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Module 4 Semester VI
Strategic Choice
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Introduction Strategic alternatives at corporate level: expansion, stability, retrenchment and combination Strategic choice models for dominant single-business companies- Stricklands Grand Strategy Selection Matrix, Model of Grand Strategy Clusters Strategic choice models for multi-business companies- BCG, GE Nine Cell Matrix, Hofers Model. Coevolving, Patching Strategy as simple rules Strategic alternatives at business level: Michael Porters Generic competitive strategies.
Linking into available strategic options Theoretical Frameworks for making strategic choice
Chosen Strategy
Strategic Choice
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The evaluation of alternative strategies and selection of the best alternative Devils Advocate Dialectical Inquiry
2.
3.
Evaluation of Alternatives
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The process of evaluation of strategic alternatives begins by limiting the choice of alternatives to a few which are considered feasible. This is done by :
Focusing on the business definition or Analyzing the Strategic Gap Ability to meet four criteria:
It is related to:
Allocating resources among the different businesses of a firm Transferring resources from one set of businesses to others Managing & nurturing a portfolio of business.
Corporate-Level Strategies
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Valuable strengths
Concentric Diversification (Economies of Corporate Scope) growth strategies Conglomerate Diversification (Risk Mgt.) Corporate stability strategies Corporate retrenchment strategies Can still go for business-level growth (economies of scale) Environmental Status
Critical environmental threats
Firm Status
Grand Strategies
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Strategic Alternatives
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Stability
Expansion
Retrenchment
Combination
Concentration
Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Vertical Integration Horizontal
Diversification
Concentric Diversification Conglomerate Diversification
Integration
Forward
Backward
Expansion Strategy
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When an organization aims at high growth by substantially broadening the scope of one or more of its businesses in terms of:
These strategies have profound effect on the companys internal configuration, causing extensive changes in almost all aspects of internal functioning
When the environment demands increase in pace of activity Strategists may feel more satisfied with the prospect of growth from expansion: CEOs take pride Increasing size may lead to more control over the market vis--vis competitors Advantages from the scale of operations may accrue. Example: Reliance, Infosys, HUL etc.
Stability Strategy
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Adopted by an organization when it attempts at incremental improvement of its performance by marginally changing one or more of its businesses Stability Strategy is adopted because:
It is less risky, involves less changes and people feel comfortable with things as they are The environment faced is relatively stable Expansion may be perceived as threatening Consolidation is sought through stabilizing after a period of rapid expansion
Retrenchment Strategy
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Followed when an organization aims at contraction of its activities through a substantial reduction or elimination of the scope of one or more of its businesses Retrenchment Strategy is adopted because:
The management no longer wishes to remain in business either partly or wholly, due to continuous losses and the organization becomes unviable The environment faced is threatening Stability can be ensured by re allocation of resources from unprofitable business to profitable ones
Combination Strategy
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When an organization adopts a mixture of stability, expansion and retrenchment strategies, either at the same time in different businesses or at different times in one of its businesses, with the aim of improving its performance Complex solutions that strategists have to offer when faced with the challenge of real-life business Combination Strategy is adopted because
The organization is large and faces complex environment The organization is composed of different businesses, each of which lies in a different industry, requiring a different response
Digitalisation
Organizational Growth
Internationalization
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New Markets
2.Market-development strategy
Means firm concentrates on its primary business. Is the simplest and the least ambiguous
Inducing trial use through sampling, price incentive, etc. Pricing up or down Advertising new uses
2. Product Development
Developing
Existing
Eg: Refrigerator with automatic defreezing, Johnson & Johnsonbaby toys added
3. Market Development:
Selling current products in new markets New markets - additional geographic areas, different market segments
4. Product/Market Proliferation:
Advantages:
Allows the firm to master one business Allows top managers to specialize in one business Allows all organization resources to be allocated to one business and put under less strain
Disadvantages:
Is risky when environments are unstable Is vulnerable to risks of product obsolescence and industry maturity May lead to cash flow problems
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Integrative strategies means combining activities related to the present activity of a firm. Horizontal Integration
Vertical Integration
Forward integration
Backward integration
Horizontal Integration
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Means investing in the purchase of one or more competitors. Purpose is to gain market share, expand geographically, augment product or service lines. Example: BMWs Rover acquisition
Activities, Costs, & Margins of Forward Channel Allies & Strategic Partners
Reduces risk of depending on suppliers of crucial raw materials / parts / components Ensures smoother and better coordinated operations Generates cost savings only if volume needed is big enough to capture efficiencies of suppliers Potential to reduce costs exists when
Suppliers have sizable profit margins Item supplied is a major cost component Resource requirements are easily met
Can produce a differentiation-based competitive advantage when it results in a better quality part
Be cheaper than going through independent distributors Help achieve stronger product differentiation, allowing escape from price competition Provide better access to users
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Diversification Strategy takes place when new products/services are made for new markets. Example: ITC (Tobacco) also in Hotels, paper, packaging, food beverage There are two strategies that can be considered for diversification growth:
1. 2.
Concentric/Related Conglomerate/Unrelated
Source: Adapted from R. P. Rumelt, 1974, Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance, Boston: Harvard Business School.
Related/ Concentric diversification: When an organization does an activity which is related to the existing business, either in terms of customer groups, customer functions or alternative technologies. Example: L&T majorly an Engineering & Construction Industry. Its minor businesses are electrical & electronics, information technology & machinery and industrial products. Yet its focus is on major business for instance, machinery & industrial products make cement and mining machinery used for construction. Thus focus on related diversification.
Marketing related concentric diversification: a similar type of product is offered with the help of a unrelated technology.
Eg: Sewing Machine business further diversified into kitchenware & household appliances sold through common distribution channel.
Technology related concentric diversification: a new type of product or service is offered with the help of related technology. Addition of soup + Maggi Marketing- and technology- related concentric diversification: a similar type of product or service is provided with the help of a related technology.
Unrelated Diversification?
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No strategic fit
Approach is to venture into any business in which we think we can make a profit
Conglomerate/ Unrelated Diversification: The company markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current product, but which may appeal to new group of customers. Example: Aditya Birla Group in a variety of businesses like: Aluminum, BPO, Carbon black, Cement, Chemicals, Copper, fertilizers, gas, insulators, mining, retail, software, telecom & Textiles.
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Factors responsible for expansion through Internalization are technological developments, enabling better contact between trading & investing nations.
Factors affecting a firms decision to adopt International strategies are:
Cost pressure: Demand on a firm to minimise its unit cost from economies of scale & location economies. Pressure for local responsiveness: Tailor its strategies to respond to national level differences in terms of variables like customer preferences, tastes, govt. policies.
Global Strategy
Transnational Strategy
International Strategy
International strategy : - transferring valuable skills & products and services to foreign markets where these products and services are not available. -Product development, R&D is centralized. Eg: Microsoft, IBM, Kellogg develops core competences of its product in Washington but permits foreign subsidiaries to marketing & distribution strategy.
Multi domestic strategy: Firms adopt a when they try to achieve a high level of local responsiveness by matching their product and offerings to the national conditions operating in their countries of operation- require a high cost structureR&D, Production, marketing Eg: panner burger by McDonalds
Global strategy:
Firms adopt a when they rely on a low-cost approach based on reaping the benefits of experience-curve effects and location economies and offering standardized products and services across different countries. Eg: Motorola, General Motors
Transnational strategy:
Firms adopt a when they adopt a combined approach of low cost and high local responsiveness simultaneously, for their products and services. Eg: KFC started selling Vegetarian meal
2)
Licensing Franchising Turnkey Projects Management Contracts Strategic Alliances Contract Manufacturing
3)
Which International Markets to Enter? Timing of Entry into International Markets Scale of Entry into International Markets
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Electronization denotes progressive conversion of physical data into electronic data through digitalization. Digitalization denotes the conversion of analogue electric signals into digital signals. Computerization helps in compressing volumes of analogue data into digital data making it possible for organizations to amplify, transmit, modulate, store, retrieve, and reconvert data. Computerization + Electronization + Digitalization + Networking + Telecommunications Convergence Digitalization has not only transformed the industries but has created electronic markets which have transformed the complete business definitions in terms of customer groups, customer functions and alternative technologies.
Deconstruction
The total product is broken into components some of which can be delivered digitally. Eg: A PC manual, warranty card can be delivered digitally.
Re-intermediation
When processes in the value chain can be supplemented by more intermediaries. Eg: Online booksellers never own the books, they sell, provide info to buyers
Industry morphing
Entirely different ways of providing the same products & services Eg: Banking services
Techno-intensification
Re-channeling
Takes place when some of the processes are outsourced and some activities are chosen to specialize in them.
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Types of Strategies for Cooperation Joint ventures Strategic alliances Merger & Acquisition
Reduce risk and uncertainty Share different and scare resources Learn know-how and market knowledge Share the benefits of complementary assets
Cooperation strategies
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It means a combination of two or more organization in which one acquires the assets & liabilities of other in exchange for shares or cash or both the organization are dissolved & assets & liabilities are combined & new stock is issued. For the acquired organization its a merger and for an acquiring organization its an acquisition. Example: Tatas takeover of Corus US $ 10 billion- 2007 Hutch-Essaar to Vodafone for US $ 11.1 bn
To create a more cost-efficient operations out of the combined companies To expand a companys geographic coverage To extend the companys business in new product categories To gain quick access to new technologies or other resources or capabilities To try to invent a new industry and lead the convergence of industries whose boundaries are blurred by new market opportunities
Types
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Horizontal mergers
Vertical Mergers
Creating complentarities either in terms of supply of materials or marketing of goods & services
Concentric mergers
Combination of two or more companies in terms of customer functions, customer groups or alternative technologies
Conglomerate mergers
Cooperation strategies
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A long-term contractual agreement between two or more parties, To undertake mutually beneficial economic activities, Exercise joint control & Contribute equity and share in the profits or losses of the entity
5 Triggers for a JV
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Technology
Foreign partner can bring in the technology whereas the local partner knows the market. Example: Telecom & Automobiles
2.
Geography
Where the foreign partner is a global player and needs a particular country to complete the picture
3.
Regulation
When a highly regulated sector opens up
4.
5.
Cooperation strategies
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Strategic Alliances
Long term mutually beneficial cooperation beyond supplier-customer relationship, but without any kind of equity sharing
Licensing: transfer of some industrial property rights (patents, trademark, know-how, etc.) in return for a favor (royalty payment, or avoiding tariffs or quotas)
Subcontracting: manufacturing done by contractor having comparative advantages in factors (inputs) of production
Outsourcing: supporting activities done by different outer providers having comparative advantages in any one of them
Types
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Intra-industry; between firms that do not perceive the other as a rival; generally for firms that have carved out niche for themselves geographically
Joint Venture
Strategic Alliance
Contractual Separate legal entity Significant matters of operating and financial policy are predetermined and owned by the JV Exist for a specific time
May or may not be contractual Generally, not a separate legal entity Significant matters of operating and financial policy may or may not be predetermined but are owned by the individual participants Indefinite life or a specific time Fluid and allows for greater amounts of ambiguity
Stability Strategies
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It is relevant for organization operating in certain & predictable environment, usually followed by medium & small size organization Strategies are:
No change Strategy: face predictable & certain external environment organization decides to continue with its present strategy. Profit strategy: When profitability is drifting lower due to unfavorable external factors like recession, govt. norms organization reduce investments, cut costs, raise prices, increase productivity etc. Pause/Proceed with caution: Test the ground before moving with full fledged corporate strategy.
Retrenchment Strategies
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External
New organizational forms New dominant technologies
New Business Models Demand saturation
Internal
Ineffective top management Inappropriate strategies Continual resistance to change Wrong organizational design Ineffective marketing & sales High costs Unproductive new product development
Retrenchment Strategies:
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If strategists believe that stability and recovery are possible, they may follow either way:
Cost reduction by getting rid off some employees, promotional activities, and low-margin customers Asset reduction by getting rid of unproductive assets, i.e. some land, buildings, cars, equipment
Turnaround Strategies
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Managing turnaround:
With the existing CEO and the management and advisory support of a specialist external consultant Existing teams withdraws temporarily & an executive consultant steps in Replacing existing team/ merging with a healthy organization
Divestment Strategies
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Involves the sale or liquidation of a portion of business Employed when internal retrenchment fails to accomplish the desired turnaround Reasons:
Mismatch between the acquired firm & the parent corporation Persistent negative cash flows from a business Severity of competition Better chances of survival Better alternative investment opportunities Mutual exchange of units with some other organization
Divestment Strategies
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Approaches:
A part of the company is divested by spinning it off with the parent company partially ownership Selling a unit outright
Divestment may be the result of failures. But they may also be the result of a prudent thinking & divesting unprofitable lines
Liquidation involves the sale of assets of business for their salvage value
Liquidation Bankruptcy:
The court appoints a trustee, who collects the property of the company which reduces it to cash and distribute the proceeds to the creditors Terminates the business Reduces the negative impact of the business failure
Reorganization Bankruptcy:
When the realistic possibility of long term survival exists Allows a business debtor to restructure its debts & with the agreement of creditors & approval of court, to continue a viable business Use future earnings to pay of the creditors
Medium sized & large organizations rarely liquidate owing to a number of reasons Planned liquidation involve a systematic plan to reap the maximum benefits for the organization & its shareholders Legal Aspects: Under the Companies Act, 1956, liquidation is termed as winding up
Compulsory winding up under an order of the Court Voluntary winding up Voluntary winding up under the supervision of the Court
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Corporate Strategies
Expansion
Stability
Retrenchment
Combination
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Functional Managers
Functional Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Operating Managers
Operating Strategies
Corporate Strategy
Two-Way Influence
Business Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Functional Managers
Functional Strategies
Two-Way Influence
Operating Managers
Operating Strategies
Overcome weakness Turnaround or retrenchment Divestiture Liquidation Vertical integration Conglomerate diversification
Internal External II I (redirected (acquisition or III IV resources merge for Concentrated growth Horizontal Integration within the firm) resource Market development Concentric diversification capability) Product development Joint venture Innovation Maximize strengths
4. Liquidation
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Portfolio Approach
The
The
Industry Attractiveness-Business Strength Matrix (GE Matrix) Evolution Portfolio Matrix-Hofers Model
Product/Market
Portfolio Analysis
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Company has a complex & multitude of operations. Compelling needs to take decisions on resources, cash flows, financial requirements. This multi-prolonged approach is called portfolio analysis.
Created by Bruce Henderson in 1970 Examines different businesses on the basis of their relative market share & Industry growth rate
Can adopt Stability strategy Generally mature- reap benefits of experience curve If long-term prospects are good- can adopt expansion. If loses attractiveness- retrenchment Cash generated reinvested- stars & question marks
Question Marks:
Problem child Require large amount of cash to maintain market share Worst cash conditions because of low returns May become stars if enough investments are made or dogs if ignored.
Dogs:
Neither generate nor require large cash Usually in late maturity or a declining stage Called PETS
Oversimplifies complex decisions Only two factors considered so creates risk Uncertainty in market and SBU definition Only considers current businesses no dynamics
By GE company with the aid of McKinsey & co. of US pioneered a 9 cell strategic business. Business Strength Factors: Industry Attractiveness:
Market size & growth rate Industry profit margin Competitive Intensity Seasonality Economies of scale Environmental Legal & human aspects
Market share, profit margin, ability to compete on price & quality Competitive strengths & weaknesses Technological capability & caliber of management
INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS
MEDIUM
HIGH
INVEST
GROW
IMPROVE OR QUIT
TRY HARDER
WITHDRAW IN PHASES
LOW
WITHDRAW LOW
ENTERPRISE STRENGTH
A C
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Coevolving
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Key organizations selectively cooperate and compete to achieve both their individual and collective goals, which they could not achieve on their own.
Patching is the process by which corporate executives routinely remap businesses to match rapidly changing market opportunities It can take the form of adding, splitting, transferring, exiting, or combining chunks of businesses Patching is not seen as critical in stable, unchanging markets When markets are turbulent and rapidly changing, patching is seen as critical to the creation of economic value in a multi-business company
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An integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets
Generic strategies
All businesses can pursue them regardless of whether they are manufacturing, service, or nonprofit Can be pursued in different kinds of industry environments Results from a companys consistent choices on product, market, and distinctive competencies
Sustainable competitive advantage can arise due to two factors: Low cost & Differentiation
Emphasizes efficiency by providing high volume of standardized products, firm hopes to take advantage of economies of scale & experience curve effects. Obtain most extensive distribution possible. Requires considerable market advantage or preferential access to raw-material, labor etc. Example: Wal-Mart, Amul,
Differentiation
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Special features incorporated into product /service demanded by customers willing to pay for it. Able to charge a premium price for its products/services that is perceived as unique. Because of design, brand loyalty, technology, dealers, networks or customer service buyers loyalty acts as a barrier for new firms to enter. More likely to generate profits because of entry barriers.
Differentiation
Focused Strategies
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Provide concentrated attention on a narrow part of the total market. The target market can be defined by geographic uniqueness, by specialized requirements in using the product, or by special product attributes that appeal only to niche members. A Focused Low-Cost Strategy aims at securing a competitive advantage by serving buyers in the target market niche at a lower cost and lower price than rival competitors. A Focused Differentiation Strategy aims at securing a competitive advantage with a product offering carefully designed to appeal to the unique preferences and needs of a narrow, well-defined group of buyers.
Target market niche is big enough to be profitable and offers good growth potential. Industry leaders do not consider presence in niche crucial for their success. The industry has many different niches and segments, thereby allowing a company to competitively attractive niche suited to its resource strength and capabilities.
Companies can guard their turf from other organizations on the basis of customer relations and loyalty.
It is costly or difficult for multi-segment competitors to put capabilities in place to meet the specialized needs of the niche and at the same time satisfy the expectations of their mainstream customers.
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Strategies for Sustaining Rapid Company Growth Strategies for Industry Leaders Strategies for Runner-up Firms Strategies for Weak & Crisis ridden business
Competitive Advantage in Mature & Declining Industries Competitive Advantage in Fragmented (patchy) Industries Competitive Advantage in Global Industries Competing in Turbulent, High-Velocity Markets
Unique characteristics
No rules of the game- both a risk and an opportunity Lack of market information and competitor uncertainty Technological know-how is proprietary and closely guarded Few entry barriers Inability to obtain raw materials and components Undercapitalized companies High initial costs First-time buyers require initial inducement to purchase
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Strategy Options
Push to perfect the technology, improve product quality and develop additional attractive performance features Early acquisition of a core group of loyal customers and expansion of that customer base through model changes, alternative pricing and advertising Advantageous relationships with key suppliers and promising distribution channels Acquisition or alliance formation with companies having related or complementary technological expertise for maintaining technological superiority
Unique characteristics
Strategy Options
Intense competition for market share Competition orients to cost and service as buyers become knowledgeable Lack of new products and new applications Increase in international competition due to cost pressures Fall in profitability owing to pressure to lower price and build/maintain market share
Emphasis on cost reduction to attract new customers Emphasis on product innovation Expanding the companys geographic coverage Horizontal integration Product line modifications
Where demand is growing slower than demand in the economy as a whole or it is declining Strategies
Focus on segments within an industry that offer a chance for higher growth Emphasize product innovation & quality improvement Emphasize production & distribution efficiency Gradually Harvest the business generate cash, reducing models, shrinking channels & making no new investments
A fragmented industry is one in which no firm has a significant market share and cannot strongly influence industry outcomes Strategists pursue low cost, differentiation or focus competitive advantage in the following ways
Tightly managed decentralization Increased value added services Specialization: narrow focus
Comprises firms whose competitive positions in major geographic or national markets are fundamentally affected by their overall global competitive positions Four unique strategies shaping differences in terms of prices, buyer needs, competitors and Trade rules To gain global market coverage
Strategists must scrutinize the condition of global industry features to implement the following:
Broad-line global competition: directing at competing worldwide in the full product line achieving differentiation or overall low cost production Global focus strategy: targeting a particular segment on a worldwide basis National focus strategy: taking advantage of differences in national markets that give the firm an edge over global competitors on a nation-by-nation basis Protected niche strategy: countries in which governmental restraints exclude or inhibit global competitors or allow concessions
Industries characteristics
Rapid technological change Short product life cycles Entry of important new rivals Fast evolving customer requirements and expectations
Companies that strive to grow their revenues continuously, have to craft a portfolio of strategic initiatives:
Short Jump initiatives to fortify and extend the companys position in existing business including
Adding to the product line Expanding into new geographic areas Launching offensives to take market share away from its rivals
Long Jump strategic initiatives to plant seeds for ventures in businesses that do not exist
Main strategic concern revolves around how to defend and strengthen the leadership Stay on the offensive strategy Fortify & Defend Strategy
Dominant leader plays competitive hardball when smaller rivals directly threaten their positions Responses can include severe price cuts, larger promotional campaigns, influencing distributors, etc Risks are running into antitrust laws
Less access to economies of scale Difficulty in gaining customer recognition Less money to spend on mass-media advertising Limited funds for capital expenditure
Growth via acquisition (banks, publishers) Driving down costs & then prices Differentiation strategy Pioneering a technological breakthrough Being first-to-market new or better products
Vacant-Niche strategy: concentrating on such customer groups that have been bypassed by the market leader Specialist Strategy: Trains its competitive effort on one technology, product, end use or market segment Superior Product Strategy: Aiming quality conscious buyers Distinctive Image Strategy: Building ways to stand out from competitors Content Follower Strategy: Prefer defense to offense. Opt for focus and differentiation strategies that keep them out of leaders path.
Selling off assets to raise cash to save the remaining part of business Revising the existing strategy Launching efforts to boost revenues Pursuing cost reduction Using a combination of these efforts
Fast-exit strategy, selling off to another firm Slow-exit strategy, keeping re-investment to the bare minimum & taking actions to maximize short-term cash flows for orderly withdrawal from market
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Thank You