Bending

Prof Schierle

Bending resisting elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 Beam Slab (analyze a strip as beam) Folded plate Cylindrical shell Frame Vierendeel girder (named after the inventor, 19th century Belgian engineer)
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Bending

Prof Schierle

Beams 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bending

Simple beam Cantilever beam Beam with overhang Beam with two overhangs Beam with fixed end support Continuous beam / girder
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Prof Schierle

Bending
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Slab/joist/beam/girder
1 2 3 4 Slab Joists Beams 2-layer system: Joists supported by beams 3-layer system: Joists supported by beams, beams supported by girders

Bending

Prof Schierle

Steel joist / girder

IIT building, Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe

Joists subject to bending

Girders, subject to bending

Bending

Prof Schierle

Bending
1 Simple beam

Bending deformation under load

Bending stress: Top shortens in compression Neutral Axis = 0 stress Bottom elongates in tension
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Bending

Prof Schierle

Beam shear
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bending Prof Schierle

Beam with uniform load Vertical shear effect Horizontal shear effect Shear diagram (max at supports) Beam with square markings Square markings deformed Shear effect on square marking Tensile/compressive effect of shear
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Equilibrium Method
Cantilever beam with point load
Assume: L = 10 P=2k V Shear diagram M Bending moment diagram Deflection diagram Reactions ( Vb = 0) R P = 0, R 2 = 0 R=2k M 10 P = 0, M = 10 x 2 M = 20 k Shear V ( V = 0) Val = 0 Val = 0 Var = 0 2k Var = -2 k Vbl = -2k +- 0 Vbl = -2 k Vbr = -2k + R = -2k + 2k Vbr = 0 Bending ( M = 0) @ a: M = 0 P M=0 @ 5: M = 5 P M = -10 k @ b: M = 10 P M = -20 k Note: Point load = linear bending moment
Bending Prof Schierle 8

Simple beam with uniform load

1 2 3 4 Beam diagram: L = 20, w = 100 plf Free-body diagram of partial beam Shear diagram Bending diagram R = 1000 # Vx = Rw x V0 = 1000 # V5 = 500 # V10 = 0 # V15 = -500 # V20 = -1000 #

Reactions R = w L /2 = 100 x 20 / 2 Shear forces @ distance x from a Vx = 0; R wx-Vx = 0 V0 = 0+1000 V5 = 1000 5 x 100 V10 = 500 5 x 100 V15 = 0 5 x 100 V20 = 500 -5 x 100 Note: linear shear distribution Bending moments @ x Mx = 0; Rx wx (x/2) Mx = 0 M0 = 1000 x 0 M5 = 1000x5-100x52/2 M10 = 1000x10-100x102/2 M15 = 1000x15-100x152/2 M20 = 1000x20-100x202/2 Note: parabolic bending distribution
Bending Prof Schierle

Mx = Rx-wx2/2 M0 = 0 # M5 = 3750 # M10 = 5000 # M15 = 3750 # M20 = 0 #

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Simple beam formulas

Reactions
Shear force Max. shear at supports Max. V = R - 0

R = w L /2
Vx = R w x

Max. shear

V=R

Bending moment Mx = Rx-wx2/2 Max. M at x = L/2 Max. M = (wL/2) L/2 - (wL/2)L/4 Max. M = 2wL2/8 - wL2/8

Max. bending

M = wL2/8

Note: Formulas for simple beams & uniform load only ! Verify last example (L= 20, w = 100plf) M = wL2/8 = 100 x 202/8 M = 5000#, ok

Bending

Prof Schierle

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Bending members are common Hence: Bening is important http://vimeo.com/59021189 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQlIipMokq4

Bending Prof Schierle 11