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VANCOUVER REFERENCING for THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY

Principles AND practice

For a full list of examples of Vancouver references go to CampusMoodle Library Referencing

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Contents
Page

1 Why reference? .......................................................................................

2 When to reference ...................................................................................

3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................................................. 4

4 How to reference

4.1 A summary ...............................................................................

4.2 Citations .................................................................................... 7

4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation . 8 . 4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation ................................... 8

4.5 Page references .......................................................................

4.6 Secondary referencing .............................................................

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4.7 Illustrations ...............................................................................

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4.8 Finding the information for your reference ...

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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book .

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4.8.2 An example of a database record for a journal article

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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages .................................

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5. Example of an endnote .

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6. Example of citations, endnote and bibliography ..

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1 Why reference?
Referencing is necessary

to give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose work you have referred, in order to avoid a charge of plagiarism (see section 3 below); to allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles, web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information on the subject; and

to demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

2 When to reference
You must provide a reference

every time you quote directly from the work of someone else; every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you o o o paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said; summarise their arguments or ideas; or refer to information, including statistical data, case studies etc, which you have obtained from their work; or

where you wish to provide sources of further information, clarification of points you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support your arguments.

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3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it
It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your academic writing.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other peoples work without acknowledging that you have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them.

Quoting

Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in your work.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but enclosed within quotation marks (double inverted commas).

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require quotation marks. Examples of how to insert quotations in your text are at section 4.4 below.

Paraphrasing

Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other peoples work are reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless you provide a reference.

Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does not have to be referenced.

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4 How to reference 4.1 A summary

Element

Description

Citation

Inserted into your text where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work.

Consists of a number either in brackets (1) [1] or in superscript1

The numbers run consecutively throughout your work.

However, if you quote from, or refer to, the same item (book, journal article etc) on more than one occasion you will use the same citation number each time in your text.

If you have quoted directly from an item more than once in your text you will place a page reference after the number.

Endnote (headed References at the end of your work)

At the end of your work giving the full reference details of works from which you have quoted or to which you have referred in your text.

The list is arranged numerically by the citation numbers in your text and should

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be headed References.

If you have quoted directly from an item in your text, but you have only quoted from the item once, then the endnote will include a page reference.

Bibliography

At the end of your work following the endnote.

Lists the full reference details for all items included in your endnote plus anything else which you have read but not referred to or quoted in your text, eg background reading.

The bibliography is arranged alphabetically by author. If it contains more than one work by the same author they are arranged alphabetically by title.

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4.2 Citations
Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work you must insert a number in your text which the reader can use to find the full details of the item in the endnote at the end of your work.

The citation number can be in:

Round brackets (1) Square brackets [1] Superscript 1

The numbers must run consecutively throughout your work.

However, if you refer to the same work more than once you should use the same number each time.

A page reference can be included with the citation number but only if you have referred to the work more than once in your work. Where you have referred to an item only once the page reference is included in the entry for that item in your Endnote. See the separate section 4.5 below regarding page references.

Sample citation numbers are at sections 4.3 and 4.4.

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4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation
Where the author(s) or editor(s) names occur naturally in your text:

Grushkin (1) claims that ...

Payne and Phillips (2) claim that ...

Brewster, Fenton and Morris (3) claim that ...

Roeder et al. (4) claim that ...

Where the author(s) or editor(s) names do not occur naturally in your text:

It has been claimed (1) that ...

4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation

Brief quotations

Brown (1) has stated most astutely that referencing is a pain I could do without.

or

One view is that referencing is a pain I could do without (1). Longer quotations

It has been categorically stated that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned

wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track records in terms of domestic reform (1).

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4.5 Page references

Endnote or citation in the text

If you have not quoted someone elses words directly, you do not need to provide a page reference in your endnote or your citation. If you have quoted directly in your text, but only once, from an item then the full reference given in your endnote should include a reference to the exact page(s) from which you have quoted, eg: (1) Diamond J. The world of fashion. 4th ed. New York (NY): Fairchild; 2002. p. 30.

However, if you have quoted from the same book more than once in your text the page reference is instead included in the citation in your text, eg:

Diamond claims (1 p. 30) that ...

Otherwise you would have to include the item more than once in your endnote in order to take account of the different pages from which you have quoted. Bibliography Books

References to books in your bibliography do not include any page reference.

Journal articles

The reference in the bibliography will include the page reference for the entire article, eg:

Kuuskraa V. Undeveloped US oil resources: a big target for enhanced oil recovery. World Oil. 2006; 227(8): 65-69.

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4.6 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made reference to or quoted from another work which you have not read but to which you, in your turn, wish to refer.

This is called secondary referencing.

You must make the situation clear in your text, eg:

Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1), claimed that most people could do without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky.

You only reference the work which you have read. In this case the reference which would appear in your endnote would be:

(1) HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage. p. 2.

4.7 Illustrations
Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your work

You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is included in a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should make clear the type of item you are referring to and the entry in your endnote should include a page reference and figure number, table number etc if there is one.

For example:

... Donnans graph (1) shows that the majority of patients ...

The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then referenced in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article etc may or may not be the same person who has authored the illustration. For example:

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(1) Donnan PT. Quantitative analysis (descriptive). In: Cormack D. The research process in nursing. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2000. p. 371.

Illustrations which you have reproduced in your work

Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have copied and reproduced in your work are included in the full list of Vancouver reference templates which can be accessed via CampusMoodle by clicking on Library > Referencing > RGU Vancouver: examples of references..

4.8 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by looking up a catalogue record (book) or database record (journal article). All the elements you need, eg authors, title, publisher, year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.

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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

Full title and complete list of authors or editors

Publisher

Edition, if not the first edition

Year of City of publication publication

first

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4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journal article

Title of the article

Full list of authors

Title of journal in Volume number which the article was published

Page reference

Part/issue number

Year of publication

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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages
It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense. For example:

Author/editor/publisher. Very often there will be no identifiable person to use as an author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will be the organisation which owns the web site. This will often be a company, university etc. City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try

something like the contact us link and look for a postal address which will include a city.

Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If there is no obvious date, use the last updated year if the site gives one (usually near the bottom of the page). If this is not given, use the current year. Last updated date. Some web sites provide this, usually near the bottom of the page. If it is not there just leave it out of your reference.

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5 example of endnote

NB. Line spaces have been inserted between references in the following list. This is for the clarity of the example, and spaces are not required in your work. If in doubt, consult your school.

References

(1) Gelfgat M, Basovich V, Adelman A. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry. World Oil. 2006; 227(7).

(2) University of Florida. College of Medicine. Patient care at the College of Medicine. [homepage on the Internet]. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida; 2007 [updated 2008 Mar 14; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from: http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml.

(3) Tashiro Y, Furubayashi M, Morijiri T, Suzuki K, Yasuno K, Matsuno S et al. Escherichia coli robots that freeze, smell, swell and time-keep. IET Synthetic Biology. 2007; 1(1-2). (4) Christiansen K. Going for baroque: bringing 17th-century masters to the Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2005; 62(3). p. 55. (5) Palmer KT, Cox RAF, Brown I, editors. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 50.

(6) Doukakis I, Proctor T, Proctor S. Creativity and advertising. In: Bennett R, editor. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8; London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University; 2003.

(7) Grushkin P. The art of rock; posters from Presley to punk. New York (NY): Artabras; 1991.

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(8) Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J et al. Molecular cell biology. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Scientific American; 1995.

(9) Brewster F, Fenton H, Morris M. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty era. Guildford: FAB; 2005. p. 54.

(10)

Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and

Hudson; 1981.

(11)

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin

in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002; 40(5).

(12)

Golding J. Cubism. In: Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed.

London: Thames and Hudson; 1981.

(13)

Mulvey S. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [homepage on the Internet]. London: BBC 2006 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from:

News;

http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm.

(14)

Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide

for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; 2006.

(15)

Bennett R, editor. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8; London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University; 2003.

(16)

Edwards T, George W, Kuffner A, Jones D, Joy T, Dudley T et al., editors. The poetry

of Edgar Allen Poe. New York (NY): Newcastle Press; 2004.

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6 example of citations, endnote and bibliography
AN EXAMPLE OF CITATIONS IN YOUR TEXT AND HOW THEY MATCH UP WITH THE DETAILS IN THE ENDNOTE AT THE END OF YOUR WORK. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM YOUR ENDNOTE PLUS ANY OTHER READING YOU HAVE DONE BUT NOT REFERRED TO DIRECTLY IN YOUR TEXT NB The red highlighting is for demonstration only

In addition to professional genres, academic writing research has also examined the genres/tasks students are expected to perform in university content classrooms (1). In one of the first studies on student writing tasks, Horowitz (2) analyzed 54 writing assignments from one graduate and 28 undergraduate courses taught in 17 departments of an American university. Horowitz identified seven categories of writing tasks expected of students:

summary of/reaction to a reading; annotated bibliography; report on a specified participatory experience; connection of theory and data; case study; synthesis of multiple sources; and research project. While Horowitzs study did not have a particular disciplinary focus, other studies examined written genres required of students in specific disciplines (3). One finding is that much of what students need to write, particularly in upper division undergraduate and graduate level courses, is specifically tied to their disciplines. Faigley and Hansens study (4) of writing in a psychology course and a sociology course showed different reactions to student writing from readers with different degrees of disciplinary expertise and different aims for writing. While an English professor was largely concerned with the surface features of papers, the sociology professor paid more attention to what knowledge the student had acquired than in how well the report was written (5 p. 147).

Reference list

(1) Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3).

(2) Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6). p. 56.

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(3) Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 1990.

(4) Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.

(5) Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition and Communication. 1985; 36(2).

Bibliography

Allwardt DE. Teaching note writing with wikis: a cautionary tale of technology in the classroom. Journal of Social Work Education. 2011; 47(3): 597-605.

Beer DF. Writing and speaking in the technology professions: a practical guide. New York (NY): IEEE Press; 1992.

Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.

Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6): 3-16.

Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition and Communication. 1985; 36(2): 140-149.

Gibson K. Rhetorics and technologies: new directions in writing and communication. 2011; 54(2): 213-214.

Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3): 445-462.

Kirkman J. Good style: writing for science and technology. London: Spon; 1992.

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Phillips NC. Teaching the new writing: technology, change, and assessment in the 21stcentury classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 2010; 53(8): 702-704.

Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 1990.

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