PGS-501

PRACTICAL NON CREDIT COURSE (0+1 = 1) (2012)

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

Library science or Library and Information science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. Historically, library science has also included archival science. This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management. In the English speaking world the term "library science" seems to have been used for the first time in a book in 1916 in the "Panjab Library Primer" written by Asa Don Dickinson and published by the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching 'library science'. The "Panjab Library Primer" was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world. The first textbook in the United States was the "Manual of Library Economy" which was published in 1929. Later, the term was used in the title of S. R. Ranganathan's The Five Laws of Library Science published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butler's 1933 book, An introduction to library science (University of Chicago Press). The first course in Library Science was introduced in the USA. Melvil Dewey was responsible to begin this course in 1887. In 1911 Baroda Princely State started first centre to impart training in library science. W.A. Borden started this course. He was a disciple of Melvil Dewey. It was started from the point of view of imparting training to various librarians working in different libraries in Baroda state. These training classes were going on after departure of William Alanson Borden. John Macfarlane, the first librarian of the Imperial Library initiated
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first in-service training during the period from 1901-1906. It was extended for other people who were working in different libraries and dealing with books and other documents. The First Course in Library and Information Science at the University level in India:Asa Don Dickinson started first course in Library Science in Punjab University. It was in Lahore. Now, Lahore is in Pakistan. Dickinson wrote a manual for the student of this course. The title of this manual was Punjab Library Primer. Post Independence Course:DR. S. R. Ranganathan started Post Graduate Diploma of Library Science in Delhi University. Then vice-chancellor Sir Maurice Gwyer requested him to join Delhi University. Dr. Ranganathan established the Department of Library Science in Delhi University. Ranganathan worked as honorary professor at the University during 1947-1955. First Post Graduate Course:Delhi University started first post graduate diploma in 1948. It was converted into two years Master Degree Course as Master of Library Science in 1949. After completing first year course, one could have done Post Graduate Diploma in Library Science. Afterwards it was called as Bachelor of Library Science. The Government of India also started a training course for those working in government libraries. The equivalence of university courses was given to this course. In 1959, with the help of Union Ministry of Education an Institute of Library Science was established in the campus of Delhi University. The aim of this institute was to impart training to workers in the Public Libraries. In 1964 the institute stopped functioning. The workers were absorbed in the Department of Library Science. In 1960, the Librarians of Women Polytechnic College (Women Librarians) were given training course after SSC, of two years. Different Courses in various Universities:Now, all over India, Bachelor of Library and Information Science and Master of Library Science course are offered in various universities. The open universities are also offering Dr.

Bachelor Degree and Master Degree courses in English and regional languages.

M.Phil and Ph.D. Programmes:For the first time university of Delhi initiated M.Phil Programme in Library and Information Science. At present five universities are offering M.Phil Course. Ph.D. Programme:In 1951 Delhi University initiated Ph.D. Programme. Dr. D.V. Krishnrao was the first student achieving PhD in Library and Information Science. At present, thirty universities are offering Ph.D. programme in Library and Information Science. In Maharashtra, Yashwantrao Chavan Open University is also offering Ph.D. programme with the aspect of communication. Library and Information Science has been included in it. Some of the colleges have also been offering courses in Library and Information Science at Bachelor and Master degree level.

Father of Library Science Dr. S.R.Ranganathan:Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan (August 9, 1892, Sirkali, Tamil Nadu September 27, 1972, Bangalore) was a mathematician and librarian from India. His most notable contributions to the field were his five laws of library science and the development of the first major analyticosynthetic classification system, the colon classification. He is considered to be the father of library science, documentation, and information science in India and is widely known throughout the rest of the world for his fundamental thinking in the field. In more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. Although a basic understanding is critical to both library research and practical work, the area of information science has remained largely distinct both in training and in research interests. Dr. S.R.Ranganathan is primarily remembered for two contributions: the Five Laws of Library Science and the Colon Classification. The Five Laws are the kernel of all of Ranganathans Practice. They are, 1. Books are for use. 2. Every reader his or her book. 3. Every book its reader. 4. Save the time of the reader. 5. The Library is a growing organism.
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While the laws seem simple on first reading, think about some of the conversations on SIGIA and how neatly these laws summarize much of what the IA community believes. Ranganathan saw these laws as the lens through which practitioners can inform their decision making and set their business priorities, while staying focused on the user. Although they are simply stated, the laws are nevertheless deep and flexible. They can also be updated to include the field of IA in a variety of ways. 1. Books are for use: Websites are designed to be used; they are not temples or statues we admire from a distance. We want people to interact with our websites, click around, do things, and have fun. 2. Every book its reader: 3. Every reader its book: Maybe we can modify these two to say each piece of content its user and each user his/her content. The point here is that we should add content with specific user needs in mind, and we should make sure that readers can find the content they need. Laws 2 and 3 remind me of the methodology taught by Adaptive Path. Make certain our content is something our users have identified as a need, and at the same time make sure we dont clutter up our site with content no one seems to care about. 4. Save the time of the user: This law, when we are talking of websites, has both a front-end component (make sure people quickly find what they are looking for) and a back-end component (make sure our data is structured in a way that retrieval can be done quickly). It is also imperative that we understand what goals our users are trying to achieve on our site. 5. The library is a growing organism: We need to plan and build with the expectation that our sites and our users will grow and change over time. Similarly we need to always keep our own skill levels moving forward. ==========

Chapter 2 LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION

The word Classification comes from Classis. Classification is a process of grouping. It means putting together like (similar) entitles book and separating unlike/ different entitles. Thus a class would consist which are like in some respect, possessing, certain quality in common which may help in distinguishing the entitles from other entitles. Library classification is a process of putting books and other reading material on a subject in a logical sequence on the shelves, which could be helpful to the readers. Proper classification is fundamental in organizing the collection of books in libraries and retrieved of specific book for the use by readers. Classification is one of the most important steps in the organization of libraries and has been rightly called the foundation of librarianship. Need of classification:Librarian desire maximum use of Library collection is made by readers and Readers wish that every reader should get his/her book. For achieving this librarians have always experimented different arrangements in organizing their collection to make retrieval very easy. Purpose of Classification is to provide systematic arrangement of books and to fix their location in relation to other books. A basis objective of classification in library is to help: i. ii. iii. iv. Placing the document on the shelves. Easy location and accessibility. Quick retrieved. Bringing together the document.

Classification Systems:The object of classifying the stock is to get the book to the reader or the reader to the book in the quickest possible time. For arrangement of documents of the Library two important tools namely a good scheme of classification and a good system of indexing cards are necessary. There are in all 182 classification schemes. We shall discuss following 7 schemes, which are general / common schemes of classification accepted in the world.

1. Decimal Classification or Dewey Decimal Classification (DC or DDC, 1876):Designed by the classificationist, Mevil Dewey of USA. This was the first scheme to have accustomed libraries and readers. There is a presence of class number on the catalogue cards. It is widely used in many countries. 2. Expansive Classification (EC,1893):Designed by the Classificationist, Charles Ammi Cutter of USA. It differs from DC in the use of literal digits instead of confining itself to Indo-Arabic numerals. It differs from DC in the sequence of main subject also; it does not seem to be used in many libraries. But it influences the design of Library of Congress Classification (LC). 3. Universal Decimal Classification (UDC, 1896):Originated by Two non-librarians-Henri la fountain and Paul Otlet of Belgium and being developed by the International Federation for Documentation (FID). It Uses the DC schedule as its core and groups to it time & Space facet and also analytic divisions, which are special facets applicable to specified core subjects, of late, it is making some

changes from DC in subject c class number of 4 or more digits. Its notation is a mixed one. As it uses certain punctuation marks. 4. Library of Congress Classification (LC,1904):Developed by the staff of Library of Congress of USA. On the basis of arrangement of its collection. It adopts the schedule of main subjects of EC. It has great influence over the libraries in USA & few other countries on account of it being booked & financed by the Govt. of USA. But unfortunately its notational system is bad. It uses integer notation instead of the decimal fraction notation; whose utility has been well established by DC and which is adapted by all other schemes. This scheme usually figures only as a negative model in the division and study of library Classification. 5. Subject Classification (SC,1906):Designed by the Classificationist, James Duff Brown of UK. This scheme is not very much in use. However its inclusion of Categorical Tables as an auxiliary to the schedule of subject had implied the idea of faceted classification through in an incipient

form. For this reason it is usually included in the study of theory of Library Classification. 6. Colon Classification (CC, Rigidly faceted version,1933):Designed by the Classificationist, Dr.S.R.Ranganathan of India. It abandons the practice till then in vogue, it giving a schedule of compound subjects with all resistance to interpolation of subjects in a helpful place. On the other hand, it provides a schedule of main subjects of many schedules in the formation of the compound subjects going with main subjects. The schedules of main subjects and of special isolates are all short. It also provides a set of common isolates. Its notation is a mixes one. As substantial digits it Roman smalls, Indo-Arabic numeral digits, Roman caps & the Greek letter. In this way it overcomes the difficulties experienced by DC in accommodating newly emerging subject. It also uses the punctuation mark : (colon). to separate the isolate numbers that is a numbers that is the number representing the successive isolates-forming part of the class number in a compound subject. Each isolate number in a class number is donated by the term facet. The scheme is therefore donated by the Faceted Scheme. In this scheme a subject is first analysed into its basic subject & facets. Then the names of these are translated in their respectively numbers. Lastly these numbers are synthesized using the digit : (colon) as the connecting digit. For this reason CC is also denoted by the term Analytics synthetic scheme. Bliss was the first to describe it as Synthetic in the prepare to the preliminary edition of his Bibliographic classification. It is learnt that the term synthetic was replaced by the term Analytic-synthetic at the suggestion made by a Jack Wells at a meeting of the society for visiting scientists held in London in Sept.1948 and address by Rangnathan. 7. Bibliographical Classification (BC,1936):Designed by Henry Evelyn Bills of USA. It has a mixed notation. Its class numbers admit a dash of facet structure.

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Chapter 3

LIBRARY CATALOGUE, HYGIENE & ETHICS OF READING ROOM

Catalogue:Library Cataloguing is an art of preparing an index of a library collection. It is a list of books & other reading material available in library. Library catalogue is a mirror of the library. It is a key to the resource of a library. Classification determines reveals the subject wise location of the documents on the Library shelves whereas Library catalogue reveals to the readers what books are available in the Library & where they are placed. Library Catalogue is a fundamental tool in the hands of readers to help them to make effective use of the library resources. The main purpose of the library catalogues to reveal the resources of the library to the readers with the help of unit record prepared for each document / books under its subjects, author or title (subject entry, author entry, title entry etc.) Catalogue Hygiene:The Catalogue of a modern library is in cards, from the cards are filled in catalogue cabinets. They are permanent records. Therefore their handling should be such that they last longest, undisfigured and undirtied. Therefore readers should be make their hands clean & dry before touching the edge of the cards. Readers should also not make their fingers wet with the tip of their tongue to facilitate turning of cards. One can observe the hygiene of catalogue by standing by the side of catalogue cabinet. Ethics of Reading Room:Reading Room has to accommodate many readers for study. A reading room should be considered as a temple of silence. However, we come across all imaginable forms of ugly habits in reading room. We may find a reader sitting with his feet shot up high in the air/ table, acting as properties. We may find some readers leisurely dressing their long hairs. Sleeping & snoring is also not uncommon in reading room. Such activities disturbs other readers. We may find ugly habit of spitting on the floor or at the windows, which disgust others. The tobacco-cum betel habit of many people often leaves a permanent pink mark on the window sills, floors & walls of the open space adjoining the reading room. Persistent public relation work in this matter is required and it can be set right by public responsibilities of reading room and readers and are important since many readers stay there for a long time.
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Chapter 4 BIBLOGRAPHIC TOOL/ REFERENCE TOOL

1. Index, Advances, Reviews & Abstracts. 2. Books. 3. Periodicals. 4. Journals. 5. Journals on Veterinary Science in World. 6. Journals on Veterinary Science in India. 7. Discipline wise Journals in India. 8. Thesis Abstracts. 9. Computer Sources: OPAC, CD-ROM, Internet, e-journals, DVDs, Tel net, Search engines, ETAD, Krishiprabha, CERA, J-GATE etc. 1. Journals:Today there are over 35,000 scientific journals published in the world. Scientist should read regularly average 10-12 journals of which 8-9 of their specific subject and the rest on general science / other subjects. Journals are arranged according to subject or simply alphabetically by title. A catalogue of journal holdings is usually available on cards or in book form and this should be consulted to confirm that the journal you are looking for is available in your library. This journal holding list consists of alphabetical list of journals together with details of volume carried. 2. Books:To trace a book you should first look the Library catalogue. Library catalogue often tends to cause alarm in the average user who prefers to avoid it and restrict his use of Library. To those books, which he can find by looking around the shelves. You should know how to use catalogue, because it is the only complete record of the library stock & the library cannot be used efficiently without it. Library catalogue come in many shapes, size & format, whatever their format they do enable to find books according to authors, subjects & occasionally titles.
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3. Index Medicus:Index Medicus is produced by the National library of medicine and indexes the contents of around 2700 worlds most important medical journals. Each monthly issue consists of articles indexed by subject & another and at the end of the year these issues are combined to form cumulated index medious. 4. Excerpta Medica:Experta Medica is published in the Netherlands and provides abstracts from over 35000 medical & scientific journals, excluding nursing, dentistry & Veterinary Science. 5. Biological Abstracts (BA):With biological abstracts the emphasis moves from the literature of clinical Medicine towards experimental medicine of biological sciences. Biological Abstracts with its companion publication BA/ RRM (which covers Reports, Review & Meetings.) present us abstracts from more than 9000 journals plus books, monographs & conference proceedings and describe itself as the worlds largest

collection of abstracts & citations for biology in english language. It appears fortnightly. 6. Journals of Veterinary Science in the World:i) Veterinary Record:Published Weekly in U.K. (Britain). It mostly publishes clinical articles and in addition gives information about Veterinary Activities in U.K. ii) British Veterinary Journal:Published Quarterly & this publishes only research articles. iii) Research In Veterinary Science:Also Published Quarterly in U.K. it is research Publication. iv) Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association:Published forthrightly in USA. Mostly Publishes Clinical articles. In addition it gives information about Activities of American Veterinary medical Association or Job Opportunities etc. v) American journal of Veterinary Research:Quarterly Publication. Only research articles are published. Its quality is supposed to be best.
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vi) Australian Veterinary journal:Monthly Publication. It publishes clinical & research articles. In addition, it gives other miscellaneous information about Veterinary Science & Activities in Australia. vii) Journal of Anatomy:viii) American journal of Anatomy:ix) Acta Anatomia:x) Anatomical Record:xi) Anatomia, Histologia & embryologia.

7. Journal of Veterinary science in India:i) Indian Veterinary Journal:Monthly Publication. All Clinical and Research Articles are published with other kind of information. ii) Indian Journal of Animal Science:Quarterly Publication but take one year to Publish. Publishes research Articles & review articles. Disciplinewise journals in India:i) Indian journal of Veterinary Anatomy:Published Six Monthly, It publishes research Articles from the field of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology. In addition, it gives information about Association (IAVA) news. ii) Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery:iii) Journal of Anatomical Society of India:8. Thesis Abstract:Thesis abstract is a quarterly Publication. by Haryana Agriculture University, Hisar Information is provided of each thesis Published in country by different Agricultural universities. Thesis Abstract include title of thesis, Name of candidate, Name of Major advisor, The degree for which it is submitted summary & Abstract along with total no. of Pages.(This is important because for lack of Information, one may repeat the work).

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Index Veterinarians:Quarterly Publication, It is a very good source for beginner only titles of Publications from. (All fields of veterinary science). With names of author are given. Index Medicus:Exactly same as above but only about Human Medicine. Advances:Publications which gives exostive Exposition of a subject up to the time of Publication. Advances are not bound by any time factor. Review: - Review is a publication similar to advance but it is bound by any time factor. Usually review is confined for a period of 1-2 yrs after publication. Abstract:a) Biological Abstracts. c) Veterinary Bulletin. b) Indian Science Abstracts. d) Thesis Abstracts.

9.Computer Sources:1) OPAC (on-line Public Access Data base / Catalogue):OPAC is known as on-line catalogue/ computer catalogue / Patron Access catalogue. OPAC is the modern & Flexible form of catalogue, usually instantaneous & sophisticated acess to any recorded information with a computer. The catalogue which is available for search online is known as Online Public Catalogue. 2) Internet:Internet is a worldwide network of computers networks that provides the World Wide Web and Website database facilities to the users. It can be utilized as a major resources of information for library Services. Internet communication technology has provided facilities to retrieve and access to information in the digital form across to the world & it is used for the betterment of Library resource sharing & information transfer. The same technology of web has increasing day by day in the Libraries due to easy and fast access & sharing of Library databases & resource at the remote site also. Internet is, i) ii) iii) World Wide Web network of networks. Large store house of information. Medium of effective communication.
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iv) v) vi) vii) viii)

Information Superhighway. Information Retrieved Mechanism. A virtual Library. Indispensable International communication tool. Linking computer to computer for sharing.

Internet is a series of computer networks connected to one another all over the world. One can communicate with one another through internet. One can send massage through Electronic mail (e-mail) from anywhere to anywhere within no time. Moreover e-mail is cheaper than other means of communication. One can also have video conference to exchange the ideas. Internet Services, i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) e-mail BBS (Bulleting Board Services) Telnet FTP (File Transfer Protocol) World Wide Web Other: - Gopher, WAIS, Archi, Veronica, Usenet, Bulletin Board Services< Social Networking, Chat, Blogs etc. 3) CD ROM / DVD:Various Readymade Video, Cassettes, CD ROM databases and DVDs are available on Agricultural, Veterinary & Dairy Science, are available in English &Hindi language for users. The Video Cassettes or DVDs can be viewed by following a particular procedure. e.g. DVD on Food Processing (Cheese Production); from feed to milk (understanding Rumen function); Dairy Products & Process (Hindi); Dairy Farm Today, FAO Statistics etc. 4) Telnet:The Internets Remote login service is called a Telnet. It is a facility by which one can log on to a remote computer network one can use telnet for searching huge databases or even to search into the libraries around the world to check their catalogues. Telnet is a simple program created by the National centre for Super Computing Applications (NCS)

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which users TCP/IP to provide connection into another computer. Using Telnet. You can transfer files from the TCP/IP host to your own computer and access databases. 5) Search Engines:Search engine is a program that allows users to locate specific information from a database or mass of data. Search engine sites are extremely popular on the World Wide Web because they allow users to quickly sift through millions of documents on the internet. Search Engines are automated software programs known as spiders or bots to survey the web and build their data bases. Web documents are retrieved by these programs & analyzed data collected from each webpage are then added to the search engine index. Types of Search Engines:There are 3 types of Search Engines. i) ii) iii) i) Crawler based search engine. Human power directories. Hybrid or Mixed Results. Crawler based search engines create their listing automatically. They Crawl or spider the web e.g. Google, AltaVista. ii) Human Power Directory such as open directory depends on human used for in its listing. e.g. Yahoo iii) Hybrid search engine In Early days in webs, it is either crawler based or human power listing. e.g. MSN search. Popular Search Engines:A) International Search Engines: i) Google (http://www.google.com) ii) Altavista (http://www.altavista.com) iii) Yahoo (http://www.yahoo.com) iv) Hotbot (http://hotbot.com) B) Indian Search Engines: i) India (http://123india.com):-

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This is the Indias Premier Search engine which provides links to arts, business, economy books, magazines, computers, news, educational, entertainment ,food, government, health, humor, religion, medicine, science technology, sports and tourism. ii) http://www.guruji.com

6) Agricultural Search Engines:a) Agrinet (http://agrinet.tamu.edu):It is the source of all agricultural information which is crated by Texas agricultural market Research Centre, Dept of Agricultural Economics, Texas A & M University, USA. b) Agnet (http://agnet.com.au):This links to compressive lists of Australian Agricultural sites. These lists are compiled and maintained by Agnet as free service to Australian Agricultural community. c) Agfind (http.www.agfind.com):It is a power search engine for agricultural industry. Which provides right Information. It is useful for agricultural marketing in USA. d) Other Agricultural Search engines:Agcentral, Agdatabases, AgDB, AgData Search, AG Econ Search, AgInfo, Agnet, Agricultural online, AgriGator, AgNic, AGRICOLA, AgriSurf, AgScan-uk, Mining CoAg, NotJustCows, etc. Krishi Prabha (Full Text database of Ph.d.Thesis):Nehru Library H.A.U. Hisar initiated a project of NAIP, ICAR on 25.03.2008 for creation of databases consisting of metadata abstract and full text making a database accessible to the Agricultural Scientists along with establishment of a National Repository of Indian Agricultural Doctoral Dissertations have been uploaded. The Scientists can access the databases through the University Website- www.hau.ernet.in

CeRa (Consortium for e-resources in Agriculture):R & D Institutions have been Procuring print versions of Journals & Literature in aid of Science & Technology. However, with the advent of internet facility and advancement of web technology, almost all reputed international journals are available online and can be
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easily accessed by researcher over the network connectivity across the institutes & SAUs selected journals could be made available over the network for the use of scientific community. Keeping this broad objective in mind, NAIP has established the consortium for e-resources in Agriculture (CeRA) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). The Library may become member of CeRA through which user can retrieve lot of free full text foreign journals. NAIP has funded for establishing the Consortium for e-resources in Agriculture at IARI. CeRA is launched in 2008 for full access by 124 initial members. MPKV is a member of CeRA through which user can retrieve lot of free full text foreign journals. The URL is http://cera.jccc.in . Username is jcccmpkv and password provided for log in is mpkv. Alphabetical as well as subject wise list of journals is available on this portal. The CeRA currently provides access to a collection of 200 e-journals from several Publishers & 200 print journals from designed documents delivery libraries and 1800 ejournals from the following Publishers. Springer -- 1190 Annual Review -- 22 CSIRO Open J-Gate -- 08 -- 613

7) J-Gate:J-Gate is an Electronic gateway to global e-journals literature. It is launched in 2001 by Informatics India Ltd. J-Gate provides seamless access to millions of journal articles online offered by 6168 Publishers. It presently has a massive database of journal literature indexed from 20482 e-journals with links to Full text at publisher sites. J-Gate also plans to support online subscription to journals, electronic document delivery, archiving and other related services. Features & Benefits of J-Gate:1) Truly e-journals portal. 2) J-Gate excludes journals that are not available online.
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3) Portal with largest no. of e-journals. 4) As an e-journals portal, J-Gate Presently hosts content from 20482 e-journals & access to 1478 e-journals. 5) J-Gate provides access to 1478 online e-journals which are not available in print. 6) Open Access to 5923 online journals. 7) Captures of Indexes articles from more than 5923 open access e-journals and maintains links to them. 8) Links to 2305039 Open Access Articles. 9) Provides links to over 2305039 open-access articles. 10) Full text links to largest no. of Publisher sites. 11) Presently links to e-journals from 6168 publishers. 12) Union list Linkage. 13) This enables a J-Gate subscriber to check the availability Libraries. 14) J-Gate Custom content (JCC) and J-Gate content for consortia (JCCC) Intranet solutions offering customization. Making J-Gate a Local gateway for subscribed Journals. 15) Content Updating. 16) The J-Gate is updated every day ensuring the freshness and reliability of contents. 17) Compressive journal Classification. 18) Three level hierarchial classifications of journals are available. 19) Easy to use search Functionalities. 20) TOC and Database allows various search options for the users Convenience. The Subscriber can choose to search by Title/ Author/Author Address/Institutions/ keywords etc. J-Gate offers two types of services:i) J-Gate format: - A compressive searchable database for Table of contents 12090+ e-journals with 4000+articles added every day. ii) J-Gate Customized Services: - J-Gate Custom Content (TCC). iii) Local Intranet / Internet solution to libraries providing e-access for subscribed journals.
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of journals in local

TOC, for

iv) J-Gate custom content for consortia (JCCC). v) JCCC extend homogeneous group of libraries for sharing Subscribed journal

resource. J-Gate aims to help users in a) Browsing table of contents (TOC). b) Searching well indexed bibliographic database of journals. 8) ETAD (Electronic Thesis Abstract Database):ETAD of MPKV is available at http://mpkv.mah.nic.in various search options like Author wise , Title, Guide, Department, Keyword, Year, Subject wise are given. This database is free to all and can be retrieve from any corner of the globe through internet at MPKVS URL http://mpkv.mah.nic.in.

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Chapter 5

SOURCES OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION

Information is Power, providing right information to the right user at right time is an integral part if Library Service, knowledge become generally useful when it is made avail by recording. Scientific literature is large. It is increasing at a fast rate. Scientific literature is diverse, complex in nature. It is becoming more & more interdisciplinary and it is growing at a fast pace. In Science it is almost doubling between 5-10 years. Scientific literature serves the information needs of various kinds of user. If forms a source of information and available in a variety of forms viz. Books, journals, Periodicals, Electronic form etc. There are series of audio-visual materials such as films, filmstrips, microfilms, phone records which are accepted as a source of information. Punched perforated taps, magnetic tapes, compact discs are another form of document where the information is available in machine readable form. The problem that faces the user is how to select the source of information that is most valuable to him. Therefore knowledge of information sources, their scope. Limitations & Inherent characteristic, difficulty of consulting them is most essential to the P.G. student & Respectively Scholar /Scientist. Communication:According to Lancaster communication is science technology and can be done by two ways. i) Formal and ii) Informal. i) Formal: - formal communication is a communication by means of documents in printed form. ii) Informal: - communication is a communication through conversation; face to face or by phone. Formal Communication is described as written communication; while informal communication is described as interactive or oral communication. The Formal / Informal and written/oral divisions of communication do not coincide exactly. eg. Correspondence is a written (formal) communication, but most of the people

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consider it as informal, rather than formal. Thus the professional conference is in a special category. It is formal in the sense that it involves formal organization & usually presentation of formal papers. But it is informal in the sense that much of its value derives from the opportunity it provides for personal communication (oral) among individual who are all working in the same general field. The above two categories can also be described as documentary & nondocumentory sources. i) Documentary sources of Information:Documents of any form can be a source of information. Documents can be divided on the basis of their physical form, nature of presentation, publication characteristics, purpose, information contents and level of treatment. On this basis all documents can be conveniently divided into 3 groups. i) Primary Sources of Information. ii) Secondary Sources of Information. iii) Tertiary Sources of Information.

i) Primary Sources of Information:a) Books b) Research journals. c) Research Report. d) Proceeding of conference or congress. e) Thesis or Dissertations.

ii) Secondary Sources of information:a) Bibliographies and catalogues. b) Handbooks & Manuals. c) Dictionaries, Encyclopedia, Glossaries &Thesaurus. d) Directories &Yearbook. e) Atlas, Maps & Gazetteers. f) Index & Abstracting Journals. g) Advance and Annual Review.
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h) Monographs, Textbooks &Treaties. i) Statistical Publications. J) Biographies.

iii) Tertiary Sources of Information:i) Guidebooks:a) Guidebook to Horticultural Literature. b) Guidebook to Biological Literature. c) Guidebook to Economic Literature. d) Guidebook to Reference Sources in IARI Library (1985)

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Chapter 6 RESOURCE SHARING

Resource Sharing in Libraries:The Term Resource applies to anything; person or action which turns for aid in time of need. The word sharing cannot apportioning, allotting or contributing something that is owned, to benefit others. Resource sharing in its most positive aspects entails reciprocity which implies a partnership in which each member has something useful to contribute to others & each member is willing and able to make it available to others when needed. Library Resources are those materials which a Library collects, store & organizes for fulfilling the information requirements of its users. Library materials are books, journals, pamphlets, maps, pictures, manuscripts, audio video aids, computerized databases; which should be physically, bibliographically & intellectually available to the library user. Resource also includes any and all of the materials, functions, services which constitute a modern library system. It is an amalgamation of people, processes, ides, materials, & money which forms the substance of a library can also be described as a library resource. Origin of Resource Sharing:Though the Term Resource Sharing is used since 1960. It is old and it was called as library cooperation. The ides behind resource sharing was to find means to work cooperatively to provide people with access to books unavailable in nearby libraries. Resource sharing was

chiefly limited to inter-library loan was found 200 BC in the library at Pergamum by great Alexandria library. Though the library cooperation / resource sharing is old, It increase from 1970s & 1980s, when more financial problems were started for libraries. Presenting Library Cooperation & Resource sharing is increased at the national level. However, the term Network is replaced in place of library cooperation system/ resource sharing.

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Objectives & Reasons of Resource Sharing:i) Cost of the current publications has increased to such an extent that libraries cannot be self-sufficient. ii) Demands of users increased especially for those materials which are difficult to obtain and expensive. iii) Libraries go on adding materials & hence the space becomes inadequate for storage. iv) v) vi) Limited budget of Libraries. To improve the ability of the participating libraries. The serials in electric formats either online or on CD ROM are continuously increasing. vii) Increasing no. of abstracting & indexing periodicals also no. of databases & records in the databases are continuously increasing. viii) Increasing no. of books & other documents. No. of such publications is increasing every year. ix) x) xi) xii) Quick access to whatever is happening in country or in the world. Increase in the subscription amount. Devaluation of Rupee. Decreasing Information Resources: - The no. of research journals published in the world is continuously increasing. Every year about 300-6000 periodicals are newly started. Specialization in the subject is also increasing. However, no. of serials received in libraries in India is continuously on the decrease. This numbers may go down in the future years due to financial crunch experienced by all universities in India. Need:It is therefore almost necessary to go in for national/ international resources sharing program. It is not possible to acquire all the periodicals, books & journals / other documents published every year. Therefore we have to rely on the resource available in other libraries in the country or outside the country. Resources of any libraries can not be treated as private resource but as national resource. If we pool together all the resource of all the libraries in India, it will be possible for us to acquire greater no. of information sources taken together in all the libraries in
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the country. Therefore avoid duplication especially of costly periodicals available not only to the users of your library but also to the users of the libraries in the part of the country. The solution to this problem of information explosion, increasing amount of subscription to periodicals & shrinkage of university budget has been evolved as resource sharing by networking of libraries. Thru these networks the available resource can be accessed even at distant places & thus they are mad available to the scholar concerned at his work place for this purpose we have to invest money in acquiring computer hardware & software and use innovations made in the field of communication technology. Realising the need of resource sharing thru Networking, Networks have been established in U.S.A., U.K. and European countries. Scholars have benefited from the networks such as OCLC, JANET, and EURONET etc. Scholars have also benefited from the international database such as CA, PS, BA, MEDLARS and DIALOG. Networking in India:Networking activity is taking root in India. The Govt. of India is taking lead in this important field. Following are some networks established in India. NICNET, INET, ERNET, SIRNET, INFLIBINET etc. Methods/Means of Resource sharing:i) NICNET: - Govt. of India has set up National Informatics Centre (NIC) at New Delhi and 3 regional centers at Pune, Bhubaneshwar & Hyderabad with NEC supercomputers. It is a satellite based network. This network will ensure a systematic procedure for information exchange among various departments/ministries of the state & central Government. The purpose of setting up NICNET is to collect, compile, store, process & disseminate information collected by Government ministries & Departments. Which is useful to Government for Government Decision making/planning. It is proposed to set up Information centers at state capitals and District Information Centers at all Districts in India with linkage to NIC at 4 centers. The purpose of this network is to increase the efficiency and productivity in the various sectors of the government. ii) I-NET: - I- NET is a bearer network for fast, reliable, flexible and Cost effective transport of information. This network is introduced by the best of Telecommunications, Govt. of India with headquarter at Noida, Pin -201301(U.P.) near Delhi.

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This network offers facilities for inter linking terminals & computers thru packet switches located in important cities in the country. Subscribers of this network can make international data calls to other networks abroad. This Facility is provided thru the gateway packet switching system of VSNL at Bombay. Subscribers can also get connected to Subscribers of remote area business message network of the Department of Telecommunications. In the first Phase I-NET is planned with nodes at 8 locations viz. Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune & Ahmedabad. These would be connected thru high speed data links. I-NET Service is beneficial to libraries & information centre for access to databases & information service, electronic mail etc. Therefore anyone who wishes to use, gather, store or process data between remote locations using computer resources should using I-NET. iii) ERNET: - The Project ERNET (Education & Research Community Network) was launched in Nov. 1986 as a result of computer networking as a thrust area by the Department of Electronics (DOE) during the seventh plan (1985-90). It is aimed at setting up computer network for academic & research community with initial participation from 8 leading academic & research institutions are the Indian Institute of Technology. (IIT) at Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Bombay, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, National Centre for Software Technology, Bombay & Department of Electronics, Delhi. Objectives of ERNET are to enhance National Capabilities in the area of Design, Development, Research, and Education & Training on the State of Art, Concepts of Computer networking & related Emerging Technologies. Immediate objectives are to set up a nationwide network for Academic & Research community starting with 8 Premier Institutions. Its services include Electronic mail, File Transfer, News, Remote log on, Database Access, Conferencing & Directory Services. Multivendor computing environment is supported with an Inter networking architecture with a variety of underlying Sub networks viz. Campus LANs, WANs and Packet Radio Based Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). ERNET Proposes a Massive training program to generate critical manpower needed by industry & users in this field. Address: Project Director: (ERNET), Department of Electronics, A Block, 3rd Flower, CGO Complex, New Delhi-110003. iv) SIRNET: - Science & Industry Research Network has been established by council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, New Delhi. CSIR is a major Organization
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promoting research in Science & Technology thru its National & Regional Laboratories with vast resources at its disposal. It is proposed to link together all these laboratories thru INSDOC, New Delhi and Supply Information to Scientist & researchers for their Activities. Important activity started is E-mail. The CSIR Laboratories are connected by Dial-up Modems. Mail node is at Delhi and links its regional centers at Bangalore, Madras and Calcutta. v) City Library Network:- NISSAT, Government of India has promoted Library Network in big Cities such as Calcutta (CALIB-NET) , Delhi (DELNET), Pune (PUNENET) etc. Proposals for setting up networks in big cities like Bombay, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore are under consideration. Purpose of these networks is to link together all libraries in a metropolitan area / city and pool their resources. vi) INFLIBNET: - Prof. Yash Pal, former chairman, UGC has mooted the proposal of Networking of Universities, Colleges and R & D Institutions in India. He has named this network (INFLIBNET). Prof. Yash Pal says We should set up an Information of & Library Network which can interconnect the People.(Students, Teachers, Researchers, Users) & Library Resources of all Universities, Colleges, Research Institutions & Laboratories.

INFLIBNET Capabilities/ Services:i) It is possible to search for a book where it exists in the country & ask for inter- library loan irrespective of your location. ii) It is Possible to search & get copies of the abstract of the latest papers published in major journal through the INFLIBNET facsimile service. iii) It is possible to get synopses of any of the 10,000 Ph.D. theses written in the country every year. iv) It is Possible to reach & get information from specialized data banks put together by different agencies including NISSAT, UGC. v) By making specific arrangement, It is also possible to reach foreign data banks from anywhere in the country. vi) Besides all these Library Services, One may be able to interact with like-minded academics independent of distance & work together on common scientific problems. viii) One have a countrywide bulletin board, announcing special meetings, conference & special happenings in academic, Scientific & technical world.
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ix) Major National efforts to improve capability in information transfer & access that provides support to scholarship, Learning, research, & Academic pursuits. Institutions of higher learning covering all disciplines, R & D Institutions and National organization like CSIR, ICAR, DRDO, ICMR, ICSSR, ICHR, AICTE, DAE, DOT, DOE, Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts etc. Participate in the INFLIBNET. INFLIBNET is a cooperative network and will contribute to pooling, sharing & optimisation of resources, facilities & services of libraries & information centers in the university system as well as in the R & D complexes. It is major program towards modernization of libraries & information centers country with application of computer & communication technology. Approximately a total sum of 150 crores per annum is spent towards books & journals by all the libraries concerned with higher education. Still a researcher / faculty in any institutions are handicapped due to paucity of resources & services offered by his library. It is neither possible nor feasible to fund all the libraries in the country so as to be self sufficient in meeting fully the needs of their users. Instead, if users are enabled to have access to holdings of each other library, the total national resources could be utilized optimally by everyone. So that the libraries will avoid to a great extent, duplication in procuring costly books & journals and will aim at developing more unique collection. Thus overall economy & improvement of efficiency as well as minimizing the incidence of financial & other constraints faced by individual libraries will occur. Apart from this, the academic communities could establish instant contact with their counter parts of the country for academic conversation. How INFLIBINET Function:INFLIBNET is a versatile integrated library & information system. Which operates at different levels: - National, Regional, Sectoral & Local. The Catalogue of libraries will be aggregated from bottom to upwards. i.e. from Department, College, University, University Library, Regional Centers. Secondary information, Database & Services will be taken care of.Then each user will be served mainly at local level such as university, college, department etc. About 400 nodes are planned initially for this purpose. in the

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INFLIBINET National Center:There is a National Centre for managing overseeing & coordinating the affairs of the network located at Ahmadabad. (Address: - Director, Information & Library Network center, Near Gujarat University Guest house, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009) INFLIBNET has established a computer laboratory at the National Center and has Started Training Program of 4 weeks duration to train library staff Members, in the use of computers in college & University libraries. The Training Program include teaching of CDS, ISIS Package, Sanjay Package developed by NISSAT & Candidate are introduced to the hardware / software concepts and provide hands on experience on personal computers. Regional Centers:There are 4 regional centers (North, East West & South) for the 4 regions of the India. They maintain union catalogue of holdings of libraries o in region & Database of Projects/ Institutions/ Specialists. Sectoral Centers:Some Institutions are identified as Sectoral Information centers where large collections on specific subjects are already available to cater the needs of subjects Specialist, the subjects taught & researched at University level. These centers are discipline wise such as Science & Technology, Humanities, and Social Science as well as Specific subject wise such as Sanskrit, Geography, Economics, Law, Education, Mathematics etc. INFLIBNET Institutions:Universities, Colleges, R & D Institutions are working as nodes in this network. It is proposed to include all universities in India, Select Colleges & R & D Institutions in India. It is proposed to automate all these libraries so that any library can have access to the resource of other libraries in India. INFLIBNET Document Resource Centre:100 Universities & R & D Institutional Libraries are designated and equipped to serve as Document Resource Centers for the purpose of document delivery service. Communication System of INFLIBNET:Taking into consideration multiple functions, multitude organization, system hierarchy, connectivity requirements, traffic characteristics & volumes of traffic flow, a hybrid version of
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satellite and terrestrial networking is recommended for INFLIBNET. The communication systems have a central hub and 400 ground terminals at 150 University Libraries, 50

Autonomous College/ PG Centers and 200 other centers comprising R & D Institutions, Documents Resource Centers & Sectoral information Centers, and Interconnected via satellite link. (For interconnecting the nodes in a city, when they are many, Local Area Network is advocated.) Retrospective Conversion of Records:Activities leading to the fulfillment of the targets will be carried out in 2 phases of 8th and 9th five year plan. The Targets Are:i) Establishment of a National Center & Regional Centers.

ii) Continuing the Existing three UGC Information Centers at Bangalore, Baroda & Bombay. iii) Linking at least 200 R & D Institutions as Network Participant. iv) Supporting & Introducing Automation in 170 University Libraries & 500 College Libraries. v) Augmenting Facilities in 100 libraries (of University & R&D Institutions) to serve as Document Resource Center. vi) Establishing the communication system consisting of a Central Hub and 400 ground terminals at 150 University Libraries, 50 PG Centers / autonomous Colleges and 200 R & D Institutions. Cost Implications:The cost incidence of the project relate toi) Creation of National Center & 4 Regional Centers.

ii) Support to 170 University, 500 College Libraries, for Library Automation & 200 R & D Institutions for Participation in INFLIBNET. iii) Upgrading facilities of 100 Documents Resource Centers. iv) Communication linkage with about 40 Sectoral & National Level Centers. v) Retrospective conversion of catalogue records & setting up of the communication system.

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The Government of India is to provide funds to the INFLIBNET society to establish and run the network. The total cost of implanting INFLIBNET in the first four years comes to Rs.15, 068.45 lakhs (1992) comprising Rs.10, 300.82 lakhs for non-recurring and major heads of expenditure are communication system (Rs.2939.00 lakhs), provision of computer system (Rs.4640.00 lakhs), infrastructure (Rs.178.00 lakhs), Data capturing (Rs.442.82 lakhs), Building (178.00 lakhs), personal (Rs.1966013 lakhs), Maintenance (Rs.1809.00 lakhs) and document collection, contingencies etc. (Rs.1313.50 lakhs). Task Ahead:The Progress to be aimed at in implanting the INFLIBNET will set the pace for transforming the library scenario of the country towards modernization, involving application of computer & communication technology. In the management of Library & Information System in the country at macro level, INFLIBNET when fully established will be a cost benefit action program. Earlier it was planned to implement this project within a period of 5 years i.e. During 8th five years plan period. On the supposition that the planning commission, Government of India will make the funds of Rs.150 crores available to this project. But due to delay in launching the 8th plan and overall budget crunch, it is planned to implement the project up to the end of 9th plan in a phased manner. It is expected that during 8th plan, one National and one Regional Center will be established. 50 University Libraries, 20 Sectoral Information Centers & Documents Resource Centers will be activated and massive training program for developing the manpower for this project will be launched. It is also proposed to evolve standards for inputting Data, Exchange of Data & Other Services envisaged by the INFLIBNET. This further implies that the Library Science Schools in Indian Universities should incorporate in their curriculum, the requirements of Library Networking in India and standards which will facilitate easy access to networks in other countries. Various experts in the field of networks and networking in the world have attended IFLA general conference held at New Delhi. w.e.f. 30 August 5 September 1992. Such exchange of information and sharing of expertise will be beneficial to each other to achieve the goal-Every user his document & every document its user. This INFLIBNET will help in global resource sharing.
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