UTOPIA OR REALITY?

I.! Project overview

I.! II.! Concept Roadmap

II.! Feasibility of the project

I.! Funding II.! Technology III.! Supply & Safety

III.! A controversial Project

I.! II.! Risks Ethics
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PROJECT OVERVIEW
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Mars One: Concept

! Organisation based in Netherlands

!! Created by Bas Lansdorp in 2011

! Ideas
!! Establish a permanent human settlement on Mars in 2024 "! 6 crews of 4 people $! Every step of the crews journey will be documented for a!reality television!program
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Mars One: Concept

! Why Mars ?
!! Telluric planet (one can land on it) !! Water in soil !! Martian Day: 24h 39mn !! Martian Year: 686 days !! Gravity: 3,72 m/s"

Earths Twin

Mars One: Concept

Landers

Inflatable Sections

Rover

Solar pannels

PERMANENT SETTLEMENT = NO RETURN

Roadmap

! 2013 - Start crew recruiting

Online application 1st round 200 000 applicants 1058 selected Medical selection 2nd round 24 people chosen

! 2015 - Start crew training

!! Technical training !! Personal training !! Group training
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Roadmap

! 2018 Demonstration mission launched

!! Test technologies !! ComSat launched

! 2020 Rover+Trailer launched

!! Rover used to transport the Landers

Roadmap

! 2022 Cargo missions launched

!! 2 Living Units !! 2 Supply Units !! 2 Life Support Systems (LSS)

! 2023 2025
!! Rover picks up the Cargo Units and connects them !! The LSS is activated
#! Produces water, oxygen, electricity

!! Rovers deposits soil on inflatable sections for Radiation Shielding

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Roadmap

! 2025 First humans land on Mars

!! Picked up by the rover to the camp !! Acclimatisation period !! Set up food production Units

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FEASABILITY OF THE PROJECT

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Fundings

! Mars One estimation: 6 billions $ ! NASA estimation: 200-300 billions $ ! Most of the fundings will come from TV rights:
!! US TV contracts should be signed soon !! Crowd funding campaign on the website

VAGUE FUNDINGS
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Technology
! Launcher: Space X Falcon Heavy
!! First launch expected in 2014 !! Payload to Mars: 13 200 kg

! Transit Vehicle
!! Landing module based on Dragon (Space X) !! Transit Habitat

! Landing
!! Retrorockets !! No parachute because of Mars atmosphere
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Technology

! How to make a Transit Vehicle of 13200 kg?

!! Landing module mass: 5000 kg
#! Dragon dry mass: 4200 kg

!! Crew mass: 280 kg !! Consumable mass: 3315 kg

Items Water Oxygen Food Clothes TOTAL Consumption (kg/pers/day) 2.7 0.8 1.7 0.5 5.7 TOTAL (kg) 4 pers, 270 days Recycled: 75.6 864 1836 540 3315
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4600 kg: -! transit habitat -! propellant -! Solar pannels

Technology: Demonstration mission

Key mission to ensure the feasibility

Communication satellite on areostationnary orbit

Lander
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Technology: Demonstration mission (2)

! Goals:
!! Prove water extraction efficiency !! Prove solar panels efficiency !! Test the communication system (relay high bandwidth data)

! Similar lander as 2007 NASA Phoenix mission (successful) ! Crowd funding (400 000$ ) helps for this mission
!! Cost of conceptual study: 256 000$ & 80 000$ !! Study carried out by Lockheed Martin & Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd
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Safety: Radiations

! Sources:
!! Solar Wind !! Solar flares !! Comsic radiations

The magnetosphere protects the Earth from radiation

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Safety: Radiations (2)

! H = Q x D
!! D is the absorbed dose (Gray) !! Q dimensionless factor !! H equivalent dose on biological tissue (Sievert)

! Unit of radiation: 1 Gray = 1 Joule/kg

!! Biological dose measured in Sievert

! 0.5 mSv $ ! 1 Sv %

radiography

5% increase in fatal cancer risk

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Safety: Radiations (3)

! During the trip:

!! 1.8 mSv/day !! 0.48 Sv (270 days trip)

! On mars:
!! 0.64 mSv/day ( without shielding)

! Overall < 1 Sv
#! with ESA standards
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Solar Particle Events (SPE)

! Short in time (few days) ! Dangerous ! Rare event

Dedicated radiation shelter during the journey to Mars

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Supply: Life Support System

! Water:
!! Extracted from soil + mostly recycled !! 1500L in 500 days from extraction

! Breathable air:
!! Oxygen from electrolysis of water !! Nitrogen (80% of Earths air) taken from Martian atmosphere

! Food: indoor plant growing (hydroponic production) ! Electricity: solar panels

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A CONTROVERSIAL PROJECT
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Risks

! Can they think about everything in10 years and respect all the security processes?
!! Life on Mars will be very different from life on the ISS

! At what percentage of success, the Safety Comission can let the mission happen?

LIMITED BUDGET = SECURITY/COST BALANCE

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Risks
! What happens if there is a problem in the cruise?
!! Problem during the journey to Mars: Can we return to Earth? !! Problem on Mars: No return possible & No real-time communication (10 min delay)
#! Sick people #! Injuries #! Insanity

! What happens if the organisation goes bankrupt?

!! Decline of audience implies decrease of funding !! Harming the expedition
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Ethics

! Can we use these people as guinea pigs?

! What is the limit for letting someone decides about a oneway trip to Mars ?

! 12 years-old girl dreams about be part of Mars One project

Alyssa Carson as a Youth Ambassador of Mars One.

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Conclusion

! Fantasy project
!! No reliable fundings !! No need for new technologies: FALSE !! Low rate of success

! Extraordinary project
!! Modern Christopher Columbus !! Spatial conquest !! Solar System Exploration !! Renew interest in pursuing required technologies
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Thank you for your attention Any questions ?

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References

Measurements of Energetic Particle Radiation in Transit to Mars on the Mars Science Laboratory C. Zeitlin, D. M. Hassler, F. A. Cucinotta, B. Ehresmann, R. F. WimmerSchweingruber, D. E. Brinza, S. Kang, G. Weigle, S. Bttcher, E. Bhm, S. Burmeister, J. Guo, J. Khler, C. Martin, A. Posner, S. Rafkin, and G. Reitz Science 31 May 2013: 340 (6136), 1080-1084. 2 Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties F. A. Cucinotta, L. Chappell, M. Y. Kim 2012 (NASA Technical Paper 2013-217375, NASA STI Program, Hampton, VA, 2013) MARS network: Strategy for deploying enabling telecommunications capabilities for mars exploration. C.D. Edwards, J.T. Adams and al. Working group summary of Lunar and Planetary Institute (TX, 2013). Mars One official website (mars-one.com) Lecture notes from the course about spatial environments and systems by Michel from ISAE-Supaero. 28

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