List of 188 Japanese particles

No Particle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (wa) (ka) (ga) (ni) (no) (wa) (ni) (e) (wo/o) Meaning / usage Indicates the topic of a sentence At the end of a sentence indicating a question Indicates the subject of a sentence Indicates a location Indicates possession Indicates a contrast between 2 items Indicates time or frequency Indicates direction Indicates the direct object of a verb Used to connect and list up multiple items Used to connect and partially list up multiple items 12 (nado) Used with (ya) to partially list up multiple items 13 (mo) 14 (mo) 15 (ni) 16 (ni) means too, either, also bothand, neithernor Indicates the indirect object of a verb Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place 17 (de) 18 (to) 19 (no) 20 (kara) 21 (yori) Indicates the location of an action Together with Indicates an apposition Indicates a starting point in time or place Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20) 22 (made) 23 (kurai) 24 (hodo) 25 (bakari) 26 (de) Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity Indicates an approximate amount Indicates an approximate amount Indicates an approximate amount Indicates a means or material

10 (to) 11 (ya)

27 (ka) 28 (wo/o) 29 (wo/o) 30 (ni) 31 (ni) 32 (ni)

Indicates a choice or alternative Indicates a point of departure Indicates a route of a movement/motion Indicates a point of arrival Indicates an entering motion Used together with a verb to express a purpose

33 (to) 34 (to iu) 35 (toka) 36 (de) 37 (to) 38 (yori) 39 (yori) 40 (kurai) 41 (hodo) 42 (ka) 43 (mo)

Used when quoting someone Indicates the name of something something like Indicates a limit or scope Indicates a comparison Indicates a comparison Indicates superlative Indicates a comparison Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence someone, something nothing, nobody, nowhere if used with an interrogative word

44 (ni)

Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice

45 (wo/o suru) 46 (demo) 47 (demo)

Expresses an occupation or position

Indicates emphasis Together with an interrogative word it means anything, anyone, any time

48 (de) 49 (kara)

Indicates a cause or a reason Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material

50 (ni)

Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service

51 (wa) + (ga)

Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective

52 (ga)

Connects two sentences with the meaning but

53 (wo/o)

Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion

54 (de) 55 (de) 56 (dake) 57 (dake) 58 (de)

Indicates a state / condition of something Limits numbers Indicates a limit on things or amounts Indicates a limit on an action or state Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something

59 (demo)

Following a noun, means or something like this

60 (mo) 61 (demo)

Emphasizes in a positive or negative way Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list

62 (bakari)

Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one

63 (bakari) 64 (tokoro)

Indicates an action was just completed Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place

65 (ga)

Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause

66 (kara) 67 (nagara)

conjunction meaning after or since Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously

68 (ga) 69 (no) 70 (kara)

Indicates the subject of a relative clause Indicates the subject of a relative clause Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason

71 (node) 72 (no) 73 (no) 74 (nara)

Indicates a strong reason Indicates a modified pronoun Used to nominalize verbs & sentences Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition

75 (nara)

Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)

76 (to)

Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome

77 (ba)

Used as a conjunction to express a probable results

78 (ba) 79 (ba)

all you have to do Used to enumerate two or more actions or states

80 (tara)

Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition

81 (tara)

Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence

82 (tokoro)

Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery

83 (temo) 84 (temo)

a conjunction meaning even if Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives

85 (temo)

Together with an interrogative word it means no matter what/where/who

86 (tewa)

Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion

87 (nomi) 88 (made) 89 (sae) 90 (sae) 91 (noni) 92 (nagara) 93 (toka)

Indicates a limit (similar to dake) even, used to emphasize even, used to emphasize if only or as long as although, in spite of the fact that although, though, but Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive

94 (tari)

List of two or more actions in no particular sequence

95 (tari) 96 (noni)

Indicates actions or states that alternate Indicates a purpose or function

97 (no desu) 98 (kiri) 99 (kiri)

Asks for an explanation or reason Indicates a limit to an amount Indicates the last time a certain incident occurred

100 (tomo)

Used with numbers and counters to mean both or all

101 (nagara)

Used with numbers and counters to mean both or all

102 (shika)

Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning only

103 (shika nai) 104 (shi)

used with a verb meaning to have no choice but to Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states

105 (shi) 106 (tomo) 107 (ni) 108 (ka) 109 (ka) 110 (dano)

Used as a conjunction indicating a reason Indicates inclusion Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon Indicates uncertainty about something Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka )

111 (dano) 112 (nado) 113 (yara) 114 (yara) 115 (temo)

Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states something to the effect Indicates two or more items of a longer list Indicates uncertainty Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of at the most

116 (tomo)

Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum

117 (wa)

Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit

118 (to) 119 (nado)

Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence Indicates examples

120 (kurai)

Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to gurai

121 (hodo) 122 (hodo) 123 (dake) 124 (dake) 125 (to)

Indicates the extend of an action or condition the more the more as as the more the more about to do something, trying to do something

126 (to) 127 (nari) 128 (nari) 129 (koso) 130 (koso) 131 (tewa) 132 (ni)

even if, whether or not either, whetheror anything, anyone, any time Emphasizes the word preceding it Emphasizes a reason or a cause Expresses repetition of an action Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items

133 (ni)

Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast

134 (ni shite Indicates a generally agreed upon standard wa) 135 (ni totte) Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing 136 (ni tsuite) 137 (tomo tomo) 138 (ga) 139 (wa) 140 (toshite) 141 (toshite) 142 (bakari de naku) 143 (dake) 144 (nomi) used to express not onlybut also used to express not onlybut also even if, whether or not Emphasizes contrasting elements Indicates status, capacity or function Provides emphasis in a negative sentence not only but also cant say whether or about, concerning something or someone

145 (nari) 146 (ga hayai ka) 147 (ya ina ya)

as soon as as soon as

as soon as

148 (ka no sooner had, hardly had nai uchi ni) 149 (bakari) 150 (bakari ni) 151 (sura) 152 (nado) 153 (tomo) 154 (tomo aroo hito) Emphasizes in the meaning of even Expresses a humble attitude towards an item no matter what, even if To express that someone did something not to be expected Indicates the only action left to do Emphasizes a reason or cause

155 (dokoro far from, not to mention ka) 156 (dake ni) 157 (made mo nai) 158 (mono no) but or although 159 (tokoro de) 160 (keredomo) 161 (keredomo) 162 (ga) 163 (keredomo) 164 (ne) At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement 165 (ne) At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion Used to soften a statement or refusal Indicates a desire Connects 2 sentences meaning but or although Indicates a preliminary remark even if Indicates a cause or reason there is no need to

166 (ne)

At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause

167 (nee) 168 (yo)

At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction

169 (yo)

At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion

170 (kashira)

At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women

171 (kana)

At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men

172 (na)

At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement

173 (na)

At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men

174 (naa)

At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men

175 (naa) 176 (no)

At the end of a sentence to express a desire At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women

177 (wa)

At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women

178 (sa)

At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men

179 (koto)

At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women

180 (koto)

At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women

181 (mono)

At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse

182 (tomo)

At the end of a sentence to express an assertion

183 (monoka)

At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men

184 (ya)

At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men

185 (tara)

At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal

186 (yara)

At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication

187 (ze)

At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men

188 (zo)

At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself