Properties Of Materials

Material used in our daily life or in industries need different properties . the category of these properties can be done as follows. 1. 2. 3. 4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Key mechanical design properties are stiffness, strength, hardness, ductility, and toughness. There are many properties of material in this session we will study about very common properties which are countered with us in daily life. These properties are: Hardness, Strength , Toughness, Stiffness, Elasticity, Plasticity, Absorbency, Waterproof.
HARDNESS:

Resistance to scratching and pressure. Hardwood does not mark as easily as softwood. The Metals Handbook defines hardness as "Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, the term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. It is the property of a metal, which gives it the ability to resist being permanently, deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load is applied. The greater the hardness of the metal, the greater resistance it has to deformation. In mineralogy the property of matter commonly described as the resistance of a substance to being scratched by another substance. In metallurgy hardness is defined as the ability of a material to resist plastic deformation.
HARDNESS MEASUREMENT

There are three types of tests used with accuracy by the metals industry; they are Brinell hardness test Rockwell hardness test Vickers hardness test

TOUGHNESS:

Resistance to breaking by cracking, opposite to Brittle. In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed. Toughness requires a balance of strength and ductility

It can be determined by measuring the area (i.e., by taking the integral) underneath the stress-strain curve and its energy of mechanical deformation per unit volume prior to fracture. The explicit mathematical description is:

Where is strain is the strain upon failure is stress

Another definition is the ability to absorb mechanical (or kinetic) energy up to failure. The area covered under stress strain curve is called toughness.

TOUGHNESS TEST

Charpy test Izod impact tests.

STRENGTH

In materials science, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure. The field of strength of materials deals with forces and deformations that result from their acting on a material. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce internal forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a unit basis. The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material. Deformation of the material is called strain when those deformations too are placed on a unit basis. The applied loads may be axial (tensile or compressive), or shear.
STIFFNESS

Amount of force needed to change the shape of a material, opposite to Flexible. Stiffness is the rigidity of an object the extent to which it resists deformation in response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is. Calculation The stiffness, k, of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single degree of freedom (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is defined as

Where, F is the force applied on the body is the displacement produced by the force along the same degree of freedom

ELASTICITY:

Ability to return its original shape when a force is removed e.g. rubber band. Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return to their original shape after being deformed. Solid objects will deform when forces are applied on them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are removed.
PLASTICITY:

Ability to retain the new shape when a force is removed e.g. plasticene. In materials science, plasticity describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is called yield.
DUCTILITY:

The ability of a material to change shape (deform) usually by stretching along its length. Ductility is the ability of material, such as steel, to be drawn out into thin wires or flat sheets without pulling apart or breaking. Materials that are extremely ductile can be stretched thin without cracking and losing their strength. This is a desirable quality, especially in metals. Manufacturers want materials that will not break even when thin pieces are required

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ABSORBENCY (HYGROSCOPY): is the ability of a substance to attract and hold water molecules from the

surrounding environment. This is achieved through either absorption or adsorption.

WATERPROOF (HYDROPHOBICITY): Resistance to liquids repels water. Hydrophobicity is the physical

property of a molecule that is repelled from a mass of water

CORROSION RESISTANCE: Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals), by chemical

reaction with its environment. The ability to resist corrosion is corrosion resistance. THERMAL PROPERTIES
MELTING POINT

The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. The melting point of a substance depends (usually slightly) on pressure. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction. Heat transfer occurs at a higher rate across materials of high thermal conductivity than across materials of low thermal conductivity. Correspondingly materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. Thermal conductivity of materials is temperature dependent. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity.

THERMAL EXPANSION

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation. The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY

Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electric charge.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Electrical conductivity or specific conductance measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current and it is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
PIEZOELECTRIC CONSTANTS

Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure.
SEEBECK COEFFICIENT

The Seebeck coefficient (also known as thermopower, thermoelectric power, and thermoelectric sensitivity) of a material is a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across that material, as induced by the Seebeck effect.

HOME WORK
Fill this table by YES or NO Material Hardness Toughness Stiffness Elasticity Ductility Electrical resistivity Corrosive resistance Thermal conductivity

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