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Net%or&in'
(%esi'a )* +aron'o
#i ensionin' (o,ile )I("- in t.e "ccess an! Core Net%or&/ " case Stu!y
(aster0s T.esis su, itte! in $artial fulfil ent of t.e !e'ree of (aster of Science in Tec.nolo'y
Es$oo, Finlan!, 1t. No2e ,er 3445 Su$er2isor/ Instructor/ 6rofessor 78r' Ott 7ouni Kar2o, #*Sc
ii
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY "+STR"CT of t.e (aster0s t.esis "ut.or/ Na e of T.esis/ #ate/ Faculty/ 6rofessors.i$/ Su$er2isor/ Instructor/ (%esi'a )ilson +aron'o #i ensionin' o,ile )i("- in t.e access an! core net%or& 9 " case stu!y 1t. No2e ,er 3445 Electronics, Co Nu ,er of $a'es/ :: ; 5: unications, an! "uto ation
E<istin' ,roa!,an! %ireless tec.nolo'ies suc. as e2ol2in' =G an! )iFi .a2e en> ?oye! %i!es$rea! a!o$tion ,ut are far fro offerin' t.e fle<i,ility in !e$loy ent an! .i'. !ata rates* (o,ile )i("-, an e er'in' ,roa!,an! %ireless tec.nolo'y $ro ises to ,rin' a ne% e<$erience to o,ile ,roa!,an! ser2ices ,y offerin' users .i'. !ata rates an! efficient net%or& access tec.ni@ues* T.is t.esis %or& $ro2i!es a tec.nical !escri$tion of o,ile )i("- an! co $ares its tec.nical ca$a,ilities %it. t.e e<istin' tec.nolo'ies suc. as )iFi an! =G* T.e %or& continues furt.er on !i ensionin' o,ile )i("- in t.e access an! core net> %or&* In t.e access net%or&, %e !eter ine t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations re@uire! to co2er a 'i2en etro$olitan area, e<$lore t.eir confi'urations, an! $erfor fre@uency selec> tion* In t.e core net%or& %e !i ension t.e interfaces, an! no!es in2ol2e!* Fro t.e stu!y %e %ill s.o% t.at )i("- $ro2i!es t.e o$erator %it. t.e antenna con> fi'urations o$tions of .i'. ca$acities, lar'e cell co2era'e area, an! a %i!e selection of AoS classes* T.e stu!y %ill also s.o% t.at t.e !ata !ensity re@uire ents of cus> to ers, resultin' fro t.e ca$acity analysis are fulfille! ,y $ro$erly !i ensionin' t.e ele ents in t.e access an! core net%or&* Key%or!s/ )i("-, Lan'ua'e/ En'lis. o,ile )i("-, ,roa!,an!, !i ensionin'
iii
Acknowledgements
T.is Co aster0s t.esis %as carrie! out at t.e Net%or&in' la,oratory, #e$art ent of unications an! Net%or&in', Co net* I %is. to e<$ress y sincere y su$er2isor, 6rofessor 78r' Ott, an! instructor, #*Sc*
7ouni Kar2o for .a2in' acce$te! t.is researc. stu!y in t.e first $lace* It is your 'ui!ance, a!2ice an! fee!,ac& t.at for%ar! %as 'ettin' tou'.* I %oul! also li&e to ta&e t.is o$$ortunity to t.an& ti es in Finlan!* Lastly, y s$ecial t.an&s 'o to y $arents an! si,lin's for t.eir irre$lacea,le su$$ort y fello% stu!ents an! collea'ues a!e t.is tor entin' ,ut %ort.%.ile e focuse! at ti es %.en 'oin'
at TKK, frien!s an! lo2e! ones for t.eir su$$ort an! carin' !urin' 'oo! an! !ifficult
i2
Contents
",,re2iations***************************************************************************************************************2i List of Fi'ures***************************************************************************************************************< List of Ta,les****************************************************************************************************************<i : Intro!uction***********************************************************************************************************: :*: (oti2ation for t.e t.esis************************************************************************************: :*3 O,?ecti2es of t.e t.esis**************************************************************************************3 :*= Sco$e of t.e t.esis**********************************************************************************************3 :*B (et.o!olo'y*****************************************************************************************************= :*C T.esis Outline****************************************************************************************************= 3 +roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s*******************************************************************************B 3*: )i("- net%or&************************************************************************************************B 3*:*: )i("- net%or& arc.itecture********************************************************************D 3*:*3 )i("- @uality of ser2ice***********************************************************************:3 3*3 =G an! HS6" net%or&s************************************************************************************:= 3*= )iFi net%or&s**************************************************************************************************:5 3*=*: )iFi net%or& arc.itecture***********************************************************************:D 3*B Co $arison of ,roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s**************************************************3: 3*B*: )i("- 2s )iFi***************************************************************************************3: 3*B*3 )i("- 2s =G an! HS6"***********************************************************************33 3*C Su ary an! Conclusion********************************************************************************3E = )i("- !e$loy ent consi!erations*******************************************************************35 =*: Intro!uction to )i("- net%or& $lannin'******************************************************=: =*3 Co2era'e $lannin'********************************************************************************************== =*= Ca$acity $lannin'*********************************************************************************************=C =*B Su ary an! conclusion*********************************************************************************=5 B Case Stu!y**********************************************************************************************************=D B*: #i ensionin' )i("- Ra!io Interface**********************************************************=D B*:*: Fre@uency selection**********************************************************************************BE B*:*3 Lin& ,u!'et analysis*********************************************************************************B1 B*:*= #eter inin' t.e nu ,er of +ase Stations************************************************C4 B*:*B C.oosin' "ntenna Confi'uration*************************************************************C3 B*:*C Fre@uency Reuse Sc.e e*************************************************************************CB B*:*E #u$le<in' et.o!************************************************************************************C5 B*:*1 +ac&.aul trans$ort solutions *******************************************************************E4 B*3 #i ensionin' )i("- Net%or& ********************************************************************E= B*3*: En!>to>en! traffic o!el**************************************************************************EB B*3*3 "SN Gate%ay !i ensionin'********************************************************************EE B*3*= "SN AoS ec.anis s****************************************************************************ED B*3*B CSN traffic an! $erfor ance o!el*********************************************************14 B*3*C Su ary an! conclusion*************************************************************************1= C Conclusions an! Future %or&*****************************************************************************1C REFERENCES **********************************************************************************************************11 "$$en!i< "*****************************************************************************************************************54 COST>3=: Hata (o!el*******************************************************************************************54
2i
Abbreviations
=G =G66 """ "(C "6 "SN "SN>G) "S6 ")S +E +ER +6SK +S +TS C#(" COTS C6E CSN #CF #HC6 #NS #L =r! Generation =r! Generation 6artners.i$ 6ro?ect "ut.entication "ut.orisation an! "ccountin' "!a$ti2e (o!ulation an! Co!in' sc.e e "ccess 6oint "ccess Ser2ice Net%or& "ccess Ser2ice Net%or& Gate%ay "$$lication Ser2ice 6ro2i!er "!2ance! )ireless Ser2ices +est Effort +it Error Rate +inary 6.ase S.ift Keyin' +ase Station +ase Transcei2er Station Co!e #i2ision (ulti$le "ccess Co ercial Off T.e S.elf
Custo er 6re ises E@ui$ ent Connecti2ity Ser2ice Net%or& #istri,ute! Coor!ination Function #yna ic Host Control 6rotocol #o ain Na e Syste #o%nlin&
2ii
#SC6 #SL E:
#ifferential Ser2ice Co!e 6oints #i'ital Su,scri,er Line E>carrier le2el :, a Euro$ian co 3(,$s unication stan!ar! for
E"6 ert>6S F## FT6 FUSC G,$s G6RS GRE GS( GT6 H" HS6" HSU6" HS#6" HSS ICT IEEE I6 I(S ITU
E<tensi,le "ut.entication 6rotocol e<ten!e! real ti e 6ollin' Ser2ice Fre@uency #i2ision #u$le< File Transfer 6rotocol Fully Use! Su,carrier Gi'a,it $er secon! General 6ac&et Ra!io Ser2ice Generic Routin' Enca$sulation Glo,al Syste for (o,ile Co unication
G6RS Tunnellin' 6rotocol Ho e "'ent Hi'. S$ee! 6ac&et "ccess Hi'. S$ee! U$lin& 6ac&et "ccess Hi'. S$ee! #o%nlin& 6ac&et "ccess Ho e Su,scri,er Ser2er Infor ation an! Co unications Tec.nolo'y
Institute of Electrical an! Electronics En'ineers Internet 6rotocol I6 (ulti e!ia Su,syste International Teleco unications Union
2iii
&,$s L"N LTE ("C ("N (,$s (I(O (6EG (S (I6 N"6 N"6T N"T NLOS N(S NR( NS6 nrt>6S OF#( OF#(" 6+H 6USC A"( AoS
(e!iu "ccess Control layer (etro$olitan "rea Net%or& (e'a,it $er secon! (ulti$le In (ulti$le Out T.e (o2in' 6icture E<$ert Grou$ (o,ile Station (o,ile I6 Net%or& "ccess 6ro2i!er Net%or& "!!ress 6ort Translation Net%or& "!!ress Translation Non Line of Si'.t Net%or& (ana'e ent Syste Net%or& Reference (o!el Net%or& Ser2ice 6ro2i!er non real ti e 6ollin' Ser2ice Ort.o'onal Fre@uency #i2ision (ulti$le<in' Ort.o'onal Fre@uency #i2ision (ulti$le "ccess 6ea& +usy Hour 6artially Use! Su,carrier Aua!rature " $litu!e (o!ulation Auality of Ser2ice
i<
Aua!rature 6.ase S.ift Keyin' Re ote "ut.entication #ial In User Ser2ice Ra!io Fre@uency real ti e 6ollin' Ser2ice Ser2ice #ata Unit Sin'le In$ut (ulti$le Out$ut Sin'le In$ut Sin'le Out$ut S all Office Ho e Office S all (e!iu Enter$rises
Su,scri,er Station Ser2ice Set I!entifier T>carrier :, a Nort. " erica an! 7a$an co stan!ar! for :*CBB (,itFs unication
Trans ission Control 6rotocol Ti e #i2ision #u$le< Ti e #i2ision (ulti$le<in' Unsolicite! Grant Ser2ice Ultra Hi'. Fre@uency U$lin& Voice o2er Internet 6rotocol )i!e,an! Co!e #i2ision (ulti$le "ccess )ireless Fi!elity )orl!%i!e Intero$era,ility for (icro%a2e "ccess )orl!%i!e )e,
<
List of Figures
Ti e !i2ision ulti$le<in' %it. OF#( as use! in fi<e! )i("- Gto$H an! OF#(" as use! in o,ile )i("- G,otto H I:J***********************************************************************E (ulti$le In (ulti$le Out G(I(OH I:J**************************************************************************1 )i("- net%or& reference o!el I3=J************************************************************************D )i("- net%or& I6 ,ase! arc.itecture I3=J**************************************************************:: GS(>)C#(" arc.itecture I1J*********************************************************************************:B Ca$acity e2olution %it. HS6" I:J******************************************************************************:C HS6" =G66 R1 arc.itecture I5J**********************************************************************************:E " )iFi net%or& arc.itecture I:CJ*******************************************************************************34 S$ectru efficiency co $arison I5J***************************************************************************3C Net%or& !i ensionin' an! $lannin' $rocess I::J******************************************************=3 Tri>sector ,ase station*************************************************************************************************C: Fractional fre@uency reuseI3:J***********************************************************************************CC Fre@uency reuse of = %it. = sectors ,ase station********************************************************CE #o%nlin& t.rou'.$ut for T## %it. :4(HK c.annel ,an!%i!t. I33J***********************CD #i ensionin' trans$ort net%or& I=J***************************************************************************E: #etaile! )i("- arc.itecture I3J******************************************************************************E=
<i
List of Tables
Fa ily of IEEE 543*:: I:EJ****************************************************************************************:D Tec.nical co $arison of HS6" an! )i("- I:J*******************************************************3B C.aracteristics of t.e !e o'ra$.ic re'ions****************************************************************B: Geo'ra$.ic factors for t.e !e$loy ent***********************************************************************B3 "ssu e! $ara eters for t.e !e$loy ent********************************************************************B3 )i("- ser2ice classes I31J**************************************************************************************BB Esti ate! $ea& ,usy .our !ata re@uire ent I33J*******************************************************BC #o%nlin& !ata !ensity esti ation o2er years I33J*****************************************************BE Lin& ,u!'et I3J***********************************************************************************************************BD Reuse !istance*************************************************************************************************************C5 Su,scri,er traffic o!el**********************************************************************************************EC Su,scri,er o,ility o!el******************************************************************************************EC 6ara eters for t.e no!e !i ensionin'************************************************************************EE AoS $rofile for t.e su,scri,ers***********************************************************************************ED
Intro!uction
1
1.1
Introduction
Motivation for the thesis
Recent tren!s in Infor ation an! Co co unities* Ne% unications tec.nolo'ies GICTH .a2e of co unications a on' seen t.e e<$losion of Internet as a ne% for 'rou$s of $eo$le can co
e!ia c.annels .a2e ,een !e2ise! ,y %.ic. 2arious unicate an! s.are infor ation affectin' t.eir unication .as ,eco e a o2e! fro t.e unication .as
!aily li2es* T.e nee! for t.e ,roa!,an! %ireless co 2ital $art of our !aily li2es* Voice co
tec.nolo'y ,ase! on t.e circuit s%itc.e! net%or& to t.e one ,ase! on $ac&et s%itc.e! net%or&s* Internet infrastructure can no% trans$ort 2oice, 2i!eo an! ulti e!ia content t.rou'. .i'. ca$acity fi,er lin&s an! %ireless c.annels* T.e e<$losion of t.e Internet an! ,roa!,an! %ireless access .as alrea!y ,een felt to a lar'e e<tent in co tre en!ous flo% of infor ation* E er'in' ar&ets in s$arsely $o$ulate! areas suc. as "frica, .a2e a li ite! unities aroun! !e2elo$e! countries* T.e o!ate t.e e2er increasin' infrastructure is continuously e2ol2in' to acco
access to ,roa!,an! %ireless access* T.e $resent %ireline tec.nolo'ies ,ase! on co$$er an! fi,er !o not $ro ise to $ro2i!e Internet access to $eo$le far in rural areas at an affor!a,le cost* E er'in' tec.nolo'y suc. as )ireless Intero$era,ility for (icro%a2e "ccess G)i("-H is a suita,le c.oice for $ro2i!in' access to t.e re ote areas at a lo%er cost ,ut at t.e sa e ti e %it. a .i'. ca$acity an! co2era'e ran'e* T.e ty$ical or o$ti u co2era'e ran'e %it. a of )i("- is E > D &ilo etres, %it. a ca$acity of u$ to 13(,$s for a $oint to $oint ran'e of B5 &ilo etres* )i("- $ro ises to !eli2er a syste ser2ice an! 'oo! co2era'e %.ic. su,ur,an co .i'. !ata rate, .i'. ca$acity, lo% cost $er ,it, lo% latency, 'oo! @uality of a&es ,roa!,an! access to rural an! unities in !e2elo$in' countries a reality*
E<istin' ,roa!,an! tec.nolo'ies suc. as ca,le an! !i'ital su,scri,er line G#SLH face $ractical li itations %.ere,y t.e $ossi,le !istance t.at a su,scri,er can ,e ser2e! fro t.e central office is a,out C &ilo etres*
$ro ises to $ro2i!e ,roa!,an! %ireless connecti2ity ,eyon! t.e reac. of tra!itional %ireline tec.nolo'ies* )i("- tec.nolo'y ena,les an o$erator to econo ically $ro2i!e ,roa!,an! %ireless access un!er a 2ariety of !e o'ra$.ics con!itions* Un!erstan!in' t.e ,enefits suc. as fast )e, surfin' an! @uic& !o%nloa!in' t.at t.e )i("- tec.nolo'y ,rin's to t.e users, t.is stu!y ai s to furt.er in2esti'ate so e of its tec.nical as$ects* T.ese inclu!e an un!erstan!in' of .o% )i("- co $ares %it. t.e e<istin' ,roa!,an! tec.nolo'ies suc. as t.e T.ir! 'eneration G=GH an! )ireless Fi!elity G)iFiH, its arc.itecture, an! .o% to !i ension t.e access an! core $art of t.e net%or&* T.e !esire to learn .o% to $ro2i!e affor!a,le ,roa!,an! %ireless access to co su,ur,an areas is t.e unities in rural an! oti2atin' factor in $ursuin' t.is t.esis %or&*
1.2
1.3
Intro!uction
tec.nolo'ies* It !oes not a!!ress in !etail t.e $ro2ision of en!>to>en! @uality of ser2ice, actual ra!io net%or& $lannin' ta&in' into account t.e or$.olo'y an! to$o'ra$.y !etails of a $articular area of !e$loy ent* It also !oes not a!!ress t.e en!>to>en! ser2ice as$ects suc. as I6 connecti2ity, session ana'e ent, an! !i ensionin' t.e o,ility ana'e ent* It a!!resses t.e &ey issues t.at are ta&en into consi!eration in t.e access an! core ser2ice net%or& %.en o,ile )i("- net%or&*
1.4
Methodology
T.e t.esis %or& is con!ucte! as a literature re2ie% as %ell as a case stu!y ,ase! on t.e $u,lis.e! tec.nical $a$ers fro infor ation are fro o$erators an! co aca!e ic institutions, an! stan!ar!isation ,o!ies suc. as a )i("- Foru * T.e ot.er sources of t.e te<t,oo&s !escri,in' ,roa!,an! tec.nolo'ies an! unications unications e@ui$ ent anufacturers* %.ite $a$ers t.at are $u,lis.e! un!er t.e !o ain of teleco
1.5
Thesis Outline
C.a$ter 3 $resents t.e o2er2ie% of t.e e<istin' ,roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s, !escri,in' t.eir arc.itectures, tec.nical ca$a,ilities, an! tec.nical !ifferences* C.a$ter = $ro2i!es &ey factors to ta&e into account $rior to !e$loyin' a )i("- net%or&, an! $resents t.e re@uire ents for t.e co2era'e an! ca$acity $lannin'* C.a$ter B !escri,es t.e !i ensionin' of t.e selecte! re'ions of !e$loy entL Helsin&i, Es$oo, an! Kir&&onu o,ile )i("- net%or& in t.e ra!io interface an! core ser2ice net%or& for t.e i* C.a$ter B ta&es into account t.e !e o'ra$.ics, 'eo'ra$.ical factors, an! !ata !ensity re@uire ents of t.e selecte! re'ions so as to analyse .o% t.e net%or& can ,e !i ensione!* Finally c.a$ter C $resents t.e conclusions an! future %or&*
2.1
iM!" net#or$
)i("- is a ,roa!,an! %ireless tec.nolo'y t.at $ro2i!es %ireless !ata access to fi<e!, no a!ic an! o,ile users* It confor s to t%o stan!ar! tec.nolo'ies IEEE 543*:E! an! IEEE 543*:Ee* IEEE 543*:E! is a fi<e! %ireless tec.nolo'y o$ti ise! for fi<e! an! no a!ic a$$lications in Line of Si'.t GLOSH an! Non>Line of Si'.t GNLOSH en2iron ents* It $ro ises to $ro2i!e a etro$olitan area %it. a .i'. ,an!%i!t. an! lar'er co2era'e area ulti$le<in' GOF#(H $.ysical a&es it stron' an! t.an is currently a2aila,le %it. t.e e<istin' tec.nolo'ies suc. as )iFi an! =G* It uses Ort.o'onal fre@uency !i2ision layer tec.nolo'y an! s art antenna tec.ni@ues %.ic. a c.un& of s$ectru
ro,ust* T.e use of OF#( allo%s lar'e a ount of !ata to ,e trans itte! o2er %it. 'reater efficiency t.an e<istin' %ireless ulti$le access GT#("H an! co!e !i2ision tec.nolo'ies suc. as ti e !i2ision
ulti$le access GC#("H* T.e OF#( tec.ni@ue s$lits a ra!io si'nal into ulti$le s all si'nals %.ic. are t.en trans itte! si ultaneously at !ifferent fre@uencies to t.e recei2er*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
+roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s 543*:Ee is a o,ile )i("- stan!ar! tar'ete! for $orta,le,
C o,ile
a$$lication as %ell as fi<e! an! no a!ic a$$lications in NLOS en2iron ents* (o,ile )I("- e<ten!s t.e fi<e! )i("- stan!ar! ,y 'i2in' users t.e a,ility to &ee$ on'oin' connections acti2e %.ile )i("- syste usin' EB A"( o2in' at 2e.icular s$ee!s*
is a,le to su$$ort u$ to 1B(,$s $ea& $.ysical !ata rate %.en o!ulation sc.e e* ).en usin' a :4(HK s$ectru o$eratin'
usin' t.e Ti e #i2ision #u$le< GT##H sc.e e %it. a =/: !o%nlin&>to> u$lin& ratio, )i("- ac.ie2es $ea& $.ysical !ata rates of a,out 3C(,$s an! E*1(,$s $er sector for t.e !o%nlin& an! u$lin& res$ecti2ely* )i("su$$orts a %i!e 2ariety of features inclu!in' (ulti$le In$ut (ulti$le Out$ut G(I(OH tec.ni@ues, s art antenna tec.nolo'ies, a %i!e ran'e of ,an!%i!t.s, o$eratin' fre@uencies in t.e license! an! unlicense! ,an!s, T## an! fre@uency !i2ision !u$le< GF##H o$eratin' co2era'e area* Fi<e! )i("- uses ra!io interface t.at is ,ase! on OF#( %.ile o$eration on ,ot. T## an! F## %.ile o$erate on T## only* OF#( !i2i!es a 2ery .i'. rate !ata strea !ata strea s* Eac. lo% rate !ata strea carrier an! o!ulate! ,y so e OF#( %.ere into ulti$le $arallel lo% rate o,ile o!es an! fractional fre@uency reuse* T.ese features contri,ute to t.e .i'. !ata t.rou'.$ut an! %i!e
)i("- uses a ra!io interface ,ase! on OF#("* Fi<e! )i("- allo%s o,ile )i("- is initially set to
is t.en
su,carriers calle! su,c.annels t.at are t.en allocate! to t.e su,scri,er stations* Fi'ure : $resents t.e OF#( an! OF#(" tec.ni@ues*
Figure 1: Time division multiplexing with OFDM as used in fixed WiMAX (top and OFDMA as used in mo!ile WiMAX (!ottom "1#
In OF#(, only one su,scri,er station trans its in a ti e slot %.ile in OF#(" se2eral su,scri,er stations can trans it in t.e sa e ti e slot o2er se2eral su,c.annels* OF#( $ro2i!es resistance to ulti$at. interference an! is t.erefore suita,le for ur,an NLOS en2iron ents* IEEE 543*:E stan!ar! for ,roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s can o$erate on license! 3*CGHK an! =*CGHK ,an!s, an! 3*BGHK an! C*5GHK unlicense! ,an!s* License! ,an!s $ro2i!e o$erators %it. t.e control o2er usa'e of t.e ,an!s, allo%in' t.e to ,uil! .i'. @uality net%or&s* Unlicense! ,an!s, on t.e ot.er .an!, allo% t.e $ro2ision of ,ac&.aul ser2ices for .ots$ots Gin case )i("- inter%or&s %it. )iFi net%or& to $ro2i!e ,ac&.aul connecti2ityH* T.e =*CGHK ,an! is a license! ,an! a2aila,le in ost countries for !e$loy ent of %ireless etro$olitan area net%or&s G("NH* )it. a (I(O tec.ni@ue, )i("- effecti2ely utilises t.e effect of reflecte! fro ulti$at.
si'nal* (I(O tec.ni@ue, as !escri,e! in Fi'ure 3, co ,ines t.e ra!io si'nals t.e ,uil!in's, trees an! ot.er o,structions to effecti2ely increase t.e ca$acity of t.e syste *
)i("- $ro2i!es ,ot. LOS an! NLOS co2era'e ran'e, %it. C4 & !istance for t.e LOS an! a cell ra!ius of 5 &
co2era'e
an! NLOS con!itions are 'o2erne! ,y t.e $ro$a'ation c.aracteristics of t.eir en2iron ents, $at. loss an! ra!io lin& ,u!'et* NLOS is suita,le for situations t.at re@uire strict $lannin' re@uire ents an! antenna .ei'.t restrictions t.at !o not allo% t.e antenna to ,e $ositione! for LOS* )i("- su$$orts a!a$ti2e o!ulation an! co!in' sc.e es G"(CH t.at o!ulation an! co!in'
allo% t.e sc.e es to ,e c.an'e! on a $er user an! $er fra e ,asis !e$en!in' u$on t.e c.annel con!itions* "(C assi'ns t.e .i'.est sc.e e t.at can ,e su$$orte! ,y t.e si'nal to noise $lus interference ratio at t.e recei2er* T.is ena,les users to recei2e t.e .i'.est $ossi,le !ata rates t.at can ,e su$$orte! in t.eir res$ecti2e lin&s* )i("- uses T## trans ission et.o!s to !i2i!e su,c.annels a on' users
in t.e U$lin& GULH an! #o%nlin& G#LH !irection* It uses OF#(" to assi'n su,carriers Gas a function of c.annel ,an!%i!t.H to !ifferent users*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
C.annel allocation for t.e su,scri,ers in )i("- net%or& !e$en!s on t.e a2aila,le s$ectru * C.annel ,an!%i!t. in )i("- can ,e a (HK, :*C(HK, an! :*1C(HK %it. a to o$erate in s all se' ents of s$ectru )i("- e $loys !yna ic a!a$ti2e t.rou'.$ut for ran'e* T.e syste fro .i'.er to lo%er or!er a<i u ulti$le of :*3C of 34(HK* " c.annel siKe
,et%een :*3C(HK an! 34(HK is an i $ortant feature of )i("- allo%in' it t.at are a2aila,le* o!ulation %.ic. allo%s it to tra!e o!ulation sc.e e
lin& to a !istant su,scri,er* T.e afore entione! $rocess re!uces t.rou'.$ut ,ut increases t.e effecti2e ran'e* )i("- stan!ar! su$$orts +6SK, A6SK, :EA"(, an! EBA"( o!ulation sc.e es*
)i("- su$$orts a connection>oriente! arc.itecture t.at is !esi'ne! to su$$ort a 2ariety of a$$lications, inclu!in' 2oice, 2i!eo an! !ata* It su$$orts !ata t.at are of constant ,it rate, 2aria,le ,it rate, real ti e an! non>real ti e traffic !ata as %ell as ,est effort !ata* T.e $.ysical layer of )i("- su$$orts lar'e nu ,er of users %it. ulti$le connections $er ter inal, an! eac. %it. its o%n @uality of ser2ice GAoSH re@uire ent* )i("- $ro2i!es en!>to>en! ser2ices ,ase! on I6 arc.itecture t.at relies on I6>,ase! $rotocols for en!>to>en! trans$ort, AoS, session security an! ana'e ent, o,ility* Usin' an I6>,ase! arc.itecture ena,les easy
con2er'ence %it. t.e ot.er net%or&s, an! si $lifies t.e core net%or& arc.itecture resultin' into lo% cost $rocessin'* T.e lo% cost $rocessin' is attri,ute! to t.e fact t.at )i("- !oes not nee! to .a2e se$arate core net%or&s for 2oice an! !ataF ulti e!ia ser2ices as is t.e case for t.e =G net%or&s*
:4
T.e "SN !efines t.e lo'ical ,oun!ary for functional intero$era,ility %it. )i("- clients, connecti2ity ser2ice functions an! a''re'ation of functions e ,o!ie! ,y !ifferent 2en!ors* "SN !eals %it. t.e essa'e flo%s associate! %it. t.e access ser2ices* "SN also $ro2i!es an I6 $ac&et !eli2ery ser2ice ,et%een )i("- su,scri,ers an! t.e CSN* T.e "SN connects ,ase stations to t.e )i("- "SN 'ate%ay usin' trans$ort net%or&s suc. as Internet t.rou'. Ho e a'ent GH"H or a routin' !e2ice* T.e CSN $ro2i!es a set of net%or&in' functions t.at ena,le I6 connecti2ity ser2ices to )i("- su,scri,ers* T.e CSN is also res$onsi,le for t.e s%itc.in' an! routin' of calls an! !ata connections to e<ternal net%or&s* It co $rises of net%or& ele ents suc. as routers, "ut.entication, "ut.orisation an! "ccountin' G"""H $ro<y ser2ers, user !ata,ases an! Inter%or&in' 'ate%ay !e2ices* Fi'ure = s.o%s t.at )i("- su$$orts net%or& s.arin' an! 2ariety of ,usiness o!els* T.e arc.itecture allo%s for t.e lo'ical se$aration ,et%een t.e net%or& access $ro2i!er GN"6H, net%or& ser2ice $ro2i!er GNS6H, an! a$$lication ser2ice $ro2i!er G"S6H* N"6 is an entity t.at o%ns an! o$erates t.e "SN, NS6 is t.e entity t.at o%ns su,scri,ers an! $ro2i!e t.e ,roa!,an! ser2ice* "S6 $ro2i!es 2alue a!!e! ser2ices suc. as ulti e!ia su,syste GI(SH fra e%or&* ulti e!ia usin' I6 icro%a2e, co$$er or fi,re lin&s* T.e )i("- "SN 'ate%ay $ro2i!es connecti2ity to t.e
Fi'ure = also s.o%s reference $oints R:>RC t.at ,in! functional entities* T.e reference $oints are !efine! ,y t.e )i("- Foru
I3J as follo%s/
"1/ T.is is t.e interface ,et%een t.e (S an! "SN* It i $le ents air> interface GIEEE 543*:EeH s$ecifications*
"2# T.is is t.e interface ,et%een t.e (S an! CSN* It is a lo'ical interface t.at is use! for t.e aut.entication, aut.orisation, I6 .ost confi'uration ana'e ent, an! o,ility ana'e ent*
"$# T.is is t.e interface ,et%een t.e "SN an! CSN* It enco $asses t.e ,earer $lane et.o!s to transfer I6 !ata ,et%een "SN an! CSN*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
::
"%# T.is is a set of control an! ,earer $lane $rotocols ori'inatin' or ter inatin' in 2arious entities %it.in t.e "SN t.at coor!inates (S o,ility ,et%een t.e "SNs*
"&# T.is is a set of control an! ,earer $lane $rotocols for inter%or&in' ,et%een t.e .o e an! 2isite! net%or&*
Fi'ure B s.o%s t.e !etaile! 2ie% of t.e entities %it.in t.e entities "SN an! CSN*
ain functional
T.e )i("- net%or& arc.itecture also consists of a net%or& syste entity* T.e N(S $ro2i!es centralise! so as to
ana'e ent
GN(SH %.ic. can ,e $art of a CSN functional entity or a stan!>alone ana'e ent of t.e %.ole net%or&* It net%or&
also $ro2i!es a fra e%or& for 2isualisin' t.e net%or& an! traffic o$erations aintain t.e $referre! @uality of ser2ice an! $erfor o$ti isation*
:3
)*+/ t.is is !esi'ne! to su$$ort real>ti e !ata strea s t.at consist of fi<e! siKe! $ac&ets issue! at $erio!ic inter2als, suc. as ,ac&.aul an! 2oice o2er I6 GVoI6H %it.out silence su$$ression*
,rt-.+/ t.is is !esi'ne! for t.e e<ten!e! real>ti e ser2ices of 2aria,le rates suc. as VoI6 %it. silence su$$ression, interacti2e 'a in', an! 2i!eo tele$.ony*
"t-.+/ t.is is !esi'ne! to su$$ort real>ti e !ata strea s of 2aria,le rates t.at are issue! at $erio!ic inter2als, suc. as (6EG 2i!eo, au!io an! 2i!eo strea in', an! interacti2e 'a in'*
/rt-.+/ t.is is !esi'ne! to su$$ort !elay>tolerant !ata strea s consistin' of 2aria,le>siKe! !ata $ac&ets suc. as file transfer $rotocol GFT6H, ,ro%sin', 2i!eo !o%nloa!, an! 2i!eo on !e an!*
B,/ t.is is !esi'ne! to su$$ort !ata strea s for %.ic. t.ere is no ini u ser2ice re@uire ents, an! no 'uarantee of ti ely !eli2ery of $ac&ets suc. as E> ail an! Internet ,ro%sin'*
)i("- !ifferentiates t.e ser2ice flo%s at t.e I6 layer t.rou'. t.e #iffSer2 co!e $oints G#SC6H* #SC6 is a fiel! in t.e .ea!er of I6 $ac&ets use! for classifyin' $ac&ets enterin' t.e net%or& in or!er to $ro2i!e AoS 'uarantees*
:=
ulti$le #SC6 !o ains* One !o ain is ,et%een t.e ,ase station an! t.e "SN 'ate%ay G"SN>G)H in e2ery "SN ter e! as "SN #iffSer2 !o ain* T.e secon! !o ain, CSN #iffSer2 !o ain, is ,et%een t.e "SN>G)s an! t.e H"s* T.e t.ir! !o ain is ,et%een t.e H"s an! Internet or o$erator ser2ice net%or&*
2.2
unications GGS(H core net%or&s an! t.e ra!io access tec.nolo'ies t.at
t.ey su$$ort* =G o,ile syste s ena,le $ro2ision for t.e ulti e!ia content suc. as 2i!eo
usic !o%nloa!* =G tec.nolo'y suc. as %i!e,an! eans t.at t.ey eans t.at t.e
tec.nolo'y %.ere users are se$arate! ,y uni@ue co!es, %.ic. can use t.e sa e fre@uency an! trans it at t.e sa e ti e* T.is syste .i'. @uality of ser2ice*
can $ac& consi!era,le nu ,er of users %it. increase! !ata rates an!
Fi'ure C s.o%s t.e si $le arc.itecture of )C#(" net%or& %.ere,y it re> uses t.e core net%or& to'et.er %it. t.e GS( net%or&*
:B
Hi'. S$ee! 6ac&et "ccess GHS6"H is an en.ance! )C#(" tec.nolo'y t.at offers .i'.er ,it rates an! re!uce! latency t.an %.at is $ro2i!e! in )C#(" =G66 Release DD* Current =G o,ile syste s $ro2i!es less ca$a,ilities for !ata net%or&s suc. as .i'. latency G344 9 =44 sH associate! %it. settin' u$ t.e !ata session, an! lo% !ata rates G:35 9 C:3&,$sH* HS6" a!!resses t.ese issues ,y $ro2i!in' a series of u$'ra!es to ,ot. t.e ,ase stations an! t.e ,ase station to t.e o,ile stationH an! t.e o,ile recei2ers* HS6" s$lits t.e u$'ra!es into Hi'. S$ee! #o%nlin& 6ac&et "ccess GHS#6"H for t.e !o%nlin& Gfro station to t.e ,ase stationH* Fi'ure E s.o%s t.e t.eoretical !o%nlin& an! u$lin& ca$acity for HS6" as co $are! to =G G)C#("H o,ile syste * In $ractice, HS6" offers a easure! t.rou'.$ut on t.e TC6 layer of a$$ro<i ately :5B&,$s !o%nlin& %it. a one>%ay !elay of 1C s an! :B5&,$s u$lin& %it. a !elay of 5C s I:J* Hi'. S$ee! U$lin& 6ac&et "ccess GHSU6"H for t.e u$lin& Gfro
:C
effort ser2ice* T.ese classes inclu!e con2ersational class Gcon2ersational real ti eH, strea in' class Gstrea in' real ti eH, interacti2e class Ginteracti2e ,est effortH an! ,ac&'roun! class G,ac&'roun! ,est effortH* T.e HS6" arc.itecture is ,ase! on t.e =G !irect tunnellin' $rotocol GGT6H t.at o$ti ises t.e !eli2ery of o,ile an! %ireless ,roa!,an! ser2ices* T.e t.e RNC to GGSN* T.e !irect tunnel arc.itecture $ro2i!es a !irect $at. fro
use of t.e GT6 as s.o%n in fi'ure 1, allo%s !irect user $lane traffic fro RNC to GGSN, t.us ,y>$assin' t.e SGSN I5J* GT6 also $ro2i!es an efficient %ay of .an!lin' AoS an! of creatin' ,in!in' to ra!io ,earers*
:E
HS#6" is a !o%nlin& only air interface !efine! ,y t.e =G66* It is ca$a,le of $ro2i!in' $ea& user !ata rates of :B*B(,$s usin' a C(HK c.annel* HS#6" ai s at increasin' t.e efficiency ,y su$$ortin' a<i u ore users an! ore !ata into a 'i2en c.un& of s$ectru , re!ucin' t.e latency to C4 s, an! increasin' !ata rate for users to o2er 3(,$s* HS#6" uses .i'.>s$ee! s.are! o!ulation to sen! ore !ata on a $articular ra!io c.annel, fast c.annel %it. a 2ery s.ort trans ission inter2al Ga$$ro<i ately 3 sH* It uses .i'.er or!er lin& a!a$tation to a!?ust t.e a ount of error co!in' use! on t.e ra!io c.annel, an! fast .y,ri! auto atic re$eat to co ,ine t%o fra es containin' errors into one, error>free fra e* T.ese tec.ni@ues alto'et.er increase t.e o2erall $erfor ance of t.e syste as co $are! to t.e =G syste s* T.e $ea& o,ile !ata rates, :B*B(,$s, offere! ,y HS#6" are only ac.ie2a,le if t.e C s$ecifications*
ter inal i $le ents all t.e a2aila,le :C co!es s$ecifie! in t.e U(TS release
:1
Ty$ical a2era'e rates t.at a user o,tains are in t.e ran'e of 3C4&,$s to 1C4&,$s* Usin' C an! :4 co!es, HS#6" su$$orts $ea& !ata rates of =*E(,$s an! 1*3(,$s res$ecti2ely* HSU6" is an en.ance ent to t.e )C#(" net%or& %.ere it a!!s a ne% trans$ort c.annel ter e! as en.ance! !e!icate! c.annel GE>#CHH* HS6" i $ro2es u$lin& $erfor ance ,y re!ucin' t.e latency, increasin' !ata rates an! ca$acity* HSU6" intro!uces se2eral features %.ic. .a2e ini al i $act on t.e e<istin' ra!io interface $rotocol arc.itecture* T.ese features inclu!e ulti>co!e trans ission, s.ort trans ission ti e inter2al, fast .y,ri! auto atic re$eat re@uest an! fast sc.e!ulin'* )it. HSU6", user e@ui$ ents can ac.ie2e a ,it rate of :*B(,$s* "lt.ou'. it e $loys si ilar tec.ni@ues as HS#6", t.ere are !ifferences ,et%een HSU6" an! HS#6"* T.e s.are! resource in t.e HSU6" is t.e total recei2e! $o%er at t.e ,ase station, %.ic. !e$en!s on t.e !ecentralise! $o%er resource in eac. (S* In HS#6", t.e s.are! resource consists of trans ission $o%er an! c.annelisation co!es, an! is centralise! to t.e ,ase station* Currently t.e =G o,ile syste is ,ein' e2ol2e! into a lon' ter e2olution
en.ance ent in ,ot. t.e u$lin& an! !o%nlin& of t.e ra!io c.annel* It is ai in' at i $ro2in' t.e user e<$erience in ter s of latency, ca$acity an! t.rou'.$ut* It is also o$ti ise! for t.e $ac&et !ata ser2ices ,ase! on t.e I6 so as to facilitate t.e use of $erfor ance an! ca$a,ilities/
ass
T.e $otential to $ro2i!e si'nificantly .i'. !ata rates %it. $ea& !ata rates of :44(,$s o2er t.e !o%nlin& G.i'. s$ee! !o%nlin& $ac&et accessH an! C4(,$s o2er t.e u$lin& G.i'. s$ee! u$lin& $ac&et accessH*
I $ro2e! co2era'e %it. .i'.er !ata rates t.an )C#(" an! HS6" o,ile net%or&s*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
:5
Re!uce! latency in t.e user $lane as %ell as re!ucin' t.e !elay associate! %it. t.e control $lane $roce!ures suc. as session set>u$* Ra!io access net%or& latency is re!uce! to :4 s*
Hi'. syste
,an!%i!t. of 34(HK, :C(HK, C(HK an! ,elo% C(HK* It $ro2i!es su$$ort for t.e $aire! an! un$aire! s$ectru , an! consists of ten $aire! an! four un$aire! s$ectru
,an!s*
LTE uses flat arc.itecture %.ere t.e ,ase station calle! eNo!e+ is connecte! to t.e core net%or& usin' t.e core net%or& R"N interface, S:* T.e flat arc.itecture re!uces t.e nu ,er of in2ol2e! no!es in t.e connections*
2.3
i(i net#or$s
)iFi stan!s for wireless fidelit26 a %ireless local area tec.nolo'y !esi'ne! for .o e an! s all i $le entation* )iFi is a !ata trans ission syste ,y usin' ra!io %a2es rat.er t.an a 'ui!e! 543*:: stan!ar! for s.ort ran'e %ireless co !esi'ne! to $ro2i!e location>in!e$en!ent net%or& access ,et%een co $utin' !e2ices e!iu * )iFi is ai e! at $ro2i!in' in>,uil!in' ,roa!,an! co2era'e* It is ,ase! on t.e $u,lis.e! IEEE unication* It is ,ein' !e$loye! to $ro2i!e co2era'e in t.e Uni2ersity ca $uses, .otels, an! air$orts usin' %.at is ter e! as .ots$ot7 " .ots$ot is t.e re'ion co2ere! ,y one or se2eral access $oints G"6H* " %ireless access $oint connects a 'rou$ of %ireless !e2ices to an a!?acent %ire! Local "rea Net%or&s GL"NH, relayin' !ata ,et%een connecte! %ireless !e2ices in a!!ition to a sin'le connecte! %ire! !e2ice* It is ,ase! on t.e fa ily of stan!ar!s suc. as IEEE 543*::a, 543*::,, 543*::', an! 543*::n* Ta,le : s.o%s t.e IEEE 543*:: stan!ar! 2ariants* T.e t.rou'.$ut in Ta,le : refers to t.e t.eoretical a<i u t.rou'.$ut $ro2i!e!
+roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s ,y t.e (e!iu "ccess Control G("CH layer* T.e t.eoretical a<i u
:D a<i u a ount
of ("C layer ser2ice !ata units GS#UsH t.at can ,e trans itte! in a ti e
Ta,le :/ Fa ily of IEEE 543*:: I:EJ +tandard 543*::a 543*::, 543*::' 543*::? 543*::. 543*::n 543*::y 01erating 2*345 C 3*B 3*B B*D > C C,:C 9 C,=C Gin!oorH C,B1 9 C,13C Gout!oorH 3*BFC =*1 fre'uenc( T!roug!1ut 2Mb1s5 3= B*= :D 3= 3= 1B 3= 6ata rate 2Mb1s5 CB :: CB CB CB 3B5 CB
I!entifier GSSI#HFnet%or& na e t.rou'. $ac&ets calle! ,eacons* T.e "6 ,roa!casts t.e ,eacons e2ery :44 s, an! at a rate of :(,$s* +ase! on t.e settin's of t.e SSI#, t.e client !eci!es %.et.er to connect to t.e "6 or not* If t.ere are se2eral "6s %it. t.e sa e SSI#, t.e client fir %are uses t.e si'nal stren't. as a easure of %.ic. "6 to connect to* Fi'ure 5 !escri,es t.e )iFi arc.itecture in !etail*
34
Local ser2ices
"6
"ccess router
I6 ,ac&,one net%or&
"6
HT T 6 ser2er
Gate%ay N"6 T
T.e )iFi net%or& uses ra!io si'nals to $ro2i!e connecti2ity to t.e Internet or to t.e o,ile o$erator0s net%or&* It $ro2i!es ser2ices only u$ to t.e lin& layer "s s.o%n in fi'ure 5, t.e Gate%ay N"6T $ro2i!es le2el, an! t.erefore !e$en!s on t.e %ire! I6 infrastructure for t.e en! to en! connecti2ity I:CJ* connecti2ity to ot.er I6 ,ase! net%or&s %.ile t.e """ ser2er $ro<y .an!les access control an! aut.entication of $orta,le ter inals* )iFi uses re ote aut.entication !ial in user ser2ice GR"#IUSH $rotocol to'et.er %it. t.e e<tensi,le aut.entication $rotocol GE"6H to aut.enticate a ter inal t.at is tryin' to 'ain access to t.e net%or&* Eac. "6 in a )iFi net%or& .as a finite ran'e %it. %.ic. t.e client can connect* T.e actual !istance 2aries !e$en!in' u$on t.e en2iron ent, t.at is, %.et.er t.e client is locate! in in!oor or out!oor en2iron ent* T.e ty$ical in!oor ran'e is BC > D4 out!oor ran'e is =44 Fro etres* etres, %.ile
t.e AoS $oint of 2ie%, )iFi %as not !esi'ne! %it. in>,uilt AoS
su$$ort* It %as !esi'ne! for t.e ,est effort !ata ser2ices ,ut se2eral stu!ies suc. as IBJ .a2e e<$lore! 2arious AoS sc.e es* T.ere is also an e<ten!e! IEEE 543*::e stan!ar! for !elay sensiti2e 2oice o2er I6, an! 2i!eo strea in' I:4J*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
3:
T.e %i!ely researc.e! AoS sc.e es are ,ase! on t.e #istri,ute! Coor!ination Function G#CFH e!iu access $rotocol* T.e sc.e es are classifie! as ser2ice !ifferentiation, a! ission control an! ,an!%i!t. reser2ation, an! t.e lin& a!a$tation* T.e sc.e es are !efine! as follo%s IBJ/
+ervice differentiation/ t.is is ac.ie2e! ,y $riority an! fair sc.e!ulin' ec.anis s* 6riority ec.anis ,in!s c.annel access to !ifferent traffic classes ,y $rioritise! contention $ara eters* Fair sc.e!ulin' fairly $artitions t.e c.annel ,an!%i!t. ,y re'ulatin' %aitin' ti es of traffic classes in $ro$ortion accor!in' to t.e 'i2en %ei'.ts*
Admission control and bandwidt! reservation/ t.is sc.e e $ro2i!es AoS 'uarantee for flo%s !urin' .i'. traffic loa! con!itions* It $erfor s a! ission control an! reser2es ,an!%i!t. so as to $ro2i!e 'oo! @uality for t.e ulti e!ia !ata traffic*
Link ada1tation/ uses al'orit. s suc. as t.e c.annel si'nal>to>noise ratio, recei2e! $o%er le2el, a2era'e $ayloa! len't., an! trans ission ac&no%le!'e ents to a<i ise t.e t.rou'.$ut un!er !yna ically c.an'in' c.annel con!itions*
2.4
co2er t.e re'ion of u$ to B5 & s un!er NLOS an! LOS con!itions* etro$olitan area, )iFi net%or& ore nu ,er of ,ase stations t.an )i("ore costly usin' )iFi net%or& to $ro2i!e
,roa!,an! %ireless ser2ices t.at s$ans o2er a lar'e area* )iFi net%or& %as !esi'ne! an! o$ti ise! for in!oor use an! s.ort ran'e co2era'e %.ile )i("- net%or& is !esi'ne! an! o$ti ise! for lon' ran'e
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
33
co2era'e an! out!oor usa'e* )iFi ser2es local area net%or&s %.ereas )i("- ser2es etro$olitan area net%or&s G("NH*
)iFi su$$orts fe%er users $er ,ase station, ty$ically one to ten users %it. a fi<e! c.annel siKe of 34(HK $er ,ase station* )i("- on t.e ot.er .an! su$$orts one to fi2e .un!re! users $er ,ase station %it. 2aria,le c.annel siKe of :*C(HK to 34(HK I:5J* )i("- uses ,ot. license! an! unlicense! s$ectru unlicense! s$ectru * O$eratin' in t.e license! ,an! a,ility to co2er lon' !istances an! su$$ort su,>c.annelisation* T.e )i("- arc.itecture consists of ,ase stations t.at $rocess re@uests to sen! or recei2e !ata fro ter inals, $erfor s access control an! allocates t.e eet t.e re@uests t.at are acce$te!* In ter s of re@uire! ra!io resources to ec.anis s in e!'e of t.e %.ereas )iFi uses only eans )i("- .as t.e
security, )i("- as o$$ose! to )iFi, is !esi'ne! %it. stron' security in! %it. layer u$on layer for aut.entication, aut.orisation an! accountin' in $lace* )i("- !efines a $ri2acy su,>layer at t.e lo%er e!ia access control su,>layer of TC6FI6 to .an!le encry$tion of ana'e ent* interference $ac&ets an! &ey
)i("- .as ty$ically less interference %.ile )iFi suffers fro in etro$olitan areas %.ere t.ere are
conten!e! an! .as a $oor u$loa! s$ee! ,et%een t.e router an! Internet %.ile )i("- $ro2i!es connecti2ity ,et%een net%or& en!$oints %it.out t.e nee! for t.e !irect line of si'.t*
3=
ca$a,ilities an! ser2ices* )i("- $ro2i!es .i'. !ata rates Gu$ to 13(,$sH ,ut $ro2i!es less Gfro o,ility* On t.e ot.er .an!, =G $ro2i!es s aller !ata rates o,ility $rotocols an! .an!o2er =5B&,$s to =(,$sH t.an )i("- ,ut $ro2i!es users %it. sea less
"not.er nota,le &ey !ifference ,et%een )i("- an! =G is t.e fact t.at =G tec.nolo'ies suc. as HS6" .a2e ,een t.e e2olution of t.e e<istin' GS( tec.nolo'y t.at only re@uire soft%are u$'ra!e, %.ile for t.e case of )i("t.e %.ole net%or& .as to ,e ,uilt fro scratc.* T.e fact t.at )i("re@uires 'reen fiel! i $le entation .as a conse@uence on ti e an! cost %.en !e$loyin' t.e net%or& as co $are! to t.e =G net%or&* =G syste s .a2e fi<e! c.annel ,an!%i!t. %.ile )i("- .as scala,le c.annel ,an!%i!t. fro :*3C(HK to 34(HK t.at allo%s for a 2ery fle<i,le !e$loy ent an! .i'. t.rou'.$ut ca$a,ilities* Ta,le 3 co $ares t.e )i("- an! =G ,ase! u$on t.e in!icate! $erfor ance etrics*
+roa!,an! %ireless net%or&s Ta,le 3/ Tec.nical co $arison of HS6" an! )i("- I:J WiMA Initial !o%nlin& !ata 3=(,$s rate G a<H Initial u$lin& rate G a<H !ata B(,$s BE(,$s B(,$s C4 s 3+.A :B*B(,$s =5B&,$s 35(,$s ::(,$s :44 s
3B
E2ol2e! !o%nlin& !ata rate G a<H E2ol2e! u$lin& !ata rate G a<H Latency S$ectru AoS (o,ility su$$ort
3*C, =*CGHK Glicense! ,an!sHL 5C4(HK to 3,E44 3*B, C*5GHK Gunlicense! ,an!H (HK Su$$orts fi2e AoS classes Su$$orts four AoS classes o,ility
Li ite! o,ilityL ,ase! on o> Sea less ,ile I6 $rotocol for o,ility ana'e ent +ase! on certificates or E"6 C4 s A6SK, :E A"(, EB A"( F##, T##
T.e ot.er
user in )i("- trans its in a su,c.annel an! t.erefore !oes not occu$y an entire c.annel* T.is is !ue to t.e fact t.at )i("- is ,ase! on t.e OF#( an! OF#(" tec.nolo'ies t.at !i2i!es a sin'le c.annel into su,>c.annels* T.e su,c.annels allo% users to trans it usin' only a fraction of t.e ,an!%i!t. allocate! ,y t.e ,ase station* )i("- an! HS6" also !iffer in t.e %ay t.ey utilise s$ectru s$ectru efficiency* S$ectru efficiency can ,e !efine! as t.e efficiently > easure of
t.e a ount of !ata t.at can ,e carrie! ,y a cell $er unit of ti e, nor alise! %it. t.e occu$ie! syste ,an!%i!t.* Fi'ure D co $ares t.e s$ectru
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
3C
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2004 HS PA R6
recei2ers* " R"KE recei2er is t.e ra!io recei2er !esi'ne! to counter t.e ulti$at. fa!in'* )it. t.e use of a!2ance! recei2ers, suc. as efficiency t.an GR"KE %it. recei2e !i2ersity, HS6" .as 'reater s$ectru t.an o,ile )i("-* T.e a<i u
)i("-* In ter s of co2era'e, HS6" .as ty$ically E>:4 !+ 'reater co2era'e out$ut $o%er of )i("- ter inals G3= H %.ic. a ounts to a !ifference !+ H is : !+ lo%er t.an for HS6" G3B !+
of : !+ in lin& ,u!'et I5J* Since )i("- o$erates in a .i'.er fre@uency t.an HS6", an! $at. loss is $ro$ortional to t.e s@uare of t.e fre@uency in use, t.is a ounts to less co2era'e for )i("- syste * In a co2era'e li ite! net%or&, )i("- re@uires 3*3 ti es as lin& ,u!'et I5J* any access $oints as HS6" for a E !+ less in
3E
2.5
31
On t.e ot.er .an!, for o$erators %it. e<istin' GS( an! )C#(" tec.nolo'ies, HS6">LTE is a $ro isin' c.oice as it can ,e easily inte'rate! %it. e<istin' ra!io net%or&s, core net%or&s, net%or&s o$erations an! su,scri$tion ser2ices* ana'e ent* T.erefore, HS6">LTE offers GS(>)C#(" net%or& an e2olution $at. to%ar!s t.e $ro2ision of ,roa!,an! %ireless
35
econo ically 2ia,le* "lso, $rior to !e$loy ent, t.e o$erator nee!s to un!erta&e initial site sur2ey %.ere,y t.e $.ysical con!itions of t.e areas of !e$loy ent are assesse!* "fter ,ein' satisfie! %it. t.e results of t.e site sur2ey, t.e o$erator lays !o%n t.e $reli inary net%or& !esi'n* T.e $reli inary net%or& !esi'n inclu!es t.e follo%in' I:1J/ " su ary of t.e o2erall net%or& o,?ecti2es, 'oals, e<$ectations, a user an! net%or& arc.itecture
$ers$ecti2e* T.ese inclu!e factors li&e ,an!%i!t. consi!erations, lin& a2aila,ility, fre@uency selection, nu ,er of sites an! sectors, an! so on* T.e list of 2en!ors reco ?u $ers, an! so on* Costs associate! %it. t.e site ac@uisition, inte'ration, testin', site o$ti isation, an! ot.er relate! costs* #etails of t.e $oint to $oint ,ac&.aul RF lin& ,u!'ets an! $at. $rofiles for eac. lin& in t.e net%or&* " !etaile! $at. analysis an! lin& ,u!'et for eac. lin& in t.e net%or& inclu!in' calculations for t.e free s$ace loss, connector an! ca,le losses, lin& a2aila,ility an! !o%nti e in a $ro?ecte! year*
E<$ecte! nu ,er of users an! t.eir use of ser2ices* Results of s$ectru an! noise analysis t.at %ere $erfor e! !urin' t.e
site sur2ey* T.e noise analysis is re@uire! to !eter ine t.e ,aseline for acce$ta,le si'nal stren't. le2els*
3D
)i("- !e$loy ents can ,e ran'e li ite! or ca$acity li ite!* T.e user !ata rate is less for a ran'e li ite! !e$loy ent as co $are! to a ca$acity li ite! case* #urin' !e$loy ent, co>c.annel interference nee!s to ,e ta&en into account as t.e lin& t.at is affecte! ten!s to is not a $referre! case as o2in' fro o2e to a ro,ust o!ulation* T.is o2in' to a ro,ust ,ut less efficient sc.e e suc. as
EB A"( to A6SK re!uces t.e c.annel ca$acity* o,ile )i("- net%or&, t.e ,ase stations nee! to ,e a?ority of users are foun! in or!er to o!ulation sc.e es*
).en !e$loyin' a
locate! %it.in areas %.ere t.e a<i ise t.e use of .i'.er or!er
+ase stations also constitute a ,i' $art of t.e net%or& infrastructure cost* +ase station !e$loy ent can ,e !i2i!e! into ,ase station infrastructure, ,ase station e@ui$ ent an! ,ac&.aul connection* +ase station infrastructure inclu!es ci2il %or& acti2ities suc. as site ac@uisition, antenna to%ers, en2iron entally controlle! enclosures for t.e in!oor electronics, $ri ary an! ,ac& u$ $o%er, con!uits, ca,lin' an! so on* 6ossi,le locations for t.e )i("- ,ase stations !e$loy ent are ,uil!in' roofto$s, e<istin' ra!io cellular to%ers an! ountain to$s* #etails a,out t.e or$.olo'y terrain of t.e $lace of !e$loy ent nee! to ,e o,taine! Gterrain a$ to $ro2i!e an acce$ta,le )i("- $erfor ance* "not.er i $ortant issue t.at an o$erator nee!s to consi!er $rior to !esi'nin' an! !e$loyin' a o,ile )i("- net%or& is to a!!ress &ey issues $ertainin' to t.e !e$loy ent* Issues to ,e a!!resse! inclu!e/
a$H* T.e ,ase stations confi'uration can ,e !eter ine! ,ase! on t.e terrain
Net%or& to$olo'y T.e &in!s of lin&s to ,e use!L T.e fre@uency to ,e use! (ulti$at. tolerance es., star or rin'
Net%or& to$olo'y $lays a crucial role in !eter inin' t.e ro,ustness, an! relia,ility of t.e net%or&* T.e o$erator .as to c.oose eit.er t.e star or
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
es.
=4
to$olo'y t.at ac.ie2es .i'. relia,ility for a 'i2en !e$loy ent re'ion* T.is eans t.at !e$en!in' u$on t.e 'eo'ra$.ic con!itions of t.e area set for t.e !e$loy ent, star or o$ti al $erfor ance* "lso, a !ecision .as to ,e a!e on %.et.er to e $loy $oint>to>$oint or $oint> ay ,loc& t.e es. to$olo'y .as to ,e selecte! so as to !eli2er t.e
line of si'.t also nee! to ,e ta&en into account, an! t.e !ecision on %.ere to !e$loy )i("- tec.nolo'y for LOS an! NLOS con!itions nee!s to ,e clear fro t.e outset* ).et.er to use LOS or NLOS solutions ay !e$en! on t.e $lannin' re@uire ents an! antenna .ei'.t restrictions on a $articular area* In or!er to ac.ie2e effecti2e ran'e or co2era'e for t.e net%or&, a ,alance ,et%een t.rou'.$ut, ran'e an! ,it error rate G+ERH .as to ,e !eter ine!* Since +ER is li ite! ,y t.e tec.nolo'y itself, t.e effecti2e ran'e at a 'i2en t.rou'.$ut .as to ,e calculate! fro t.e lin& ,u!'et analysis* T.is eans t.at lin& ,u!'et analysis .as to ,e $erfor e! $rior to !e$loy ent of t.e net%or&* Lin& ,u!'et analysis ta&es into account factors suc. as $at. loss, recei2er sensiti2ity, noise, 'ain an! losses fro at t.e recei2er* For t.e case of $ro2i!in' )i("- ser2ices, t.e o$erator nee!s to carefully c.oose t.e s$ectru s$ectru to ,e use!* T.e c.osen s$ectru .as t.e conse@uence on t.e o2erall costs of !e$loyin' t.e )i("- net%or&* Usin' a =*CGHK re@uires consi!era,le nu ,er of ,ase stations to co2er a 'i2en area as co $are! to 3*CGHK* In $lannin' ser2ice re@uire ents, t.ere is a nee! to !efine t.e flo% of ser2ice ,et%een t.e su,scri,ers an! ser2ice $ro2i!er Gt.at is, ser2ice re@uire entsH, an! to also stu!y to %.at e<tent a lar'e $ro$ortion of su,scri,er can access !ifferent ser2ices fro !ifferent access an! !istri,ution net%or&s %.ile still fulfillin' t.e ser2ice re@uire ents* t.e antennas an! ca,les* T.e lin& ,u!'et analysis results into a trans it $o%er re@uire! to ac.ie2e a 'i2en +ER
=:
3.1
+ntroduction to
6lannin' of a %ireless net%or& usually in2ol2es a nu ,er of ste$s t.at are essential for a successful ,usiness case* T.e first ste$ is to !efine t.e 'eo'ra$.ic area %.ere t.e ser2ice is e<$ecte! to ,e offere!* Key an! nu ,er of s all an! net%or&s, flat or e!iu etrics to s$ecify for t.e 'eo'ra$.ic area are $o$ulation !ensity, nu ,er of .ouse.ol!s, ,usinesses* T.e terrain ty$e also nee!s to ,e s$ecifie!* In or!er to ensure s oot. si'nal $ro$a'ation o2er t.e %ireless o!erately .illy terrain is $referre!* an! ,an!%i!t. to ,e use!* Fro
t.e a2aila,le fre@uency ,an!s G3*CGHK an! =*CGHKH, t.e selection of eit.er of t.e fre@uency ,an! !eter ines t.e total ,an!%i!t. ac.ie2a,le* #e$en!in' u$on t.e fre@uency ,an! c.osen, one can !eci!e %.et.er to use c.annel ,an!%i!t. of :*3C(HK, :*1C(HK, =*C(HK, C(HK, 5*1C(HK, :4(HK, :B(HK or 34(HK* T.e ste$ t.at follo%s in2ol2es !eter inin' t.e tec.nolo'ical $ara eters to calculate ran'e an! ca$acity* 6ara eters of interest inclu!e lin& ,u!'et, s$ectral efficiency, an! antenna confi'urations GSISO, SI(O, (I(OH, fre@uency reuse factor, %.ic. alto'et.er control t.e co2era'e area $er cell site an! t.e total nu ,er of cell sites or ,ase stations nee!e! to co2er t.e !esire! 'eo'ra$.y* In or!er to ac.ie2e en!>to>en! connecti2ity, t.e ne<t ste$ is to !i ension an! $lan t.e ele ents t.at for t.e core ser2ice net%or&* Since )i("- is an I6> ,ase! tec.nolo'y, t.is in2ol2es !i ensionin' an! $lannin' of "SN ele entsL "SN>G)s an! +Ss, as %ell as CSN ele ents G""" ser2ers, #HC6F#NS ser2ers, H", an! so onH* T.e c.oice of "SN an! CSN ele ents an! .o% to confi'ure t.e is a!e ,ase! u$on t.e ty$e of ser2ice t.at is to ,e offere!, an! to$o'ra$.y of t.e area as ar&et se' ent, t.e a2aila,le s$ectru reflecte! in t.e earlier sections*
)i("- !e$loy ent consi!erations Auality of ser2ice is anot.er i $ortant as$ect %.en $lannin' a e<$erience %.en t.ey access t.e net%or& for 2oice, !ata or co unication*
=3 o,ile
)i("- net%or&* T.is !eter ines t.e le2el of ser2ice t.at users %ill ulti e!ia
)i("- net%or& $lannin' follo%s t.e flo% of acti2ities as $resente! in fi'ure :47
(ar&etin' in$uts
#e an! forecast
Lin& ,u!'et
==
careful RF $lannin'* " $otential source of interference in )i("- syste c.annels or %.en t.e UL>#L ratio in a T## syste .a2e li ite! a ount of s$ectru *
t.e loss in fra e sync.ronisation ,et%een t.e ,ase stations usin' t.e sa e is !ifferent for eac. +S* )i("- su$$orts c.annel reuse fre@uency factor of one for o$erators t.at
For a )i("- syste , t.e !o%nlin& co2era'e is easier to $lan t.an u$lin&* T.is is !ue to t.e fact t.at in t.e !o%nlin&, t.e interference ori'inates fro t.e sa e location, t.at is, fro t.e sa e c.annel* In net%or& $lannin', t.e o$erator a&es assu $tions on t.e !ata rate, icro or acro a nei'.,ourin' ,ase station trans ittin' on
cellsH to ,e !e$loye!* T.e o$erator also $re!icts .o% users %ill use t.e
3.2
)overage planning
T.e tar'et for t.e co2era'e $lannin' is to fin! o$ti al locations for t.e ,ase stations to ,uil! a continuous co2era'e accor!in' to t.e $lannin' re@uire ents* Co2era'e $lannin' is $erfor e! %it. a $lannin' tool t.at inclu!es a !i'ital 6ro$a'ation a$ %it. to$o'ra$.y infor ation of a $articular re'ion* o!els t.at ai! in !eter inin' t.e co2era'e area are t.en
selecte! ,ase! on t.e $lannin' $ara eters Gfre@uency, ,ase station antenna .ei'.t an! so onH* T.e o2erall co2era'e $re!iction is t.en !eter ine! ,ase! u$on t.e co ,ination of t.e !i'ital $ro$a'ation o!el* a$ infor ation an! t.e selecte!
#urin' t.is $.ase, t.e lin& ,u!'et analysis is $erfor e! t.at !efines t.e a<i u a<i u allo%e! $at. loss %it. certain confi'urations* #ifferent $ara eters cell siKe* T.e cell siKe or ran'e lea!s to t.e !eter ination of t.e t.at constitute t.e lin& ,u!'et lea!s to t.e !eter ination of t.e t.eoretical
=B
co2era'e area %it. a certain location $ro,a,ility* Location $ro,a,ility is t.e $ro,a,ility of t.e recei2er ,ein' a,le to ca$ture t.e si'nal, t.at is, t.e si'nal le2el is .i'.er t.an t.e recei2er sensiti2ity* T.e first ste$ in co2era'e $lannin' is to create a $reli inary $lan ,ase! u$on t.e calculate! nu ,er of ,ase stations I=J* In t.is ste$, t.e t.eoretical locations of t.e +TSs are !eter ine! an! t.e !ecision on %.et.er to use o ni cells or sectorise! cells is a!e* O ni cells are ,etter suite! for rural areas or s$arsely $o$ulate! areas %.ere t.ere is not a nee! for a .i'. ca$acity* Sectorise! cells are ,etter suite! in areas %.ere t.ere is a nee! for co2era'e in $recise locations* T.e ne<t ste$ is to fin! t.e actual location of t.e ,ase stations* T.is tas& in2ol2es site ac@uisition tea %.ose tas& is to !eter ine $ro$er locations %.ere t.e sites can ,e locate! an! t.e trans ission re@uire ents ,e fulfille!* "fter t.e actual locations .a2e ,een !eter ine!, t.e $lan ,ase! on t.e $reli inary location is u$!ate! an! cell co2era'e areas are calculate! a'ain usin' t.e ne% $ara eters* #urin' t.is ste$, t.e co2era'e an! ca$acity re@uire ents are ali'ne! %it. t.e actual ,ase station locations* #urin' co2era'e $lannin', %ays for future en.ance ent of co2era'e are ta&en into consi!eration* Tec.ni@ues for en.ancin' co2era'e $ro2e to ,e ,eneficial in situations %.ere t.e ,ase station is incorrectly locate! as a result of $reli inary $lannin' $rocess* One et.o! to en.ance co2era'e is to o$ti ise t.e lin& ,u!'et $ara eters %it.in t.e 'i2en ran'e, usin' ,ase stations %it. .i'. $o%er as $ossi,le an! .a2in' .i'. 'ain antennas* To ensure sufficient co2era'e, ,ase station $o%er an! antenna .ei'.ts nee! to ,e consi!ere! an! ec.anical an! electrical !o%ntilts use! %.en nee!e!* "lso ast>.ea! ore sensiti2ity to ,ase station co2era'e is en.ance! ,y usin' su$$le entary .ar!%are suc. as a $lifier t.at stren't.ens u$lin& ,y 'i2in' an! ena,les rece$tion of %ea& si'nals* Co2era'e analysis is one of t.e crucial ste$ in !esi'nin' an! !e$loyin' a o,ile )i("- net%or&* +ase! on t.e co2era'e analysis, cells can ,e
=C
ini al interference ,et%een eac. ot.er* T.is is o!els an! fa!e ar'ins for
"s t.e ran'e of )i("- net%or& is increase!, )i("- net%or& ste$s !o%n to a lo% or!er o!ulation %.ereas as t.e ran'e is re!uce! t.e .i'. or!er o!ulation is selecte! resultin' into increase! !ata t.rou'.$ut* T.e lo% o!ulation sc.e e .as an effect on c.annel ca$acity of a ,ase station resultin' into s all !ata rates* In ac.ie2in' co2era'e in a re'ion, se2eral factors .a2e to ,e ta&en into consi!eration suc. as ,uil!in's .ei'.ts, terrain, ,uil!in' !ensities an! so on* (o,ile )i("- can ,e !e$loye! for co2era'e %it.out re'ar! to ca$acity re@uire ents* T.is eans at first, t.e ini u nu ,er of ,ase stations are ore !e$loye! to $ro2i!e u,i@uitous co2era'e in a $articular area* Ca$acity is only increase! %.ene2er t.e nee! arises, an! t.is can ,e !one ,y a!!in' c.annels to t.e e<istin' ,ase stations assu in' t.ere is a2aila,le s$ectru * T.is &in! of tec.ni@ue is useful in situations %.ere t.ere are uncertainties a,out ar&et re@uire ents an! t.erefore !ifficult to $re!ict .o% t.e su,scri,er ,ase %ill e2ol2e* T.e )i("- ,ase station connects t.e core ser2ice net%or& to t.e en! user, an! t.erefore it is an i $ortant etric in !eter inin' t.e co2era'e of t.e net%or& an! en!>users e<$erience* Net%or& co2era'e is calculate! ,ase! on t.e $at.>loss !ata ,et%een t.e ,ase stations an! users as %ell as usin' antenna confi'uration $ara eters suc. as antenna ty$e, $o%er, ra!iation c.aracteristics, tilt an! aKi ut.*
3.3
)apacity planning
Ca$acity $lannin' is ,ase! on t.e co2era'e o,taine! fro a$s an! traffic esti ates t.e co2era'e $lannin'* For a ,roa!,an! ser2ice suc. as
)i("-, ca$acity $lannin' in2ol2es antici$atin' .o% users %ill use t.e
)i("- !e$loy ent consi!erations syste T.e an! t.e !e an! t.ey $lace on t.e syste *
=E
etric t.at is use! in !eter inin' t.e ca$acity $lannin' is t.e !ata
3
* Gi2en a certain !e o'ra$.ics re'ion, ulti>ste$ $rocess in2ol2in' in ter s of usa'e* Various inclu!e ,ro%sin' t.e %e,,
!eter inin' t.e re@uire! !ata !ensity is a !e$en! on t.e loa! t.ey $lace on t.e syste !e an!s t.at are $lace! ,y t.e users on t.e syste
e> ailin', VoI6, !o%nloa! or u$loa! of 2i!eo content Greal ti e ser2icesH, %.ic. alto'et.er $ose !ifferent re@uire ents on t.e syste * For e<a $le ,usiness users can ,e cate'orise! as t.e ones %.o !e an! .i'. !ata rates an! conse@uently loa! t.e syste ore fre@uently*
)i("- ca$acity in2ol2es 'i2in' a user an access to t.e !e an!e! traffic for t.e !ifferent ser2ice re@uire ents consi!erin' t.e acti2ity factor, o2er,oo&in' or contention ratio, an! T## ratio for t.e u$lin& an! !o%nlin&* Ca$acity of t.e )i("- net%or& is !eter ine! ,y calculatin' t.e cell t.rou'.$ut ,ase! on t.e area of eac. o!ulation sc.e e* o!ulation sc.e e is ,ase! on t.e
T.rou'.$ut calculation for a $articular follo%in' for ula I::J/ Rb= R s %.ere/ (/ MC Rr
G:H
,it rate re$etition rate of :, 3, B or E Co!in' rate G4*C, 4*1C, an! so onH Sy ,ol rate
In !eter inin' t.e ca$acity re@uire ents of a )i("- syste , t.e follo%in'
=1
Tar'et
"rea !e o'ra$.ics Ser2ices to ,e offere! GAoS, ,it rateH E<$ecte! ar&et rate
E<$ecte! nu ,er of custo ers Re@uire! !ata !ensity (,$s $er s@>& etrics use! in atc.in' t.e ,ase station ca$acity to t.e ar&et re@uire ents in turn
ar&et re@uire ents is t.e !ata !ensity* 6ro?ecte! t.e a!!ressa,le su$$ort* E<$ecte!
!eter ine t.e ,ase station ca$acity re@uire ents* For e<a $le assu in' t.at ar&et is of ,usiness cate'ory, t.en %e e<$ect t.at t.ey create a traffic !ata of aroun! 544&,$s %.ic. t.e ,ase station conse@uently .as to
ar&et $enetration or ta&e>u$ rate is t.e ot.er factor t.at t.e ar&et %ill e2ol2e after se2eral
o$erator .as to ta&e into account %.en analysin' ca$acity re@uire ents* In t.is case, t.e o$erator .as to forecast .o% t.e years of o$eration, an! conse@uently a!!ress its ca$acity nee!s* )i("- ,ase station offers ,et%een a$$ro<i ately :B 9 =4(,$s $er sector in !o%nlin& an! 3 9 E(,$s $er sector in u$lin& I3J, !e$en!in' u$on t.e antenna confi'uration G3M3 (I(O, 3MB (I(O, or BM3 (I(OH* T.e &ey !eter inant of t.e a2era'e t.rou'.$ut $er sector is t.e s$ectru efficiency %.ic. is rou'.ly in t.e ran'e of :*DC 9 B*CC,$sFHK !o%nlin&, an! 4*DB 9 3*:D,$sFHK u$lin& !e$en!in' u$on t.e antenna confi'uration I3J* Gi2en t.e s$ectru :4(HKH, s$ectru t.at .as ,een allocate! to t.e o$erator Gfor e<a $le efficiency !eter ines t.e a2era'e t.rou'.$ut $er sector
for t.e ,ase station* T.e a2era'e t.rou'.$ut $er sector is s.are! e@ually ,y all t.e users t.at are currently ser2e! in t.e sector*
=5
3.4
a2aila,le su,c.annels %.en it is close to t.e cell* ).en a$$roac.in' t.e ,or!ers of t.e cell it uses only $art of t.e su,c.annel set* T.is a$$roac. ena,les an o$erator to a2oi! t.e nee! for o$ti isation* T.e follo%in' c.a$ter 'i2es t.e rou'. esti ates of t.e a2era'e 2alues for co2era'e an! ca$acity re@uire ents* For e<a $le, it $ro2i!es t.e a2era'e 2alues for t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations re@uire! for a etro$olitan area $lus t.e $ea& t.rou'.$ut $er sector to ser2e t.e esti ate! !ata !ensity* )e !o not 'o into t.e !etail of t.e actual $lannin' $.ase as t.ere is a lac& of access to a $lannin' tool %it. a !i'ital a$ t.at inclu!es to$o'ra$.y infor ation* anual net%or&in' $lannin' an!
Case Stu!y
=D
7ase +tud(
T.is researc. %or& assu es !e$loy ent in Finlan!0s Helsin&i an! Es$oo, as %ell as t.e re'ion of Kir&&onu Es$oo res$ecti2ely %.ile Kir&&onu unici$alities of i* Helsin&i an!
unici$alities are assu e! to ,e ur,an an! su,ur,an re'ions i is assu e! to ,e a rural area* Ta,le = in
section B*: $resents t.e c.aracteristics of t.e re'ions* T.e Es$oo re'ion is re'ar!e! .ere as a su,ur,an area alt.ou'., accor!in' to t.e Es$oo unici$ality a$s, it is .alf rural .alf su,ur,an* Su,ur,an in t.is case t.erefore refers to areas %.ere ,ase stations are li&ely to ,e !e$loye!L t.at is, areas %it.in Es$oo t.at in.a,itants li2e* T.ese areas are alon' t.e coastline, near t.e rail%ay lines, an! alon' t.e rin' lines* T.e t.ree re'ionsL Helsin&i, Es$oo an! Kir&&onu i, are classifie! as ur,an,
su,ur,an an! rural areas ,ase! on t.e $o$ulation !ensity, lan! area as %ell as on t.e scale of e<istin' infrastructure* +ase! on t.e total lan! area of t.e etro$olitan, %e !eter ine t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations nee!e! for co2era'e* Fro t.e $o$ulation of eac. re'ion, %e $ro2i!e an esti ate of t.e e<$ecte! t.e &ey ele ents in $lannin' en!> nu ,er custo ers an! t.eir !ata !ensity re@uire ents* T.e nu ,er of ,ase stations an! t.e !ata !ensity re@uire! for to>en! o,ile )i("- net%or&*
4.1
,i*ensioning
T.is section $resents t.e !i ensionin' of t.e ra!io net%or& $art of t.e net%or&* 6ara eters t.at are consi!ere! inclu!e esti ation of t.e traffic e<$ectations, $o$ulation !ensity in t.e area of !e$loy ent, s$ectru allocation, lin& ,u!'et analysis, antenna confi'urations, an! fre@uency reuse sc.e e* T.e ain outco e out of t.e !i ensionin' $.ase is to co e u$ %it. an esti ate of t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations re@uire! to co2er a 'i2en area, to !eter ine t.e re@uire ents for t.e co2era'e, ca$acity an! @uality of ser2ice, an! to esti ate t.e su$$orte! traffic 2olu e $er ,ase station*
Case Stu!y
B4
T.e &ey as$ects t.e o$erator .as to consi!er %.en $lannin' to !e$loy a o,ile )i("- tec.nolo'y is t.e !e o'ra$.ics* #e o'ra$.ics !ata inclu!e $o$ulation !ensity an! $o$ulation 'ro%t. in a $articular area, !istri,ution of a'e 'rou$s a on' t.e $o$ulation, an! $ro$ortion of .ouse.ol! !ensities* T.is researc. %or& assu es t.e !e o'ra$.ics re'ions are !i2i!e! into ur,an, su,ur,an, an! rural areas* Ta,le = $resents t.e assu e! &ey c.aracteristics !efinin' t.e !e o'ra$.ics re'ions*
B:
7!aracteristics Hi'. !ensity of $otential o,ile )i("- su,scri,ers lo% ar&et $enetration !ue to t.e e<istence of stron' co $etit> ors $resence of ulti$le offices an! resi!ential ,uil!in's $resence of o$erators usin' li> cense! s$ectru stron' ar&et !ri2en ,y a2aila,> ility of access tec.nolo'y (o!erate !ensity of $otential su,scri,ers access to #SL an! ca,le tec.no> lo'ies $ossi,ility of a .i'. ar&et $en> etration for a ne% o$erator $resence of ,usiness $ar&s an! alls consi!era,le concentration of co $uter users .i'. $ercenta'e of co uters t.at nee! ser2ices $ossi,ility to !e$loy lar'e cell siKes
Su,ur,an
Rural
Hi'. concentration of resi!ential an! s all ,usinesses .i'. !e an! for Internet access an! ser2ices li ite! co $etition 2ery .i'. ar&et $enetration an! ra$i! a!o$tion rate e<$ecte! for a ne% o$erator
Ta,le B $resents t.e 'eo'ra$.ic scenarios for t.e $ro$ose! !e o'ra$.ics re'ionsL Helsin&i, Es$oo an! Kir&&onu i*
Case Stu!y Ta,le B/ Geo'ra$.ic factors for t.e !e$loy ent ,lement (ar&et se' ent SiKe 6o$ulation 3elsinki ,s1oo
B3
8irkkonummi
Resi!entialFur,an Resi!entialFs all Rural area e!iu enter$rises :5E s@ & CE5,C=: =:3 s@ & 3B:,55: 11C $er s@ & =EC s@ & :=:,C5C =E4 $er s@ &
)i("- offers o$eration on ,ot. license! an! unlicense! ,an!s, t.e c.oice ,et%een eit.er of t.e t%o ,an!s !e$en!s on t.e re'ion of !e$loy ent* Since license! s$ectru offers t.e ,enefit of controllin' t.e interference, it is t.erefore ,est suite! for ur,an an! su,ur,an areas* For t.is researc. %or&, license! ,an!s 3*CGHK an! =*CGHK are t.erefore assu e! for t.e !e$loy ent* T.e license! ,an!s are also selecte! ,ecause re'ulations allo% t.e ,an!s to ,e use! also for fi<e! ,roa!,an! ser2ices* Ta,le C $resents t%o fre@uency ,an!s t.at are assu e! for t.e !e$loy ent in t.e re'ions* Ta,le C/ "ssu e! $ara eters for t.e !e$loy ent .arameter Fre@uency ,an! "ssu e! s$ectru 3elsinki =*CGHK =4(HK ,s1oo =*CGHK :4(HK T## =4(HK 8irkkonummi 3*CGHK :4(HK T## =4(HK
"fter !efinin' t.e !e o'ra$.ics, 'eo'ra$.ical $ara eters of areas set for t.e !e$loy ent an! selectin' t.e fre@uency to ,e use!, t.e o$erator $ro2i!es an esti ate of t.e !ata !ensity re@uire ents* T.e esti ate! !ata !ensity is use! to !eter ine .o% t.e ,ase station sites can ,e confi'ure! to su$$ort t.e
Case Stu!y
B=
$ro?ecte! !ata !ensity* #ata !ensity esti ation tas& starts ,y cate'orisin' t.e e<$ecte! custo ers %it.in t.e tar'et
.rofessional users/ T.ese are t.e ,usiness ty$e of users %.o are assu e! to ,e usin' t.e ser2ices in stationary, no a!ic an! en2iron ents* T.e ty$e of ser2ices t.at are $ercei2e! to ,e use! are file !o%nloa!, strea in' ail*
3ig! end users/ T.ese are ty$e of users %.o use t.e ser2ices !o inant a$$lications t.at t.ey use t.e 'a in', usic !o%nloa!s, an! so on*
ostly
for t.eir $ersonal use* T.ey use t.e ser2ices on re'ular ,asis, an! t.e ost are %e, ,ro%sin',
7asual users/ T.ese are ty$e of users %.o nee! access to use ,roa!,an! ser2ices G%e, ,ro%sin', !ata oriente! ser2icesH ,ut are only connecte! fe% .ours in a !ay*
Eac. of t.e cate'ory of users !e an! !ifferent !ata !ensity re@uire ents, an! it is $ro?ecte! t.at t.e $rofessional an! .i'. en! users are ur,an an! su,ur,an areas* Casual ty$e of users are area of t.e etro$olitan* to t.e ostly foun! in ostly locate! in t.e rural
T.e stu!y assu es t.at t.e ser2ices t.at t.e users !e an! confor )i("- ser2ices I31J*
Case Stu!y Ta,le E/ )i("- ser2ice classes I31J 7lass descri1tion Interacti2e 'a in' A11lication t(1e Interacti2e 'a in' Vi!eo $.one Strea in' e!ia (usicFS$eec. Vi!eo cli$s (o2ies strea in' Infor ation tec.nolo'y Instant essa'in' )e, ,ro%sin' (e!ia content !o%nloa! +ul& !ata, Gstore an! for%ar!H loa! $eer>to>$eer Bandwidt! C4 > 5C &,$s B > EB &,$s =3 > =5B &,$s C > :35 &,$s 34 > =5B &,$s N3 (,$s O3C4 ,yte NC44 &,$s essa'es
BB
E ailG%it. attac. entH NC44 &,$s o2ie !o%n> N: (,$s NC44 &,$s
Ta,le E also $resents t.e c.aracteristics of t.e !ata ser2ices t.at t.e o$erator can offer* #ata ser2ices in t.is stu!y refer to o,ile !ata ser2ices t.at are ,ase! on t.e I6 arc.itecture* T.e !ata ser2ices are assu e! to ,e content oriente!, an! .a2in' interacti2e an!For ,ac&'roun! c.aracteristics* ).en !eter inin' t.e !ata !ensity re@uire ent, t.e i $act of co su,scri,ers is ta&en into consi!eration* Co utin' traffic is utin' ostly utin'
e<$erience! %it.in t.e ur,an GHelsin&iH an! su,ur,an GEs$ooH re'ions ,ecause of t.e $resence of consi!era,le nu ,er of ,usinesses* Co ti e .ours, an! it is assu e! t.at t.e !aily co :CP* In or!er to esti ate t.e re@uire! !ata !ensity $er en! user for t.e t.ree re'ions, t.e $ea& ,usy .our G6+HH acti2ity le2el .as to ,e !efine! or assu e! ,y t.e o$erator* #o%nlin& !uty circle Gs.o%in' t.e fraction of ti e t.e syste is in acti2e stateH an! custo er i< G$ercenta'e !istri,ution of traffic t.erefore $laces an a!!itional !e an! on t.e net%or& !urin' t.e !ay uter traffic flo% G%it.in ore t.an ur,an an! su,ur,an areasH increases t.e !ayti e $o$ulation ,y
Case Stu!y
BC
custo ers a on' t.e cate'ory of usersH are ot.er $ara eters t.at are use! in co ,ination %it. t.e 6+H acti2ity le2el to !eter ine t.e user rate* Ta,le 1 $resents t.e 2alues for t.e 6+H acti2ity le2el, custo er !o%nlin& !uty circle, an! t.e $o$ulation of ini u o2erall custo er a2era'e !o%nlin& rate esti ation is o2er t.e DB:,DD1* Custo er etro$olitan area* Ta,le 1/ Esti ate! $ea& ,usy .our !ata re@uire ent I33J 7ustomer t(1e 7ustomer mi9 .eak 6ownlink Bus( 3our dut( circle Activit(# 1 of / active NQC NQ1 N Q 34 et> N Q 1*D 3CP 3CP 3CP 3CP Minimal 1er end-user downlink rate during .B3 E44&,$s B54&,$s 3B4&,$s C4B&,$s i<, ini u $er en!
$er en!>user rate !urin' 6+H* T.e etro$olitan i< in ta,le 1 a$$lies to t.e %.ole
T.e 2alues in ta,le 1 are ,ase! on %.at %e re'ar! to ,e t.e con!ition of t.e net%or& !urin' t.e $ea& ,usy .our* For e<a $le E44&,$s t.e user is a,le to !o%nloa! at a<i u ini al 6+H !ata rate for a $rofessional user is ,ase! on t.e assu $tion t.at in an e<tre e case a =4 $a'e !ocu ent e> ail attac. ent in a,out B secon!s %.ic. is a tolera,le !o%nloa! ti e !urin' 6+H traffic con!itions* Ty$ical siKe of a =4 $a'e !ocu ent t.at consists of 'ra$.s an! fi'ures is ,et%een 3C4 9 =C4&ilo,ytes I33J, t.erefore %it. a !o%nlin& rate of E44&,$s t.e !o%nloa! s$ee! is a$$ro<i ately B secon!s* T.e ini al !o%nlin& !ata rates a!!ress t.e ti e at %.ic. t.e net%or& is uc. .i'.er !ata rates can ,e ac.ie2e! if t.ere are ,usiest an! t.erefore
2ariations in t.e !o%nlin& !uty circle an! acti2ity le2el* T.e a!!ressa,le ar&et $ertainin' to t.e !ata rate re@uire ent in ta,le 1 are of t.e a'e of 34
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Ta,le 5 s.o%s t.e e<$ecte! nu ,er of custo ers an! t.eir $ro?ections for !o%nlin& !ata !ensity re@uire ents ,y t.e tent. year of o$eration* T.e e<$ecte! nu ,er of custo ers are o,taine! un!er t.e assu $tion t.at in t.e ,e'innin' D $ercent of t.e $o$ulation in t.e ur,an an! su,ur,an areas are 'oin' to su,scri,e for t.e ser2ice %.ile :4 $ercent su,scri,e for t.e case of rural area* T.is is ,ase! on t.e reasonin' t.at custo ers e2ol2e o2er ti e, an! in t.e initial $.ase t.e nu ,er of custo ers is s all* Ta,le 5/ #o%nlin& !ata !ensity esti ation o2er years I33J Metro1olitan ,91ected number Ad:ust6ownlink data densit( region of customers ments to ac- re'uirements in 1;t! (ear count for mobilit( during .B3 Ur,an Su,ur,an Rural C4,444 34,444 :4,444 :CP :CP 4P 34(,$sF& 3 & 3 :*E(,$sF& & 3 4*:C(,$sF&
3 3
o2er
:5E
o2er =:3
3
o2er =EC&>
Case Stu!y
B1
sc.e e* T.e c.oice of t.e a,o2e selecte! fre@uency ,an!s is influence! ,y t.e fact t.at license! s$ectru $ro2i!es 'oo! $rotection a'ainst interference es$ecially in t.e ur,an areas %.ere t.e nu ,er of co $etin' o$erators is $re!o inant* 3*CGHK is $referre! for t.e rural area ,ecause it allo%s for a fle<i,le !e$loy ent since it $ro ises to $ro2i!e a .i'. ran'e as %ell as iti'atin' t.e interference* Gi2en t.e $o$ulation !ensity of t.e $articular re'ion, say Helsin&i, t.e &ey @uestion is .o% to !eter ine t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations to co2er t.at $articular area* T.e nu ,er of ,ase stations t.at can ,e !e$loye! !e$en!s on t.e o$erator0s s$ectru * +efore e ,ar&in' on !eter inin' t.e ca$acity an! nu ,er of ,ase stations, it is i $ortant to calculate t.e lin& ,u!'et* T.e lin& ,u!'et is use! to !eter ine t.e co2era'e or ran'e of t.e sin'le ,ase station*
recei2er* T.e lin& ,u!'et allo%s !eter inin' t.e re@uire! trans it $o%er t.at e!iu
Syste
le2el co $onents %.ic. inclu!e recei2er sensiti2ity, o!ulation efficiency* T.ese co $onents !o not
Non>syste
Case Stu!y
B5
>6at. loss/ is t.e $ro$a'ation loss t.at t.e ra!io fre@uency si'nal e<$eriences an! is fre@uency !e$en!ent* T.e lo%er t.e fre@uency of o$eration, t.e s aller t.e $at. loss an! t.e furt.er t.e si'nal can $ro$a'ate* T.e .i'.er t.e fre@uency, t.e lar'er t.e losses, an! t.e s aller t.e si'nal can $ro$a'ate* In t.e $resence of o,stacles, .i'. fre@uency si'nals cannot $enetrate o,stacles an! re@uire LOS con!itions for efficient o$eration* >6.ysical en2iron ent/ t.e $resence of ,uil!in's an! ot.er an> a!e
structures .a2e a si'nificant effect on t.e losses intro!uce! to t.e fre@uency ,an! in use* For instance, .i'.er fre@uency si'nals suffer consi!era,le losses u$on encounterin' concrete an! ,u!'et* >Ca,le loss/ .as an i $act on cases %.ere t.e ,ase station is to%er In t.is case, ca,le loss increases %it. fre@uency* >S.a!o% ar'in/ T.e terrain an! an> a!e o,?ects .a2e si'nificant i $act ar'in nee!s to ounte!* etal surfaces* T.is e $.asises t.e nee! of ta&in' into account t.e losses intro!uce! ,y t.ese structures into t.e lin&
,e a!!e! to t.e $at. loss to ac.ie2e t.e !esire! co2era'e $ro,a,ility* Ta,le D $resents lin& ,u!'et $ara eters for t.e !e$loy ent in ur,an an! su,ur,an areas for t.e fre@uency ,an! of =*CGHK, c.annel ,an!%i!t. :4(HK T##, an! s$ectru =4(HK*
Case Stu!y Ta,le D/ Lin& ,u!'et I3J .arameter Mobile !and!eld in outdoor /otes scenario 6ownlink 6o%er a $lifier out$ut $o%er Nu ,er of trans it an> tennas Gassu in' 3M3 (I(O +ase stationsH Trans it antenna 'ain Trans itter losses Effecti2e isotro$ic ra!i> ate! $o%er C.annel ,an!%i!t. Nu ,er of su,c.annels Recei2er noise le2el Recei2er noise fi'ure Re@uire! SNR Su,c.annelisation 'ain #ata rate $er su,c.an> nel G&,$sH Recei2er G!+ H Syste 'ain ar'in sensiti2ity B=*4 !+ 3 )1link 31*4 !+ 3 ": "3
BD
:5 !+i =*4 !+ EE !+ :4(HK =4 >:4B !+ 5 !+ 4*5 !+ 4 !+ :C:*3 >DC*3 4 !+i :CE*3 !+ :4 !+ 4 !+ :E4 !+
"= "B "C Q ": ; :4lo> ':4G"3H ; "= > "B "E "1 "5 Q >:1B ; :4lo> ':4G"EM:eEH "D ":4 ":: Q :4lo':4G"1H ":3 ":= Q "5 ; "D ; ":4 >":: ":B ":C Q "C 9 ":= ; ":B ":E ":1 ":5 Q ":C 9 ":E > ":1
$enetration
Cell ra!ius
Case Stu!y T.e nu ,er of su,c.annels G=4 an! =CH is ,ase! on t.e initial su,c.annels for u$lin& an! !o%nlin& res$ecti2ely*
C4 o,ile
T.e co2era'e ran'es s.o%n in Ta,le D are !eter ine! ,ase! on t.e COST> 3=: Hata $ro$a'ation (o!el I3J* Lin& COST>3=: Hata for o!el a$$lies to ar'in use! is :E4!+* "lt.ou'. o,ile a$$lications in t.e :D44(HK ,an!, o!el*
it is assu e! acce$ta,le for 3C44(HK an! =C44(HK ,an!* See Appendix A ore infor ation on t.is $ro$a'ation
Furt.er ore, co2era'e ran'es in ta,le D are !eter ine! assu in' t.at t.e o,ile ,ase station antenna .ei'.t is =4 , an! t.e : * T.ese are t.e ty$ical 2alues for o,ile station .ei'.t is ost !e$loy ent scenarios I3J*
For t.e case of rural area, :M3 SI(O sc.e e is use!* )it. t.e sa e $ara eters for t.e lin& ,u!'et as in ta,le D e<ce$t a c.an'e in t.e nu ,er of trans it antenna, t.is translates into a lin& rural area* ar'in in e<cess of :C4 !+ for t.e
etro$olitan
Case Stu!y
C:
case stu!y, tri>sector cells in a sin'le ,ase station are $referre! to ot.ers in or!er to $ro2i!e $recise co2era'e for t.e selecte! re'ions $ertainin' to t.e !e$loy ent* T.e co2era'e area A(ell of t.e tri>sector ,ase station is !eter ine! usin' t.e follo%in' for ula I34J/
G3H
In or!er to !eter ine t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations, <, nee!e! to co2er a 'i2en area, A, t.e follo%in' for ula I34J is use!/ < ; A=A(ell G=H
Usin' e@uations 3 an! = a,o2e, a$$ro<i ately 35 ,ase stations are nee!e! to co2er Helsin&i re'ion, %.ile =: ,ase stations are nee!e! to co2er Es$oo re'ion o2er t.e lan! areas of :5E an! =:3 s@uare &ilo etres res$ecti2ely* For t.e case of rural area, Kir&&onu t.e lin& for ulas G3H an! G=H, 3*EE & i, o$eratin' at 3*CGHK ,an!, assu in'
ar'in of :C4!+, t.e cell ra!ius results into 3*EE & * Usin' cell ra!ius lea!s to 3E ,ase stations nee!e! for
Case Stu!y
C3
eac. antenna ele ent suc. t.at t.e effect is to focus t.e trans itte! ,ea t.e !irection of t.e recei2er an! a%ay fro i $ro2in' si'nal to interference $lus noise ratio* Trans it !i2ersity $ro2i!es t.e $ossi,ility to .a2e t%o or antennas an! one or ulti$le in!e$en!ent ulti$le<in', t.e of t.e syste * ore recei2e antennas* S$atial strea s across ulti$le antennas*
(I(O tec.ni@ues t.at are su$$orte! ,y )i("- inclu!e :M3 SI(O an! 3 M 3 (I(O* : M 3 SI(O sc.e e uses one trans it antenna an! t%o recei2e antennas, %.ile 3 M 3 (I(O sc.e e uses t%o trans it antennas an! t%o recei2e antennas at t.e ,ase station* )it. t.e e<istence of t.e afore entione! antenna tec.ni@ues, t.e &ey issue of concern %.en !e$loyin' t.e ,ase station is !eter inin' t.e confi'uration t.at counter t.e effects of $ro$a'ation en2iron ent suc. as ulti$at. an! fa!in', ,ut at t.e sa e ti e resultin' in tre en!ous t.rou'.$ut $erfor ance* For ur,an an! su,ur,an areas, Helsin&i an! Es$oo, 3M3 (I(O is a suita,le c.oice since it offers i $ro2e! $erfor ance o2er re'ions %it. consi!era,le ulti$at. effects* Since ur,an an! su,ur,an areas are nor ally occu$ie! ,y ,uil!in's an! an> a!e structures t.at reflect si'nals, 3M3 (I(O sc.e e
Case Stu!y ta&es a!2anta'e of t.e reflecte! si'nals ,y su$eri $osin' t.e recei2in' en!*
C= at t.e
3M3 (I(O antenna offers $er sector t.rou'.$ut of :B*E:(,$s G!o%nlin&H an! 3*=B(,$s Gu$lin&H in a :4(HK c.annel I3J* )it. 3M3 (I(O, s$ectral efficiency is :*DC ,$sFHertK !o%nlin& an! 4*DB ,$sFHertK u$lin&* (o,ile )i("- su$$orts !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio fro :/: to =/:* T.is $resents a si'nificant increase in t.rou'.$ut in !o%nlin& as co $are! to u$lin&, t.ere,y $ro2i!in' an a!2anta'e to !ata>centric traffic %.ic. are e<$ecte! to ,e !o%nlin& oriente!* " =/: !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio for instance re$resents a C4P increase in !o%nlin& !ata t.rou'.$ut as co $are! to a ratio of :/: for t.e sa e c.annel ,an!%i!t. I33J* "s for t.e case of t.e etro$olitan area, Helsin&i an! Es$oo re'ions use
c.annel ,an!%i!t. of :4(HK %it. a T## sc.e e, t.erefore assu in' a !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio of =/: t.e $ea& !ata rate $er sector results to rou'.ly 3C>31(,$s !o%nlin& an! E*1(,$s u$lin&* )it. t.e ,ase stations in Helsin&i an! Es$oo confi'ure! as tri>sector ,ase stations as s.o%n in Fi'ure ::, an! eac. sector consistin' of antenna confi'uration 3M3 (I(O, t.e resultin' t.rou'.$ut is rou'.ly 3C(,$s $er sector I3J* #ue to t.e lo% $ro,a,ility t.at all custo ers are 'oin' to ,e ser2e! in a sin'le ,ase station, it is assu e! t.at at least :4 custo ers can ,e ser2e! $er sector* Since o,ile )i("- uses s.are! resources, t.e !ata rate $er sector is s.are!
e@ually a on' all users currently ser2e! un!er t.e cell* For e<a $le, if t.ere are currently :4 users in t.e cell, eac. is t.en .a2in' an access to 3*C (,$s of !ata rate* If t.ere is only one user currently ,ein' ser2e! in cell, t.en .e 'ets t.e total !ata rate, t.at is 3C(,$s* "'ain assu in' t.e reasona,le o2er,oo&in' factor of :4, t.en it eans t.at a sin'le sectore! cell can .an!le u$ to :44 custo ers I=:J* T.is t.erefore results into a total of =44 custo ers t.at can ,e ser2e! ,y a sin'le ,ase station in Helsin&i an! Es$oo re'ions* T.e assu $tion $resente! .ere see s to ,e reasona,le in t.e sense t.at %e fulfil
Case Stu!y
CB
t.e $ro?ecte! !o%nlin& !ata !ensity re@uire ent as $resente! in Ta,le 5* T.is eans t.at t.e ca$acity of t.e ,ase station is a!e@uate to as in Ta,le 5* For t.e case of rural area, Kir&&onu i, :M3 SI(O antenna confi'uration is eet users !e an!
a suita,le c.oice* T.is confi'uration uses a sin'le trans it antenna an! t%o recei2e antennas at eac. en! of t.e lin&* "lt.ou'. t.ere is e<$ecte! to ,e little $resence of an> a!e structures suc. as ,uil!in's an! ,ri!'es %.ic. can ulti$at. to reflect t.e si'nal, :M3 SI(O sc.e e still ta&es a!2anta'e of
i $ro2e ,ot. u$lin& an! !o%nlin& recei2e! si'nal stren't.* On t.e ot.er .an! t.is confi'uration sa2es antenna costs as only a sin'le trans it antenna is utilise!, an! t.is see s to ,e a reasona,le c.oice for a rural area since t.e su,scri,er ,ase an! ta&e u$ rate at t.e ,e'innin' are e<$ecte! to ,e lo%* In ter s of !ata rates $er sector, :M3 SI(O offers !o%nlin& !ata rates u$ to D (,$s $er sector assu in' t.e !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio of =/: I33J* )it. t.e sa e set of assu $tions as in Helsin&i an! Es$oo re'ions, G:4 custo ers can ,e ser2e! $er sectorH, a D(,$s is s.are! e@ually ,y all :4 users if t.ey are currently on t.e cell 'i2in' t.e 4*D(,$s eac.* If t.ere is only one custo er in a cell GsectorH .e 'ets t.e total D(,$s* "'ain %it. t.is assu $tion %e fulfil t.e !ata rate re@uire ents $resente! in Ta,le 5*
Case Stu!y In
CC
ost cases, t.e uni2ersal fre@uency reuse is a $referre! o$tion for t.e ore s$ectru t.e o$erator nee!s t.e .i'.er t.e cost, t.is oney on s$ectru *
!e$loy ent since it .as t.e a!2anta'e of usin' t.e least a ount of s$ectru * Gi2en t.at t.e sc.e e .el$s in i $ro2in' co2era'e %.ile s$en!in' less
T.e !o%nsi!e of t.e uni2ersal fre@uency reuse is t.at it results into co> c.annel interference at t.e sector ,oun!aries an! cell e!'es* T.e co>c.annel interference re!uces t.e !o%nlin& c.annel ca$acity as t.e su,carriers allocate! are not fully utilise! t.rou'.out t.e entire cell* In or!er to ac.ie2e an acce$ta,le cell>e!'e $erfor ance %it. uni2ersal fre@uency reuse, t.e se' entation ,an!%i!t.* )it. t.e fractional fre@uency reuse t.e (S uses $art of t.e su,c.annel set, 6artially Use! Su,carriers G6USCH, %.en a$$roac.in' t.e ,or!ers of t.e cell* ).en it is close to t.e fre@uency reuse* i!!le of t.e cell, t.e (S uses all t.e su,c.annels, Fully use! Su,>Carrier GFUSCH* Fi'ure :3 illustrate t.e $rinci$le of fractional o,ile )i("- su$$orts t.e fractional fre@uency reuse %it. ec.anis * )it. t.e se' entation ec.anis , o,ile
)i("- 'i2es users su,c.annels t.at are only a s all $art of t.e %.ole
Case Stu!y T.e fre@uency reuse of = sc.e e nee!s t.ree ti es as uc. s$ectru
CE as t.e
uni2ersal fre@uency reuse ,ut it eli inates t.e co>c.annel interference at t.e sector ,oun!aries* It also re!uces t.e t.e co>c.annel interference ,et%een nei'.,ourin' cells !ue to increasin' s$atial se$aration for c.annels o$eratin' on t.e sa e fre@uency ,an!* Fi'ure := illustrate t.e fre@uency reuse of =*
Figure 1&: Fre>uen(2 reuse of & with & se(tors !ase station
T.e &ey @uestions to a!!ress for t.is !e$loy ent are/ .o% to c.oose t.e fre@uency re>use $lan t.at ena,les o$ti al use of t.e a2aila,le s$ectru L an! on %.at ,asis s.oul! one select t.e fre@uency $lan for t.e ur,an, su,ur,an an! rural areas* )it. t.e assu e! =4(HK s$ectru c.annel, it an! a :4(HK T## eans t.at if t.e o$erator a!o$ts t.e fre@uency reuse $lan of :
t.en eac. sector is allocate! t.ree :4(HK T## c.annels I3J* T.e !eter inin' factor for assi'nin' t.e c.annels in a sin'le ,ase station is t.e s$ectru t.at t.e o$erator .as ac@uire! fro t.e teleco unications re'ulatory aut.ority* T.e re'ulatory aut.ority allocates t.e :4(HK T## c.annel !e$en!in' u$on t.e fre@uency of o$erationL=*CGHK an! 3*CGHK ,an!s, as use! in t.is stu!y* )it. t.e fre@uency reuse $lan of = t.en eac. sector is allocate! a sin'le :4(HK T## c.annel* T.e o2erall ca$acity for G:,:,=H reuse $attern is .i'.er t.an G:,=,=H reuse $attern since eac. sector is allocate! t.ree c.annels as
C1
+ase! on t.e o2erall ca$acity an! cost>effecti2eness, a uni2ersal fre@uency reuse is $referre! for t.is case stu!y* T.e fre@uency reuse of : ena,les ,etter utilisation of t.e assu e! s$ectru as %ell as t.e increase in ca$acity*
%.ere 4 is t.e ra!ius of t.e cell, an! M is t.e fre@uency reuse $attern factorL M ? @16&6)606861$6777A* E@uation B is ,ase! on t.e assu $tion t.at t.e cells are .e<a'ons, are e@ually siKe! an! t.e sa e fre@uency reuse $attern is use! for all t.e cells* T.is researc. stu!y assu es t.at t.e uni2ersal fre@uency reuse factor is !e$loye! for all t.e re'ionsL Helsin&i, Es$oo, an! Kir&&onu t.e 2alue of ( in e@uation B is :* +ase! on t.e e@uation B, t.e fre@uency reuse !istances for t.e re'ions of Helsin&i, Es$oo, an! Kir&&onu i are as in!icate! in Ta,le :4* )it. fre@uency reuse of :, t.e resultin' fre@uency reuse !istances are s aller t.an in t.e case of fre@uency reuse of =* Fre@uency reuse of : results into an increase in s$ectru re use of =* efficiency ,ecause for a 'i2en !istance t.e 'i2en ore nu ,er of ti es t.an in t.e case of fre@uency fre@uency can ,e reuse! i* In t.is case,
Case Stu!y Ta,le :4/ Reuse !istance "egion Helsin&i Es$oo Kir&&onu i 7ell radius 2km5 :*5E 3*3E 3*EE "euse distance 2km5 =*33 =*D: B*E:
C5
T## an! F## !u$le<in' sc.e es* T## uses t.e sa e fre@uency for ,ot. !o%nlin& an! u$lin& trans ission, ,ut t.e trans ission occurs at !ifferent ti e slots* F## on t.e ot.er .an! uses !ifferent $air of fre@uencies for t.e !o%nlin& an! u$lin& trans ission* In !e$loyin' a o,ile )i("- tec.nolo'y, t.e c.oice of eit.er of t.e unications re'ulatory aut.ority o,ile )i("- net%or&, t.e
o$erator !eter ines if t.e fre@uency ,an! t.at t.e net%or& is to o$erate on $er its t.e use of eit.er one of t.e !u$le<in' sc.e e or ,ot.* T.is ena,les t.e selection of t.e !u$le<in' et.o! t.at 'i2es t.e acce$ta,le t.rou'.$ut $erfor ance !e$en!in' u$on t.e ty$e of ser2ices to ,e offere!* For t.e !e$loy ent of an! Kir&&onu o,ile )i("- in t.e t.ree re'ions, Helsin&i, Es$oo et.o! G:4(HK o,ile )i("- are !ata eans t.at t.e !o%nlin&
,an!%i!t. c.annelH* Since ser2ices offere! ,y centric, ty$ical of Internet access ser2ices, t.is ser2ices, T## is a suita,le !u$le<in' u$lin&* Since T##
traffic !o inates as co $are! to t.e u$lin& traffic* )it. t.ese ty$es of et.o! since it allo%s t.e o$erator to !efine t.e $ercenta'e of ,an!%i!t. to ,e allocate! for ,ot. t.e !o%nlin& an! et.o! su$$orts !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio of :/: to =/:, it is e<$ecte! t.at t.e su,scri,ers are ,oun! to e<$erience u$ to C4 $ercent increase in !o%nlin& !ata t.rou'.$ut %.en =/: ratio is use! in a :4(HK c.annel I33J*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Case Stu!y
CD
T.is is ,ecause %it. =/: T## sc.e e a s.are! c.annel is use! t.ree @uarter of t.e ti e for !o%nlin& an! one @uarter of t.e ti e for t.e u$lin&* Selectin' a :4(HK T## c.annel for t.e re'ions ac.ie2es efficient usa'e of t.e li ite! s$ectru t.e %.ile at t.e sa e ti e offerin' t.e e<$ecte! @uality of ser2ice for o,ile )i("- ser2ice*
Fi'ure :B s.o%s t.e 'ains ac.ie2e! for :/: 2ersus =/: !o%nlin& to u$lin& ratio %.en T## et.o! is use! %it. 2arious antenna confi'urations* T.is et.o! for t.e re'ions* ?ustifies t.e selection of T## as a !u$le<in'
Figure 1): Downlin' throughput for TDD with 19M3B (hannel !andwidth "$$#
Case Stu!y
E4
Ho%e2er, t.is section !oes not !etail t.e i $le entation of t.e to$olo'ies for t.e $articular area, ,ut rat.er $ro2i!e an o2er2ie% for !i ensionin' t.e trans$ort net%or&* T.is is !ue to lac& of access to to$o'ra$.y re'ions selecte! for t.e !e$loy ent* T.e a$s of t.e ost critical $art in !i ensionin' a
trans$ort net%or& is in fin!in' a trans ission solution for t.e connection ,et%een t.e trans ission net%or& an! ,ase station site* T.e trans ission solution can ,e ,ase! on t.e lease! Ti e #i2ision (ulti$le<in' GT#(H or "sync.ronous Transfer (o!e G"T(H* T.e ot.er solution is to ,uil! o%n net%or& usin' icro%a2e ra!io lin&s* T.is is t.e $referre! case if co$$er or icro%a2e lin&s are fi,re>,ase! ,ac&,one net%or& !oes not e<ist* "lso, if $er issions or access to consi!erations* T.e increasin' !e an! for ,an!%i!t. intensi2e a$$lications %ill also !e an! for I6 an! Et.ernet trans$ort in t.e ,ac&.aul* (etro Et.ernet is also t.e trans$ort solution t.at can ,e use! to ,ac&.aul t.e ,ase stations to t.e core net%or&* For t.e o,ile ,roa!,an! tec.nolo'y suc. as )i("-, etro Et.ernet can ,e a suita,le trans$ort solution* Fi'ure :C s.o%s t.e $rocess flo% for !i ensionin' trans$ort net%or&*
use!, en2iron ental factors suc. as line of si'.t, restrictions on ,uil!in' icro%a2e ra!io fre@uency licence are ta&en into
Case Stu!y
E:
Nu ,er of su,scri,ers
Figure 1+: Dimensioning transport networ' "&# T.e follo%in' are t.e ste$s in2ol2e! in !i ensionin' t.e trans$ort net%or&/
7alculation of t!e re'uired trans1ort network ca1acit(/ T.is inclu!es t.e re@uire! trans ission ca$acity for t.e ,ase station* T.e nee!e! trans$ort net%or& ca$acity !e$en!s on t.e ra!io net%or& confi'uration, %.ic. a'ain is ,ase! on t.e esti ate! nu ,er of su,scri,ers an! t.e ser2ices t.at t.ey use* "s $resente! in Section B*:*B, t.e ca$acity $er ,ase station for t.e !e$loy ent is 3C(,$s !o%nlin& for Helsin&i an! Es$oo Gusin' 3M3 (I(O antennaH an! D (,$s u$lin& for Kir&&onu i Gusin' :M3 SI(O antennaH*
+election of t!e trans1ort network media/ t.is !e$en!s on t.e en2iron ent an! net%or& confi'uration* T.e c.oices inclu!e ca,les, ra!ios, etro et.ernet an! lease! lines as entione! earlier*
Case Stu!y
E3
.lanning t!e trans1ort network to1olog(/ $lannin' is ,ase! on t.e e<istin' to$olo'y o$tionsL c.ain, es., loo$, an! tree*
.lanning of t!e trans1ort network 1rotection/ t.is is ac.ie2e! ,y securin' t.e connections so t.at infor ation is transferre! t.rou'. t%o !ifferent routes* T.e ot.er o$tion is t.rou'. e@ui$ ent re!un!ancy, %.ic. eans t.at if one e@ui$ ent is ,ro&en t.en t.e re!un!ant e@ui$ ent ta&es o2er*
T.is section $resente! t.e net%or& to$olo'ies t.at can ,e e $loye! for t.e $ro$ose! re'ions of !e$loy entL Helsin&i, Es$oo an! Kir&&onu terrain an! ot.er .i'. relia,ility* i, an! t.e ste$s t.at are to ,e follo%e!* #e$en!in' u$on t.e layout of t.e ,uil!in's, an> a!e an! natural features, t.e suita,le net%or& to$olo'y is selecte! t.at can !eli2er .i'. t.rou'.$ut, stron' ro,ustness, an!
Case Stu!y
E=
4.2
,i*ensioning
iM!" .et#or$
o,ile )i("- net%or& %.ic.
inclu!es ele ents "SN>G) an! in t.e CSN* T.is inclu!es !i ensionin' interfaces ,et%een t.e ,ase station an! t.e "SN>G), ,et%een "SN>G)s, an! ,et%een "SN an! CSN* #i ensionin' also inclu!es confi'uration of t.e CSN ele ents ,ase! on t.e esti ate of traffic 'enerate! ,y t.e su,scri,ersFcusto ers as $resente! in section B*:* +efore !etailin' t.e !i ensionin' of t.e core net%or& $art, Fi'ure :E $resents t.e !etaile! arc.itecture of t.e )i("- en!>to>en! net%or&*
R"#IUS $rotocol CSN """ ser2er -1 RE "SN 'ate%ay CSN Ho e "'ent RB "'ent R=(I6 "SN 'ate%ay #HC6 F#NS ser2er Internet Fire%all HLRFHSS
Su,scri,er station
+ase station
Su,scri,er station
+ase station RE
Su,scri,er station
+ase station
Fi'ure :E s.o%s an e<ten!e! )i("- reference net%or& ele ents t.at for
o!el* T.e
Case Stu!y
EB
traffic esti ation co in' out of t.e ,ase station* T.e traffic esti ation !eter ines .o% t.e ele ents an! interfaces are confi'ure! to ena,le en!>to> en! connecti2ity* T.e )i("- arc.itecture su$$orts ,ot. t.e I6 $ac&ets an! Et.ernet fra es* T.e "SN $art of o,ile )i("- net%or& .an!les routin' of $ac&ets ,et%een t.e ,ase stations an! "SN>G)s* Routin' o2er t.e "SN is $erfor e! usin' I6>in>I6 enca$sulation $rotocols suc. as 'eneric routin' enca$sulation GGREH* 6ac&ets %it.in t.e "SN are eit.er ,ri!'e! or route!* T.e )i("- ,ase station consists of Et.ernet interface %.ic. can su$$ort ca$acity of :4>:44(,$s I35J* T.e "SN>G) %.ic. interfaces %it. t.e ,ase station, su$$orts ca$acity on t.e le2els of G,$sL it su$$orts :44F:444 +ase>T Et.ernet interface a!a$ter* " sin'le "SN>G) can .an!le u$ to :44,444 users an! 34,444 VoI6 calls I35J* "ccor!in' to t.e !i ensionin' rule, one "SN> G) ana'es 344 cells, t.erefore one "SN>G) can connects as any as EE ,ase stations %it. one ,ase station consistin' of t.ree cells* In or!er to !i ension t.e o,ile )i("- en!>to>en! net%or&, assu $tions o!el
on t.e su,scri,er usa'e of t.e net%or& ser2ices, an! en!>to>en! traffic ele ents as %ell as "SN AoS ec.anis s*
are 'i2en* )e also $ro2i!e t.e traffic relate! e2ents .a2in' an i $act on "SN
net%or& an! t.eir s.are on t.e interfaces* Ta,le :: lists t.e $ara eters t.at are !efine! for t.e su,scri,er traffic
Case Stu!y Ta,le ::/ Su,scri,er traffic .arameter Su,scri$tions 6o%ere! on su,scri,ers "cti2e su,scri,ers )nit 54,444 54P C4P o!el
EC
6escri1tion Su of all su,scri,ers of t.e $ro> 2i!er* Grefer to Ta,le 5H 6ercenta'e of su,scri,ers t.at .a2e $o%ere! on t.eir o,ile stations 6ercenta'e of "SN su,scri,er sta> tions in an acti2e state 6ercenta'e of "SN su,scri,ers in slee$in' state* 6ercenta'e of "SN su,scri,ers in i!le state*
In ta,le ::, t.e assu $tion use! is t.at a si'nificant $ercenta'e GC4PH of su,scri,ers are in acti2e state, %.ic. is t.e o,2ious case for an! slee$in' su,scri,ers refer to $o%ere! on su,scri,ers* T.e su,scri,er o,ility o!el $ro2i!es o,ility e2ents in t.e ,usy .our at ost of o,ile an! %ireless net%or&s, an! t.e rest are in i!le an! slee$in' state* "cti2e, i!le
o,ility e2ents occur %.en eit.er t.e o,ility e2ents* For acti2e or
su,scri,er station is in acti2e, i!le or slee$in' state* T.e state of t.e su,scri,er station !eter ines t.e fre@uency of slee$in' su,scri,er stations i!le su,scri,er stations o,ility occurs at t.e sector crossin's, %.ile for o,ility o!el o!el*
Ta,le :3 $resents $ara eters for t.e su,scri,er Ta,le :3/ Su,scri,er .arameter )nit o,ility
6escri1tion 6ercenta'e of su,scri,ers locate! in "SN>G) area 6ercenta'e of su,scri,er t.at are in .an!o2er ,et%een "SN 'ate> %ays 6ercenta'e of su,scri,er t.at are o,ile
6ercenta'e of su,scri,ers C4P in t.e RE interface 6ercenta'e of su,scri,ers BP in t.e RB interface 6ercenta'e of su,scri,ers BEP in t.e R= interface
Case Stu!y
EE
T.e 2alues in ta,le :3 are ,ase! on t.e reasonin' t.at t.e su,scri,er !istri,ution o2er t.e interfaces is suc. t.at t.e su,scri,ers o2er RE interface is t.e su of su,scri,ers o2er RB an! R= interfaces* Out of C4P acti2e o,ile in t.e R= su,scri,ers in an "SN 'ate%ay area, BP are assu e! to ,e usin' t.at "SN 'ate%ay as a ser2in' 'ate%ay* Re ainin' su,scri,ers are interface*
net%or&* Ta,le:= $resents $ara eters t.at are use! for t.e "SN 'ate%ay
(a<i u t.rou'.$ut o2er 34(,$s all su,scri,ers +it rate of a VoI6 call Gfor B4&,$s G*13D co!ecH Nu ,er of e<$ecte! VoI6 34CD calls calls "2era'e t.rou'.$ut ca$a> =:(,$s city $er cell Total t.rou'.out $er cell G!o%n> lin& ; u$lin&H (a<i u ,it rate of a VoI6 call inclu!in' o2er.ea!s, ("CFRT6F U#6FI6 %it.out co $ression
Case Stu!y
E1
)e assu e t.at a G*13D co!ec is use! on to$ of I62B ,ac&,one, %.ere a fra e is $ro!uce! e2ery 34 s, an! t.e VoI6 $ac&et siKe is as follo%s ICJ/ VoI6 $ac&et siKe Q Et.ernet fra e .ea!er GB3 ,ytesH ; I62B .ea!er G34 ,ytesH ; U#6 .ea!er G5 ,ytesH ; RT6 .ea!er G:3 ,ytesH ; 2oice $ayloa! siKe G34 ,ytesH Q :43 ,ytes* )e calculate t.e e<$ecte! VoI6 calls in ta,le := usin' t.e Erlan' C for ula for a 'i2en traffic in Erlan's, an! a !elay $ro,a,ility* Erlan' C for ula is use! ,ecause it ta&es into account t.e !ata net%or&s suc. as !elay $ro,a,ility* "ssu in' a nor al !i ensionin' 2alue for traffic $er user of =4 Erl !urin' Erl Q etrics use! to !i ension 2oice for t.e etrics inclu!e $ac&et loss an! o,ile )i("-* T.e
t.e net%or& ,usy .our I=J, EB,444 users create a traffic of EB,444 M =4
:D34 Erl* T.erefore for a traffic of :D34 Erl assu in' a !elay $ro,a,ility of 4*:P, t.e resultin' nu ,er of 2oice calls accor!in' to Erlan' C for ula is a$$ro<i ately 34CD* For !i ensionin' $ur$oses t.e 2oice calls is t.e sa e as t.e nu ,er of traffic c.annels* Appendix A $ro2i!es Erlan' C for ula T.e "SN>G) no!e is !i ensione! ,ase! on t.e follo%in' ste$s*
First t.e offere! loa! 'enerate! ,y all su,scri,ers is calculate!* For t.e etro$olitan area, t.is translates into t.e follo%in' offere! loa! for VoI6 an! !ata traffic/ Offere! loa! for VoI6 traffic Q 34CD calls M B4&,$s G,it rate of a VoI6 call, G*13D co!ecH Q 53(,$s Offere! loa! for t.e !ata traffic Q 34(,$s, %.ic. is a result of !ata !ensity re@uire ent*
T.e offere! loa! is t.en !istri,ute! to all "SN>G) interfaces GRE, RB, R=H*
T.e offere! traffic is !istri,ute! ,ase! u$on t.e su,scri,er !istri,ution as in Ta,le :3* "ssu in' t.at t.e $ercenta'e of su,scri,ers in an interface is
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Case Stu!y
E5
$ro$ortional to t.e offere! traffic on t.at interface, t.en t.e $ro$ortion of traffic loa! $er interface is as follo%s/
RE interface/ For VoI6 traffic, C4P of t.e offere! loa! for VoI6 traffic Q B:(,$s is !istri,ute! to t.e interface, %.ile for t.e !ata traffic :4 (,$s is !istri,ute! to t.e RE interface*
RB interface/ For VoI6 traffic, BP of t.e VoI6 traffic loa! Q =*=(,$s is !istri,ute! to t.e interface, %.ile 4*5(,$s !ata traffic is !istri,ute! to t.e interface*
R= interface/ For VoI6 traffic, BEP of t.e VoI6 traffic loa! Q =1*1 (,$s is !istri,ute!, %.ile D*3(,$s !ata traffic is !istri,ute! to t.e RE interface*
In or!er to !eter ine t.e ca$acity of t.e "SN trans$ort lin&, RE, a for ula ,ase! on t.e a2era'e ra!io cell t.rou'.$ut I=J is use!* )it. t.is for ula, t.e ca$acity of t.e RE interface ,et%een t.e ,ase station an! "SN>G) is li ite! ,y t.e ca$acity of t.e ra!io cell ser2e! ,y t.e ,ase station* T.e ra!io cell ca$acity !e$en!s on t.e ra!io confi'uration an! air interface con!ition as it is $resente! in Section B*:*B* T.erefore RE ca$acity re@uire ents on t.e trans$ort le2el is calculate! ,ase! on t.e follo%in' for ula I=J/
GCH
Scalin' factor in e@uation C accounts for a .i'.er t.an a2era'e traffic to ,e acco o!ate!, an! ta&es into account t.e RE trans$ort o2er.ea!* T.e su''este! 2alue for t.e scalin' factor is :*3C* +S is assu e! to ,e a tri> sectore! +S, an! t.e a2era'e cell ca$acity is =:(,$s* Usin' t.ese 2alues results into a$$ro<i ately ::E(,$s RE trans$ort ca$acity* T.is ca$acity fits %ell %it.in t.e li its $ose! ,y t.e "SN>G) I35J, as "SN> G) su$$orts :44F:444 +ase>T< Et.ernet interface connection* )it. ::E(,$s trans$ort ca$acity, RE interface can su$$ort t.e offere! loa!*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Case Stu!y
ED
ert>6S
Real>ti e ser2ice flo%s t.at 'ener> ate 2aria,le>siKe! !ata $ac&ets on a $erio!ic ,asis*
VoI6 %it. si> lence su$$res> sion, interacti2e 'a in', 2i!eo tele$.ony*
+E
#ata strea s for Internet a$$lica> Casual %.ic. no ini > tions inclu!in' users u ser2ice le2el .tt$, ft$ an! e> is re@uire! an! ail* can t.erefore ,e .an!le! on s$ace a2aila,le ,asis*
Su,scri,er0s flo%s are $er itte! to t.e net%or& ,ase! u$on t.e traffic rates s$ecifie! in t.e AoS $rofile, an! t.e a2aila,ility of t.e net%or& resources* Connection a! ission !ecision is locate! in t.e ,ase station, an! is e<ecute!
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Case Stu!y
14
only for t.e ert>6S ser2ice class* T.e +E ser2ice !oes not nee! an a! ission ec.anis an! flo%s are al%ays a! itte!* For t.e real ti e ser2ice set u$, suc. as 2i!eo tele$.ony or VoI6, t.e a2aila,le air interface ,an!%i!t. resources are co $are! %it. traffic rates s$ecifie! in t.e su,scri,er $rofile, an! if t.ere are not enou'. resources t.e connection is re?ecte!* T.e ser2ice flo%s are rate li ite! after ,ein' a! itte! so t.at t.e su,scri,e! ,it rate are not e<cee!e!* RE interface enforces rate li itin' ,ot. in t.e u$lin& Gin t.e ,ase stationH an! in !o%nlin& Gin t.e "SN>G)H*
T.e ,in!in' ca$acity is t.e nu ,er of su,scri,er stations in t.e CSN* )it. t.e nu ,er of su,scri,ers in t.e R= interface $ro$ortional to su,scri,ers in t.e CSN, t.e ,in!in' ca$acity of H" results into 3D,444 su,scri,ers* In o,ile )i("- release :*: I35J "SN 'ate%ay !oes not su$$ort re!un!ancy of t.e H", t.erefore H" re!un!ancy can !e$en! on t.e re!un!ancy of t.e !e$loye! .o e a'ent only* Loa! s.arin' for t.e Ho e "'ent is i $le ente! ,y t.e follo%in' eans/
Case Stu!y
1:
#i2i!in' su,scri,ers in 'rou$s an! confi'urin' !ifferent H" a!!resses for eac. su,scri,er 'rou$*
""" ser2er assi'ns H" a!!ress out of $ool of H" a!!resses in eac. access re@uest*
+y i $le entin' a
ec.anis
AAA +erver T.e $erfor ance $ara eters for t.e """ ser2er are t.e !ata,ase ca$acity for aut.orisation an! accountin', aut.entication transactions an! accountin' transactions* T.e re@uire! !ata,ase ca$acity for aut.entication is t.e nu ,er of all su,scri,ers, 54,444* T.e re@uire! !ata,ase ca$acity for accountin' !e$en!s on t.e a2era'e siKe of t.e accountin' tic&et, t.e nu ,er of accountin' transactions an! t.e ti e t.at accountin' tic&et nee!s to ,e store!* T.e accountin' transaction loa! is t.e su of accountin' e2ents !ue to
$o%ere! on su,scri,ers, su,scri,ers in t.e R= interface, (I6 rene%al an! su,scri,ers !ue to accountin' u$!ate* "n accountin' u$!ate is tri''ere! ,y an e<$iration of an accountin' ti er* "s in H", t.e re!un!ancy !e$en!s on t.e re!un!ancy of t.e """ ser2er* 637. server T.e no!e $erfor ance $ara eter for t.e #HC6 ser2er is t.e nu ,er of transactions or re@uests* T.e #HC6 is !i ensione! accor!in' to t.e total nu ,er of #HC6 re@uests !urin' t.e ,usy .our %it. res$ect to its .an!lin' ca$acity in ter s of re@uests $er secon!* T.e transactions or re@uests occur !urin' $o%er onFoff an! in case of #HC6 rene%al* #HC6 rene%al !e$en!s on t.e confi'ure! #HC6 rene%al ti e*
13
T.e fire%all is !i ensione! ,ase! u$on t.e total re@uire! traffic !urin' t.e ,usy .our %it. res$ect to t.e e@ui$ ent $rocessin' ca$acity* T.e fire%all is e<$ecte! to ,e i $le ente! on an Sn;:T confi'uration runnin' t.e Virtual Router Re!un!ancy $rotocol GVRR6H for e@ui$ ent re!un!ancy an! loa! s.arin' functionality*
Case Stu!y
1=
t.e case stu!y for t.e !e$loy ent* In !i ensionin' t.e ra!io interface $art of o,ile )i("-, %e o,ser2e! t.at usin' license! ,an! =*CGHK ,an! for Helsin&i an! Es$oo re'ions as %ell as 3 M 3 (I(O sc.e e resulte! into a reasona,le nu ,er of ,ase stations re@uire! for co2era'e* "lt.ou'. t.e case stu!y !i! not !etail t.e o$ti u locations for t.e ,ase stations, t.e nu ,er of ini al cost is incurre! ,ase stations %ere !eter ine! so as to ensure t.at
!urin' t.e !e$loy ent $.ase* T.is is ac.ie2e! ,y o$ti isin' t.e lin& ,u!'et $ara eters, suc. as t.e nu ,er of su,c.annels, so as to ac.ie2e sufficient lin& ar'in* For t.e rural area, usin' t.e : M 3 SI(O sc.e e resulte! into a ar'in t.an to ur,an GHelsin&iH an! su,ur,an GEs$ooH , an! ,it lo%er lin&
conse@uently to fe%er nu ,er of ,ase stations* T.e analysis $resente! in t.is c.a$ter s.o%s t.at !e$loyin' in t.e 3*CGHK ,an! in t.e rural area resulte! into fe%er nu ,er of ,ase stations co $are! to t.e case of =*CGHK !e$loy ent !es$ite t.e fact t.at it .as t.e lar'est area siKe* T.is is ,ecause 3*CGHK ,an! .as s aller $ro$a'ation losses t.an =*C GHK ,an! an! t.us t.e ,ase station si'nal $ro$a'ates furt.er* 3*CGHK is $referre! in t.e rural area !ue to t.e $ro,a,ility of $ro2i!in' %i!e co2era'e %it.out %orryin' uc. a,out ca$acity nee!s since %e $ro?ect fe% su,scri,ers etro$olitan area of to ,e $resent* T.e total nu ,er of ,ase stations re@uire! for u,i@uitous co2era'e as %ell as a!!ressin' ca$acity nee!s is 5C for a t.e siKe of 5E= &
3
It is also o,ser2e! t.at t.e uni2ersal fre@uency reuse a!o$te! in t.e case stu!y $ro2i!es t.e .i'.est $er sector a2era'e t.rou'.$ut ,ut it !oes so %.ile sacrificin' t.e $erfor ance at t.e cell>e!'e* "lt.ou'. fre@uency reuse of = ac.ie2es an acce$ta,le le2el of user !ata rate at t.e cell>e!'e, it is not $referre! since t.ere is a li ite! a ount of s$ectru * In or!er to efficiently a!!ress t.e ca$acity nee!s, t.e (I(O an! SI(O sc.e es %it. sufficiently .i'. s$ectral efficiency Ga2era'e! o2er :*1,$sFHKH are selecte!*
(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
Case Stu!y
1B
T.e c.oice of :4(HK c.annel ,an!%i!t. is ,ase! on ac.ie2in' .i'.er ca$acity $er sector, since ta&in' into account t.e s$ectral efficiency, t.e .i'.er t.e c.annel ,an!%i!t. t.e 'reater t.e ca$acity* In !i ensionin' )i("- net%or&, %e o,ser2e! t.at t.e ele ents "SN>G) an! in t.e CSN, are !i ensione! ,ase! u$on t.e traffic esti ation t.at is a result of !o%nlin& !ata !ensity re@uire ents* T.e $ro?ecte! !o%nlin& !ata !ensity re@uire ents an! t.e traffic loa! ,y $o%ere! on su,scri,ers are fulfille! ,y selectin' t.e a$$ro$riate antenna tec.nolo'ies an! core net%or& ele ents* T.e stu!y s.o%e! t.at %it. careful !eter ine! !ata !ensity re@uire ents in t.e re'ions selecte! for t.e !e$loy ent, suita,le antenna tec.nolo'ies can ,e selecte! t.at %ill result into a ca$acity across RE interface t.at su$$orts t.e offere! loa!* E@ui$ ents $ertainin' to t.e H", #HC6, """ ser2ers are selecte! ,ase! u$on t.e nu ,er of su,scri,ers, an! t.eir $rocessin' ca$acities a'ainst t.e nu ,er of transactions or re@uests $er secon!* T.ese no!es are essential for $ro2i!in' access control an! aut.orisin' entry to t.e use of t.e t.at t.e o,ile )i("- ser2ices, an! t.erefore it is i $ortant t.e AoS $oint of 2ie%, %e o,ser2e! t.at careful selection ,e $erfor e!* Fro
classes t.at are suita,le for t.e ty$e of ser2ices e<$ecte! to ,e offere!*
1C
&
T.e stu!y s.o%e! t.at, %.en !e$loyin' a !ensity area suc. as Kir&&onu
)it. t.is sc.e e, t.e resultin' cell ra!ius lea!s to fe%er ,ase stations nee!e! t.an in t.e case of 3 M 3 (I(O sc.e e* It is also o,ser2e! t.at : M 3 SI(O an! 3 M 3 (I(O sc.e es are 'oo! c.oices for ran'e li ite! !e$loy ent an! as suc. can ,e use! to 'et u,i@uitous co2era'e o2er t.e etro$olitan area* "lt.ou'. 3 M 3 (I(O sc.e e in Helsin&i resulte! into fe%er ,ase stations t.an ot.er re'ions in suc. a !ensely $ac&e! en2iron ent, u$'ra!es to t.e ,ase stations confi'urations %it. a!a$ti2e ,ea for in' tec.ni@ue can .el$ eet t.e ca$acity re@uire ent*
+ase! on t.is stu!y, it is %ort. notin' t.at t.e increase in t.e nu ,er of e<$ecte! custo ers %ill lea! into an increase in t.e !o%nlin& !ata !ensity re@uire ents* T.is .as a conse@uence on t.e antenna confi'urations t.at are to ,e use! for t.e ,ase stations* Fro t.e net%or& $oint of 2ie%, t.e increase in t.e nu ,er of custo ers %ill lea! into increase in t.e nu ,er of ,ase stations an! conse@uently t.e nu ,er of "SN>G)s*
1E
).en selectin' t.e CSN ele ents GH", """ ser2er, #HC6 ser2er, an! fire%allH for t.e !e$loy ent, t.e o$erator .as to a&e sure t.at t.eir $rocessin' ca$acities ta&e into account t.e increase of custo ers* Fro t.e "SN AoS $oint of 2ie%, %e o,ser2e! t.at o,ile )i("- $ro2i!es
ser2ices t.at .e e<$ects to offer* T.is allo%s t.e o$erator to !eli2er t.e ,roa!,an! ser2ice %it. an acce$ta,le @uality as a'ree! on t.e ser2ice le2el a'ree ent* It is e<$ecte! t.at t.e &no%le!'e 'aine! on !i ensionin' TanKania* T.e t.ree re'ions GHelsin&i, Es$oo an! Kir&&onu Salaa * #ar es Salaa city is o,ile )i("iH co $are
can ,e transferre! to !e$loy si ilar tec.nolo'y in !e2elo$in' country suc. as fairly %ell in ter s of $o$ulation !ensity to t.e TanKanian ca$ital of #ar es a!e u$ of t.ree !istricts GIlala, Kinon!oni,
3
an! Te e&eH %it. t.e total lan! area of :CD4 & a$$ro<i ately :C44 $eo$le $er &
3
Ho%e2er t.ere is still furt.er researc. t.at nee!s to ,e !one, an! ,elo% is a list of areas for furt.er %or&/
"ctual ra!io net%or& $lannin' ta&in' into account ta&in' into account en2iron ental factors suc. as terrain, to$o'ra$.y an! or$.olo'y*
"ctual trans ission net%or& $lannin' s$ecifyin' t.e o$ti u locations for t.e ,ase stations sites, an! to$olo'y to ,e use!* T.is tas& also in2ol2es site sur2eys, e@ui$ ent selection, selection of t.e trans ission e!iu Gra!io, o$tical ca,les or lease! linesH lea!in' to a final net%or& !esi'n*
I6 $lannin' so as to !eter ine .o% to set u$ correct I6 a!!resses to all t.e ele ents in t.e core ser2ice net%or&* T.is %ill ena,le en!>to>en! I6 connecti2ity for t.e user sessions*
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11
",F,",/7,+
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(%esi'a )ilson +aron'o
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1D
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terminals6 7une 344C* !tt1#BBwww.wima9forum.orgBtec!nolog(Bdownloads I3EJ )i("- Foru ).ite$a$er/ WiMAX te(hnolog2 for JO- and :JO-
environments6 "u'ust 344B !tt1#BBwww.wima9forum.orgBtec!nolog(BdownloadsB I31J )i("- Foru ).ite$a$er/ /an WiMAX address 2our appli(ationsK6 Octo,er
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