PBL 2-Convection

Natural and Heat Convection

Made Rahayu Maitri Nadia Talitha Rizal Vicario Burhan Widura Rizky Surfa Atri

Natural Convection Heat Transfer and Home Ventilation System

Task 1: 1. What do you know about convection heat transfer? What limits must be met in order for a process of heat transfer by convection can be said to occur naturally? Natural convection heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences which affect the density and thus relative buoyancy of the fluid. Heavier components will fall and less dense material will rise, leading to bulk fluid movement. Natural convection can only occurs in a gravitational field. Natural convection will be more rapid with a greater variation in density between the two fluid, a larger acceleration due to gravity that drives the convection, and or a larger distance through the convecting medium. Natural convection will be less rapid with diffusion and results to a more sticky fluid. The beginning of a natural convection can be determined by using Rayleigh's number (Ra). The limitation on how a natural convection can occur is based on the density of the fluid. 2. Explain what you know about the buoyancy force and the body force? Magnitude of buoyancy force is the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. = The net force is: = = Buoyancy is proportional to density difference, thus the larger the temperature difference between the fluid and the body, the larger the buoyancy force. The buoyancy force causing freeconvection currents are called body force. Body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of the body. Gravity and electromagnetic forces are examples of body forces. Centrifugal force may also be considered as body force. 3. How these forces can affect the movement of fluid on natural convection heat transfer?

The temperature close to the hot object is higher, thus density is lower. The heated air rises and natural convection current occurs. In gravitational field, buoyance force causes light fluid placed in heavier fluid to move upward. Buoyancy force in free-convection heat transfer results in the

movement of fluid when its density in the proximity of the heat transfer surface is decreased as a result of heating process. Buoyancy force occurs as a result of gravity force or centrifugal force in rotating system. Task 2: 1. What are the variables that affect the convection heat transfer? Factors that affect the heat convections are: Fluid Velocity Fluid Viscosity Heat Flux Surface Roughness Single phase or two phase flow

From these factors, the variables that affect the heat convection are (dynamic viscosity), v (kinematic viscosity), u (velocity), T (temperature). These variables affect the calculation of Reynolds number (Re), Grashof number (Gr), Prandtl number (Pr), and Rayleigh number (Ra), which all are the parameters to calculate the heat transfer through convection. 2. The empirical equations for calculating the convection heat transfer coefficients obtained from the experimental results for years. Identify the empirical equation for system with isothermal surface temperature, i.e. for plate of cylinder vertical, ball and beam, horizontal cylinder, horizontal plate (squares/rectangle), asymmetrical horizontal plate, and enclosed systems. Isothermal Surface Vertical Plate Consider a vertical flat plate with length x and y in the direction perpendicular to the plate height. When the plate is heated, a freeconvection boundary layer is formed. The velocity profile is parabolic. At the wall, the velocity is 0 because of the no slip condition, then increases to maximum, and decreases to zero at the edge of boundary layer, because the free-stream conditions are at rest. The initial boundary layer is laminar, and then at some distance from the leading edge turbulent flow is formed. In this material, we are introduced to the dimensionless group:

Grashof number, Grx: (ration of buoyancy force to viscous force) 3 2

This number is the primary criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow. For air in free convection, laminar flow is up to 4 x 108, and between 108 109 occur the transition between laminar to turbulent.

Prandtl number =

The general equation for average free-convection heat transfer is: = ( ) (7.25)

where the constants C and m are specified for specific cases. f indicates that the properties is evaluated at the film temperature. + 2

Rayleigh number: =

The characteristic dimension to be used in Nusselt and Grashof numbers are the height of the plate, L, for vertical flat plate, and diameter, d, for horizontal cylinder.

The general equation below may be used to calculate the local freeconvection heat transfer coefficient: = 0.10( )1/3 For wider range of Rayleigh number, the equations for average freeconvection heat transfer coefficient are: 0.6701/4 [1 + (0.492/Pr)9/16 ]4/9 0.3871/6 1 + (0.492/Pr)9/16
8/27

= 0.68 +

< 109 101 <

1/2 = 0.852 + < 1012

Constant Heat flux Surfaces In the case of constant heat flux surfaces, we use modified Garshof number: 4 2 Equation for local heat transfer coefficient for laminar range: = = = = 0.60( )1/5 105 < < 1011 ; =

For the turbulent flow region, the local heat transfer coefficients: = 0.17( Pr)1/4 2 1013 < < 1016 ; =

FREE CONVECTION FROM HORIZONTAL PLATES Isothermal Surfaces The average heat transfer coefficient for horizontal plate is also calculated using equation 7-25 with the constants listed in table 7-1. The characteristic dimension is the length of a side for a square or mean of the two dimensions for rectangle surface. Alternatively, the characteristic dimension may also be calculated by: where A is the area and P is the perimeter of the surface. This equation is also applicable to unsymmetrical platforms. =

Constant Heat Flux In the case of constant heat flux for horizontal plate with heated surface facing upward: = 0.13( Pr)1/3 and = 0.16( Pr)1/3 For heated surface facing downward: = 0.58( Pr)1/5 106 < < 1011 2 108 < < 1011 < 2 108

All properties are measured at temperature Te (except beta): = 0.25( ) Where Tw is the average wall temperature related to heat flux by: = Nusselt number is: = Irregular Solid Theres no general equation to be applied for irregular solid. For vertical cylinder with height equal to diameter, equation 7-25 can be applied with C = 0.775 and m = 0.208. Nusselt and Grashof are evaluated using diameter as characteristic length. For unlisted geometric shape, Lienhard take the characteristic length as the distance a fluid travels in the boundary layer and uses values of C = 0.52 and m = in equation 7-25 in the laminar range. =

FREE CONVECTION FOR SPHERES The empirical equation for spheres free convection: = 1/4 = 2 + 0.392 1 < < 105

This equation may be modified to: = 2 + 0.43( )1/4 As the Grashof-Prandtl number approaches 0, Nusselt number approaches 2. This is the value for pure conduction through an infinite stagnant fluid surrounding the sphere.

For higher ranges Rayleigh number: = 2 + 0.50 For wider range of Rayleigh number: = 2 + [1 + 0.589 0.469 Pr
1/4 9/16 1 4

3 105 < < 8 108

< 1011 Pr < 0.5 ]4/9

Table 7-2

Empirical Equation for Horizontal Cylinder

For cylinders of sufficient length and negligible end effects, Churchill and Chu has the following correlation for

Empirical Equation for Vertical Cylinder

For laminar flows in the range of

, the following equation can be further improved.

For cylinders with their axes vertical, the expressions for plane surfaces can be used provided the curvature effect is not too significant. This represents the limit where boundary layer

thickness is small relative to cylinder diameter D. The correlations for vertical plane walls can be used when

where GrL is the Grashof number. Emperical Equation for Enclosed System The free-convection flow pehenomena inside an enclosed space are examples of very complex fluid system that yied to analytical, numerical and empirical solution.

In a vertical enclosure,the fluid adjacent to the hotter surface rises and the fluid adjacent to the cooler one falls, setting off a rotationary motion within the enclosure that enhances heat transfer through the enclosure. The figure below shows where a fluid is contained between two vertical plates separated by the distance . As a temperature difference (delta) Tw = T1 T2 is impressed on the fluid, a heat transfer will be experienced with the approximate flow regions shown in Figure below, according to MacGregor and Emery. In this figure, the Grashof number is calculated by

At very low Grashof numbers, there are very minute free-convection currents and the heat transfer occurs mainly by conduction across the fluid layer. As the Grashof number is increased, different flow regimes are encountered, as shown, with a progressively increasing heat transfer as expressed through the Nusselt number

Heat transfer through a horizontal enclosed spaes involves two distinct situation. If the upper part of the plate is maintained at at higher temperature that the lower pate, the lower-density fluid is above the higher-density fluid, and there will be no convection current. In this case the ehat transfer across the space will only be based on the conduction alone and Nu = 1.0, where is still the separation distance between the plates .

The second condition is when the lower plate has a higher tempeautre thn the upper plate. For values of Gr below bout 1700, pure conduction is still observed ang Nu = 1.0. As convetion starts we can see a pattern of hexagonal cell. The pattern are called Bernard Cell. Turbulence begins at about Gr = 50000 and destroys the cellular pattern. In enclosed vertical or horizontal cylinders enclosure can be calculated with NuF = 0.55(GrFPrF)1/4 Where now the gap spacing is = ro-ri. The effective thermal conductivity given by the equation a is to be used with the convecntional raltion for the steady state conduction for spherical shell. a)

= 0.228 ( )0.226

b) =

Equation a is valid for 0.25/ri1.5 and; 1.2x102GrPr1.1x109 0.7Pr4150

3. Explain the mechanics and heat transfer calculations involving the steady state conduction, natural convection, and radiation mechanisms simultaneously. For steady-state conduction, first we need the thermal conductivity of a material and the convection coefficient. By using = we can calculate the heat transfer through steady-state conduction. For natural convection the equation depends on the shape of the system. By calculating the Nusselt number, Prandtl number, and Rayleigh number we can find the heat transfer coefficient through convection. By using = we can calculate the heat transfer 4 4 through natural convection. For radiation, we can just use = 1 2 and substitute all the values to their variables. The overall heat transfer can be calculated by adding all the q(s). Problem Calculations 1. Temperature at surface of the vertical wall 4ft x 10ft, kept constant at 530oF, while the air temperature 70oF and pressure 1 atm. a. Calculate the heat lost from the surface by natural convection from wall to air.

10 ft = 3.048m

4 ft = 1.219 m Tw = 530oF = 549.82K T = 70oF = 294.26 K P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa = =

calculating h for a vertical plate and isothermal surface Film Temperature (Tf) = , =
1

+ 549.82 + 294.26 = = 422.04 2 2

= 2.37 103

Kinematic viscosity (v) Interpolated at reference 2 by using the film temperature = 29 106 Prandtl Number (Pr) Interpolated at reference 2 by using the film temperature = 0.648 GrPr =
3 2

9.8 2.37 103 255.56 3.053 0.648 = 1.37 1011 29 106 2 0.378 1.37 1011 0.684 0.492 1 + 0.648
9 8/27 16 1/6

1/2 = 0.825 +

= 475.24

= = Heat Transfer (q) = = 5.50 3.048 1.219 255.56 = 5222.45 b. If the wall is insulated with 2 inches thick insulation material and thermal conductivity = 0.121 Btu/hr.ft2.oF, calculate the heat loss by conduction and natural convection when the temperature at the surface of the insulator 250oF.

475.24 35.3 103 = 5.50 /2 3.048

294.26 + 394.26 = 344.26 2

All properties are measured at film temperature and by calculation and interpolation: = 344.26 = 2.90 103 = 2.034 105 = 0.701 = 29.58 103 ( ) 3 9.8 2.90 103 394.26 294.26 3.048 = 2 2.034 105 2 11 = 1.364 10
3 1

0.701

Based on this value of Rayleigh number, the Nusselt equation is:

1/2

0.3871/6 0.387(1.364 1011 )1/6 = 0.825 + = 0.825 + = 24.08 [1 + 0.492/Pr 9/16 ]8/27 [1 + (0.492/0.701)9/16 ]8/27 Thus, = 579.85 Therefore, h is obtained by: (579.85)(29.58 103 ) = = 5.63 2 = 0.1533 . . 2 . 3.048

Heat loss by conduction and natural convection: Since k = 0.121 Btu/hr.ft2.oF, (530 70) = = 2541.83 / 0.0833 1 1 + + (0.121)(40) (0.1533)(40)

2. A gas flows through a pipe that has a surface temperature of 800oF planted in the ground. The distance between the axis of the pipe to the ground 6 ft. outside diameter of pipe 2.38 in (pipe thickness ignored), length of pipe = 50ft. Outside air temperature is 80oF, soil heat conductivity = 1.4 Btu/hr.ft.oF.

a. Calculate the heat lost from the surface of the pipe into the air.

If we assume that, soil temperature = air temperature, therefore, heat lost from natural convection is: = = 80 80 = 0 = 0 Therefore, heat lost by natural convection is 0. Therefore, the heat lost from surface of the pipe to air become: = ( ) (800 80) = = 2660.5 / x 5.90085 (1 2 ) 1.4(1 2 0.1983 50 )

Where: Twp = 800oF T = 80oF k = 1.4 Btu/hr.ft.oF x = 5.90085 ft d = 0.1983 ft L = 50 ft

b. If the pipe was placed in a room where the temperature is 80oF, calculate the heat lost by natural convection and radiation from the pipe surface to air ( pipe = 0.8). 800 + 80 = 440 2 All properties are calculated at Tf, therefore: = = 1/Tf = 1/440 = 2.273 x 10-3 v =4.0786 x 10-4 Pr = 0.69566 k = 0.02284 ( )3 32.17 2.273 103 800 80 0.1983 = 2 4.0786 104 2 = 1,716,824.642
3

0.69566

From table 7.1, for this value of Rayleigh number, the appropriate constants are, C = 0.53 and m = :

 = 0.53 1,716,824.642 Therefore: = Then, = 19.18

1 4

= 19.18

0.02284 = 2.21 . 2 . 0.1983 800 80

= = = 2.21 0.1983 50 = 49557.09 / Radiation

4 4 = (1 2 )

Where: = 0.1714 x 10-8 Btu/hr.ft2.oR4 A = dL = (0.1983)(50) = 31.149 ft T1 = 800oF T2 = 80oF = 0.8

4 4 = 1 2 = 0.1714 108 31.149 0.8 8004 804 = 17492.88 /

Therefore, the total heat lost by both radiation and natural convection is: = + = 49557.09 + 17492.88 = 67049 / c. Same with (b) but the pipe surface painted with paint from aluminum so pipe = 0.3. 800 + 80 = 440 2 All properties are calculated at Tf, therefore: = = 1/Tf = 1/440 = 2.273 x 10-3 v =4.0786 x 10-4 Pr = 0.69566 k = 0.02284 ( )3 32.17 2.273 103 800 80 0.1983 = 2 4.0786 104 2 = 1,716,824.642
3

0.69566

From table 7.1, for this value of Rayleigh number, the appropriate constants are, C = 0.53 and m = : = 0.53 1,716,824.642 Therefore: = Then, = = = 2.21 0.1983 50 = 49,557.09 / Radiation
4 4 = (1 2 ) 1 4

= 19.18

= 19.18

0.02284 = 2.21 . 2 . 0.1983 800 80

Where: = 0.1714 x 10-8 Btu/hr.ft2.oR4 A = dL = (0.1983)(50) = 31.149 ft T1 = 800oF T2 = 80oF = 0.3

4 4 = 1 2 = 0.1714 108 31.149 0.3 8004 804 = 6,559.8 /

Therefore, the total heat lost by both radiation and natural convection is: = + = 49,557.09 + 6559.8 = 56116.89 /

d. If the pipes are insulated with 2 in. thick asbestos insulation (k = 0.04 Btu/hr.ft. oF) and outside is isolated by 1 in. thick diatomic soil (k = 0.06 Btu/hr.ft.oF), calculate the heat lost to the air per unit length of pipe.

Again, if we assume that, soil temperature = air temperature, therefore, heat lost from natural convection is: = 2 = 80 80 = 0 = 0 .

Therefore, heat lost by natural convection is 0. Then, the heat lost from surface of the pipe to air become: (by assuming that the pipe is very thin and therefore conduction heat transfer through the pipe is negligeable)

2( ) 2(800 80) = = = 159.8 . 0.2656 ln2 0.3487 3 0.09915 0.2656 2 1 0.04 + 0.06 + If we assume that the insulators are in rectangular shape and only cover half of the circular surface of the pipe: = ) 1/2(0.1983)(800 80) = = 40.435 . 0.1664 0.08319 0.04 + 0.06 +
1 ( 2

Forced Convection Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger

Task 1: 1. What do you know abut the heat exchanger and how the principle of Heat Exchanger? General function of heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to another. There are 3 heat transfer operations that occur in a heat exchanger: 1. Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube, 2. Conductive heat transfer to the tube wall, 3. Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the outside fluid. Heat exchangers are classified according to the flow arrangement 1. Parallel flow: the two fluids enter the exchanger from the same end 2. Counter-flow: the fluids enter the exchanger at opposite end. This type of flow is most effective because theres greater temperature difference along any unit length 3. Cross-flow: the fluids travel perpendicular to each other.

Parallel flow

Counter flow

Cross-flow

Heat exchangers are designed to maximize surface area of the wall between the two fluids and minimizing the resistance of fluid flow. The performance is also affected by the addition of fins which increase surface area and induce turbulence. 2. Describe the type of heat exchanger based on the complexity of the instrument. Double pipe arrangement

Counterflow or parallel flow may be used in this type and either the hot or cold fluid occupies the annular space or inner pipe. In its simplest form, this type of heat exchanger only consists of pipes inside another larger pipe. The wall of the inner pipe is the heat transfer surface. One of the most advantageous functions of double is that it can be operated in completely countercurrent flow which is the most efficient mechanism to transfer heat. It will give the highest overall heat transfer coefficient for the double pipe heat exchanger.

Small double pipe heat exchanger may also be arranged in coiled form. Shell-and-tube arrangement

This type of heat exchanger is the most widely used in chemical-process industries. It consists of a series of tubes arranged in a set called tube bundles and are made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinal.

One fluid flows on the inside of the tubes, and the other fluid flows through the shells and in between the tubes. Baffles are placed in the shell to ensure that the fluid in the shell flow across the tube and induce higher heat transfer. One or more tube passes may be used depending on the head arrangement of the heat exchanger.

The miniature form of this type of heat exchanger is commonly used in biotechnology field. Cross flow exchanger

Commonly used in cooling and heating of gas or air. In this type of exchanger, gas is forced to flow across the tube bundles, and another fluid is flown inside the tubes to allow heating or cooling process. The gas flowing across the tube is said to be mixed because it can move freely in the exchanger. The other fluid flowing in the tube is said to be unmixed because the fluid is confined in separate tubular channels and cannot mix with itself during the heating or cooling process.

The above picture is a different type of cross flow heat exchanger where the gas is unmixed because the flow is confined in between the fins as it passes through the exchanger. The fluid is unmixed so that there is a temperature gradient both parallel and normal to the flow direction. While, when the fluid is mixed, theres a tendency that the fluid temperature will equalize.

This is a picture of the temperature gradient that occurs in cross flow heat exchanger. Compact heat exchanger Commonly used in gas-flow system. The overall heat transfer coefficients are low and are desirable to achieve large surface area in small volume. Compact heat exchanger has area density greater than 700m2/m3 for gases or greater than 300m2/m3 when operating in liquid or two-phase streams. Plate heat exchanger

This exchanger is made up of multiple, thin, and separated plates with very large surface area and fluid flow passage.

Plate and shell heat exchanger

Use the combination of plate heat exchanger with shell and tube heat exchanger. The center of the heat exchange contains circular plate pack and assembled into an outer shell that creates second flow path for the fluid.

Plate fin heat exchanger Made up of passages containing fins. The design include cross flow and counter flow with various fin configurations such as straight fins, offset fins, and wavy fins.

Pillow plate heat exchanger This type of heat exchanger is commonly used in dairy industry for cooling milk. Constructed using a thin sheet of metal welded to another thicker sheet of metal. The thin metal is welded with regular pattern of dots. After welding, the enclosed space is pressurized so that the thin metal bulge out around the welds and provide space for heat exchanger liquids to flow.

3. How fouling phenomena and pressure drop can degrade the performance of the heat exchanger? Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function. The fouling material can consist of either living organisms (biofouling) or a nonliving substance (inorganic or organic). Fouling effect on a heat exchanger reduces thermal efficiency decreases heat flux increases temperature on the hot side decreases temperature on the cold side induces under-deposit corrosion Increases use of cooling water

Pressure drop effect on a heat exchanger Pressure drops have nearly no effect on the effectiveness. It is contact area, flow regime, fluid conductivities, Reynolds numbers, pipe thickness and fowling which determine effectiveness. Pressure drops are nearly negligible in heat exchanger design, although they do exist in practice. Pressure drops are only worth considering such that we can account for pumping/fan/compressor power required to operate the system. The pressure drops affect the entire system efficiency, not the effectiveness of just the heat exchanger. Task 2: 1. In the forced convection heat transfer is defined a temperature called Bulk Temperature. Give an explanation of Bulk Temperature. Bulk temperature represents energy average or mixing cup conditions. Thus, for the tube flow depicted in the figure below the total energy added can be expressed in terms of a bulktemperature difference by

In some differential length dx the heat added dq can be expressed either in terms of a bulktemperature difference or in terms of the heat-transfer coefficient. here Tw and Tb are the wall and bulk temperatures at the particular x location.

The total heat transfer can also be expressed as

2. Describe energy balance that occurs in the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers usually operate for long periods of time with ni change n their operating conditions, therefore, they can be modeled as steady-flow devices. The mass flow rate of each fluid remains constant and the fluid properties remain the same. Kinetic and potential energy changer are negligible as the streams velocities and elevations experience little or no change at all. The specific heat of a fluid, in genera changes with temperature. Axial heat conduction along the tube can be neglected. The outer surface of the heat exchanger is assumed to be perfectly insulated. From these assumptions, the first law of thermodynamics require heat transfer from the hot fluid be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the cold one, = = ( ) = ( ) 3. How does the mechanism of forced convection heat transfer in the flow parallel to the object? Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate of length L in the flow di- rection, as shown in Figure below The x-coordinate is measured along the plate surface from the leading edge in the direction of the flow.

The flow in the velocity boundary layer starts out as laminar,but if the plate is sufficiently long, the flow will become turbulent at a dis- y tance xcr from the leading edge where the Reynolds number reaches its critical value for transition. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the surface geometry, surface roughness, upstream velocity, surface temperature, and the type of fluid, among other things, and is best characterized by the Reynolds number

For flow over a flat plate, transition from laminar to turbulent is usually taken to occur at the critical Reynolds number of

4. What do you know about overall dirty fouling factor? How to determine the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) in the Heat Exchanger? The log mean temperature difference (also known by its initialism LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably inheat exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold streams at each end of the exchanger. The larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred. The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a heat exchanger with constant flow rate and fluid thermal properties.

We assume that a generic heat exchanger has two ends (which we call "A" and "B") at which the hot and cold streams enter or exit on either side; then, the LMTD is defined by thelogarithmic mean as follows:

where TA is the temperature difference between the two streams at end A, and TB is the temperature difference between the two streams at end B. With this definition, the LMTD can be used to find the exchanged heat in a heat exchanger:

Where Q is the exchanged heat duty (in watts), U is the heat transfer coefficient (in watts per kelvin per square meter) and Ar is the exchange area. Note that estimating the heat transfer coefficient may be quite complicated. After a period of time, heat exchanger may experience reduction in performance. This reduced performance may be triggered by the accumulation of materials or pollutants from the flow system that coat the surface area of heat exchanger. The heat exchange may also undergo corrosion as a result of the interaction with the fluids or materials used. This corrosion or coat give additional resistance to the heat flow. The overall effect is represented by fouling factor, Rf. Fouling factor is obtained experimentally and is defined as: Rf = 1/Udirty 1/Uclean Problem Calculation: 1. Helium flow rate 5 g/s in the pipe of countercurrent flow double pipe heat exchanger. Helium entry at a temperature of 300K and exit at 84K, and pipe diameter = 2 cm. Nitrogen gas flow in the annulus at flow rate 35 g/s. Annulus equivalent with 8 cm pipe diameter. Temperature N2 = 78K. Physical properties of N2 and He as follows: He N2 : Cp = 1.25 cal/g. C; = 0.018 cp; k = 0.082 BTU/hr.ft.F : Cp = 0.25 cal/g. C; = 0.0165 cp; k = 0.014 BTU/hr.ft.F

Determine: a. Heat transfer between He and N2 We assume that the system is adiabatic, where Back principle is applicable = 2 = ( ) = 5 1.25 300 84 = 1350 b. Temperature N2 out of the Heat exchanger = 2 1350 = 2 ( ) 1350 = 35 0.25 ( + 195) = 40.71 = 232.44

c. LMTD 300 232.44 84 78 = d. hN2 = 4 4 35 = = 33777.26 8 1.65 104 1.0467 0.0165 = = 0.68 0.024
300 232.44 (84 78)
300 232 .29 84 78

= 25.42

= 0.023 0.8 0.3 = 0.023 33777.260.8 0.680.3 = 85.98 85.98 0.024 = = 25.79 / 8 102 e. The length of the pipe if Ul = 400 BTU/hr.0F.ft2 = 1350 cal/s = 5652.18 W 400 Btu/hr ft2 oF = 117.23 W = 5652.18 = = 1.892 117.23 25.52 1.89 = = = 3.00 2 210 102

2. A total of 96,00 lb/hr of liquid to be cooled from a temperature of 400F to 200F. Used as a coolant liquid B which will increase the temperature of 100F to 200F. The unit available for this purpose is a shell and tube heat exchanger with ID shell = 29 in, the number of tubes in shell = 338. OD pipe = 1 in (BWG = 14), 16 ft length, triangular pitch pipe with PT = 1.25 in, the distance between two baffle two baffles 10 in. 4 passes pipe flow and 1 pass shell. Given the properties of the fluid (constant with temperature) as follow: A B : Cp = 0.4 BTU/lb.F ; = 0.6 cp; k = 0.07 BTU/hr.ft.F : Cp = 0.6 BTU/lb.F ; = 0.8 cp; k = 0.08 BTU/hr.ft.F

Determine: a. The amount of Liquid B that can be heated = = 96000 0.4 200 400 = 7680000 / 7680000 = ( ) 7680000 = = 128000 (0.6)(200 100)

b. The heat transfer coefficient in pipe 4 (4)(96000) = = 101,099 (0.8333)(1.4514) (0.4)(1.4514) = = = 8.293 0.07 0.8 = 0.023(101099) (8.293)0.3 = 297.6 = (297.6)(0.07) = = = 25.01 . 0.833 Or using Dittus-Boelter correlation 0.8 0.3 = 0.023 ( ) = = = 521.16 (0.8332 ) 4 = = 0.023 521.16 0.8331 1.4514 = 4.1496 .
0.8

0.4 1.4514 0.3 ) = 0.023(299.1)0.8 (8.294)0.3 0.07

c. The heat transfer coefficient in shell (29)(0.5)(10) = = 116 2 1.25 2 (4)(1.252 1 4) = = 0.989 = 0.0824 (1) (0.082417)(13236.81) = = = 563 1.9352 (0.6)(1.9352) = = = 14.514 0.08 0.08 1.9352 = 0.36 563 0.55 14.514 0.33 0.082417 1.4514 = 0.36 0.9707 32.567 2.419 1.333 = 36.676 . 2 . d. Overall heat transfer coefficient of the HE in new condition (clean) = = = 2 400 200 (200 100) = = 144.27 400 200 ln (200 100) = 2 338 0.0833 16 = 2830 2 = = 96000 0.4 200 400 = 7680000 = 2 1 200 400 = = 0.667 1 1 100 400

 = From correction graph, F = 0.82 =

1 2 100 200 = = 0.5 2 1 200 400

7680000 = 22.94 . 2. (2830)(0.82)(44.27) Using other equation to obtain Uclean: 1 1 0 = + 1 1 0.833 = + = 0.2504 4.1496 (36.676)(2.417) 1 = = 3.994 . 2. 0.2504 e. Dirt factor (Rd)

References 1. Holman, JP. (2010). Heat Transfer. 10th Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Incropera. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 6th Edition. 3. http://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20388/Notes/Natural%20Convection.pdf