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(Jacques Derrida )

( Carlo Ginzburg )


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Foucault, Ginzburg and Writing the History of the
Excluded
Shang-Jen Li
Institute of History & Philology
Academia Sinica
Michel Foucault's Histoire de La folie a l'iige classique is
widely regarded as a seminal work in the history of madness.
However it was al so Foucault's most controversial book. Foucault's
research method and use of historical materials in the book have
recei ved close scrutiny and rigorous criticism from historians.
There have been few di scussions, however, of the main
historiographical claim of Histoire de la folie, viz . it is intended as a
history of madness rather than a history of psychiatry. Foucault
wanted to explore the experience of madness which, he argued, has
been excluded by Reason si nce the "classical age." The most
famou s criticism of Foucault's claim is by the philosopher Jacques
Derrida who argues that writing the history of madness is an
impossible project. Commenting on the debate between Foucault
and Derrida, on the other hand, the hi storian Carlo Ginzburg
dismi sses Derrida's criticism as shallow and nihili stic. He regrets
that Foucault , probably spurred by Derrida' s criticism, had
abandoned the important project of writing the history of the
excluded, and had si nce focused on the hi story of the acts of
exclusion instead. Ginzburg has de voted hi s efforts on writing th
hi story of the persecuted such as witches, werewolves, and heretics
He and hi s colleagues in the so-called school of microhi story hav
formulated an alternative project of writing the hi story of th
excluded. In thi s paper I examine the debate between Foucault
Derrida and Ginzburg and di scuss its historiographical significance
Key Words history of madness, historiography, Derrida,
structuralism, microhistory.
. ( Mic hel Foucault )




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3
I Paul Veyne , "Foucault Re vo lut ion i zes History," Arnold I. Davidson (ed .) ,
Foucault and His Interlocutors (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)
2 Jan Goldstein (ed.), Foucault and the Writing of History (Oxfor d: Blackwell ,
1994).
3 14tl- T;tr M]J. j!iJ Z ..:L -lU i. Jll it M) -t3L i!- ' JL "I nte ll ec t ua ls and Power: A
Conversation be tween Michel Fou cau lt and Gill es Deleu ze ," in Donal d F.
Bouchard (ed .), Lan guage , Count er-Memory , Practice: Sel ect ed Essays and
Interview by Michel Foucault (Ithaca: ComellUniv. Press , 1977), pp . 205-2 17,




(Jacques De rrida ) '
( Carlo Ginzburg )

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point )' 0 J Michel Foucault,
Madness and Civ ilization: A Hi story of Insanity in the Age of Reason , tr. Richard
Horward (London: Tavistock Publication , 1967), p. ix 0 J!t.-,%-:i'f :f.. Jt.:fltit
1f A 89 ' ff -t I*J i!:"1ilIHr ' Ml i-hl: t.- -:i 'f :f... 89 dJ *- I';i. &. 't rJi"
89;ffAt -Til\: ' ff.JL Colin Gordon , "His toire de la folie: An Unknown Book by
Mi chel Foucault, " in Arthur St ill and Irving Veloldy (eds.), Rewriting the History
of Madn ess: Studies in Foucault's Histoire de la fo lie (Lo ndon: Routl edge, 1992),
pp .19-42 0 *-J'Jtt:fii ' -f.\!1-:t- T ' ( ;!; #f Bt
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5 Gary Gutting, Michel Foucault 's Archa eol ogy of Sci entific Reason (Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Pre ss , 1989), pp. 109-110.
6 Robert Mandrou (with a not e by F. Br aud el ), "Troi s cl ef s pour comprendre lafolie
al 'epoqu e class ique ,' Annales E. S. C. ( 1962), pp. 761 -771 .
7 if.;.;5" dO MrH i;lirtt JL Still and Veloldy (eds.), Rewriting the Hi st ory of
Madn ess ; 1';;''& Gary Gutting it l' -j;J 89 @] ,ll J{ :;t :f""Foucault and the Hi story
of Madness ," in Gary Gutting (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Foucault
(Ca mbridge: Cambridge Univ. Pre ss 1994), pp. 47-70.
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8 Roy Port er, "Foucault's Gr eat Confinement ," in Still and Veloldy (eds .), Rewriting
the Histo ry of Madn ess , pp .119-125; *Of JL Roy Port er , Mind- Fog 's Manacles:
a History of Madn ess from the Restoration to the Regen cy (London: Athlone,
1987) 0 #JH>:;. MJ4tt:. i t ' Andrew Scull , "A Failure to Communicate ? on the
Reception of Foucault's Histoire de fa folie by Anglo-American Hi storians," in
Rewriting the Hi story ofMadness , pp .150-1 63.
9 Foucault , Madness and Civilizatio, pp. x-xi.
10 Jacqu es Derr ida, "Cog ito and the Hi st ory of Madn ess ," in ide m, Wri ting and
Difference , tran s. Alan Bass , (London: Routledge.1 978), pp .3I -63. itR; :t.:fJl
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II Derrida, "Cogito and the History of Madness." pp . 33-36.43.
r11' ag;f: ..(f. J ag i JUii:' JL Michel Foucault, "Madness. the Absence of Work ."
in Davidson (ed .), Foucault and His Int erlocutors. pp . 97-104.
ag{" y -t- t1. ag , or JL Roy Boyne . Fou cault and
Derrida: The Other Side of Reason (Unwin Hyman. 1990) 0 ..(f. *1-T-t.-i!!:1tr.. '


ag r,,11% ' Jacques Derrida, " 'To Do Justice to Freud': The Hi story of Madness in
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pp. 57-96 .
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13 Michel Foucault, "My Body, This Paper, Thi s Fire," in James D Faubion (00.)
Mi ch el Foucault: Aesthetics , Method, and Epist emology (London: Penguin
Books , 2000), ppo 393-417 . if N; @J Ift. :;t J1t Jf- * 1971 Jf- 9 }] ill
Paideia Histoire de la folie (Pari s : Plon)1972 Jf-JiR MJ Jli'ti-i: o -t- RJ
Didier Eribon, Michel Fou cault, tr, Betsy Wing (Cambridge MAo: Harvard Univ.
Pre ss, 1991), po121.
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15 ili ffi a-l] ( First Mediation ) ,
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r:;t +z P'l' ' J ( il n'y a pas de horstexte , There is nothing outside
of t he te xt) ag i3Lii.:: mJacques Derrida , Of Grammatology , tr. Gayatri
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21 Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge & the Discourse of Language ,
tr. A. M. Sheridan Smith ( New York: Pantheon , 1972 ' 1969
4- ) ' p p .1 62-1 64 . Gutt in g , Mi chel Foucault's
Archaeology ofSci entific Reason , pp . 109,256-260.
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24 Steve Shapin, "Disci pli ne and Bounding: The History and Soci ol ogy of Scien
as Seen Through the Externali sm-I nternal ism Debat e ," Hi story of Sci ence
( 1992), pp . 333-369; Jan Golinski , Making Na tural Knowl edge: Constructivi
and the Hi story of Science (Cambri dg e : Cambridge Uni versity Press, 1998
Bruno Latour, Pandora's Hope: Essays on th e Reality of Scien ce Studie
(Ca mbridge MA. : Harvard Uni v. Press, 1999 ).
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Toget he r." in Mic hael Lynch a nd Ste ve Wool gar (eds.), Rep resentati on in
Sci entific Practice (Cambridge. MA .: MIT Press , 1990). pp.l 9-68. see esp. p. 25.
27 Miche l Fouca ult , The Archa eology of Knowledge, on p. 16.
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JL Georges Canguilhem , "On Hi stoire de la foli e as an Even t." in Davidson (ed.),
Foucault and His Interlocutors , pp. 28-32 , on p. 30; Eri bon , Miche l Foucault, pp.
17, 23, 70-71. 101-102 : Ml #., Y-t-./1. I-;.I. &. ,W,

Mic hel Foucault. "The Order of Discourse" in The Archaeology of Knowledge,
pp. 2 15-23 7. esp. on pp. 235-237.
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29 Gu tting , Michel Foucault 's Archaeology of Sci ent ific Reason , pp .102- 103.
30 Perry Anderson, "Noct urnal Enquir y: Carlo Ginzburg ," in idem, A Zone of
Engagement (Londo n: Verso . I992), pp . 207 -229 Jt.1t1a.f3- a1;}f1t ti .$.b :t. *
-/1:. a11t 1l'- 0 11 ?r*"f .j:. JL Anne J. Schutte , "Carlo Ginzburg," Journal
of Modern History , 48 ( 1976), pp . 296- 3 15.
3 1 Giovanni Le vi , "On Mi crohi story, " in Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on
Histori cal Writing (Cambridge: Polit y Press, 1991), pp.93-113; Edward Muir and
Guido Ruggiero (eds .),. Micro history & the Lost Peop les of Europ e. tr. Eren
Br anch . (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 199 1).

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32 Carlo Ginzburg , The Night Batt les : Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the
Sixtee nth and Seventeenth Centuries , tr . John and Anne Tedeschi (Balt imore:
Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1983), on pp. 22-23.
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nell 'Europa del Cinquecent o (Turi n: Einaudi 1970).
34 Carl o Ginzburg, Th e Ch eese and the Worms: Th e Co smol ogy of a Sixteenth
Century Miller . trans . John and Anne Tedeschi (Baltimore: Johns Hopki ns Univ.
Pre ss, 1980).

r! MF ( Marc Bloch ) 0

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35 ;tr If- i/fd 9 i' i;] 1.% ' or JL' Roger Chartier, "T he Chimera of
Ori gin : Archaeol ogy, Cultural Hi story, and the French Revolution," in Goldstein
(ed.), Foucault and the Writing of Hi story , pp . 167-186, on pp.I72-I73.
36 Carlo Ginzburg and Carlo Poni , "The
Name and the Game: Unequal Exchange and the Hi storiographic Marketplace,"
in Muir and Ruggiero (eds.), Microhistory & the Lost Peopl es of Europe, pp . 1-
10.
37 Carlo Ginzburg, The Eni gma of Pi ero: Piero Della Francesca , tr. Martin Ryle
and Kate Soper , (London: Verso , Ne w Edition, 2000) .
, 0 37


( Ge org es Durnez.il )
( Georges Batai lle ) ,
0 38 '

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38 Carlo Ginzburg , "Ge rmanic Mythol ogy and Nazi sm: Thoughts on an Old Book
by Georges Dumezil ," in Carl o Ginzburg , Clues , Myths , and the Hi storical
Meth od, tr. John and Anne Tedeschi. (Ba ltimo re: Johns Hop kin s Univ . Press,
1989), pp .126-145.
39 Carlo Ginzburg, "Freud, the Wolf-Man , and the Werewol ves," in Ginzburg, Clues,
Myths, and the Hist orical Method, pp.146-155 ; idem , Hi story, Rhetoric and
Proof, (Hanover and London: Uni v. Pre ss of New England, 1999), pp. 1-37.
40 'iW Jlt 00 ,1Hif. '

18 ?..9T ?..9 0 *-JL"Table ronde du 20 mai 197 8," in Michel Perrot
(ed.), L'lmpossible prison : recherches sur le system penitentiaire au xix: siecle
(Paris: Seuil , 198)., ppAO-5 6.
0
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41 Kei th Luri a and Romulo Gandol fo , "Carlo Ginzburg: an interview, " Radical
History Review, 35 (1986 ), pp.89-lll , on pp.102- 103.
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45 *- JJt t:F:i . 14i- 1- 1 ' ( 1I.if, ;t. M 1. ) , fft. if ( f; ;lt : at:fli :it i t '
1994 ) , 1f 290 ' :%if *- Mi chel Fou c ault , Th e Bir th of th e Cli n i c : An
Archa eo logy of Medical Percepti on , tr. A. M. She r ida n (London: Tavi stock
Publicat ions, 1973), p. 197.
46 Mich el Fou cault , Discipline and Punish : Th e Birth of th e Prison , t r. Alan
Sheridan (New York: Pantheon , 1977); Th e Hi story of Sexuality . Vol. I: An
Introducti on , tr. Robert Hurl e y (Ne w York: Pantheon , 197 8) ; Th e Use of
Pleasure: the Hi story of Sexuality . Vol.2, tr. Robert Hurl ey (New York : Pantheon,
1985) ; The Care of the Self: the Hi story of Sexuality . Vol. 3, tr. Robert Hurley
(New York: Pantheon , 1986).
47 lit fit Ii..Jyt ii;fi 1itJ' ..!; , iX. it it.14i- 1- 111' .3J it:; ;/:fr;f'f .y 3t b1t iEitol :it " The
Dangerou s Indi vidu al" Michel Fo ucaul t, Politics . Philosophy.
Culture. Int erviews and Other Writin gs 197 7-1984 , Lawrence D. Krit zman (ed.)
(Lo ndon: Rou tl edge , 1988) , pp. 124- I 51 . -l!!,or JL Mi chel Foucaul t , "The
Pol itical Tec hno logy of Indi vidual s," in James D Faubion (ed.), Michel Foucau lt:
Power (Lo ndon: Pengu in Books, 2002), pp. 40 3-417 .


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48 Carlo Ginzburg, Ecstasi es: Decipher ing the Wit ch es ' Sabbath , tr . Raymond
Rosenthal , (London: Penguin, 1991), on p.16.
49 Ginzburg, The Ni ght Battles , p.xxi.
50 Ginzburg, Ecsta sies, p.23 .
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5 1 Michel Foucault , "Philosophy and Psycholo gy ," in Faubion (ed .) , Michel
Foucault: Aesth eti cs . Method. and Epistemol ogy , pp .249-259, on p.254. {4;f.T1t
it;- B}] , .it or !f. JL Foucault , "Madness and Societ y," on pp . 339-
340; idem, "Madness, the Ab sence of Work."
52 Michel Foucault , The Order of Thin gs , tr, Anon (London: Routledge. 1970) Jj..-t"
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54 Michel Foucault , "Madness an d Soci ety," in Faubion (ed .), Mi chel Foucault:
Aesth eti cs , Method, and Epistemology, pp .335- 342 , on p.335 0 :;t:t ll:..
1970 Jf- 9 }] 20 EJ -Ii. EJ ;f.. :t::l$ag Franco-Ja panese Institute
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t-t {If .i. A: {If P.i i/f<.. .* 7'J lIt 3t ( serial history ) *-:f:.t r:f it- :::r- :it if
' JL Michel Fou cault , "The Return of Hi st ory" in Faubi on
(ed. ) Mic hel Foucault: Aesthetics , Method, and Epi stemology, pp.4 19-432.
57 Derrida, "Cogito and the History of Madness," pp.43-44. rill ' t-t ;f1f.i.A:
a!:J * 1EJfX. i* M.lIt 3t l *- raj a!:J :1' J6 ' *or JL Arnol d I.
David son, "Struc ture and Strategies of Discourse: Remarks Towards a Histo ry of
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Int erl ocut ors , pp .I-17.
r J ( extra-styli st ie) [lg ' *Wr Il.@



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it 0 0 J 59

58 Ginzburg. The Enigma of Pi ero 0
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89 Carlo Ginzburg, "Style as Inclusion, Style as Exclusion," in Caroline A Jones and
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