Unit 2.

Mechanism and machines

Unit 2. Machines and mechanisms

1.! Introduction 2.! Rectilinear movement into an equivalent:
Levers. Pulleys and Hoist. Sloping flat. Wedge. Screw

3.! Circular movement into i.! Rectilinear: Rack and Pinion , handle-winch ii.! An equivalent: gears, wheels, pulleys and strap. iii.! An alternative rectilinear: Crank-connecting rod, cam 4.!Thermal machines i.! Steam engine ii.! Explosion engine iii.! Reaction engine

Which one of these objects is a mechanism and which one is a structure?

2.1 Introduction

Structures and mechanisms resists forces and transmit them, but mechanism can transform these forces and movement in our benefit.

Unit 2. Machines and mechanisms A machine is a group of elements that help us do a job. Inside we can find, mechanism, engines and structures

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Rectilinear

Rectilinear

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

In this group we will find machines that transform a rectilinear movement into another rectilinear movement. The simplest one is the lever

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Lever: It is a mechanism made up of a rigid bar and a point of support which is also called a fulcrum.

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Archimedes said once: Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth

Resistance (R) is a force (normally the weight of an object) that has to be overcome by the use of the applied Force (F). Resistance dRarm Fulcrum Force

2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent Lever elements

dFarm

The point of support, or fulcrum, is the point on which the lever swings. The arms correspond to the distance between the fulcrum and the applied force or the resistance.

2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent Lever elements

Resistance dRarm Fulcrum Force

dFarm

The lever's Law

R!dR=F!dF

2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent

In physics we define mechanical work as the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance

W= Fd
d

d= distance between A and B F= Force applied to move the object

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Levers behave according to a law of physics, called the LAW OF THE LEVER, that is derived from the Newtons second Law. Equilibrium means that all forces applied to an object are neutralized ! F=o

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Therefore, if we apply the Newton's law, we get that, when there is an equilibrium, all forces and works applied to an object are equal to cero

Equilibrium ! Fd=!W=0 !W= Wr+Wf=0

Wr= Wf

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Wr= Wf

The lever's Law

Units: R,F= [N] D=[m] W=[Nm]=[j]

R!dR=F!dF

1 Ex 2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent

Exercise: Calculate the weight of the man to be able to raise the old lady. Data: Mans distance to fulcrum= 1 m Ladys distance to fulcrum= 2 m Ladys weight= 90 Kg 1Kg= 9,8N

Solution

How to do an exercise
1.! We read the text 2.! We identify the mechanism, and write all the related formulas

Lever RdR=FdF
3.! We draw the diagram of this Resistance mechanism
dRarm Fulcrum Force

dFarm

How to do an exercise
4.! We write all the data that we need to solve any exercise. Change all units to IUPAC: Meters, Kg, Newtons, etc..
Distance Meters Mass Kilograms Force Newtons Time Seconds

5.! We read the text again and write the value of the magnitudes needed. F=? R= 882N DR=2m DF=1m 4.! We calculate the magnitude

2 Ex 2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent

Exercise: Calculate the force that has to be applied to break this nut.
Extra data: ! Dstance between the nut and fulcrum =2cm ! Nut weight= 15gr ! Nut Break limit Resistance= 1 N ! Force distance to fulcrum= 15cm ! Resistance distance to fulcrum= 5cm

Force

Resistance

Solution

3 Ex 2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent

Exercise: What must the distance be between the ant and the fulcrum in order to rise an elephant that weights 1 ton.
Extra data: ! Distance between elephant and fulcrum =1cm ! Ant weight= 1gr ! Fulcrum weight= 30kg ! Ant height= 1m

Solution

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

There are three classes of levers and each class has a fulcrum, load and effort which together can move a heavy weight.

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

First Class lever: Fulcrum is situated between the Force and Resistance
Force Resistance Arm Arm

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Second Class lever: the Resistance is situated between the Force and the Fulcrum
Resistance Arm Arm Force

Force Resistance

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Force Arm Resistance

Third Class lever: the Force is situated between the Resistance and the Fulcrum
Arm

Resistance Force

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Pulleys: A pulley is a wheel with a slot. It makes easy to overcome a resistance offered from an object

2.2 Rectilinear into an equivalent A pulley is a group of mechanisms forming a machine. And as a machine a lever is able to do work

But what is work?

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Axle: it holds the wheel Wheel

Pulleys: A pulley is a wheel with a slot. There is a rope, chain or strap that goes around its axle Slot: gap where the rope goes around

Resistance Force

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Fixed Pulleys: they have only one wheel therefore they only change the direction of the Force

It is used to raise and lower weight easily. For example in wells

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

If we analyze the Fixed pulley we see that is a lever with equal distance to the fulcrum, so we can apply the Levers law

RRdR=FFdF Since dR=dF

R=F
balance

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Mobile Pulleys: It is group of two pulleys, one of them is fixed and the other one can move linearly.

In this case we only have to apply half of the resistance to get the balance

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Multiple Mobile Pulleys: If we can have several combinations of this mechanism.

In this case, this is the formula used to define the equilibrium (where n is the number of mobile wheels)

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Hoist: It has multiple mobile wheels that decrease exponentially the Force needed to achieve the balance

Where n is the number of mobile wheels

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Exercise: We want to rise a fixed pulley that has a water bucket hanging from the hook. What is the force that we have to apply to get balance? Data:
Water volume: 5l Wheel diameter: 30cm Well depth: 15m 1L=1kg 1kg=9,8N

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Data:
Water mas=5L x 1kg/L=5Kg R=5kg x 9,8N/kg= 49N F=?

R=F 49N=F

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Exercise:
We have this hoist and we want to raise a heater. What is the force needed to get at least balance?

Data:
Heater weight: 50kg Heater volume: 39L Heater Brand: Fagor

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Sloping flat: Its a flat that forms an angle that

helps to raise an object.

The smaller the angle is, less force will be needed to raise the object and the distance will be longer

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

The formula is obtained using the trigonometry laws

! a

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Wedge: Its a double Sloping flat. The force applied is proportional to the faces length.

2.2

Rectilinear into an equivalent

Screw: Its a multiple Sloping flat rolled up. The force applied is proportional to the number of teeth.

2.3i

Circular into Rectilinear

Circular

Rectilinear

2.3i

Circular into Rectilinear

Handle-winch: A handle is a bar joined to

the axle that makes it turn. A winch is a cylinder with a rope around it that is used to raise an object

2.3i

Circular into Rectilinear

This mechanism is equal to a lever, so we can apply the same levers law: DR DF F

RDR=FDF

Calculate the force needed to raise a water bucket that has 10L of fresh water. Name the mechanism, draw its diagram and the formulas applied

2.3i 1 Ex Circular into Rectilinear

Extra data:

solution

Handle size Df =30cm Bar radius Dr= 15 cm Water density 1kg/L 1Kg= 9,8N Bucket material: iron Bucket color: Black

Rack and Pinion: This mechanism is used to transmit high efforts like a car transmission or a lift:

2.3i

Circular into Rectilinear

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Circular

Circular

GEARS: Wheels with teeth that fit into each other, so that, each wheel moves the other one.

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Used in cars, toys, drills, mixers, industrial machines, etc

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Both wheels turn in the opposite direction.

driven gear All the teeth must have the same shape and size.

driver gear

Gears with chain system: It consists of two gears placed at a certain distance that turn simultaneously in the same direction thanks to a chain that joins them.

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Both gears turn simultaneously in the same direction

The most common use is in bicycles and motorbikes.

The gear that provides the energy is called driver gear and the one that receives driven gear driver gear driven gear !

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Force is applied in this gear

Friction wheels: System with two or more wheels that are in direct contact.

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

These wheels can't transmit high forces but they can resist vibration and movements

Pulleys and strap system: Group of pulleys placed at a certain distance that turn simultaneously thanks to a strap that joins them

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

These wheels can't either transmit high forces but they can resist vibration and movements

Pulleys and strap system are used also to change movement direction in many mechanism like motor engines, industrial mechanism, etc

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Pulleys and strap system shown in this picture has driven pulley A and five driven pulleys. Indicate each wheel movement direction.

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

The speed of the wheel is measured in rpm (revolutions per minute) that describe the angular speed "
" = angular speed r= radio v= linear speed

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

v =rw

Gears are used to increase or decrease the angular speed. To describe the equilibrium we have to know the number of teeth and angular speed E= driver S=driven

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

WS= Z S=

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

WS= Z S=

In these mechanisms the ratio between the speed of the driven wheel and speed of the driver wheel is called transmission ratio i

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

DriveN DriveR DriveR DriveN

DriveR DriveN

2.3ii Ex 1 Circular into an Equivalent

Exercise: We have a pulley and strap system formed by two wheels as you can see in the picture. Which is the angular speed of the driver wheel?

Sol

2.3ii Ex 2 Circular into an Equivalent

Exercise: We have a gear system formed by two gears with 20 and 40 gears teeth (driven and driver wheels respectively). Calculate: ! Which is the transmission ratio? !If the driver gear is moving at 300 r.p.m., how fast is the driven gear moving?

Sol

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

The transmission ratio I indicates if the gear increase or decrease the driven gear speed

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

I>1 indicates that the mechanism increases

the driven gear speed, but decreases its power

F driven

driver

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

I<1 indicates that the mechanism

decreases the driven gear speed, but decreases its power

driver

driven

2.3ii Ex 3 Circular into an Equivalent

Exercise. This pulley and strap system its used to modify the speed of a drill, changing the pulleys combination.

2.3ii Ex 3 Circular into an Equivalent

a.! Which positions allows us to get the maximum speed on the drill?. b.!If the engine speed is 1400 rpm, What is the smallest speed of the drill?
Si el motor gira a 1400 rpm Cul es la mnima velocidad que se puede obtener en la broca? Si se elige la posicin que aparece representada en la figura A qu velocidad girar la broca? idad de giro en la broca? Si el motor gira a 1400 rpm Cul es la mnima velocidad que se puede obtener en la broca? Si se elige la posicin que aparece representada en la figura A qu velocidad girar la broca?

Solution

Gears are also used to raise heavy objects applying a low force at a low speed. This mechanism is also a lever, if we want to raise something heavy we need a small driver gear and a big driven gear

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

2.3ii

Circular into an Equivalent

Therefore, we can apply the levers law

RDR=FDF

2.3ii Circular into an Equivalent Mechanical associations We can create a mechanical association connecting several elements. With this association we can decrease or increase the out speed or the force applied

2.3ii Circular into an Equivalent Mechanical associations

When we analyze this mechanism we study how the energy and the movement is transmitted in each step

2.3ii Circular into an Equivalent Mechanical associations

When we analyze this mechanism we study how the energy and the movement is transmitted in each step

2.3ii Circular into an Equivalent Mechanical associations

When we analyze this mechanism we study how the energy and the movement is transmitted in each step

2.3ii Circular into an Equivalent Mechanical associations So, when we have a mechanical association, the transmission ratio between the first and the last one is:

itotal itotal

D1 " D3 " D5 """ WS = = D2 " D4 " D6 """ WE D or Z drivers WS = = D or Z driven WE

itotal = i1# 2 " i3 # 4