' Preparad by Ma. Asuncion S.

Cobar 9/8/06

Kingdom Plantae
I. Nonvascular plants - dominant alternant is the gametophyte (sexual plant) and the recessive is the sporophyte (asexual plant) - absence of vascular tissues is the probable reason for the relatively small size of the plants a. Phylum Anthcerophyta ( orn!ort) b. Phylum epatophyta ("iver!ort) c. Phylum #ryophyta ($osses) II. %ascular plants - dominant alternant is the sporophyte (asexual plant) - presence of vascular tissue& xylem and phloem a. seedless plants '. Phylum Psilotophyta ((his)ferns) *. Phylum "ycopodophyta (+lubmosses) ,. Phylum -phenophyta ( orsetails) .. Phylum Pteridophyta (/erns) b. -eed formers '. Phylum +yacadophyta (+ycads) *. Phylum +oniferophyta (+onifers) ,. Phylum 0in)gophyta .. Phylum 0netophyta 1. Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms 2 /lo!ering plants) a. $onocotyledonae ("iliopsida) b. 3icotyledonae ($agnoliopsida) Phylum Anthocerophyta - plant representative 2 Anthoceros 0ametophyte o $ultilobed thallus gro!s closely appressed to the moist soil or roc) o Possesses ventral mucilaginous chambers but lac) internal differentiation o +ells contains a single massive plastid !ith pyrenoid o #isexual or unisexual. Archegonium and antheridium embedded !ithin the dorsal tissues of the thallus4 antheridia (yello! 2 orange 2 maturity) exposed in cavities o /ertilization resulted in the production of chlorophyllous5 needle 2 li)e sporophytes (foot5 meristematic zone5 sporogenous region and mature region) sporophyte

* o meristematic zone (intercalary) is actively dividing located bet!een the foot and base of the sporophyte o mature spores are dispersed at the apex by pseudoelaters ( coming from sporocytes and sterile cells) o body composed of actively photosynthetic cells5 columella5 cuticle and functional stomata !ith guard cells o spores produced gives rise to gametophyte Phylum epatophyta - representative 2 Marchantia and Riccia gametophyte 2 Riccia o * )inds of thallus& thallose (6halloid) 2 Riccia4 "eafy 2 Marchantia o -ubmerged a7uatic species gro!ing on soil and !ater o 0ro!th of thallus is apical and branches dichotomous o A7uatic form lac)s rhizoids but present in soil habitat o Internal tissues 2 spongy and less 2 differentiated into spongy and palisade o 0ametangia (archegonium and antheridium) produced on deep furro!s o -sexual reproduction & oogamous sporophyte 2 o spherical structure gro!ing !ithin the archegonium o sporogenous cells (sporocytes) undergo meiosis to form haploid meiospores gametophyte 2 Marchantia o large dichotomously branching plant body. o +ompact storage area differentiated into highly specialized air chambers and pores o -pecialized bud 2 li)e branches (gemmae) produced from cup 2 li)e structures called gemma cup4 dispersal 8 splash 2 cup mechanism) o sex organs (antheridia and archegonia) borne on special branches called gametophore (antheridiophore and archegoniophore) o antheridium located in modified pored air chambers on the upper surface of the antheridial disc4 the archegonium on the lo!er side of the archegonial disc o elongation of the archegophores and splashing of the sperm liberated from the antheriophore resulted in the formation of the zygote then the sporophyte sporophyte 2 o possesses abundant amount of chloroplasts and differentiated into foot5 stal) (seta) and capsule (sporangium) o in the capsule 8 spores and specialized hygroscopic cells 2 elaters

, o dispersal of spores (male or female) is by the elongation of the seta and the hanging of the capsule on the lo!er surface of the archegoniophore

Phylum !ryophyta
gametophyte 2 o perennial o plant body composed of the slender leafy axis5 erect or prostrate !ith or !ithout rhizoids (multicellular absorptive branches) o spore germinates to form a prostrate filamentous system ( protonema) that branches profusely o the protonema forms buds !hich gro!s into leafy shoots !ith the upper layer cutinized and at the base forms the rhizoidal system o the stem contain !ater conducting cells called hydroids and food conducting5 leptoids o 6he tips of the branches become fertile producing the sex organs (monoecious or dioecious). Archegonium (elevated in a stal) or pedicel) has an egg !hile the antheridium5 biflagellated sperm. o After fertilization5 the zygote develops into the sporophyte. sporophyte 2 o 9etained permanently in the parent thallus !ith cells becoming chlorophyllous but food is still transported from the parent gametophyte through the foot and the seta.. o 3eveloping sporophyte tip enlarges to form the capsule or sporangium !ith a calyptra (remnant of the archegonium) o -hedding of the calyptra exposes the peristome of the capsule. Peristome is a single or double ring of tooth 2 li)e segments attached around the mouth of the capsule or to a membrane called epiphragm (absent in some). Sphagnum (peat or bog moss) lac)s rhizoids and are pale green due to the alternate !ater storing cells and small chloroplast containing cells. Presence of gametophytic stal) called pseudopodium elevates the sporophyte.

%ascular plants include t!o ma:or types5 seedless (cryptogams) and seed bearing (phanerogams). 6he presence of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) on the dominant sporophytic alternant. /re7uently classified in a single division5 6racheophyta.

Phylum Psilotophyta
plant representative 2 Psilotum and Tmesipteris sporophyte 2 Psilotum

. o plant body consists of a dichotomously branching rhizome and subaerial stem that arise as an outgro!th of the rhizome tips. Initially attached to the gametophyte by a foot o the erect stem bear small leaf 2 li)e appendages called bracts5 prophylls or enations (lac)s vascular tissues and not recognized as leaf) o epidermis 2 heavily cutinized !ith stomata and guard cells ( aerial stem) o rhizome produce one to several rhizoids ( no leaves and roots) o $ature plant 2 aerial axes becomes fertile producing trilobed synangia on short lateral branches that also bears bracts. -ynangium is cauline or borne on stems and composed of several fused or united sporangia tat opens upon maturity and dispersed the haploid spores. gametophyte 2 o the only species !ith vascularized gametophyte5 tracheids o $inute5 subterranean5 cylindrical structure devoid of chlorophyll (saprobic). +ontains rhizoidal fungi and covered !ith rhizoids sporophyte 2 Tmesipteris o -uperficially leafy that is either erect or pendulous. o /lattened leaf 2 li)e appendages are usually mista)en as stem branches o Produce bilobed synangia

Phylum "ycopodophyta ($icrophyllophyta) 2 spi)e or club mosses - 9epresentatives& Lycopodium, Selaginella5 and Isoetes - 6he plants are distinguished on the basis of their leaves bearing ligules. A tongue 2 li)e leaf borne !ithin the tissue at the base of the microphyllous leaves. - 6he club or spi)e names refers to the localization of the spore 2 bearing leaves5 sporophylls at the tips of certain branches (strobilus) !ith short internodes -porophyte - Lycopodium ( ground pine or trailing evergreens) o possesses vascularized leaves and roots o Aerial axes elongate by apical gro!th and produce a profusion of small spirally arranged moss 2 li)e leaves (microphylls) !ith a single unbranched vein. o 6he sporangia are borne at or near the bases of sporophylls on their adaxial surface. 6he sporophylls form aggregation of the terminal tip of dichotomously branching stems !ith short internodes called strobilus (pl. strobili) o ;ach sporangium produce a number of fertile sporogenous cells (sporocytes) undergoing meiosis to give rise to tetrads of haploid spores. As the spores separate5 each one has triradiate ridge mar)ings on the spore !all. gametophyte 2 o arise from a germinating spore.

1 o -ubterranean fleshy structure devoid of chlorophyll and contain mycorrhizal fungi (saprobic) or epiterranean !ith fleshy bases and green photosynthetic lobes -porophyte 2 Selaginella o "eaves !ith basal ligules. o ;xhibit dimorphism in leaves accompanies dorsiventrality of the axes. 6he leaves are borne in four ro!s on the stems5 t!o smaller dorsal and t!o ventral (anisophyllous) (Isophyllous 2 uniform leaves). o "eaves have single unbranched vein and stomata borne along the midrib on their lo!er surface o /rom the stem arise a long na)ed axes (rhizophore) that extends to the soil and branches dichotomously to form a mass of small roots. o -pores exhibit dimorphism& (heterospory) large spores (megaspore) arise from the megasporocytes and ordinary size spores (microspore) from microsporocytes. gametophyte 2 o /emale gametophyte develops !ithin the megaspore resulting in the rupture of the spore !all. -everal archegonia located on the surface of the gametophyte o $ale gametophyte develops from the microspore consists of an antheridium composed of spermatogenous tissue surrounded by a :ac)et and protrudes from the microspore !all before the spores mature o #oth gametophyte are endosporic5 devoid of chlorophyll and saprobic. sporophyte 2 Isoetes (7uill!ort) o possesses larger leaves than the other t!o called microphylls because of the single unbranched vein o the 7uill 2 li)e leaves arise spirally from an extremely short fleshy corm 2 li)e stem. 6he upper portion of the corm arise the leaves and from the lo!er portion5 the roots. o 6he leaves and sporophylls haves at the base small appendages5 ligules. o ;ach leaf is a potentially fertile sporophylls (heterospory) o -pores are borned by a massive sporangium partially portioned by a septum covered by a tapetum (nutritive tissue). o ;ach megasporangium produces megaspores and microsporangium5 microspores. gametophyte 2 o spores germinate to produce endosporic gamtophytes o antheridium produces multiflagellated sperms

Phylum Sphenophyta (Arthrophyta or ;7uisetophyta) - horsetail5 pipes or scouring rushes

= representative 2 Equisetum 2 sporophyte 2 o the !horled habit of the plant is by the branching originating at each node o -tems exhibit apical dominance. +utting off apex may develop lateral branches at the node. 9oots and stems develop from the apical meristem in !hich a single prominent apical cell is present o Intercalary meristem persists at each node and may give rise to adventitious roots or increase the length of the internode. o stem apex differentiates into a strobilus5 branches develop at the nodes belo!. o Photosynthesis ta)es place in the vertical ribbed stem. 6he erect stem arises from a subterranean rhizome that bears !horls of !iry roots. 6he stem epidermis is silicified and numerous stomata and guard cells occur on the vertical ridges. -tomata are sun)en belo! surface subsidiary cells. o Nodes are also mar)ed by leaf sheath composed of minute tooth 2 li)e leaves !ith :oined at their bases. 6he fused leaves sho! trances of vascular tissues o ;ach sporangium is borne on appendages )no!n as sporangiophores. ;ach sporangiophore bears cylindrical sporangia on its adaxial surface. -pores are dispersed by elaters (sensitive to moisture) arising from the crac)ing of the outermost layer of the spore !all. 0ametophyte 2 o -pores germinate to produce minute mound - li)e green gametophyte o Antheridia and archegonia develop from the dorsal membranous outgro!ths at the margin of the gametophyte

Phylum Pteridophyta (ferns) -porophyteo 3ominant organ of the plant is the fern leaf or frond o "eaves develop from a uni7ue arrangement of the bud called circinate vernation ( arrangement of the leaves in the bud) o "eaves are either simple !ith undivided blade or compound !ith leaflets attached to a rachis o -tomata and guard cells occur on the lo!er epidermis. 6he upper and lo!er epidermises are cutinized enclosing mesophyll transverses !ith strands of xylem (single celled tracheids but vessels do occur)and phloem forming the veins. o -tem is either prostrate and fleshy5 erect stemmed or subterranean rhizomes o Persistent apical contain tetrahedral apical cells elongating the stem. -econdary tissues do not occur in all ferns < ;ven the stems of tree ferns

A are entirely primary in origin. $ost are siphonostele or dictyostele and fe! are protostele. >pon maturity5 sporogenous tissue develops on modified segments of leaves or on the abaxial surface of vegetative leaves. 6he fertile regions bear sporangia are called receptacles and a group of sporangia on a receptacle is called sorus. In some species5 the sorus is covered by a flap of epidermal tissue called indusium or in some5 the in rolled margin of the leaf (false indusium) 6ropical sporangia are massive and thic) 2 !alled (more than ' layer thic)) and produce numerous spores (eusporangiate). Adiantum($aiden air fern)5 Ophioglossum, Angiopteris In some5 sporangia are small5 thin 2 !alled (one layer thic)) and long stal)ed containing ,* 2 =. spores. All living ferns -porangium of common ferns is attached to the receptacle by stal)s. -porangial !alls are composed of transparent sporangial !all5 specialized thic) 2 !alled cells (annulus) running vertically around the sporangium and interrupted by lip cells (thin 2 !alled) -pores are dispersed by air and deposited on soil or roc)s and germinating !ithin 1 2 = days.

o -

gametophyte 2 o 0erminating spore forms a bisexual gametophyte (prothallus)5 heart 2 shaped structure !ith the central portion composed of several cells thic) containing the archegonia and antheridia on the ventral surface. o In certain ferns5 the development of the antheridia is enhanced by the addition of antheridiogen sporophyte 2 Marsilea (!ater fern) o often mista)en for !ood sorrel o clover 2 li)e leaves arising alternately from prostrate stolons that are rooted at the nodes o ?oung leaves are circinately vernate and the t!o pairs of leaflets are dichotomously veined. o -tomata occurs on the upper surface of the leaflets o -porangia are small and lac)s annuli and lip cells. 6hey develop !ithin sorocarps (maybe modified leaflets) !hich are bro!n5 hard5 and nut 2 li)e structure at maturity and indusiate. 6!o )inds of sporangia& megasporangia and microsporangia o -pores germinate only !hen shed in !ater by the disintegration of the sorocarp@s !all. 6he gelatinous contents of the sorocarps becomes hydrated and s!ell5 carrying the sori of microsporangia and megasporangia in !ater o eterosporous. $egasporangium bears a single megaspore gametophyte-

D o both male and female are colorless and saprophytic during early development but the latter develops photosynthetic tissue and rhizoids after fertilization other ferns 2 o Azolla 2 heterosporous5 endosporous and sorocarps enclosed by hardened indusium. o Ancient ferns & Ophioglossum (Adder@s tongue) and Botrychium (grape fern or moon!ort) eusporangiate5 sporangia occurs on fertile axes that arise from the :unction of blade (trophophyll) and petiole. -porangium opens transversely to shed spores. 0ametophyte5 subterranean5 fleshy and achlorophyllous structures contain fungi in some cells. ;usporangiate

6he gymnosperms develop their seeds on the surface or at the tip of an appendage and not enclosed !ithin a vessel. 6hey may occur as !oody trees5 shrubs or vines. Phylum Cycadophyta #Cycads$ - $embers are limited to the tropics and subtropics5 strobilate genera and are dioecious. sporophyte - Cycas o the embryonic sporophyte is composed of the primary root (radicle)5 * cotyledons and a terminal bud (plumule) attached to a coiled suspensor on the remnant of the megasporangium the integument differentiates into outer fleshy layer and an inner stony layer !hich constitutes the seed coat o -tems are mostly unbranched (columnar)5 slo! gro!ing and covered by leaf bases of preceding seasons. Presence of secondary gro!th made up of mostly thin 2 !alled parenchyma cells o "eaves are pinnately compound and exhibit circinate vernation. "eaf texture is leathery5 fairly thic) epidermis and hypodermis is present and compactly arranged mesophyll. "eaves appear at intervals& cataphylls5 Pinnately compound leaves5 megasporophyll Bmicrosporophyll o 9oot is a fleshy tap root system and adventitious roots arising from the base of the plant o -trobilus& staminate cone (microstrobilus5 pollen cones) and female (Cvulate megasporophyll5 megastrobilus5 seed cones) -taminate cone composed of leaf 2 li)e leathery microsporophylls !ith sporangia on the abaxial surface $icrospores (motile and provided !ith cilia) are shed from the microsporangium and dispersed by !ind Cvulate megasporophylls are either loosely arranged or in cones (megastrobili) !ith * ovules (megasporangium) along the margin and covered !ith an integument except the micropyle.

F ;ach ovule develops a single megasporocyte that undergoes meiosis and cell division to produce . megaspores (, degenerates and ' functional).

gametophyte 2 o +ell of megaspore forms the parasitic female gametophyte by cell division that lac)s chlorophyll. >pon maturity several archegonia develop. o $icrospore (pollen grains or pollen) contains a , 2 celled gametophyte& prothallialB sterile cell5 generative cell and the tube cell o A pollen grain reaching the micropyle of the ovule !here pollination droplets are present. As this droplet dry and contract5 the pollen is dra!n into a depression5 pollen chamber at the apex of the megasporangium. 6he transfer of the pollen to the micropyle is )no!n as pollination. o 6he pollen germinate forms the tube that digests the apex of the megasporangium and fertilized the egg in the archegonium. And develops into the zygote and then embryo.

Phylum Coni%erophyta #Coni%ers$ - plants form the forest of the !orld - highly important commercially as sources of lumber5 !ood pulp for the manufacture of paper and resins and gums (naval stores products) - trees or shrubs &rder Coni%erales sporphyte 2 Pinus sp. o "eaves are needle 2 li)e !ith a simple venation ( ' or * long veins) and !ith small surface area for reduced transpiration. Eerophytic characteristics& heavily cutinized epidermis !ith sun)en stomata and a hypodermis. 3iffers from flo!ering plants5 needle 2 li)e leaves have an endodermis. +ontains transfusion tissue composed of transfusion parenchyma and transfusion tracheids that facilitates the transfer of materials bet!een the ordinary vascular tissues and the mesophyll tissues outside the endodermis +ontain numerous resin canals in the mesophyll and borne in clusters on minute lateral branches (short spur5 shoot) of the main axes (long spur5 shoots) covered by scale 2 li)e leaves !ith several parallel veins. o -tem is monopodial !ith a single trun) bearing many branches. (ood is composed of tracheids !ith visible annual rings5 spring !ood and summer !ood Phloem contains sieve cells and albuminous cells and rays +or) cambium produces thic)5 tough bar) that provides protection form forest fire.

'G o roots and stems contain active vascular cambial layers and secondary xylem (tracheids) increases the !oodiness and the diameter of the axes o pines produce both pollen (male)cones and seed (female)cones pollen cones occur in subterminal clusters as the bud unfolds. It is composed of a single short unbranched axis bearing microsporophylls. ;ach microsporophyll contains t!o elongated microsporangia on the abaxial surface.. A microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to form microspores and !ithin develops endosporically the male gametophyte !ith . cells. As a result of meiosis5 each pollen has an inflated (!inged) cell !all and are shed and carried by !ind. -eed cones (female cone) are compound cones5 each consisting of a shoot !ith axillary bud. 6he short axis bears leaves called bracts. ;ach bract has an axillary bud that bears the megasporophyll. 6he axillary bud and the megasporophyll are fused laterally to form an ovuliferous scale (ovule bearing appendage). ;ach scale bears * ovules (megasporangium) covered by integument. Inside each megasporangium is a megasporocyte undergoing meiosis to a single functional megaspore (, degenerated). ;ach megaspore contains an endosporic large coenocytic megagametophyte (A*GG nuclei) !hich later becomes a cellular megagametophyte !ith * or , archegonia bearing an egg each. &rder 'a(ales Ta us 2 ye! o 3o not form cones4 seeds are borne terminally on short lateral shoots. o After fertilization5 as the seed develops5 a bright red5 fleshy s!eet envelope aril gro!s around the seed derived from the integument enclosing the megasporangium (arillate seeds) o $icrosporangium occurs in clusters of F on flat microsporophylls.

Phylum )in*gophyta #Mainden air 'ree$ - representative 2 Ginkgo biloba - has only one living species. +ommon name is by its resemblance to the fan 2 shaped leaves and furcated (dichotomous) venation of Adiatum. It is dioecious. - 6rees are beautiful ornamental !hen leaves turn yello! in autumn but the megasporangiate (female) trees produce seeds (seed coat outer layer) emitting butyric acid !hich is putrid odor difficulty to tolerate. -porophyteo 6ree is richly excurrent branched (more li)e a dicot tree) and consists of t!o )inds of shoots& long shoot and short shoot. (oody due to the cambium and forms cor) layer replacing the epidermis o 3oes not form cones5 ovules (large globose li)e cherries) occur in pairs at the end of a short stal) and completely unprotected upon maturity but

'' enclosed in a , 2 layered integument. Pollens are produced in an lax5 pendulous microsporangiate strobili (li)e a cat)in) bearing * 2 . microsporangia. gametophyte 2 o endosporic5 heterosporous

Phylum )netophyta - contains three groups of enigmatic plants each placed in different orders - possesses multicellular vessels aside from tracheids - dioecious !ith reduced gametophyte - sperms lac) flagella &rder )netales + Gnetum o $ostly vines or small shrubs (!oody) !ith broad deciduous opposite leaves !ith netted venation o /orms inflorescence o No archegonium formed and no ovary &rder ,pherales + Ephedra $a uang or :oint fir o 6ough shrubs and bushes o 0reen stem !ith minute scale li)e (unexpanded blade )leaves !ith a !ell 2 developed midrib !ith * veins o $ale and female inflorescence o (ith archegonium and prothallial cells &rder -el.itschiales + el!itschia o 0ro!ing in extremely arid conditions5 slo! 2 gro!ing top 2 li)e concave stem ending in a deeply gro!ing tap root o /irst pair of true leaves (postcotyledonary) !ith parallel venation and possesses a persistent basal meristem gro!ing perennially and * cotyledons (seedling) o No archegonium formed and ovary o ovules enclosed !ithin * integuments o cambium increase !idth but not height o produce male and female inflorescences

- -imilarities bet!een Angiosperms and 0netophytes '. presence of vessels (xylem) derived from tracheids !ith circular bordered pits - Angiosperms@ vessels are derived from scalariform tracheids *. presence of companion cells (phloem) ,. dicotyledonous embryos .. leaves (some 0netophytes) 1. reproductive structures 2 inflorescences (gymnosperms 2 cones)

'* - pollen are compound and contains in small bracts4 seed are from ovules !ith extra layers of integuments ( integument5 bracts or sporophylls) Preparad by Ma. Asuncion S. Cobar 9/8/06