G t h t i Geosynt het i c s

and
Rei nf or c ed Soi l St r uc t ur es
K. Raj agopal , Pr of essor
Depar t ment of Ci vi l Engi neer i ng
I I T M d Ch i I I T Madr as, Chennai
e-mai l : gopal k r @i i t m.ac .i n
Embankment or Wall ? EmbankmentorWall?
Any slope steeper than 70 is designed as a Anyslopesteeperthan70 isdesignedasa
retainingwall.Allprinciplesrelatedtothe
geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls are geosynthetic reinforcedsoilretainingwallsare
usedforthedesigns.
Slopes shallower than 70 are designed as Slopesshallowerthan70 aredesignedas
slopes.
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Courtesy:Maccaferri IndiaLtd.
Surface Treatment of Slopes SurfaceTreatmentofSlopes
Vegetation Vegetation
Erosioncontrolmatslikecoirmat,jutemats,
crimped mesh etc crimpedmesh,etc.
Stonepitching
Sprayconcreteonsurface
Gabionfacings g
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Geoc el l s used t o pr ot ec t sl ope sur f ac e
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Crimped mesh and a polymer textile for surface protection
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Use of c oi r and j ut e mat s f or er osi on c ont r ol on sl opes
Geocells filled with cement Geocells filled with cement
concrete for erosion control
on canal slope
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Stabilisation ofExistingSlopes g p
Soil Nails
Grouted Anchors
Pre-stressed anchors
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Soil Requirements SoilRequirements
Lessstringentthanfortheretainingwalls g g
ParticleSize %passing
20mm 100%
4.75mm 10020%
0.425mm 060%
75 50%
Pl i i I d s 20% PlasticityIndexs 20%
Soilcompactedtoatleast95%MDD
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DESI GN OF EMBANKMENTS
Slopes on weak foundation soils p
Failure is in foundation soil
Steep slopes on strong foundation soil Steep slopes on strong foundation soil
Planar wedge analysis
S Slip circles through toe
Bilinear wedge analysis
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Const r uc t i on on Sof t Cl ays
PROBLEMS
Low bearing capacity
Large settlements Large settlements
Lateral flow of soils/slip circle failure
Difficult to move construction equipments.
b k embankment
failurewedge
softClay
FirmSoil
slipcircle
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So
Const r uc t i on on Sof t Cl ays
SOLUTI ONS SOLUTI ONS
Replace the soil with good quality fill
Chemical or thermal treatment of foundation soil
Deep mixing/jet grouting
Basal reinforcement Basal reinforcement
Basal mattress
Pre-consolidation with PVDs
Vacuum consolidation
Stone columns or Encased Stone columns
Piles and reinforced concrete slab Piles and reinforced concrete slab
Piles with geosynthetic reinforced platform (piled
embankment)
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Shear Strength Properties to Use ShearStrengthPropertiestoUse
Slopes may undergo large deformations Slopesmayundergolargedeformations,
especiallythoseonsoftfoundationsoils
Constant volume strength parameters are Constantvolumestrengthparametersare
moreapplicablethanthepeakstrength
parameters parameters
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Partialmaterialfactorstoapply
Partial factors Ultimate limit Serviceability Partial factors Ultimate limit
state
Serviceability
limit state
Load factors Embankment fill
F
fs
= 1.3 F
fs
= 1.0
D d l d
F 1 2 F 1 0
Dead loads,
Line or point
loads
F
f
= 1.2 F
f
= 1.0
Li l d Live loads
F
q
=1,3 F
q
=1.0
Soil material factors To tan|
cv
F
ms
= 1.0 F
ms
= 1,0
To c'
F =1 6 F =1 0
To c
F
ms
= 1.6 F
ms
= 1.0
To c
uu
F
ms
= 1.0 F
ms
= 1.0
Reinforcement To
Consistent with type of
factors reinforcement
base strength
yp
reinforcement and design life
Soil/reinforcement Sliding across
F
s
= 1.3 F
s
= 1.0
interaction factors
g
s s
Pullout
F
s
= 1.3 F
s
= 1.0
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I n c ase of ver y weak f oundat i on
i l soi l s
G d I t i i d t b i Ground Improvement is required to bring
up the foundation soil properties to
bl l l t hi i l reasonable levels to achieve economical
construction
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Stone columns Stonecolumns
Rammed stone columns Rammed stone columns
Vibroflot stone columns by displacement
or replacement methods or replacement methods
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Encased stone columns used at A380 factory in
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y
Hamburg for ground treatment
SandDrainsorPVDsforaccelerated
l d preconsolidation
surcharge fill
sand columns
d T
t
v
2
=
c
v
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PVDs for preconsolidation PVDsforpre consolidation
Corrugatedplasticcorefor
drainage
L
t
Geotextilefilter
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General view after installation of PVDs at a site
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Geosynthetic Pile Raft System Geosynthetic PileRaftSystem
reinforcement
Pilecap
plain
concrete
Soft
clay
concrete
piles
y
Design principles are based on soil arching theories
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Design principles are based on soil arching theories
Stiffgeocell mattressincaseofthin
l l claysoils
geocelllayer
Thinsoftfoundationlayer
C
q
uu
u
14 . 5 >>
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Use of l ar ge assembl ed geoc el l s f or
c onst r uc t i on on sof t cl ays c onst r uc t i on on sof t cl ays
Rigidfoundation
D i l f T UK Design manual of Tensar, UK
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Increase in
effective stress
without
increase in
total stress
Increase in
effective stress
constant depth constant depth
Vacuumconsolidation of soft clay soils
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Vacuum consolidation of soft clay soils
Basal r ei nf or c ement on sof t cl ays
Const r uc t i on ex pedi ent : pr ovi ded al ong Const r uc t i on ex pedi ent : pr ovi ded al ong
w i t h a l ayer of gr anul ar soi l t o al l ow f or
f r ee movement of c onst r uc t i on equi pment
Pr ovi ded t o i nc r ease t he f ac t or of saf et y of
t he embank ment
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d
Desi gn of basal r ei nf or c ement based on |
uu
=0
radius,r
u
X
h
v
W
basalreinforcement
X W
=
L c
a u
r
FS
u
c
u Le
X W
FS
u
X W
force ent reinforcem to due moment +
=
L c
a u
r
FS
r
L
a
= r u
X W
FS
r
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radius,r
u
X
h
v
u
W
basalreinforcement
X
W
c
u
Kink in reinforcement
layer at slip surface layer at slip surface
Flexible reinforcement takes the shape of slip circle at
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29
junction with a kink
Stabilising Moment = reinforcement force x lever arm
Flexible reinforcement - reinforcement assumes the shape
of slip surface
Lever arm=radius of slip circle Lever arm = radius of slip circle
Rigid reinforcement reinforcement remains horizontal
x w
Lever arm = vertical height
arm lever
x w
) - ( =
FS FS
u r
Td
Basal reinforcement that provides this much of force should
be provided (least of rupture and pullout capacity)
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Saf et y agai nst l at er al sl i di ng as a c ompl et e mass
H
Basal reinforcement
Length of the reinforcement should be
sufficient that the resistance against lateral
Basalreinforcement
sliding is adequate shear resistance
developed only on one surface
2
1
qH
K H K
P
a a
+ =
2
2
1

a K
=
sin ( - )
sin +sin sin
2
| |
| | |

(
(
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| | |

(
Saf et y agai nst pul l out f ai l ur e of r ei nf or c ement
Le
Length of the reinforcement should be
sufficient to generate sufficient pullout
resistance shear resistance developed on
both upper and lower surfaces
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Slipcircleanalysisforcohesivefrictionalsoils
R
l
i
= inclined
R
y
i
i
length at base of
slice
W
i
=weight of i
th
W
i
l
T
i
= W
i
sino
i
w
i T
1
W
i
weight of i
slice
R = radius of slip
circle

i
i
y T
L
'
) (
o
|
i
n
i i i a
l u
- cos
w
R tan + R
c'
l
i
N
i
= W
i
coso
i
o
i
T
2
circle

n
i
i
i
i
r
w
R
y T
L
FS
1
) (
o
o
|
i
i
1 = i
i i i a
sin
l u
cos
w
R tan R
c
=
i i i
= i 1
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Slipcircleanalysis Bishopsmethod
{ }
( )

(
(
(

'
'
+
'
i
i
S
W b c
r
|
o
|
/ 1
sec
tan ) 1 ( { }
( )

(
(

'
+
i i
u i
u
i
u
W
FS
r
FS
o
| o
|
sin
/ tan tan 1
) (
=

{ }
( )

+
(
(

'
+
'
i
y W b c R
r
o
| T
sec
tan ) 1 ( { }
( )

+
(
(

'
+
+
i i
i
r i
u
i
r
W R
y
FS
W b c R
r
FS
o
| o
|
sin
T
/ tan tan 1
tan ) 1 (
=
i
r
u
= bishops pore pressure parameter
b = width of slice
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FS = factor of safety
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Embank ment s c onst r uc t ed on c ompet ent
f oundat i on soi l f oundat i on soi l
Foundation soil is very strong
Reinforcement provided to construct steep slopes Reinforcement provided to construct steep slopes
Shallowunreinforced
slope
Extraroad
spacegained
Steepreinforced
slope
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Pl anar wedge anal ysi s of St eep Sl opes
AC =assumed rupture AC assumed rupture
plane at angle |
| = slope angle (>|)
R t t l ti l f
Assumed soil properties
c=0, friction angle = |
if h
R
v
= total vertical force
including weight of soil in
wedge ADC and loads
uniform surcharge, q
C
D
on surface DC
N = normal force on AC
=R cos|
|
R
v
N
B
ET
i
R
v
cos|
S = shear force on AC
= R
v
sin|
ET f i f t
S
|
|
|
S
R
v
ET
i
= sum of reinforcement
forces (horizontal)
N
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A
| | | cos + tan cos
resistance shear
T R

|
| | |

sin
cos + tan cos
=
force shear
resistance shear
= FS
R
T R
v
i v

| tan
+ 1 =
R
T
v
i

R
v
sin( )
2
| |
(
a K
=
sin ( - )
sin + sin sin
| |
| | |

(
(
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