SP1 100 0000 00 Sa PH 101 5

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY
SOUTH PARS GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT

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DOCUMENT TITLE
Onshore Design Safety
Philosophy
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Onshore Design Safety Philosophy
Apr. 10, 2001
Revised as per marked
B. S. Yoo
Nov. 21, 2000
A.F.C
B. S. Yoo
J.R.Oh
Y.S.Kim
Sep. 08, 2000
A.F.C
B. S. Yoo
J.R.Oh
Y.S.Kim
Aug. 05, 2000
Issue for approval
B. S. Yoo
J.R.Oh
Y.S.Kim
Jun. 19, 2000
Issue for approval
B. S. Yoo
J.R.Oh
Y.S.Kim
Feb. 27, 2000
Issued for comment
B. S. Yoo
J.R.Oh
Y.S.Kim
Rev.
Date
Description
Prepared
Reviewed
Approved
Company

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REVISION INDEX
PAGE
REVISION
1
5~6
7
8
REMARK
4
10
11
V
13
35
18
19
39
40
44
45
47
48
49
51
27
52
53~63
29
30
31
32
26
28
V
V
42
REMARK
38
V
V
33
41
25
17
24
37
V
REVISION
36
12
PAGE
V
V
Table of Contents

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PART AThe Onshore Facilities

1.
Introduction
1.1
General
1.2
Applicable Codes
2.
Project Safety Objectives
2.1
General
2.2
Design Criteria
2.3
Emergency Plans
3.
Location & Environmental Conditions
1.
Description of the Onshore Facilities
4.1
General
4.2
Refinery
4.3
Operating Base
4.4
Small Boat Harbour
4.5
Residential Camp
2.
Fire Water Network
3.
Communication and Alarm Systems
4.
Environmental Impact
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Gaseous Effluents
7.3
Liquid Effluents
5.
Noise and Vibration
8.1
General
8.2
Working Areas
8.3
Vibration
6.
Safety of Equipment
9.1
General
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9.2
Lifting Appliances
7.
Aviation Obstruction
PART B
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The Refinery
1. Safety of Process and Utility Systems

1.1
Process Safety System
1.2
Relief and Depressurizing and Liquid Pulldown Systems
1.3
Flare Systems
1.4
Drainage and Spill Containment
2. Hazardous Area Classification

2.1
Designation of Hazardous Area
2.2
Zone Definition
2.3
Battery Rooms
2.4
Selection of Explosion Protected Equipment
2.5
Safeguarding of Non-Hazardous Areas
3. Personnel Safety
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Means of Exit
3.3
Safety Considerations
4. Ventilation
4.1
Natural Ventilation of Plant
4.2
Requirements for Rooms
5. Passive Fire Protection

5.1
Introduction
5.2
Structural Fire Protection
6. Active Fire Protection and Fire Fighting

6.1
Introduction
6.2
Fire Zone
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6.3
Control of Fire Fighting Equipment
6.4
Fire Water Distribution
6.5
Fire Pump Control
6.6
Deluge Systems
6.7
Hydrants, Hose Reels and Monitors
6.8
Foam Systems
6.9
Carbon Dioxide System
6.10
Portable and Wheeled Fire Fighting Equipment
6.11
Steam Curtains
6.12
Steam Extinguishing & N2 inerting Systems
7. Fire and Gas System

7.1
Objectives of the Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm System
7.2
Fire Detection Principles
7.3
Gas Detection Principles
7.4
Objectives of the Fire and Gas Executive System
8. Emergency Shutdown System

9. Emergency Signs and Alarms System
9.1
H2S Detection Alarm
9.2
Emergency and Safety Signs/Plans
10. Emergency Power Supply

10.1
Introduction
10.2
General System Layout
10.3
Critical and Safety Consumers
10.4
Emergency Diesel Generators
10.5
Essential Switchboard
10.6
UPS-Systems
10.7
DC-Systems
10.8
Battery Rooms
10.9
Emergency Lighting
10.10
Safety Lighting
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11. Fire Station

11.1
General
11.2
Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment
11.3
Foam Concentrate Storage
11.4
Various Equipment
11.5
Training Area
PART C
The Operating Base
1. Active Fire Protection System

2. Fire Detection System
PART D
Small Boat Harbor
1. Active Fire Protection Systems

2. Fire Detection Systems
3. Navigation Aids
PART E
Single Buoy Mooring (SBM)
1. SBM Safety Requirements

PART F
Residential Camp (Deleted)
PART G
Telecommunication Buildings
1. Introduction
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PART AThe Onshore Facilities

1.
Introduction
1.1
General
This document considers the general design of safety and loss prevention systems and their
interface with other disciplines for different parts of the Onshore South Pars Gas Field
Development Phase 1 project including refinery, operating base, small boat harbor, sea
water intake, condensate storage tanks and pipelines. For detailed description of other
systems, reference should be made to relevant discipline documentation and other
documents referenced in this Philosophy.
The basis of the design shall be to make adequate provision, such that it can be
demonstrated that;
The installation is as safe as reasonably practicable and has a low probability of loss of
human life or injury.
The risk of environmental pollution has been effectively minimized.
The capital investment is adequately protected.
Safety shall be of prime importance in the design of all systems associated with the South
Pars Gas Field Development Phase 1 Onshore Refinery.
1.2
Applicable Codes
The design shall be to the latest International Codes and Standards. These shall include but
not be limited to the following;
API RP 500
Recommended Practice for Classification of Areas for Electrical Installation at

Drilling Rigs and Production Facilities on Land and on Marine Fixed and
Mobile Platforms.
API RP 520
Design and Installation of Pressure Relieving Systems in Refineries
API RP 521
Guide for Pressure Relieving and Depressurizing Systems
IEC-79
Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association Codes

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NFPA 10
Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11
Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems
NFPA 12
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13
Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14
Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15
Water Spray Fixed Systems
NFPA 20
Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps
NFPA 24
Private Fire Service Mains
NFPA 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquid Code
NFPA 54
Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 69
Explosion Prevention Systems
NFPA 72
National Fire Alarm Code
NFPA 86
Ovens and Furnaces
NFPA 101
Life Safety Code
NFPA 328
Gases in Manholes, Sewers
NFPA 655
Prevention of Sulphur Fires and Explosions
NFPA 1141
Fire Protection in Planned Building Groups
NFPA 2001
Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
BS 5839
Fire Detection and Alarm in Building, Code of Practice for Safety
Part 1
Design, Installation and Servicing
BS 5378
Safety Signs and Colors
Kuwait
Protocol Concerning Marine Pollution resulting from Exploration and
Protocol
Exploitation of the Continental Shelf.
EEMUA 107 Mechanical plant and Equipment Recommendations for Protection of Diesel
Engines Operating in Hazardous Areas
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization Recommendations
IP
Institute of Petroleum
Model Code of Safe Practice in the petroleum Industry
Part 2 Storage and Handling of Petroleum
Part 3 Refinery Code
Part 19 Fire Precautions at Petroleum and Bulk Storage Installations
The Mariners Handbook, British Admiralty, The Hydrographer of the Navy.

Port Engineering, Per Bruin, Gulf publishing company.

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OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Act
MCA
Manufacturing Chemists Association
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Sitting and Construction of New Control Houses for Chemical Manufacturing

Plants
2.
Project Safety Objectives
2.1
General
Within the limits of reasonable practicability the Project Safety Objectives are;
To engineer a safe, reliable and operable facility at minimum cost through simple and
effective design.
To ensure, throughout all stages of design, that the facility meets the latest international
safety and environmental codes and standards, using the most cost effective measures
available.
In achieving the above design objectives, the priorities shall be;
Health and safety of personnel
Conservation of the environment
Protection of capital investment
The approach to achieving these subjects is the implementation of the following in order of
preference.
Inherent safety/prevention
Control
Mitigation
2.1.1
Inherent Safety/Prevention
The primary safety intent of the onshore facilities design shall be to ensure that any
undesirable or hazardous events do not arise.
2.1.2
Control
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However, should they occur they should be promptly detected and acted upon automatically
or manually (e.g. by the Fire and Gas System and Emergency Shutdown System) with the
aim of reducing the risk to the operation personnel, surrounding civil population, the
environment and minimizing the damage to equipment, plant and structures.
2.1.3
Mitigation
The consequences of an accidental hazardous event may be in the form of thermal
radiation, overpressure or release of toxic chemicals in liquid or gaseous form. The
evaluation of the required safety measures shall be based upon the probability of an
accidental event occurring and the extent of its consequential effects.
2.2
Design Criteria
To priorities the aim of protection of personnel the onshore facilities design shall ensure that
the following conditions are fulfilled;
a) The use of high level design and construction standards as far as the safety aspect is
considered.
b) A minimal industrial risk associated with the complex under design.
Internationally recognized codes and standards shall be complied with for the implementation
of this goal. Where no specification exists to cover a particular aspect industry standards and
normal good engineering practice shall be applied.
2.3
Emergency Plans
The key to rapid response, should an emergency occur at the area is to have effective
communication and procedures for alerting the personnel, controlling the effects and
evacuation, if required. Such emergency considerations as alarms, availability of fire
extinguishing systems and proper path of evacuation shall be incorporated into the design of
onshore refinery.
2.3.1
Access

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Roads will be provided around all process units, product loading and tankage areas so that
emergency equipment has access. Access should be assured to all refinery areas by roads
wide enough to permit vehicles easy two way passage.
Areas where tanker filling takes place should be fitted with appropriate barriers.
Road transport demarcation should be taken into account when considering hazardous area
classification. Because it may be necessary to block certain roads in emergencies, two or
more approaches to each area shall be considered.
Speed limits should be clearly indicated. Priorities should be marked at all road
intersections. The relative location of main roads to process equipment should be
considered because motor vehicles that use roads can be ignition sources.
Turning radii should allow adequate space for mobile equipment to clear of pipe supports
and equipment. Height warning bars and/or notices should be installed adjacent to elevated
pipework crossings. Footpaths should be available for major roadways where large numbers
of pedestrians are expected. Paths leading to storage tanks, pump bays and drainage
systems should have weather resistant surfaces and be constructed so that they follow
natural direct routes, thus eliminating the need for personnel to use improper and hazardous
means of access. Ladders shall not be used in areas with a significant H 2S risk (Such as the
SRU area) as they could impede personnel using B.A. Only stairways shall be used in such
areas.
2.3.2
Means of exit
Clear passages shall be considered throughout the onshore facilities to enable personnel to
evacuate the site quickly should an emergency occur. Adequate lighting shall be provided in
the refinery. Where required by size, two exit ways shall be provided from elevated walkway,
platforms and building.
Specifically, all working areas, large rooms and corridors over 5m long in process areas will
have two exit ways. All passages shall be clearly marked and sufficiently illuminated by
safety lighting.
For storage tank area, cement stairways shall be provided at suitable locations to have
access to the outside of dike area.
Doors in buildings shall have a minimum width of 0.95m and a minimum height of 2.05m.
They shall open in direction of exit.

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Adequate audible warning shall be given to alert personnel of a site emergency.

Every emergency exit door shall open outwards in the direction of escape and shall be
equipped with a safe opening handle bar.
Exit ways shall at all times be kept clear of equipment, materials, debris and any other
obstacles which could impair safe evacuation.
Emergency breathing apparatus shall be provided in areas where an emission of toxic gas
may occur. The sets shall be air-purifying respirators type and shall have 10 minute duration
to enable the wearer to reach a safe area. The specification shall be according to BS 2091.
Operational procedures will need to be developed, for the allocation of breathing apparatus
and training in its use.
2.3.3
Medical Facilities
There shall be a clinic situated in the main administration block with an adjoining area which
may double as an emergency incident room if required.
The clinique shall be equipped as follows;
Hospital type beds
Resuscitation equipment
Automatic electrocardiograph
Instrument sterilizes
Stretchers
1 No. WC, 1 No. Shower and 1 No. Vanity basin.
Portable defibrillator with monitor.
Refrigerator
Portable life saving system
Sink and worktop, Desk and chairs
Eyewash and Eyebath
Storage cabinets
The equipment to be confirmed in detail design.

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Location & Environmental Conditions

The information provided by reference to;
Basic Engineering Design Data - SP1-110-0000-00-PR-DB-101.
Environmental Conditions - SP1-100-0000-00-PE-DB-102.
4.
Description of the Onshore Facilities
4.1
General
The onshore facilities consist of four separate areas.
These areas are;
Refinery
Operating Base
Small Boat Harbor
Sea Water Intake
4.2
Refinery
4.2.1
General Layout Arrangement

The general layout of the onshore facilities has been arranged taking into consideration the
following points;
Meteorological conditions
Safety
Accessibility during normal operation, maintenance and emergency
External access roads location
Topography
The refinery has been laid our to provide good access for fire fighting and good separation
between process areas to enable equipment of one train to be maintained while the other
train is running.

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The site is terraced with the non-industrial area located on a completely separate elevation
from the industrial area.
The industrial area is on its own elevation and is divided into process and utility areas with a
large distance between them. The area between them is allocated to the control rooms and
bulk chemical storage.
The process and utility control rooms are located in a central position upwind of the process
trains. They are separated from the high pressure area by the lower pressure condensate
stabilization.
The fire station has been located at the same elevation as the process areas but at the safe
end of the terrace.
The Condensate Storage Area is on the highest terrace together with the Sulphur
Recovery/Handling areas. Each tank is surrounded by its own bund wall sized to contain the
complete inventory of the tank. The separation distance of the bund walls from adjacent
areas will ensure that a heat flux of 15 kW/m2 is not exceeded at the adjacent area in the
event of a possible fire in the bund.
Separation between storage tanks should be a minimum of 15 m. This is well exceeded due
to the decision to individually bund each tank.
The distance between the slug catcher and the adjacent process area was also checked
against the same criterion of 15 kW/m 2 at the process area in the event of a fire under the
slug catcher. The distance was found to be adequate.
Physical separation between process units and flaring equipment shall be considered
according to code requirements.
4.2.2
Process Area
4.2.2.1
Basic Design Considerations

The overall layout of the process areas shall be designed in order to incorporate the
following;
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Easy access for fire fighting.

Easy access for operators in order to perform emergency shutdown actions in a fire
situation and minimize involvement of adjacent facilities.
Easy access for normal operation and maintenance.
In particular;
Minimum separation between equipment of train 1 and train 2 which may be separately
shutdown for extensive maintenance work shall be 30 m
Minimum distance of battery limit valves from equipment containing hydrocarbons shall
be 7.5 m
Equipment containing large inventories of flammable materials shall be located on the
outside of each process unit. Furnaces, being a potential source of ignition, where
practical shall be located on the upwind side of each unit, on the outside of the unit area
and at least 15 m from adjacent equipment which might provide a potential source of
hydrocarbon.
High temperature pumps should not be installed beneath towers or drums. Pumps alleys
should be sufficiently wide for access by mobile lifting equipments.
If large turbine/compressors are installed in enclosures, the buildings shall be fully
ventilated open sided.
Permanent lifting equipment or access for mobile equipment, should be provided in all
cases where heavy parts must be handled.
A minimum of two entry points should be provided into process units. Entry points
should provide clear headrooms of at least 5 m and sufficient width to enable long
vehicles to turn in from adjacent refinery roads.
Within process units, concrete roads and hard standing shall permit the passage of fire
fighting appliances and cranes to all locations where they may be needed.
For pedestrian access, platforms and stairway. IP model code of safe practice Part 3
shall be applied.
4.2.2.2
Equipment Stacking
A degree of equipment stacking is necessary to achieve a reasonable utilization of plot
space, but the potential heavy fire involvement of equipment stacked in several layers must
be avoided.

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The following restrictions shall apply.

Stacking shall be limited, when possible, to no more than three levels of equipment.
Equipment handling liquid hydrocarbon shall not be located over any of the following.
a) Compressors handling flammable materials
b) Pumps handling liquid over its flash point
c)
Heat exchangers or drums containing flammable materials above 315C
d) Piping possibly subject to vibrations such as;
4.2.3
Inlet/outlet lines of safety valves
Inlet/outlet lines of reciprocating compressors and compressors check valves
Buildings
The below buildings in South Pars Gas Field Development Phase 1 shall have blast
resistant structure against the potential vapor cloud explosion in accordance with category C
of MCA;
- Process control building
- Utility control building
- Laboratory building
- Local equipment rooms (LER #1,2 &5)
- Local compressor control room
- Waste water control room
- Substation No. 3
The structure shall withstand an explosion which generates an over pressure of 69 Kpa (10
psi) for 20 milliseconds (This value shall be confirmed after completion of fire and explosion
study).
Substation No.4, local control room(waste water) and local control room for metering and
proving being located in areas with little or no explosion hazard shall be constructed in
accordance with category A of MCA
Substation No.2, main switch room & local equipment room No.4 shall be constructed in
accordance with category B of MCA
Other buildings such as toilet block, local technical room and local equipment room # 6 shall
not have blast resistant structure.
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Condensate Storage Area

The arrangement of tanks shall be planned with the aim of eliminating fire and explosion
hazards to the greatest possible extent as explained in clause 4.2.1 of this section.
4.2.5
Condensate Export
Condensate export facilities consist of condensate loading pumps, metering and proving
package. 5km (approx.) transfer pipeline and a single Buoy Mooring (SBM) which is located
in the sea, at a distance of about 1200m off the coast.
Selecting the location of condensate export facilities shall be on the basis of isolating the
area from other sections of the refinery because of probable hazard arising from large
condensate inventory meanwhile keeping the required interfaces.
4.3
Operating Base
4.3.1
General
Deleted
4.4
Small Boat Harbor
4.4.1
General
Deleted
4.4.2
Sea Water Intake

Deleted
4.4.3
Sulphur Storage And Handling

Solid sulphur product shall be stored in sulphur storage building located in the harbor area.

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The transport of sulphur from storage to loading area shall be conveyed through conveyer
belt placed in a confined corridor, to prevent wind blowing of sulphur. Fire and gas protection
and detection for this area is discussed in Part D.
4.5
Residential Camp
Deleted
5.
Fire Water Network

Refinery, operating base and small boat harbor shall be protected by plant fire water
networks, supplied by fire water storage tanks(6 hour capacity) via fire water pumps. Pumps
at the Sea Water Intake(SWIP) will provide back-up supply of sea water if the storage tanks
become depleted. Fire water demand shall be based on a single fire in a condensate
storage tanks area.
6.
Communication and Alarm Systems

The communication systems for the onshore facilities are covered in the onshore
Telecommunication Philosophy SP1-100-0000-GE-TE-SP-112.
Throughout the onshore facilities, alarm devices which are activated upon toxic and
hydrocarbon combustible gas, fire, heat and smoke detection shall alert the personnel to
initiate the countermeasures or start of an automatic shutdown.
7.
Environment Impact
7.1
Introduction
The prevention of damages and the reduction of the impact on the environment shall be
achieved through.
Collection of the contaminated liquid effluents for disposal to proper treatment or to
burning pit.
Respect of international or local requirements in terms of air emissions.
7.2
Gaseous Effluents

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All flammable and/or toxic gaseous effluents shall be collected by closed piping systems and
released to the atmosphere from incinerator or flare stacks.
Release point to the atmosphere shall be at an elevation suitable to meet the local
requirements in terms of air quality standards.
Ground level concentrations for H2S and SO2 shall be in accordance with requirements of
the relevant codes for a normal eight hour workday and short term exposure.
For long term (8 hours) exposure, limits for SO2 and H2S are as follows;
7.3
SO2
2 PPM
H2S
10 PPM
Liquid Effluents
Liquid discharged from the plant shall be grouped in the following categories;
Liquid hydrocarbons release originated by emergency or upset conditions are collected
into a closed blowdown piping system and disposed to a burning pit.
Liquid hydrocarbons release originated by minor drains or accidental spillage are led to
API separators. Any resultant oil collected shall be recycled to the process.
Oily sour water is routed to a closed system and processed in a sour water stripper unit.
The resultant sour gas effluent stream shall be sent to the flare system.
Processed seawater shall outfall through a pipe at the coast. Surface run off shall be
directed, after oil separation, where appropriate to the flood protection channels which
shall outfall at the beach. The relevant Kuwait Protocol conventions shall be observed in
the oil content of water being sent to the sea.
Sanitary drainage is sent by dedicated server for treatment in the waste water treatment
plant Liquid effluent from this plant is treated, Filtered and chlorinated to a sufficient
standard for irrigation use on non-crop plants. The partially thickened sludge from this
plant shall be transported by road tanker to the sewage treatment plant at the
Residential Camp for further treatment.
8.
Noise and Vibration
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General
Using the best practicable means of noise control, the following criteria shall be followed at
any special location within a designated area to which personnel may have access, except
for housing noisy equipment which are specifically designated as requiring ear defenders to
be worn. The recommended criteria should generally apply at a minimum distance of 1 meter
from operational equipment. In general, noise levels shall be limited throughout the
installations to;
a) Minimize the risk of hearing damage to personnel in work areas.
b) Ensure that warning signals are audible.
c) Allow adequate speech, telephone and radio communication.
Whenever practicable noise control measures shall be carried out at source.
All control valves on gas duty, and to lesser extent liquid duty, are significant sources of
noise.
The problem of noise shall be addressed by the use of low noise valves, especially on liquid
lines which may be contaminated by sand.
Where necessary, the associated pipework shall be acoustically insulated.
The main power generators shall be supplied with acoustic enclosures and shall be fitted
with in-duct silencers for the intakes and exhausts.
Large compressors and pumps may need to be treated by using close acoustic cladding on
the barrels and nozzles. Noisy gear boxes shall be fitted with acoustic hoods or close
cladding. It is essential that quiet electric motors are purchased for all equipment. Examples
of low noise control measures applied to electric motors are the use of low noise fans and or
acoustic fan cover for TEFC motors.
All process compressor suction and discharge pipework to and from the nearest large vessel
(e.g. K.O drum or heat exchanger) and all recycle pipework shall be reviewed to determine
the requirements for acoustic insulation.

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Vibration from rotating and reciprocating equipment should be kept to the lowest practical
limits consistent with safe operation of the onshore refinery.
8.2
Working Areas
The plant under consideration shall be divided into;
a) General Working Area, to cover all work areas where personnel are exposed to the
noise for not more than 8 hours per day.
b) Restricted Area, to cover areas where personnel do not spend more that two hours.
All working areas shall meet the general work area noise level limit of 90 dBA for an 8 hour
working day. This limit is based on hearing damage risk considerations. These limits
generally apply for broad band. Where a noise exhibits dominant tonal or implosive
characteristics, then the required corrections shall be made.
Where reliable speech, telephone or radio communication is required, or demanding mental
tasks must be performed, then the noise limits for these areas shall be considerably less
than the limit for general work areas.
To determine permissible noise limits, modifications to basic limits for narrow band or
impulsive noise and any relevant measures, applicable standards shall be incorporated.
8.3
Vibration
All reasonable and practical means should be taken in the design of equipment and their
installation to minimize the effects of vibration in the working areas to levels beyond which
could cause a hazard to health, fatigue and decreased working efficiency.
9.
Safety of Equipment
9.1
General
All the equipment necessary for carrying out any work on the refinery must be provided
according to any written instructions specifying practices to be observed to ensure the safe
use of that equipment.

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Lifting Appliances
Every lifting appliance or piece of lifting gear, shall be plainly marked with its safe working
load or loads and no lifting appliance or piece or lifting gear shall be used by a person for
any load exceeding the safe working load thereon. Safety shut off devices shall be indicated
in the design of all lifting appliances to limit the travel and prevent damage.
10.
Aviation Obstruction
Aviation obstruction lights shall be installed on top of all structures with a height of 30 meters
or more. The design criteria of the aircraft warning lights shall be in accordance with the
recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

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The Refinery
1. Safety of Process and Utility Systems

1.1
Process Safety System

The scope of the process safety system is;
To prevent undesirable events that could develop into situation which could cause risk to
personnel or equipment.
To shut down the process section where upset conditions are detected.
To prevent and escalation of upset conditions.
The process safety system shall provide two independent levels of protection against a
single malfunction or fault in the process equipment and piping system including their
controls.
The two levels of protection shall in general be independent of and in addition to the control
devices used in normal process operation and as a general rule provided by functionally
different types of safety devices, in order to prevent common mode failures. Safety devices
shall be of a fail safe nature.
The primary level of defense will be the Emergency Shutdown System which shall be
arranged such that the second level of defense (e.g. a pressure safety valve) is not activated
as long as the first system properly operates.
1.2
Relief, Depressuing & Liquid Pulldown Systems

The design philosophy shall be to;
Provide on all pressure circuits two independent safety devices for protection from
overpressure caused by a single process fault: the primary device shall be a switch or
transmitter; the secondary device shall be a safety valve, a rupture disc or equivalent
device.
HIPS(High Integrity Protection System) shall be selected, as an alternate of
conventional system against over pressure, when full pressure rated designs and relief
system prove impractical because of:

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The HIPS is based on instrumentation system which requires sufficient integrity

(involving high reliability redundant instruments) so as to make the risk of exceeding the
design pressure acceptable.
Provide all pressure systems that can be shut in during external fire with a PSV, to be
designed for the worst overpressure condition, fire or process.
Equip all pressure systems, which can be isolated during an external fire with a manually
actuated depressuring system in order to prevent fractures and loss of containment due
to overheating of the equipment.
Liquid pulldown system shall be provided for the vessels containing more than 10 m 3
hydrocarbon liquid.
The high pressure systems shall be isolated into depressurisation zones.
Venting and relieving via specified line networks shall be done in such a way that no
back pressure is produced.
All circuits treating hydrocarbons and other flammable or toxic fluids shall be conveyed
through a piping system to closed systems connected to the flares.
Depressuring valves and liquid pulldown shall be remotely operated from a location outside
the area in which the equipment under emergency is located.
For details refer to the Emergency Depressurisation Philosophy SP1-100-0000-00-PR-PH104.
1.3
Flare Systems
Flaring is required to safely;
Dispose of excess gas during start-up conditions.
Dispose of hydrocarbons from process equipment during relief conditions.
The flares of the onshore refinery shall comply with the following conditions.
Radiation levels relative to personnel equipment and plant boundaries not exceeding
1.64 kW/m2 including solar radiation at a distance of 400 meters from flare and 4.73
kW/m2 including solar radiation at a distance of 120 meters from flare for continuous
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flaring and short duration emergency flaring respectively.

Safe location with reference to air traffic.
Safe location with reference to flame-out conditions in terms of dispersion of the
originated flammable/toxic vapor cloud.
Safe location with reference to entrained burning liquid droplets released from the stack.
Safe location with reference to a possible ignition by the flare of flammable gases
accidentally released from the process units.
The high pressure flares shall be designed for continuous flaring during one train
emergency shut down (see Overall Control Strategy). In case of prolonged shut down of
the subject train, gas production from offshore shall be reduced accordingly.
All flares shall be equipped with a pilot flame system to ignite any released gas at any
operating condition.
A tip velocity of up to 0.4 Mach for the peak flow shall be considered in designing the LP &
HP flare, with lower values expected for continuous operation.
Purge gas shall be provided in order to sustain a stable flare flame and prevent potential
flashback in the flare header at any operating condition.
All flares shall be equipped with knock out facilities.
Flare lines shall be sloped properly and equipped with silencers for noise reduction. For
probable flashback suppression, a flare purge system shall be provided.
1.4
Drainage and Spill Containment

The design of drainage and spill containment in hazardous areas shall be intended to
accomplish the following objectives;
To prevent the accumulation of flammable liquid under vessels or equipment.
To minimize as much as possible the chance of flame impingement on a vessel from a
burning spill.
To provide a location for accumulating liquid that will minimize to the maximum extent
the risk to critical facilities, piping and equipment if the pool ignites.
Safeguarding personnel from toxic gas propagation which shall be carried by drained

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fluids.
Paving and adequate provisions for area under and surrounding the vessels shall be
provided in order to direct any leaks or spills to a drainage system.
Transit of spill from one process unit block to another shall be prevented, particular attention
shall be paid to avoid back flow through the drainage system.
Drainage facilities shall be arranged to handle specific categories of effluent.
Liquid effluents released from pressurised vessels shall be discharged to burn pit via hard
pipe drain lines(closed drain system). PVC shall not be used for this service.
Due to the probability of toxic gas leaks from discharged effluents, self-contained breathing
apparatus shall be provided at suitable points.
Sufficient provisions shall be provided for the drainage of large quantities of water in case of
fire fighting operations.
2. Hazardous Area Classification
2.1
Designation of Hazardous Area

All areas of the installation shall be either classified as hazardous or non hazardous.
Classification of hazardous areas is based on API RP 500. Hazardous area classification
drawings shall be provided based on process and piping arrangement drawings and the
possible sources of release identified therein;
Location of exhaust and relief vents shall be depicted in hazardous area drawings.
All air intakes for HVAC systems, turbine combustion, diesel engine and air compressor
shall be positioned in non-hazardous area and kept at allowable distance from
equipment exhausts and vents.
2.2
Zone Definition
Hazardous areas shall be classified with the following zones;
Class 1 Division 1:
Explosive gas air mixture is likely to occur during

normal operation
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Class 1 Division 2:

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Explosive gas air mixture is less likely to occur and

then only for short periods.
An area is designated as non-hazardous if an explosive gas air mixture is not expected to be

present in such quantities that special precautions are required.
2.3
Battery Rooms
Battery rooms need special consideration and have to meet related particular requirements.
Electrical equipment installed inside shall be certified Ex-protected (i.e. suitable for
installation in hazardous area) to meet the requirements of hydrogen generation if this is a
possibility.
Separate extract ventilation to maintain negative pressure against the surroundings shall be
installed.
2.4
Selection of Explosion Protected Equipment

Whenever possible, equipment which might from a source of ignition, should not be located
in hazardous areas. Where this is impossible, equipment shall be selected so that it is
suitable with regard to temperature class and gas group of the potential hazard.
Special consideration shall be given to the surface temperatures of mechanical equipment.
Electrical equipment for operation in hazardous areas shall be certified Ex-protected by a
recognized international certification agency.
Nevertheless it is anticipated, that all equipment which might form a source of ignition, even
if located in a non-hazardous area, is shut down in case of a major or catastrophic
hazardous event. Consequently equipment which is to be kept in operation for safety
purposes under emergency conditions shall be suitably Ex-protected and certified.
Other contractors shall consider their area equipment such as diesel fire pumps.
2.5
Safeguarding of Non-Hazardous Areas

HVAC air intakes to control rooms and local technical rooms shall be located in non-

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hazardous areas on the prevailing wind side of any potential gas leak sources.
The following areas shall be designed as non-hazardous areas, preferably by choice of
location;
Control and Technical Rooms
Offices and Stores
The extent of the hazardous areas shall be indicated on dedicated drawings. Area
classification drawings shall include the following;
All ventilation intakes and outlets
Intakes and exhausts of all fixed equipment
All external doors showing direction of opening
All drains and process vents
3. Personnel Safety
3.1
Introduction
This section covers the requirements for all measures to be taken to protect the personnel
against possible hazards.
3.2
Means of Exit
The requirement are discussed in clause 2.3.2 part A of this document.
3.3
Safety Considerations
3.3.1
Stairs and Ladders

Stairs or steps shall be provided for height changes of more that 300 mm, with non-slip
surface.
For storage tank area, cement stairways shall be provided at suitable locations to have
access to the outside of dike area.
Fixed vertical ladders shall have a width of at least 450 mm and shall be equipped with
safety cages.
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Continuous ladder height shall not exceed 9 meters without a landing.

3.3.2
Hazard Warning and Safety Signs

Reference shall be made to BS5378 part 1, 2 and 3. Hazard and warning notices with
reference to the admission of unauthorized persons and vehicles, naked lights, smoking,
traffic hazards, speed limits, vehicular head room, toxic risk, etc. shall be prominently
displayed. Also safety signs highlighting ear, eye and head protection, fire fighting
equipment, fire and gas alarms, breathing apparatus, etc. shall be provided.
Each main item of equipment shall be clearly identified, thus minimizing the risk of
operational error.
All signs should either be luminous or positioned near emergency lighting.
Color coding of pipelines shall be used for emergency systems and lines carrying particular
hazardous material such as H2S.
Access roads shall be provided along the pipelines. High pressure vessels and equipments
shall be installed at safe distances from the pipelines in accordance with the relevant codes.
Luminous warning and signs indicating safe passage of vehicles along the pipeline shall be
provided. Passing across the pipelines for operators and vehicles shall be via bridges
installed at suitable distance.
A clearly visible and unmistakable color marking system shall be used to facilitate rapid
identification and location of equipment provided for emergency situations.
Emergency exits from buildings and means of escape from other areas shall be clearly
marked. Inside the internal corridors, potoluminescent arrows showing escape routes shall
be installed at low levels, to assist escaping while too much smoke exists in the area.
Text on all hazard warning and safety signs shall be in Farsi and English.
Safety signs shall be provided throughout the refinery combining the geometrical shape,
color and pictorial symbol to give specific health/safety or emergency information and or
instructions for personnel. Text shall be in Farsi and English.

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Safety signs shall be in accordance with BS 5378.

Emergency signs shall be provided to inform personnel of escape routes, emergency exits
and fire-fighting equipment locations. All emergency signs shall be illuminated by one of the
following means;
Directly by the provision of emergency lighting.
Self-powered, luminescent
Photoluminescent
Rooms or enclosures protected with CO2 systems shall be equipped at their entrance with
warning signs located outside the rooms to inform the personnel of possible CO2 discharge.
3.3.3
Safety Showers and Eye Baths

In process areas where personnel might come into contact with hazardous and irritant
material release, treadle safety showers with eye bath shall be provided. Each shower shall
be supplied with cool and clean potable water, and the arrangement shall be such that a
person standing on the operating platform shall receive overall saturation from multiple
spraying head. Eye wash fountains with eyewash bottles shall be provided in battery rooms
and laboratory.
3.3.4
First Aid Equipment

First aid boxes shall be located at suitable locations throughout the refinery. Each first aid
box shall contain, but not limited to, the followings;
Eye wash bottle (eye bath),
Adhesive bandage (small & large),
Bandage compress (small & large),
Gause Bandage,
Adhesive tape,
Burn cream (tube),
P.V.P iodine swabs,
Eye dressing pads,
Wound wipes
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Thermal Insulation and Personnel Protection

For the protection of personnel, all surfaces heated to temperatures above 70 C, within 2.2
m vertically and 1.0 m horizontally of walkways or else where, which could be touched in the
course of normal operating duties, shall be insulated or guarded.
Surfaces in cold service that are at a temperature of -10C or below shall also be insulated or
guarded.
3.3.6
Safety Notes in Sweetening, Sulphur Forming & Handling and Storage Area
To protect the personnel against the toxicity in these specific areas, there shall be some
procedures to be followed up;
No visit to or walking in the H2S handling area,
Provision of a ready-to use self-contained respirator should be made available to any
person that may be called to work in the H2S handling area (respirators should be fullscale tested),
Operators should never work alone in the H2S handling area,
Use of protective clothing, safety gloves, goggles in addition to the equipment usually
worn in chemical plants,
A wind sock should be conspicuously placed to indicate wind direction.
As the hydrogen sulphide auto ignition temperature is relatively low and the explosive range
relatively large, a number of precautions against fires should be taken and a separation area
should be provided for around the facilities.
Static electricity hazard should also be taken into account. The electrical equipment in the
close vicinity of the plant should be of a nonsparking or sparkproof design.
4. Ventilation
4.1
Natural Ventilation of Plant

Process areas are to be kept as naturally and freely ventilated open areas, allowing the
rapid dilution and dispersal of any gas leak and thereby minimizing areas where gas may
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accumulate and to vent explosion.

4.2
Requirements for Rooms

Apart from providing conditioned air for personnel, it is necessary to protect the control and
UPS systems and etc. against heat and humidity, regarding the environmental condition.
The HVAC requirements for onshore facilities are covered in the onshore HVAC DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY, SP1-100-0000-00-HV-PH-101.
Minimum ventilation rates for some areas being potential sources of hazard shall be as
follows;
Room Type
Air Changes Per Hour
Laboratory
>5
Battery Room
10
UPS Room
HVAC air inlet and turbines combustion air, being taken from safe points, shall be so
separated that cross contamination of ventilation air from other areas is prevented.
5. Passive Fire Protection
5.1
Introduction
Passive fire protection shall be such that to ensure that relevant structures or equipment and
components have adequate fire resistance, with regard to load bearing properties, integrity
and insulation properties and thus the consequences of fire are reduced as far as possible.
5.2
Structural Fire Protection

In order to minimize the risk of escalating the hazard in the event of fire and to provide
additional protection from the effects of support failure to fire fighting personnel, fire proofing
material shall be applied to steel structures and supports for equipment and pipework
containing flammable or toxic materials.
The following supports and structures shall be fire proofed for a minimum period of 2 hours;

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Piperacks in process areas and within 15 m of processing plant.

Structural steel supports and support skirts/saddles for vessels which can contain 5
tones or more of flammable hydrocarbon liquids or 15 tones or more of flammable
hydrocarbon gas.
Passive fire proofing material shall be cement based.
6. Active Fire Protection and Fire Fighting
6.1
Introduction
The active fire protection equipment shall be employed for the prevention, control and
extinguishing refinery potential fires.
The active fire protection system consists of;
Fire water and foam system
CO2 extinguishing system
Wheeled and portable extinguishers
Active fire protection systems and equipment shall be provided in all areas of the refinery
that have a significant hydrocarbon inventory and or that are regularly manned.
6.2
Fire Zone
All areas of the onshore refinery shall be subdivided into main fire zones and subzones as
appropriate.
Each fire zone shall be suitably equipped with proper detection and fire fighting systems.
Calculation of the fire water, deluge quantities and other extinguishing capabilities shall be
based on the definition of the fire zones.
Means of fire fighting shall be designed and the capacities calculated on the basis of the
defined designated fire zones and in accordance with the relevant NFPA codes.

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Control of Fire Fighting Equipment

Control of the fixed fire fighting systems shall be automatic and/or manual as appropriate.
Automatic and remote manual control will be via the Fire and Gas executive system For
details refer to the relevant section of this document.
6.4
Fire Water Distribution
6.4.1
Capacity
Fire water shall be distributed to every fire zone of the refinery except for enclosures
containing electrical equipment (i.e. control room, instrument room, etc.)
The capacity of fire water system shall be such that it supplies 6-hour fire water demand of
the largest fire water zone to be protected.
The maximum water consumption is based on a single fire in a condensate storage tank.
The fire water demand for a tank on fire is based on cooling water required for fixed spray
systems to cool the tank on fire and 50% of the surface area of two adjacent tanks (exposed
to direct radiation), foam solution making and four hydrants plus a loss of 10%.
6.4.2
Configuration
The firewater distribution system shall be designed as a ring main system. To protect the
ring main against the risk of impact blast and resulting projectile, it shall be run underground.
Supply from the ring main to each of the fire zones shall be through isolating valves.
Closures of such a valve shall not inhibit the water supply to other fire zones.
The ring main shall be provided with a sufficient number of isolating valves in order to isolate
a damaged section of the main without causing isolation to other areas.
All the isolating valves shall be installed in valve pits and kept normally open.
In case of fire, the ring main shall be fed by two firewater storage tanks via 3 50%
centrifugal type pumps (two electrical, one diesel driven) in accordance with the
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requirements of NFPA 20. The capacity of each pump shall be sufficient to meet 50% of the
firewater demand of a single condensate storage tank on fire. The discharge pressure shall
be high enough to maintain pressure of the ring main at 10 barg in case of a major fire.
Pumps at the Sea Water Intake(SWIP) will provide back-up supply of sea water to fire water
tanks if the storage tanks become depleted.
The ring main shall be normally pressurized at 10 barg and the pressure drop below this
level shall be compensated by Jockey pumps (one duty, one standby) with a capacity of 50
m3/h to avoid the main fire pumps starting too often and a differential pressure of 11.5 bar. In
case of major release of water, upon low pressure of main ring detected by low pressure
switch, fire pumps shall be started.
Fire water tanks shall be supplied plant water through desalination package from sea water
pumps (three electric driven pumps) located in the new sea water intake area.
6.5
Fire Pump Control

Automatic start of the plant water fire pumps shall be done by automatic sequence starting
under following conditions;
Low pressure in the ring main
Command from the fire and gas executive system
Manual command from the local control panel/process control room
Pump stop shall only be initiated manually local to the pumps.
The SWIP fire pumps(sea water) shall normally operate as manual start only. Though they
will have the capability for starting on low fire main pressure. Pump stop shall be local
manual.
6.6
Deluge Systems
Uninsulated hydrocarbon vessels with capacity greater than 10m3, holding liquid volume of
C4 and lighter products shall be equipped with a fixed water spray system. However vaporliquid separators upstream and downstream of propane chillers shall also be equipped with
deluge facilities.
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The system shall be operated by means of deluge valves.

Release of deluge shall be by activation from the Fire and Gas executive system or fusible
plugs. In addition, local manual activation shall be possible. Closure of valves shall be locally
only.
Supply of fire water to deluge areas shall be from the fire ring main via isolation valves. The
deluge valves shall be located outside the protected area to allow easy and safe operation.
The status of deluge shall be signaled to Fire and Gas executive system.
To cool the condensate storage tanks in case of fire, water spray nozzles shall be installed
around the shell. In case of fire in one tank, spray system of the tank and those cooling half
surfaces (half surfaces exposed to direct heat radiation) of the adjacent tanks shall be
activated. The activation shall be manual and via push buttons installed in the process
control room.
6.7
Hydrants, Hose Reels and Monitors

Hydrants, Hose Reels and Monitors shall be fed from the ring main.
Hydrants shall be located in process, storage and utility areas, hosereels in buildings.
In process and utility area, hydrants shall be spaced at 45 meters apart and 60m for
condensate storage area and common roads.
Hydrants for common roads and condensate storage area shall have one additional 5-1/2"
pumper connection. All hydrants shall be readily accessible.
Each hose cabinet shall be equipped with three 20 m lengths of 2 1/2" dia hose, one 20m
length of 11/2" dia hose, a hose nozzle.
Hosereels in buildings shall be wall mounted (recess type).
Fixed water monitors shall be provided in sulphur area to cover the equipment with cooling
water in case of fire. They shall be capable of operating both manually and remotely from

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the process control room with a motorized isolating valve and water-powered automatic
oscillating facilities.
In Gas Treating train 1 & 2, Condensate Stabilization, Propane Storage area, and slug
catcher, in which pool fire might exist, fixed foam/water monitors shall be installed. They
shall be capable of operating both manually and remotely from the process control room with
a motorized isolating valve and water-powered automatic oscillating facilities.
The monitors shall be operated horizontally through a full 360 degree rotation and vertically
in the range of 15 degree to +75 degree below and above horizontal positions.
In process and utility area, portable monitors shall also be used for more flexibility viewpoint.
Elevated fixed water monitors shall be used for protection of fin fan coolers. They shall be
capable of operating both manually at ground level and remotely from the process control
room with a motorized isolating valve and water-powered automatic oscillating facilities.
6.8
Foam System
A foam system shall be provided for injection of AFFF solution at 3% (low expansion foam)
into condensate storage tank rim seal area.
A fixed foam pouring system shall be installed over the rim seal area of each storage tank
which will automatically release foam on heat detection of electric wire.
Foam concentrate shall be stored in two vessels. Each vessel will be arranged to serve two
condensate storage tanks. Foam vessel capacity shall be sufficient for at least 30 minute
continuous injection to one condensate storage tank.
6.9
Carbon Dioxide System

Design shall be in accordance with the latest edition of NFPA-12.
Fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems shall be provided in main switchroom,
emergency generator rooms, electrical substations, local equipment rooms and gas turbine
hoods.
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They shall be of the total flooding type. The extinguishing agent being CO 2 stored in
pressurized bottles located in the vicinity.
Automatic and remote manual actuation will be by the Fire and Gas System Manual local
discharge shall be possible by direct actuation of the control. A predischarge alarm shall be
provided locally and in the Central Control Room, 30 seconds before discharge commences.
Protected areas shall be arranged and designed such that ventilation is stopped and fire
dampers are closed automatically prior to discharge of CO2.
To ensure the safety of personnel entering a CO 2 protected area, the CO2 system should be
mechanically locked out before entering the room. Interlocking the electrical releases with
the door is not adequate, and the manual-mechanical local release is still available. The
mechanical lock-out must physically prevent CO 2 from being released into the room, if the
rooms are entered by personnel. Automatic and manual remote release (e.g. operator
manual release from Process Control Room) shall be inhibited on the F&G panel when the
manual isolation is selected. The CO 2 system status shall be displayed in the Process
Control Room (PCR) including the discharge inhibit state.
Manned rooms do not require a fixed fire fighting system.
Location of the nozzles about the machinery shall be arranged to ensure a uniform
concentration of CO2 in all parts.
An adequate amount of CO2 shall be provided for flooding equipment and UPS rooms under
protection to concentration of not less than 50% within 7 minutes as deep seated fire in
accordance to NFPA 12.
100 percent preconnected reserve cylinders shall be supplied and an automatic switch over
system between main and reserve cylinders shall be considered.
Appropriate CO2 warning signs shall be displayed at all entrances to areas protected by
carbon dioxide.
For turbine protection will be with turbine supplier.
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6.10

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Portable and Wheeled Fire Fighting Equipment

Portable and wheeled fire extinguishers shall be provided at strategic locations around the
refinery.
The following types of portable fire extinguishers shall be used as appropriate to the type of
risk.
For areas where there are ordinary combustibles, such as wood, cloth, paper, plastic,
etc. extinguishers shall be suitable for Class A fires. These can be water, foam or dry
powder.
For areas where there are flammable liquids, oils, greases, paints etc. extinguishers
shall be suitable for Class B fires. These can be dry powder, carbon dioxide or foam.
For areas where this are energized electrical equipment extinguishers shall be suitable
for Class C fires. These can be dry powder or preferably carbon dioxide.
These shall be portable or wheeled dependent on the size of extinguisher required.
Fire extinguishers shall be located as follows;
Buildings and stores - 9 litre water.
Process, utility and condensate storage 12kg dry powder, and 45kg wheeled dry
chemical (Plus 9.0 lit. foam for condensate storage).
Laboratory, 6kg CO2, 12kg dry powder, 9 litre water.
Process & utility control rooms, 6kg CO2,, 12kg dry powder
Local control rooms 6kg CO2, 12kg dry powder
Local equipment rooms and battery rooms 6kg CO2
5
Portable extinguishers located in exposed areas shall be mounted in weatherproof cabinets.

6.11
Steam Curtains
Furnaces and heaters nearby flammable gas handling facilities, such as those in Gas
Treating train 1 & 2, shall be equipped with steam curtains to dilute the explosive gases
arising from the vessels. Upon high concentration of flammable gas detection in these areas,
the steam curtain shall be activated. To prevent burning hazard to the personnel working in
the area, the activation shall be manual.

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6.12
Steam Extinguishing & N2 Inerting Systems
6.12.1
Fires in tanks containing large inventories of liquid sulphur can be fought with saturated
steam.
Hence, in Sulphur Recovery plant, the liquid sulphur storage tanks shall be equipped with
flushing steam lines to extinguish any fires which may occur.
Steam extinguishing system shall be in accordance with NFPA 86 & 69 and activated
manually.
6.12.2
N2 inert gas in sulphur silo(1-V-65001/1-V-65002) shall be provided for fire fighting using by
emergency on/off valves on nitrogen supply header.
7. Fire and Gas System

7.1
Objectives of the Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm System

The Fire and Gas Detection system shall be provided to perform, but not be limited to, the
following duties;
To monitor all designated areas for fire;
To monitor all areas where flammable materials might be present in the course of
normal operations;
To monitor all air intakes together with airlocks located in zone 2 area for concentration
of toxic gases;
To monitor air intakes for concentration of flammable gases;
To provide a facility for raising a fire alarm;
To alert personnel in the process control room, utility control room and fire station of any fire
or gas emergency situation;
To activate the automatic fire fighting system and the ESD System
To alert personnel in the Central Control Room of any fault detected by self test
facilities;
7.2
Fire Detection Principles

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All loops and detectors of the system shall be arranged in such manner that any arising
hazard can be easily located. No loop shall cover more that one fire zone. The fire and gas
cause and effect charts shall detail the alarm and executive actions taken on operation of
smoke, heat or flame detectors or manual controls for each zone in the refinery.
Except the line detectors over the rim seal area of the condensate storage tanks, detection
in two loops shall be required in order to initiate an executive action. Detection in one loop
shall alarm only.
However smoke detection in rooms shall stop HVAC and close fire dampers only.
7.2.1
Manual Alarm Call Points (MAC)

Manual alarm call points, as break glass push buttons, shall be provided at strategic
locations adjacent to exit from and along the peripheries of process areas. According to
NFPA Code they shall be located so that no person has to travel more than 60 m to reach a
MAC. In condensate storage and slug catcher area, the distance between MACs shall be
further. A MAC shall only initiate an alarm and not start the fire pumps. In building, MACs
shall be located on exit routes and in particular on the stairways and exits to the open air.
They shall be so located that, to give the alarm, no person in the premises need travel more
than 30 meters. MACs shall be connected in a single loop by fire zone.
7.2.2
Smoke Detectors (SD)

It is assumed that smoking will be permitted in offices and public rooms.
Ionization or optical smoke detectors shall be provided to monitor the following enclosed
areas;
Offices
Public areas and corridors
Control rooms
Local equipment and technical rooms
Battery, and HVAC plant rooms
Void spaces, false ceilings and false floors

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Smoke detectors shall be connected on two loops where executive action (e.g. process
shut-down is required. Where they activate alarms only they shall be connected on a single
loop. Where they shut down the ventilation to an affected area only, they shall also be
connected on a single loop.
7.2.3
Heat Detectors
7.2.3.1
Electric Heat Detectors (HD)

Heat detectors, which operate at a pre-determined fixed temperature shall be installed in
enclosed areas where local conditions are not considered suitable for smoke detectors, e.g.
due to high humidity.
Rate of rise heat detectors shall be used in laboratory and mess hall.
7.2.3.2
Electric Line Heat Detectors (DELH)

Electric line heat detectors shall be installed above rim seal area of each condensate
storage tank. Electric line heat detectors sensing shall initiate release of foam.
7.2.3.3
Fusible Plugs (FP)

Fusible plugs shall be installed in process areas which are protected by deluge systems.
Melting of the plugs shall vent pneumatic pilot lines and directly activate deluge release from
the pressurized fire ring main.
Release shall be alarmed via a pressure switch to the Fire and Gas executive system for
further processing.
Fusible plugs shall be located as close as practicable to the equipment they protect without
impeding maintenance.
7.2.4
Flame Detectors (IR)

Optical detectors responding to infrared characteristics shall be installed in process areas
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where there are large inventories of hydrocarbon. They shall not be used in engine rooms
due to the possibility of black body radiation.
They shall, as a minimum, be installed in pairs, at separate locations to monitor an area
Detectors in each fire zone shall be connected on two loops. The operation of a single
detector will initiate an alarm two will give a confirmed fire condition for extinguishing release
and further executive action and start the fire pumps.
Flame detector positions will be based upon each particular area and shall take account of
the obstructions caused by equipment and services.
Care shall be taken during equipment selection and arrangement that solar and other
radiation sources (e.g. flare/burn pit) do not cause spurious operation.
7.3
Gas Detection Principles
7.3.1
Combustible Gas Detection

Sensors for combustible gas detection shall be located in process areas and HVAC inlets
where the accumulation of gas and/or the release of gas can be expected.
Portable gas detectors shall also be provided.
Preference shall be given to the use of infra-red as opposed to catalytic gas detectors.
Infra-red open path detectors (Line of sight detectors) are recommended as an alternative to
point detectors in open area. Point detectors shall be used in HVAC intakes and under gas
compressor sunshades and around vessels and equipment handling gases heavier than air
and located at lower points.
Line of sight detectors shall be considered around the perimeter of train 1 and 2 of Gas
treating units and condensate stabilization & fuel gas to give early warning of gas cloud
moving toward operating base.
In process areas the detectors shall be located in such a manner that a majority voting 2 out
of N can be reasonably performed in order to activate the ESD system, avoiding spurious
alarms and further actions due to single detector malfunctioning.
Air intakes shall be equipped with at least two sensors to enable majority voting.
Two alarm levels shall be provided. For point detectors the first level shall be at 25% of the

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Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), giving an alarm and the second at 60% LEL, causing executive
action. For open path detectors the first level shall be at 0.5 LEL m*, giving an alarm and the
second at 1.2 LEL m, causing executive action.
Provision shall be made for applying a test gas from a remote point to the gas detectors.
* LEL m = average % lower explosive limit portion of beam occupied in meters.
7.3.2
Toxic Gas Detection

The hydrogen sulphide detectors shall be provided in the area which equipment contains
H2S toxic gases in the process area of 5,6 and 7.

The hydrogen sulphide detectors shall be direct installation type without need of a sampling
system. They shall be protected using permeable stainless steel sintered disc and shall be
poison resistant. Sensor replacement shall be easily made by using a permanent base and
plug-in type connector.
The hydrogen sulphide sensors will be connected to electronic modules that shall be
capable of displaying gas concentration in PPM and generate alarms at desired set points.
The range of sensors shall be 0-50 PPM.
Toxic gas detectors shall employ electro chemical cell detection technology with 4~20 mA
signal transmission.
Two independent alarms with the set point adjustable from 0 to 100% of range, shall be
provided.
No majority voting shall be performed on toxic gas detection but a toxic gas alarm shall be
immediately issued and HVAC systems shall be stopped if toxic gas is detected in the air
intakes.
Two alarm levels shall be provided at 5 PPM and 10 PPM of H2S.
In sulphur handling and storage area, toxic(SO2) detector shall be provided for indicating
any flame on solid sulphur and the detail information shall be shown on the related

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documents such as gas detector location plan, gas detector data sheet and safety
application chart.
7.4
Objectives of the Fire and Gas Executive System

The fire and Gas executive system shall be provided to perform the following duties;
To evaluate the signals from the fire and gas detection system, using voting techniques
where necessary.
To activate visual and audible alarms.
To automatically activate appropriate fire fighting system in emergencies.
To activate fire fighting systems on manual initiation from an operator control panel in
the PCR/UCR.
To provide a manual start facility for the fire pumps.
To signal the ESD system for further automatic action.
To activate fire and gas damper closure via the HVAC system as appropriate
To stop the HVAC system as appropriate
To monitor state and availability of the fire fighting systems
To Indicate any action taken on a panel in the CCR
To log all F & G actions.
All field cables of the F & G System shall be fire resistant.
8. Emergency Shutdown System

The onshore facilities shall be provided with an Emergency Shutdown System (ESD) to
ensure the safe isolation and shutdown of equipment under hazardous upset of fire/gas
conditions and provide depressuring possibility.
There shall be four levels of shutdown
Level 1
Refinery Shutdown (Process Plant and/or utility Shutdown, manual)
Level 2
Train / System Shutdown (Process Units Shutdown, automatic or manual)
Level 3
Single Train Shutdown (Process Unit Shutdown, automatic or manual)
Level 4
Equipment Item Shutdown (Manual or Automatic)
For details refer to the Emergency Shut-down Philosophy SP1-100-0000-00-PR-PH-103.

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9. Emergency Signs and Alarms System

Emergency alarm devices shall be provided to alert personnel to an alarm condition.
Emergency alarm systems may be divided into two main parts the active system (audible
and visual alarm) and the passive system (organization and procedures).
In addition, an audible and visual alarm shall be provided for the following purposes;
Carbon dioxide status lamps
Carbon dioxide pre-discharge sounder alarm
The audible alarms will be rated at least 5 dB(A) above the maximum ambient noise level.
In buildings, fire alarms shall be intermittent bell type and for evacuation, continuous bells
shall be used. For areas other than buildings, the following alarms shall be utilized;
Wailing sirens for fire & gas
Continuous sirens for evacuation
In areas of high ambient noise levels, the alarms shall be supplemented by visual indications
i.e. red rotating beacons for confirmed flame and combustible gas detection.
9.1
H2S Detection Alarm

H2S detectors monitoring buildings air intakes shall initiate audible and visual alarms in the
process control room, fire station and affected area(s) and HVAC systems shall be stopped.
The visual alarm shall be yellow colored.
10. Emergency Power Supply

10.1
Introduction
An emergency power supply system shall be provided for all consumers, which are to be
operational under emergency conditions. Consumers which are needed during periods
where the main power supply is not available (e.g. startup) shall be connected to this supply.

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The emergency power supply system shall consist of two diesel generators, connected to a
dedicated part of the low voltage switchboard (hereafter called the emergency).
10.2
General System Layout

The emergency power supply systems shall be located in a safe area, separate from the
main power generation and protected from external fires. Hence, one of the generators shall
be installed beside the substation no. 1 and the second one adjacent to substation no. 2.
All cabling of the system that is required to operate under emergency conditions shall be fire
resistant.
In general all electrical consumers shall be graded in three categories;
N
Normal
Emergency
Safety (Essential)
Emergency and essential consumers shall be supplied with electrical energy under
emergency conditions from the generator, if no break supply is required by certain
consumers this shall be via UPS-systems.
Shut down and load shedding of consumers fed from the emergency switchboard under
emergency conditions shall be considered when main power fails.
10.3
Emergency and Essential Consumers

The following systems shall be supplied from the emergency diesel generator for a duration
of at least 24 hours.
a) Directly
Emergency Lighting
b) Via AC UPS-System
Process Control System
ESD System
Fire and Gas Detection
Fire Fighting Electrical Equipment

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c) Via DC UPS-System
Public Address System
Radio Equipment
Electrical control and protection
In case of failure of the diesel generator the essential systems which are supplied with
battery backup either through AC or DC UPS-Systems will be kept alive until the battery
capacity is exhausted after 4 hours.
10.4
Emergency Diesel Generators

The emergency power shall be generated by two diesel generators connected to dedicated
emergency panels.
The diesel day tanks shall have sufficient capacity to enable each diesel generator to run at
full load for at least 24 hours.
The diesel generators shall be started automatically if the main power supply falls.
After return of the main power supply, switch over to the latter shall be initiated manually and
by means of synchronizing thus avoiding a blackout on the emergency switchboard.
10.5
Emergency Switchboard
The emergency switchboard shall be located near the low voltage switchboard and shall be
equipped with all control and protection devices for the emergency consumers and the
emergency generator.
Under normal operation conditions it shall be fed from the main power supply system via bus
tie circuit breaker.
Synchronizing of the emergency generator with the main power supply system shall be
possible.
If consumers are supplied form the emergency switchboard, which are not safety consumers
but needed under special conditions, when the main power is not available (e.g. startup)
load shedding shall be considered for emergency operations.
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10.6

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UPS-Systems
In addition to the emergency generations, additional sources of power by means of static
UPS-Systems shall be provided for consumers which need an uninterruptible power supply.
The UPS-Systems shall consist as a minimum of;
Rectifier
Battery bank
Inverter
Static bypass switch
Manual bypass switch
Bypass transformers
The capacity of the battery bank shall be sufficient to supply the connected loads for an
autonomy period as mentioned in item 10.3.
The UPS-System shall be fed from the emergency switchboard.
10.7
DC-Systems
Where consumers require a DC-supply, this shall be provided by dedicated DC-System with
battery back-up for an autonomy period of four hours.
The system shall be equipped with two rectifiers, each with sufficient capacity to provide for
the full load current to the consumers and additionally the full charging current for the
batteries.
The rectifiers shall be fed from the emergency switchboard.
10.8
Battery Rooms
Batteries shall be located in dedicated rooms, separate from their chargers.
The rooms shall be equipped with separate exhaust ventilation systems.
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Interlocks shall be provided between the ventilator and the rectifiers in order to inhibit boost
charging of the batteries if the ventilation is out of operation.
Electrical installation in battery rooms shall be Ex-protected and certified for use in hydrogen
atmosphere, gas group IIC temperature class TI.
10.9
Emergency Lighting
Emergency lighting shall be provided for the illumination of control rooms, technical rooms
and other areas of the onshore refinery, which are critical for operation.
The emergency lighting system shall be supplied from the emergency switchboard.
In each area the emergency lighting shall be made so that the area is illuminated via two
separate circuits. On of these can be a main lighting circuit. Failure of one circuit shall not
render an area completely dark.
The emergency lighting fixtures shall be Ex-protected, in accordance with hazardous area
classification.
10.10
Safety Lighting
The safety lighting system shall illuminate all emergency routes and exit points from
buildings and other areas which are critical to the operation and emergency conditions.
The safety lighting shall be fed from the emergency switchboard.
Safety lighting shall be provided by use of luminaries with a battery back-up system and
integrated battery charger having an autonomy period of 90 minutes after failure of the
emergency power supply.
The safety lighting fixtures shall be Ex-protected, even if installed in safe areas.
11. Fire Station
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11.1

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General
A fire station shall be built at a safe location (in southwest part of the sub sleeper way
area) and constructed with noncombustible materials.
A work bench shall be included in the inventory of this station. Facilities for inspecting,
cleaning and filling fire-fighting equipment shall be provided.
Electric power, apart from the usual lighting, shall be provided to charge the batteries of
the fire-fighting truck via a rectifier.
A fire attendant console shall be installed and facilities for personnel, such as restroom,
furniture, etc., shall be provided.
A mimic panel shall be installed in the fire station to monitor fire & gas hazard in onshore
facilities (except residential camp) by receiving common alarms from affected areas.
11.2
Mobile Fire-Fighting Equipment

At least the following mobile fire-fighting equipment shall be provided in the fire station of the
refinery plant;
Water/foam trucks, 2 Nos.
Dry powder truck, 1 No.
Foam concentrate trailer, 2 Nos.
Service vehicle, 1 No, (Landrover or equivalent) with a suitable quantity of flexible
hoses, branch pipes and dry powder extinguishers.
Ambulance, 1 No, air conditioned, complete of first aid equipment, for two persons.
Twin agent vehicle, 1 No.
11.3
Foam Concentrate Storage

An elevated, on structure, foam concentrate storage tank shall be provided for quick filling by
gravity of water/foam trucks.
11.4
Various Equipment
An adequate quantity of fire brigade equipment shall be provided. The equipment
considered shall be;
Portable CO2 extinguishers, 10 Nos.

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Wheeled CO2 extinguishers, 5 Nos.

Fire hoses, 10 Nos.
Hose jackets, 10 Nos.
Fire shield, 5 Nos.
Water branchpipes, 15 Nos.
Foam branchpipes, 15 Nos.
Fire rescue suits, 5 Nos.
Proximity suits, 5 Nos.
Helmets, 20 Nos.
Fire blankets, 5 Nos.
Breathing apparatus, 10 Nos.
Gas masks, 30 Nos.
11.5
Training Area
For training of fire purpose, a fire brigade exercise area shall be provided at east side of the
fire station.
Also, a training ground shall be provided for practical fire trainings. The ground shall be near
the fire station to the possible extent and shall not impose hazards to the other parts of the
onshore facilities. Hence, northwest of the off-plot, outside of the flare sterile area shall be
considered.
The requirement for training area shall be defined during detail design.

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The Operating Base

Active fire protection equipment shall be employed for the prevention, control and
extinguishing of fire in different parts of operating base.
The active fire protection system in this area consists;
Fire water system
Wheeled and portable extinguishers
The operating base shall be divided into fire zones and subzones. Each subzone shall be
properly equipped with suitable detection and fire fighting systems.
The operating base and H/C drain and waste water treatment area shall have an
independent fire water ring which shall be supplied by the sea fire water pumps located in
the sea water intake area. There are links with check valves between this ring and the
refinery ring main which can supply fire water to the operating base and waste water
treatment area, if required. The ring main sizing shall be on the basis of three hydrants in
simultaneous operation. For preventing the probable damages to the ring, it shall be run
underground.
Chemical storage area shall be protected by water sprinkler system which shall be
automatically activated by heat detection.
Administration, warehouses, fuel filling station areas are protected by water hydrants spaced
at a distance of 60 m accompanied by hose boxes wherever required, hose reel in buildings,
warehouses and workshop. For more flexibility, beside each building a hydrant shall be
installed. The specifications are similar to those specified for the refinery.
In all buildings 8kg portable dry powder extinguishers shall be located except the substation
which is protected by 6kg portable CO 2 extinguishers which are located inside and outside of
the building. Substation shall also be protected by CO 2 flooding system activated by
confirmed fire detection.
For fuel filling station protection, 45kg wheeled type dry powder and 9-litre portable foam
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extinguisher shall be considered.

Workshop building shall also be equipped with 9-litre portable water extinguisher.
In canteen No. 1, No. 2 and bakery fire blanket suitable for being utilized by personnel shall
be located.
2. Fire Detection System
Administration offices, general warehouse, auditorium and substation shall be equipped with
smoke detectors. In general warehouse area, smoke detection shall be done by
photoelectric detectors operating on light obscuration principles. They are beam type,
respond to the smoke generated by low energy fires and are used to protect large open
areas.
Canteens & Chemical storage shall be equipped with rate of rise heat detectors. Manual
alarm call points (MACS) shall be installed at the exits and inside of the building. Those
located inside of the buildings shall be spaced at 30 meters apart. Activation of each one of
them shall initiate an alarm in the affected building.
There shall be an alarm in the general area of the operating base to be manually activated
from the fire station by the personnel in charge.
Signals from the detection systems shall be sent to a mimic panel in fire station to indicate
the exact point of fire in the operating base area.
And also a signal shall be sent to the PCU/UCR providing a common alarm to alert the
personnel of refinery of a fire condition in the operating base area.

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Small Boat Harbor

Small boat harbor shall be divided into fire zones and subzones. Each subzone shall be
properly equipped with suitable detection and fire fighting systems. The area shall have a
fire water ring which is linked to main fire water pumps or sea fire water pumps located in the
sea water intake area. The ring main sizing shall be on the basis of three hydrants in
simultaneous operation. For preventing the probable damages to the ring, it shall be run
underground.
Sulphur storage shall be protected by water spray system to be activated manually in case
of fire. Drainage of the fire water contaminated by sulphur after spray system activation to a
proper route in order not to pollute the sea water shall be connected to the industrial sewage
basin.
Sulphur, on burning, gives off a little amount of heat and the fire so produced will not emit
significant amounts of infra red radiation in the sensitive range of the IR detectors. Hence,
Ultra Violet (UV) flame detectors shall be considered to monitor any fire in sulphur storage.
In the meantime, the design for reducing sulphur cast concentration in the area will progress
on the basis of consideration, of natural ventilation and incorporating mechanical system to
provide adequate back-up.
Signals sent from the detection systems shall follow the same principle as in the operating
base and also shall be received in small boat harbor area.
3. Navigation Aids
3.1
Harbor and Approaches

To provide the vessels to stay within limits of maneuvering area both in harbor and approach
channel, the limits of these areas shall be marked with seamarks.
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The seamarks shall provide;

Visual identification of the harbor general location from distance.
Demarcation of the harbor approach channel
Radio communication with the vessels shall be provided in the harbor.
The following general safety rules shall be followed in entrance and/or departure of the
vessels and shall be considered as the minimum basis for the design of mooring facilities;
The vessels speed approaching the harbor shall not exceed 10 knots at entrance
channel.
Berthing shall be avoided when wind velocity exceeds 8 m/sec, visibility is less than 1
nautical mile and wave height exceeds 1.2m.
Berthing speed shall be limited to 10 cm/sec.
All berthing structures shall be provided with fendering system in such distances to
absorb the shock of vessels during berthing. The fenders shall extend down to low water
level. Fenders shall prevent any direct impact and contact of vessel to the berthing
structure and to be capable of absorbing and damping vibrations.
Also, in harbor area two maritime obstruction lights (beacon lights) shall be installed with a
range of visibility of not less than 5 nautical miles.
Operation of the light shall be monitored automatically and automatic transfer to a standby
circuit shall be initiated in case of light failure.
The color of the lights shall be white the lights shall be Ex-protected.
The maritime obstruction lights shall be supplied from the essential switchboard with a
battery back-up to give an autonomy of at least 96 hours.
The lights shall flash to give a Morse letter U every 15 seconds in accordance with
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) recommendations.
Two foghorn shall be also provided in the harbor area with a minimum range of 2 nautical
miles.
The foghorns shall be supplied from the essential switchboard with a battery back-up to give
an autonomy of at least 96 hours.
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The foghorns shall be Ex-protected.

The foghorns shall sound the Morse U every 30 seconds in accordance with IALA
recommendations.
The unit shall be fitted with sufficient emitters so as to provide adequate safety should one
fail.
The fog warning signal supply circuit shall incorporate a control switch mounted on the
battery box/control panel to temporarily silence the signal in the event of personnel working
around the unit when there is clear visibility.
Signs (warning plate) shall be provided near the foghorns to warn personnel of high sound
pressure levels in the vicinity.
Navaid Radio System and Meteorological monitoring packages shall be provided to support
marine, helicopter and aircraft operations.

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Single Buoy Mooring (SBM)
1. SBM Safety Requirements

For exporting produced condensate, a Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) shall be located in the
sea, at a distance of approximately 1200 m from small boat harbor.
SBM is normally unmanned. To provide visual identification of the SBM general location from
distance at night time and fog condition, maritime obstruction lights with a range of visibility
of not less than 5 nautical miles, foghorns with a minimum range of 2 nautical and radar
reflector shall be installed on SBM. The equipment shall be ex-protected and supplied by
batteries.
Obstruction lights and foghorns provided at SBM shall follow the same regulations and
specifications defined in section 3.0 of part D (NAVIGATION AIDS).
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PART F

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Residential Camp
Deleted
PART G
Telecommunication Buildings
1. Introduction
Telecommunication system is composed of two microwave multi-junction and three
microwave terminal stations.
Multi-junction stations and Vali Asr Refinery terminal stations are normally unmanned.
Terminal station building at operating base includes some offices. Thus it is considered to be
manned. Residential camp terminal station is unmanned but is located at manned area.
Active fire protection and detection devices shall be considered for telecommunication
system on the above-mentioned basis.
All telecommunication buildings shall be equipped with 8kg portable dry powder and 6kg
portable CO2 extinguishers. Hosereels shall be installed in corridors (in areas that fire water
ring exists).
In fire condition, the extinguishing equipment installed at unmanned buildings shall be used
by the personnel present in guard houses located in the vicinity.
They shall be trained for such cases.
Air sampling type smoke detectors shall be considered for rooms in which equipment are
located while for offices and battery rooms, ionization type smoke detectors shall be
installed.
Utilization of air sampling type smoke detectors instead of ionization type for offices and
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battery rooms shall be reviewed during detail design.

Fire detection signals in Junction and Vali Asr terminals shall be received in adjacent guard
houses.
The fire signals in terminal located at residential camp shall be received in fire station.
Fire detection signal in operating base terminal station shall be connected to a general alarm
inside the building and also received at fire station.
Manual alarm call points shall be installed at manned buildings according to the principles
mentioned earlier in this document.

SP1 100 0000 00 Sa PH 101 5

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PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

SOUTH PARS GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT

Onshore Design Safety Philosophy

Apr. 10, 2001

Revised as per marked

Nov. 21, 2000

Sep. 08, 2000

Aug. 05, 2000

Issue for approval

Jun. 19, 2000

Issue for approval

Feb. 27, 2000

Issued for comment

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

PART AThe Onshore Facilities

Project Safety Objectives

Location & Environmental Conditions

Description of the Onshore Facilities

Small Boat Harbour

Fire Water Network

Communication and Alarm Systems

Noise and Vibration

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

1. Safety of Process and Utility Systems

Process Safety System

Relief and Depressurizing and Liquid Pulldown Systems

Drainage and Spill Containment

2. Hazardous Area Classification

Designation of Hazardous Area

Selection of Explosion Protected Equipment

Safeguarding of Non-Hazardous Areas

Natural Ventilation of Plant

Requirements for Rooms

5. Passive Fire Protection

Structural Fire Protection

6. Active Fire Protection and Fire Fighting

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

Control of Fire Fighting Equipment

Fire Water Distribution

Fire Pump Control

Hydrants, Hose Reels and Monitors

Carbon Dioxide System

Portable and Wheeled Fire Fighting Equipment

Steam Extinguishing & N2 inerting Systems

7. Fire and Gas System

Objectives of the Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm System

Fire Detection Principles

Gas Detection Principles

Objectives of the Fire and Gas Executive System

8. Emergency Shutdown System

H2S Detection Alarm

Emergency and Safety Signs/Plans

10. Emergency Power Supply

General System Layout

Critical and Safety Consumers

Emergency Diesel Generators

PARS OIL AND GAS COMPANY

11. Fire Station

Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment

Foam Concentrate Storage

The Operating Base