- List the vascular disorders of the small and large intestines; includind ischemic bowel disease, angiodysplasia and hemorrhoids.. 10- Classify the types of enterocolitis. 11- Define idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Compare between Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis in terms of morphologic details and clinical course. 12- Define colonic diverticulosis, and describe the morphologic characteristics and the clinical course. 13- List the causes of bowel obstruction, and define; hernias, itussusception, volvulus and paralytic ileus. 14- List the tumors of small intestine, and describe their morphologic structures and biological behavior. 15- List the different types of polyps, and describe their morphologic features and clinical course. Describe the familial polyposis coli syndrome, and explain the concept of adenoma-carcinoma sequence. 16- Describe colorectal carcinoma, with reference to risk factors, morphologic features, staging and clinical course. 17- Describe the characteristic features of carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal lymphomas, and mesenchymal tumors of the GIT. 18- Describe the morphologic features and clinical course of acute appendicitis. 19- Describe carcinoid tumor of the appendix, cystadenoma, mucoceles and pseudo-myxoma peritoneii. 20- List the causes of peritonitis and describe its clinical course.

Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System & Exocrine pancreas: Students should be able to perform the following: 1- List the mechanisms of jaundice and provide examples of congenital and acquired forms . 2- Describe the circulatory disturbances of the liver associated with hepatic vein obstruction, portal vein obstruction, and hepatic artery occlusion. 3- Describe the morphologic and topographic variations of hepatocyte necrosis. 4- Compare between the types of viral hepatitis (hepatitis A,B,C,D,E, and G), with references to: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical syndromes. Describe the morphologic characteristics of the liver in the healthy carrier state, acute hepatitis, fulminating hepatitis, severe chronic (active0 hepatitis and mild chronic (persistent) hepatitis. 5- Identify cholangitis, pericholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. 6- Describe the morphology and clinical course of liver abscesses. 7-Define cirrhosis, and explain the pathogenesis and clinical course of alcoholic liver disease, postnecrotic cirrhosis, alpha-I-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilsons disease, cardiac cirrhosis and and the rare congenital types of cirrhosis. 8- Describe benign and malignant tumors of the liver, with reference to predisposing factors, morphologic features and clinical course. The list should include: hepatocellular adenoma, bile duct adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hebatoblastoma. 9- Explain the pathogenesis of gallstones, their morphology, clinical course and complications. 10- Describe acute and chronic cholecystitis, morphologic changes and clinical course. 11- Describe tumors of gall bladder and bile ducts (The ampulla of Vater). 12- Explain the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis, and describe the morphologic features and clinical course. 13- Enumerate tumors of the pancreas, and give an account of pancreatic carcinoma. Diseases of the Endocrine Pancreas: Students should be able to: 1- Define diabetes mellitus, describe the characteristics of different types. Explain the pathogenesis, the morphologic changes, and the metabolic abnormalities that determine the clinical course and complications. 2- Give a brief account of islet cell tumors, with special reference to insulinomas, glucagonomas, and gastrinomas. 3- List the pathogical finding in Zollinge-Ellison syndrome, and in the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes Diseases of the urinary system; Students must be able to: 1- Explain the pathological changes in chronic renal failure; the water and electrolyte disturbances, abnormalities in calcium and phosphates metabolism, the cardiopulmonary, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, skeletal, dermatologic and neurologic changes. 2- Define the major clinical syndromes associated with renal diseases: nephritic and nephritic syndromes, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria and bacteruria. 3- Enumerate the most common congenital anomalies of the kidneys, and list the important types of cystic renal disease. 4- Explain the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis (GN), and descrie the morphologic and clinical changes that characterize the following glomerular diseases: acute poststreptococcal GN, rapidly progressive GN, membranous GN, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membrano-proliferative GN(type I&II), focal proliferativwe GN, IgA-nephropathy (Bergers disease), and chronic GN. Students must be able to differentiate between these disease, regarding their etiology, pathogenesis, microscope, immunofluoresence and electron-microscopy. 5- Describethe glomerular lesions in association with systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, SLE, amyloidosis, henoch-schonlein purpura, and bacterial endocarditis. 6- List the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and structural changes in acute tubular necrosis.

7- Give a brief account of the different types of interstitial nephritis (IN), with special reference to acute and chronic bacterial pyelonephritis, drug-induced and analgesic abuse IN, hypercalceic IN, and hyperuricemic IN. 8- List the important renal vascular diseases, and explain the renal changes in hypertensive disease, renal artery stenosis and thromboembolism. 9- List the causes of obstructive uropathy and describe the morphologic changes and the clinical course. Explain the pathogenesis and morphologic features of renal calculi: the oxalate, uric acid and urate, and the triple phosphates. 10- Enumerate the tumors of the kidneys, and describe the gross and microscopic characteristics of: renal cell adenoma, renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor, transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and urinary tract. 11- Describe the changes in urinary bladder in acute and chronic cystitis, and the inter-relation between cystitis, stones, and tumors. Diseases of the Male Reproductive System: Students must be able to: 1- Define the important congenital abnormalities: hypospadias, epispadias, phimosis, paraphimosis and cryptochidism. 2- List the inflammatory conditions of the male genital organs. 3- Explain the features of the premalignant lesions; Bowens disease, Bowenoid papulosis, and erthroplasia of Queyrat. 4- Describe the characteristic features of condyloma acuminatum, giant condyloma (Verrucous carcinoma), and squamous cell carcinoma. 5- Describe the different types of orchitis and epididymitis, and explain the changes seen in autoimmune granulomatous orchitis. 6- Describe the morphologic changes and the clinical course of torsion of the testis. 7- Explain the relationship of cryptochidism to infertility and development of seminoma. 8- Classify testicular tumors, and identify the characteristic features (including tumor markers) of seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk-sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, Leydig-Sertoli cell tumors, testicular lymphoma, and adenomatoid tumor of the epididymis. 9- Define hydrocele, hematocele, chylocele, spermatocele and varicocele. 10- Describe the clinical presentation, morphologic and diagnostic features of acute and chronic prostatitis. 11- Describe the morphologic features and the clinical course of nodular hyperplasia of prostate. 12- Describe the epidemiology, morphologic features and clinical course of carcinoma of the prostate. Diseases of the Female Reproductive System: Students must be able to: 1-Explain the causes and the pathologic changes in pelvic inflammatory disease. 2-Differentiate between lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and hyperplastic dystrophy. 3- Describe the morphologic characteristic and biological behavior of tumors of the vulva, including: condyloma accuminatum, papillary hyradenoma, extramammary Pagets disease, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. 4- Differentiate between the following tumors of the vagina: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. 5- Describe the morphologic changes in acute and chronic cervicitis, endocervical microglandular hyperplasia, and endocervical polyps. 6- Describe carcinoma of the uterine cervix; its pathogenesis, morphologic features and clinical course. 7- Describe the cyclic endometrial changes, and the features of aovulatory cycles, inadequate luteal phase and discordance between the glandular and stromal patterns. 8- Define senile cystic endometrial atrophy and cystic endometrial hyperplasia. 9- Explain the relationship between adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium, and endometrial carcinoma.

10- Describe the morphologic features and the clinical course of leiomyomas of the uterus, and differentiate between leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas. 11-Describe the morphologic features & clinical course of endometrial stromal sarcoma. 12- Describe the morphologic features of acute and chronic salpingitis. 13- List the common types of non-neoplastic cysts of the ovaries. 14- Classify ovarian neoplasms into: surface epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors, and sex cordstromal tumors, and list the specific members of each group. 15- Describe the morphologic characteristic and biological behavior of serous tumors, mucinous tumors, Brenners tumor, and endometroid carcinoma. 16- Describe the morphologic features and biological behavior of dysgerminoma, ovarian teratoma, yolk-sac tumor and choriocarcinoma. 17- Describe the characteristic features of granulose cell tumor, theca cell tumor, setoli cell tumor, Leydig cell tumor, ovarian fibroma and hilus cell tumor (androblastomas). 18- Describe the etiology, morphologic features and clinical course of ectopic pregnancy 19- Describe the morphologic features and clinical course of toxemia of pregnancy 20- differentiate between complete and partial mole, invasive mole, and gestional choriocarcinoma Diseases of the Breast: Students are expected to do the following: 1- List the important congenital abnormalities of the breast and nipples. 2- Describe the changes in acute mastitis and breast abscess. 3- Describe the morphologic changes of mammary duct ectasia and fat necrosis. 4- List the morphologic changes and clinical course of fibrocystic change of the breast. 5- Describe the morphologic features and biological behavior of the following tumors of the breast: fibroadenoma, cystosarcoma phyyoides,and intraductal papilloma. 6- List the risk factors for breast carcinoma, and characteristic features of the following entities: intraductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma in-situ, invasive duct carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, and Pagets disease of the breast. Describe the important prognostic factors for breast carcinoma. 7- Define gynecomastia and describe the characteristic of carcinoma of the male breast. Diseases of the Endocrine System: Students must be able to: 1- Explain the hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine gland relationship. 2- List the causes of hyperpituitarism, and describe the manifestations of the common pituitary hyperfunction syndromes; including the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, gigantism, acromegaly, and Cushings disease. 3- List the causes of hypopituitarism, and describe the manifestations of pituitary dwarfism & hypogonadism, the Sheehans syndrome and the empty sella syndrome. 4- Describe the manifestations of diabetes insipidus, and the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion by nonendocrine tumors. 5- Describe the manifestations of hyper-and of hypo-hypothyroidism. 6- List the types of thyroiditis, and describe the pathogenesis, morphologic changes and clinical course of Hashimotos thyroiditis. 7- Define goiter, and differentiate between diffuse and nodular goiter, and between simple and toxic goiter. 8- Describe the pathogenesis, morphologic changes and clinical course of graves disease. 9- List the important types of thyroid adenoma and carcinoma, and describe their morphologic and biological characteristics. The list of adenomas should include; fetal, hurthle cell, micro-and macrofollicular. The list of carcinomas should include; papillary, follicular, medullary, and undifferentiated carcinoma. 10- List the causes and effects of hyper-parathyroidism, and define primary, secondary and tertiary hyper-parathyroidism. 11- List the causes and effects of hypo-parathyroidism, and define the syndromes of pseudohypoparathyroidism and pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism.

12- List the causes of adrenal cortical hypo-and hyperfunction. 13- Explain the effects of acute and chronic adrenal hypo-function. Describe the WaterhouseFriderichsen syndrome and Addisons disease as prototypes. 14- Explain the etiology and clinical course of the syndromes of adrenocortcal hyperfunction. The list should include; Cushings syndrome, Conns syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 15- Describe the morphologic characteristic and biological behavior of pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas of the adrenal medulla. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Students must be able to: 1- List the common hereditary bone dystrophies and explain the pathogenesis, the morphologic features and the clinical course of the following conditions: osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, achondroplasia, hereditary exostosis, fibrous dysplasia & fibrous cortical defect. 2- List the common aquired bone dystrophies, and explain the pathogenesis, the morphologic characteristics, and the clinical course of the following: osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia, osteitis fibrosa cystica, renal osteodystrophy, and pagets disease of bones. 3- Describe the steps of healing of bone fractures, and factors that influence healing. 4- Describe the steps of development of acute and chronc suppurative osteomyelitis, and the bone lesions in tuberculosis and in syphilis. 5- Classify bone tumors, and describe the type of patient, the common location and the radiologic pictures of osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma, chondroma, chondromyxoid fibroma, chondroblastoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewings tumor, and giant cell tumor of bone. 6- Explain the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, and describe the morphologic changes in the affected joints, and the clinical course of the disease. 7- Compare and contrast between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; regarding the type of patient, the associated manifestations, the joints involved, the nature of the pathological process and the clinical course. 8- Describe the characteristic changes in the affected joints in suppurative arthritis, tuberculous arthritis, Lime disease, gout and pseudogout. 9- Define: bursitis, ganglion, Bakers cyst, pigmented villonodular synovitis (nodular tenosynovitis, giant cell tumor of tendon sheath). 10- Describe the morphologic and biologic features of the following soft tissue tumors: benign and malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lipomas and liposarcomas, rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, fibroma and fibrosarcoma, tumor-like fibrous proliferation (fibromatosis) and synovial sarcoma. Diseases of the Central Nervous System: Students should be able to: 1-Explain the mechanism and clinical course of increased intracranial pressure, types of brain edema and the causes and clinical course of hydrocephalus. 2- Compare acute suppurative meningitis, acute lymphocytic meningitis, and chronic meningitis, regarding etiologic agents, morphologic changes and clinical course. 3- Describe the clinical presentation of encephalitis, and explain the differences between the group of bacterial or fungal encephalitis, and the groups of acute and of slow viral encephalitis. Show the morphologic differences between: herpes simplex, poliomyelitis, rabies, cytomegalovirus, HIV-1 encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalopathies, progressive mutifocal leukoencephalopathy, and subacute spongiform encephalopathies (prion disease). 4- Describe the morphologic and functional characteristics of hypoxic brain injury, occlusive cerebro-vascular diseases (Brain infarcts), and spontaneous hemorrhage (Intraparenchymal and or subarachnoid). 5- Describe the brain lesions in hypertension, and define: lacunae, subcortical leukoencephalopathy, and hypertensive encephalopathy. 6- Describe the mechanism, the morphologic changes, and clinical course of the different types of traumatic brain injury including: epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, concussion, contusion, lacerations, intraparenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury.

7- Describe the differential morphologic and biological characteristics of the following brain tumors: astrocytomas (various biologic grades: plocystic astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma mutiforme), oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, craniopharyngioma, pinealoma, dermoid cyst colloid cyst, schwannomas, neurofibromas, lymphomas, and metastases. 8- Describe the clinical and morphologic features of demyelinating diseases, with special reference to multiple sclerosis, perivenous encephalomyelitis, and leukodystrophies. 9- Describe the general features of the group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system, and describe the characteristic morphologic and functional changes in the following representative examples: Alzheimers disease parkinsons disease Diseases of peripheral nervous System: Students should be able to: 1- Explain the mechanism of degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves. 3- Explain how does the reaction of striated muscle to injury entails atrophy, degeneration, necrosis and regeneration. 4- Describe the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis, and its clinical course. 5- List the congenital and metabolic myopathies , and describe the Duchenne and Bekers types. Diseases of the Skin: Students should be able to: 1- Define acute inflammatory dermatoses including: urticaria, acute eczematous dermatitis, and erythema multiform. Describe its morphologic features. 2- List chronic inflammatory dermatoses: psoriasis and lichen planus and describe its morphologic features. 3- List the blistering (bullous) diseases: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetitiformis. Explain its pathogenesis and describe its morphologic features. 4- List benign and premalignant epithelial lesions including: seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, verruca (warts), and actinic keratosis. Describe its morphologic features. 5- List malignant epidermal tumors: suamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Explain its pathogenesis and define its morphologic and biological characteristics. 6- Define tumors and tumor-like lesions of melanocytes: nevocellular nevus (pigmented nevus, mole), dysplastic nevus, and explain the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma and describeits morphologic and biological characteristics.