abruptio placentae Premature separation of a normally positioned placenta in a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks' gestation either before labor or during

labor but before delivery. This serious complication of pregnancy, occurring in one of every 200 births and often resulting in hemorrhage, may lead to the death of the mother, the fetus, or both. Also calledablatio placentae, accidental hemorrhage. abuse 1. ehavior toward another that is offensive, harmful, or in!urious. 2. "isuse or particularly e#cessive use of a substance, service, or e$uipment% commonly refers to improper use of a drug or similar substance. accommodation 1. The act or process of adapting to changes in the physiologic or psychological environment to maintain homeostasis. 2. &n ophthalmology' ad!ustment of the lens of the eye for various distances. 3. &n sociology' the use of compromise, arbitration, or negotiation to resolve conflicts between persons or groups that arise from differences in customs or cultural norms. Also called adjustment. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AID ! A disorder of the immune system characteri(ed by an inability to mount a successful defense against infection such as by organisms that usually aren't pathogenic )opportunistic infections*. The syndrome is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes a marked depletion in the number of helper T cells. A&+, is currently incurable and fatal. -owever, recently developed drug treatments and regimens seem to be effective in prolonging the lives of clients with A&+,. acti"e immunity Ac$uired immunity caused by the production of antibodies, either after infection or as a result of vaccination. acute lymphocytic leu#emia (A$$! A form of leukemia, most commonly occurring in children, marked by large numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood and blood.forming tissues )including the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes*. The disease has a sudden onset and rapid clinical course. ,igns and symptoms include fever, pallor, fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, bleeding, bone pain, spleen enlargement and, because the immune function is disturbed, fre$uent infection. Also called acute lymphoblastic leu#emia. acute nephritis Acute inflammation of the kidney, possibly involving the glomerulus, tubules, and interstitial tissues.

Addison%s disease A life.threatening condition characteri(ed by fatigue, hypotension, loss of appetite and weight, nausea or vomiting, and increased hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. &t results from partial or complete loss of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic function of the adrenal glands caused by tuberculosis, an autoimmune process, or other disease. Also called Addisonism, Addison%s syndrome, chronic adrenocortical insufficiency. Addisonian crisis An emergency situation occurring with adrenal hypofunction and e#posure to trauma, surgery, or other severe physiologic stress that e#hausts the body's stores of glucocorticoids. adrenergic 1. Activated or transmitted by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or a similar substance. 2. Also called a sympathomimetic, a drug that stimulates alpha or beta receptors )thus mimicking the effects of epinephrine or norepinephrine* or acts primarily on receptors in the sympathetic nervous system that are stimulated by dopamine.

arterial blood gas analysis. 1hile the client's radial and ulnar arteries are occluded, he clenches his fist, causing the hand to blanch. The client then unclenches his fist while the pressure on the ulnar artery is released )but the radial artery remains occluded*. The hand should become pink, indicating a patent ulnar artery. amblyopia +ecreased visual acuity in one eye in the absence of detectable structural or pathologic changes. amenorrhea The absence or cessation of menstruation. 2#cept in preadolescents and in pregnant and postmenopausal women, amenorrhea may reflect dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, or uterus% congenital absence or surgical removal of both ovaries or the uterus% or an adverse effect of medication. amniocentesis 1ithdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid by transabdominal puncture and needle aspiration, usually performed during the fifth month of pregnancy to detect such genetic disorders as +own syndrome, neural tube defects, and Tay.,achs disease% if the clinician suspects se#.linked genetic defects, the procedure may be done to determine fetal gender.

among adolescent girls, that is characteri(ed by an aversion to eating, a morbid fear of becoming obese despite significant weight loss, a disturbed body image that results in a feeling of being fat even when e#tremely thin, and amenorrhea )in females*. antagonist 1. &n pharmacology' a drug that nullifies the action of another drug. 2. &n anatomy' a muscle whose effects counteract the effects of another muscle. 3. &n dentistry, a tooth that meets another in the opposite !aw during chewing or clenching of the teeth. anteroposterior'to'lateral +irection referring from front to back and side to side. anticholinergic 1. 3f or relating to blockade of the impulses of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers. 2. Any agent with anticholinergic properties. anticipatory guidance &nformation about a disorder or about the normal growth and development e#pectations of a specific age.group given at an appropriate time before an event in order to provide the client with support and strategies for dealing with potential problems before they occur. antiembolism stoc#ings 2lastici(ed stockings prescribed for some postoperative or bedridden clients to enhance venous blood flow from the lower e#tremities and thus prevent thromboembolism resulting from pooling of blood in the veins and dilation of veins. antisocial personality disorder A disorder that manifests after age 45 as a pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others. anuria Absence of urine production. aortic stenosis An abnormal narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, which prevents normal flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. The constriction may result from a congenital malformation or pathologic fusion of the valve cusps. Aortic stenosis causes decreased cardiac output and pulmonary vascular congestion. Apgar score A numerical evaluation of a neonate's condition in which a rating of 0, 4, or 2 is assigned to each of five criteria' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, refle# responses, and skin color. The five scores are then combined' A score of 6 to 40 is considered normal,

ad"ance directi"e +ocumented written or verbal instructions by the client about his wishes for life.sustaining medical care in the event he becomes incapacitated amniotomy )for e#ample, living wills, durable Artificial rupture of the membranes. powers of attorney for health care, or any document that states the client's wishes*. analgesic 1. -aving the ability to relieve pain. 2. A medication that relieves agonist pain. 1. &n anatomy' any muscle in a state of contraction whose action is opposed by another muscle with anaphyla&is which it/s paired )called the A systemic reaction to a previously antagonist*. 2. &n pharmacology' a encountered antigen. drug that has an affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell anastomosis receptors. A surgical procedure in which two blood vessels, ducts, or other tubelike agoraphobia structures are !oined to allow the flow An intense, irrational fear of being in of substances between them. Types open spaces or of venturing out from of anastomoses are end.to.end and the home or other familiar setting. The side.to.side. an#iety may be generali(ed to any setting beyond the home or may be angina pectoris specific for certain types of situations ,evere chest pain characteri(ed by and environments, such as open sensations of spasm, constriction, and spaces or crowded places. crushing weight, classically radiating from the area over the heart to the left a#inesia shoulder and arm and possibly 1. 0oss of the ability to move accompanied by a feeling of choking voluntarily. 2. The rest period after or suffocation. Angina usually results systole in the normal heart from myocardial o#ygen deprivation rhythm. 3. &n psychiatry' a neurotic secondary to atherosclerosis of the condition characteri(ed by symptoms coronary arteries. of paralysis. Allen%s test A test designed to evaluate a client's collateral circulation in the arm before an invasive arterial procedure such as anore&ia 0oss of appetite. anore&ia ner"osa An eating disorder, most common

7 to 6 indicates moderate distress, whether a hearing loss results from a and 8 or less indicates acute distress. problem in the middle ear, inner ear, The Apgar score is usually obtained at or auditory nerve. 4 minute and 5 minutes after birth. aphasia 0oss or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, written language, or signs, resulting from brain disease or trauma. aphthous stomatitis A recurring disease of unknown cause marked by the eruption of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth. Also called can#er sore. appendicitis &nflammation of the vermiform appendi#. 1hen acute, appendicitis commonly necessitates an appendectomy to prevent perforation of the appendi# and subse$uent peritonitis. apra&ia 9omplete or partial inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor impairment. asepsis The absence of living, disease. producing organisms. Medical asepsis refers to the removal or destruction of disease organisms or infected material. Surgical asepsis refers to protection against infection before, during, or after surgery by means of sterile techni$ue. auditory hallucinations Perceptual e#periences occurring in the absence of actual e#ternal sensory stimuli )for e#ample, hearing voices telling one to do something*. auscultatory gap Absence of <orotkoff sounds between phases & )onset of faint, clear tapping sound that gradually intensifies* and && )onset of swishing.like sound* while obtaining a blood pressure reading. Austin (lint murmur A mid.diastolic aortic regurgitation murmur usually heard best using the bell of the stethoscope over the mitral area. &t/s a low.pitched, rumbling murmur. autograft The surgical transfer of tissue )commonly skin* from one location of the body to another location in the same individual. autoimmune disorder A disorder resulting from an inappropriate immune response that is directed against the self. Antigens normally found in the internal cells stimulate the development of antibodies% these antibodies can/t distinguish antigens of the internal cells from e#ternal antigens and act against the internal cells to cause various reactions. autoimmunity A condition in which the immune system mounts an attack against the individual's own body tissues. 3ne theory proposes that autoimmunity reflects an inability of the immune system to distinguish between autoantigens and foreign substances, caused by some change in the cellular components of the immune system. Autoimmunity may lead to hypersensitivity and autoimmune disease. autonomic dysrefle&ia =eaction that may occur in clients with spinal cord in!ury above T>. +ysrefle#ia results in profuse diaphoresis, pounding headache, blurred vision, and dramatically elevated blood pressure. This life. threatening reaction may occur even from seemingly minor stimuli, such as lying on a wrinkled sheet or having a full bladder. autosomal recessi"e disorder ?enetic disorder involving two e#pressed abnormal autosomal genes )not e#pressed in the parents* in which the individual affected receives one copy of the altered gene from each parent% thus the individual is homo(ygous for that trait.

bacterial meningitis &nflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, orEscherichia coli. )attle%s sign +iscoloration of the skin behind the ear after the fracture of a bone in the lower skull. bipolar disorder A mood disorder characteri(ed by ma!or depression and full manic episodes. body surface area "eans for calculating the amount of drug to be given to a client )typically a child* using a nomogram or for estimating the e#tent of a burn borderline personality disorder A disorder characteri(ed by unstable relationships, potentially self. damaging impulsiveness, difficulty in controlling anger, recurrent suicidal threats, and chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness. bradyarrhythmias &rregularity in heart rate or rhythm characteri(ed by slowness. bradycardia A slow but steady heartbeat at a rate of less than >0 beats per minute. radycardia is normal during sleep and in well.conditioned athletes. &n other circumstances, it may indicate an abnormal condition, such as brain tumor or digitalis to#icity. )ra&ton *ic#s contraction 0ight, painless, irregular uterine tightening during pregnancy, arising during the first trimester and increasing in fre$uency, duration, and intensity by the third trimester. Also called false labor. ,trong ra#ton -icks contractions occurring near term may be mistaken for true labor. breast engorgement +istention of the milk ducts and surrounding tissue as breast milk is formed, causing the breasts to become fuller, larger, and firmer. bronchiolitis A lung inflammation that usually begins in the terminal bronchioles, occurring mainly in infants and debilitated persons. Also called bronchopneumonia. 9ommonl y, bronchiolitis results from upper respiratory infection, specific infectious fevers, and other debilitating diseases. bronchoscopy :isual e#amination of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope.

)ro"iac catheter ,ingle.lumen silicone central venous catheter used for long.term venous access. )rud+ins#i%s sign @le#ion of the hips and knees in response to passive fle#ion of the neck% signals meningeal irritation. bruit An abnormal vascular AswishingA sound heard on auscultation as a result of turbulent blood flow through dilated, irregular, torturous, or stenotic vessels. buccal 3f or relating to the inside of the cheek% may also refer to a tooth surface or the gum ne#t to the cheek. bulimia An eating disorder characteri(ed by episodes of binge eating that may end in self.induced vomiting, alternating with periods of normal eating or fasting. +epression and awareness of the abnormal behavior are part of this illness. cardiac catheteri+ation A diagnostic procedure in which a cardiac catheter is inserted into a large vein )usually of an arm or leg* and then threaded through the vein to the client's heart. cardiac output The volume of blood e!ected by the heart per minute )normally ranging from 7 to ; 0*. 9ardiac output e$uals the stroke volume )the difference between end.diastolic volume and end.systolic volume* multiplied by the heart rate. cardiogenic shoc# A condition of low cardiac output that results from heart pump failure, such as in acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or severe cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy Primary noninflammatory disease of the myocardium.

asthma A respiratory disorder characteri(ed by recurrent attacks of paro#ysmal dyspnea, bronchospasm, whee(ing on e#piration, and coughing. 9onditions that may trigger an asthma attack include inhalation of allergens or pollutants, vigorous e#ercise, emotional stress, and infection. ata&ia &mpairment of the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement. atopic dermatitis A skin inflammation occurring in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies, characteri(ed by intense itching, maculopapular lesions, and e#coriation )rash pattern varies with age but usually occurs on the face*. audiometry 2valuation of hearing using an audiometer. :arious audiometric tests identify the lowest intensity of sound at which a client can perceive an auditory stimulus, hear different fre$uencies, and differentiate speech sounds. Pure tone audiometry evaluates the ability to hear fre$uencies, usually ranging from 425 to ;,000 -(, and can determine

catatonic A stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characteri(ed by an inability to move or talk. catecholamine Any of a group of compounds having a sympathomimetic action and composed of a catechol molecule and the aliphatic portion of an amine. ,ome catecholamines are produced by the body and function as key neurologic chemicals. 3thers are synthesi(ed as drugs for use in the

treatment of such disorders as asthma, shock, and heart failure. cauda equina The aggregation of spinal roots, resembling the tail of a horse, that descend from the first lumbar vertebrae and occupy the vertebral canal below the cord. celiac disease A chronic disease in which an individual can/t tolerate foods containing gluten or wheat protein. ,igns and symptoms include abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, and e#treme lethargy. cellulitis An infection of deep subcutaneous tissue and sometimes muscle that may be associated with infection of an operative or traumatic wound. 9ellulitis is characteri(ed by local heat, pain, redness, and swelling. cerebral aneurysm A saclike dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery, typically resulting from weakness of the wall. A cerebral, or berry, aneurysm usually occurs in the circle of 1illis and is prone to rupture. cerebral contusion A bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to the head. A contusion disrupts normal nerve function in the bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness, hemorrhage, edema, and even death. cerebral palsy A permanent disorder of motor function resulting from nonprogressive brain damage or a brain lesion. 9erebral palsy usually appears before age 8. chelation therapy Administration of agents that bind to metals% administered to aid in the removal of e#cess metals, such as lead or iron in the body.

cholinergic 1. 3f or relating to nerve fibers that are stimulated to free acetylcholine at a synapse. 2. An agent that frees acetylcholine. chronic bronchitis A persistent respiratory disease marked by increased production of mucus by the glands of the trachea and bronchi. This common disease is characteri(ed by a cough )with e#pectoration* at least 8 months of the year for more than 2 consecutive years. ,h"oste#%s sign A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve. This spasm signals tetany and is seen in clients with hypocalcemia. circumcised &nvolving the removal of the foreskin of the penis. circumferential Area encircling or concerning the periphery of an ob!ect or body part. cirrhosis A chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue, the liver parenchyma degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat. clarification 9ommunication techni$ue used to help the client identify inconsistencies in his statements. clinical depression ,yndrome characteri(ed by persistent sadness and dysphoria accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite, lethargy, and an inability to e#perience pleasure. clubfoot A congenital foot deformity in which the foot is twisted out of shape or position. cogniti"e de"elopment Ability to learn from e#perience, gain and maintain knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve problems.

positioning% and any in!ury causing ischemia, swelling, or bleeding into the tissues that ultimately can lead to permanent dysfunction and deformity. &t/s characteri(ed by increasing limb pain unrelieved by analgesics, pallid or dusky skin color changes, absent pulse or edema distal to the in!ury site, decreased active and passive muscle movement distal to the in!ury site, pain with passive muscle stretching, and sensory changes. compliance 1. Adherence to a therapeutic regimen. 2. A tissue's or organ's ability to yield to pressure without disruption, commonly used to describe the distensibility of an air. or fluid.filled organ. compulsion A ritualistic, repetitive, and involuntary defensive behavior. concussion A violent shock or !arring, such as from an e#plosion or a blow. 9oncussion of the brain is characteri(ed by loss of consciousness. ,evere concussion may also cause impairment of brain stem functions. congenital hip dislocation &mproper formation and function of the hip socket, commonly involving sublu#ation )where the femoral head is high in the acetabulum* or dislocation )where the femoral head is above the acetabulum*. consolidation ,olidification of the lungs that occurs with pneumonia. contracture Abnormal fle#ion and fi#ation of a !oint, possibly permanent, which is typically caused by muscle wasting and atrophy or by loss of normal skin elasticity such as from e#tensive scar tissue.

the response often results from stress, an#iety, and empathy for the pregnant woman. crac#les ,hort, e#plosive or popping sounds usually heard during inspiration. They may be coarse )loud and low in pitch* or fine )less intense and high in pitch* and resemble the sounds heard when rolling hair between the fingers near the ear. ,rohn%s disease A chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, usually involving the terminal ileum, with scarring and thickening of the bowel wall. ,igns and symptoms include fre$uent episodes of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, anore#ia, and weight loss. croup An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes acute upper airway obstruction. 9haracteri(ed by stridor, a barking cough, and hoarseness, it primarily affects infants and young children ages 8 months to 8 years and follows an upper respiratory tract infection. cro-ning Appearance of the presenting part of the fetus at the perineum and seen when the vulva are separated. crystalloid fluid 9lear solutions )usually in reference to &.:. solutions* containing electrolytes and water. ,ushing%s syndrome A metabolic disorder caused by chronic, e#cessive production of adrenocortical hormones or by prolonged high.dose glucocorticoid therapy. &t/s characteri(ed by such signs and symptoms as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dusky comple#ion with purple striae, muscle wasting, weakness, and sudden development of fat around the face, neck, and trunk.

controlled substance Any substance that is strictly regulated chemotherapy or outlawed because of its potential cyanosis Treatment of a disease using for abuse or addiction. luish discoloration of the skin and chemicals that e#ert a to#ic effect on mucous membranes resulting from an the pathogen or abnormal cell growth. e#cessive amount of deo#ygenated con"ersion disorder hemoglobin in the blood or a structural A disorder in which the client attempts colonoscopy defect in the hemoglobin molecule chest physiotherapy to resolve a psychological conflict 2#amination of the colon using a such as in methemoglobin. An array of physical techni$ues, fle#ible endoscope to visuali(e internal through the loss of a specific physical including postural drainage, chest function .. for e#ample, by paralysis, body areas or to remove tissue percussion and vibration, and blindness, or inability to swallow. cyanotic samples or small growths. coughing and deep.breathing =eferring to the bluish or bluish black maneuvers. 9hest physiotherapy is discoloration of the skin and mucous used to loosen and help eliminate lung communicable disease ,orrigan%s pulse membranes that results from secretions, ree#pand lung tissue, and A disease that may be transmitted ,hort, forceful, bounding pulse e#cessive concentration of promote optimal use of respiratory typically associated with aortic directly or indirectly from one person uno#ygenated hemoglobin in the muscles. insufficiency. to another. blood. cholelithiasis The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder. compartment syndrome A neurovascular complication commonly associated with fractures of the limb% constricting or occlusive dressings, sutures, or casts% poor cou"ade The e#perience of physical symptoms associated with pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, and backache, by the husband of a pregnant woman% cystic fibrosis An inherited disorder of the e#ocrine glands that affects multiple organ systems, causing such conditions as

chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic nerve cells at the neuromuscular deficiency, sweat gland dysfunction, !unction. malabsorption, and liver obstruction. cystoscopy +irect visuali(ation of the urinary tract by inserting a cystoscope in the urethra. debridement =emoval of dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a wound to prevent the growth of microorganisms and further damage and to promote healing. deceleration A drop in baseline fetal heart rate as indicated by the fetal monitor. 2arly deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that coincides with uterine contraction. :ariable deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that doesn't occur at a consistent point during contractions. Prolonged deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that occurs for an e#tended period of time. deep "ein thrombosis A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the deep veins of the pelvis, groin, or legs that disrupts venous blood flow and leads to swelling and edema. dehiscence The partial or complete separation of a wound's edges. dehydrated -aving insufficient water in the body or tissues. diabetes insipidus A metabolic disorder marked by e#treme polyuria and polydipsia and resulting from deficient secretion or production of antidiuretic hormone )A+-* or inability of the renal tubules to respond to A+-. )=arely, e#cessive water intake causes signs and symptoms.* The condition may be ac$uired )secondary to disease or drug therapy*, inherited, idiopathic, or nephrogenic. diabetes mellitus A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characteri(ed by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting from inade$uate production or utili(ation of insulin. diabetic #etoacidosis An acute, life.threatening form of metabolic acidosis that may arise as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Accumulation of ketone bodies leads to urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium, and sodium, resulting in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, an e#tremely high blood glucose level and, commonly, coma. ,igns and symptoms include flushed, hot, dry skin% confusion% nausea% diaphoresis% restlessness% and fruity breath odor. dislocated +isplacement of any body part, primarily a bone from its normal position in a !oint.

solution delivered by a manufacturer's &.:. tubing based on the drop si(e. dumping syndrome A condition of nausea, weakness, profuse sweating, and di((iness occurring in clients who have had a subtotal gastrectomy. ,igns and symptoms arise soon after eating when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the duodenum. Also called postgastrectomy syndrome. 2ating small, fre$uent, high.protein, high.calorie meals may help prevent discomfort and ensure ade$uate nutrition. dysphagia +ifficulty swallowing, commonly resulting from obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus. 3bstructive disorders, such as an esophageal tumor or lower esophageal ring, interfere with the ability to swallow solids% motor disturbances such as achalasia impair swallowing of solids and li$uids. dyspnea ,hortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or labored breathing resulting from certain heart conditions, an#iety, or strenuous e#ercise.

electrocardiogram interpretation Analysis of the waveforms seen on an electrocardiogram electrocon"ulsi"e therapy (/,.! The induction of a brief sei(ure and loss of consciousness by applying a low.voltage alternating current to the brain through scalp electrodes. 29T is used in the treatment of affective disorders )primarily acute depression*, especially in clients resistant to psychoactive drugs. 3n awakening, the client has no memory of the shock. electromyogram (/01! A record of the electrical activity of skeletal muscles, obtained by surface electrodes or needle electrodes and devices that amplify, transmit, and record the signals. The techni$ue is helpful in diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, pinpointing motor nerve lesions, and measuring electrical potentials induced by voluntary muscle contraction. electromyography +iagnostic test that records the electrical activity of selected skeletal muscle groups at rest and during voluntary contraction. &t involves percutaneous insertion of a needle electrode into a muscle with measurement of the muscle's electrical discharge through an oscilloscope.

disseminated intra"ascular coagulation (DI,! delusions @alse ideas or beliefs accepted as real A life.threatening disorder of e#cessive clot formation caused by by the client. overstimulation of the body's clotting and anticlotting processes in response delusions of grandeur to disease or in!ury. ,uch +istorted or false idea or belief that overstimulation is followed by a one has e#ceptional powers, wealth, deficiency in clotting factors with skill, influence, or destiny. hypocoagulability and hemorrhaging. Den"er De"elopmental creening .est An assessment tool used to evaluate the development of a child in four categories' personal social, fine motor.adaptive, language, and gross motor skills. dependent personality disorder A disorder that begins in early adulthood and is characteri(ed by an e#cessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation. depolari+ation Beutrali(ation of electrical polarity% reversal of the resting potential in e#citable cell membranes when stimulated. An e#ample is the reduction of the ion differential of sodium and potassium across the diuretic 1. Tending to increase the formation and e#cretion of urine. 2. An agent that promotes the formation and e#cretion of urine. di"erticulitis &nflammation of one or more diverticula, or saclike herniations, in the muscular layer of the colon. di"erticulosis The presence of saclike herniations through the muscular layer of the colon without accompanying inflammation. "ost clients with this condition have few signs or symptoms e#cept for occasional rectal bleeding. drip factor An indication of the number of drops needed to obtain one milliliter of

dystonic reaction ,evere tonic contractions of the muscles in the neck, mouth, and tongue% dystonic reaction is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic drugs. endocarditis An abnormal condition of the endocardium and heart valves marked dysuria by vegetations on the valves and Painful or difficult urination, which is endocardium. &t may occur as a usually caused by a bacterial infection primary disorder or arise in or an obstruction in the urinary tract. association with another disease. echolalia Parrotlike and inappropriate repetition of another's words. ectopic pregnancy &mplantation of the fertili(ed ovum outside the uterine cavity. Types of ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pregnancy, interstitial pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy. effacement ,hortening of the vaginal portion of the cervi# and thinning of its walls during labor due to stretching and dilation caused by the fetus. @ull effacement obliterates the constrictive neck of the uterus. The e#tent of effacement is e#pressed as a percentage of full effacement. elbo- restraints Type of restrictive device attached to the client's body at the elbow to restrict movement or access to another body part% may be applied after cleft palate repair to reduce the risk of in!ury to the suture line. endotracheal intubation Passage of a wide.bore tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea. &t may be used to maintain a patent airway, administer anesthesia, aspirate secretions, prevent aspiration of foreign material into the tracheobronchial tree of an unconscious or paraly(ed person, or administer positive pressure ventilation that can/t be given effectively by a mask. enteral =eferring to administration by mouth, rectum, or directly into the intestinal system. enteral feedings +elivery of nutrients directly into the ?& tract through a feeding tube. enteric precautions A category.specific type of infection precautions established by the 9enters for +isease 9ontrol and Prevention involving infections transmitted by intestinal secretions. These have since been replaced with

standard precautions and transmission.based precautions. enuresis &nvoluntary passage or release of urine after the age when bladder control would have been normally achieved. epiglottis The lidlike, cartilaginous structure that overhangs the laryn# and prevents food from entering the laryn# and trachea during swallowing. epiglottitis &nflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottitis, a severe form of the condition that primarily affects children, causes stridor, fever, sore throat, croupy cough, and a reddened, swollen epiglottis. epilepsy A group of neurologic disorders marked by uncontrolled electrical discharge from the cerebral corte# and typically manifested by sei(ures with clouding of consciousness. 2pilepsy is most commonly of unknown cause )idiopathic* but is sometimes associated with head trauma, intracranial infection, brain tumor, vascular disturbances, into#ication, or chemical imbalance. episiotomy ,urgical incision into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery. &t/s performed to prevent traumatic tearing of the perineum, to hasten or promote delivery, or to prevent stretching of perineal muscles and connective tissue. /ri#son Psychosocial development theorist who described eight developmental stages across the life span, each of which is characteri(ed by a conflict between two opposing forces. erythroblastosis fetalis -emolytic anemia of the neonate caused by placental transmission of maternally formed antibodies against the incompatible antigens of fetal blood. &t results from maternal.fetal blood group incompatibility, specifically involving the rhesus )=h* factor and the A 3 blood groups, and is characteri(ed by accelerated destruction of red blood cells and resulting !aundice. &n =h factor incompatibility, the hemolytic reaction appears only when the mother is =h. negative and the infant is =h.positive. &soimmuni(ation rarely occurs with the first pregnancy, but the risk increases with each succeeding pregnancy. eschar A thick scab or dry crust that appears after a thermal or chemical burn.

esophageal atresia A congenital anomaly involving closure of the esophagus at some point, often ending in a blind pouch. e"aporation The change of a li$uid to a vapor at a temperature below the boiling point of the li$uid. 2vaporation occurs at the surface of the li$uid, hastened by an increase in temperature and a decrease in atmospheric pressure. e"isceration 1. Pushing out or removal of the viscera, especially through a surgical incision. 2. &n ophthalmology' e#cision of the contents of the eyeball )e#cept the sclera*. e&acerbation An increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder or in its signs and symptoms. e&trapyramidal 1. +escribing the tissues and structures of the brain located outside the pyramidal tract and not running through the medullary pyramid .. e#cluding the motor neurons, motor corte#, and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. 2. 3f or relating to the function of these tissues and structures. e&tra"asation 2scape, usually of blood, lymph, or &.:. solution, from a vessel into surrounding tissues. failure to thri"e 9ondition in which an infant's height and weight fall below the third percentile on a standard growth chart% also called reactive attachment disorder. fantasy play Type of play involving imaginary playmates typically associated with preschoolers. febrile sei+ure Typically, a tonic.clonic sei(ure of relatively short duration )usually less than 4 minute* occurring with an acute illness and fever. fifth disease A contagious, relatively benign disease caused by the Parvovirus 4C% most commonly occurs in children ages 2 to 42 and is characteri(ed by a red rash on the cheeks. Also called erythema infectiosum. fontanel A soft spot, such as the spaces covered by tough membranes remaining between the bones of an infant's skull.

full'term Pregnancy that has continued for a period of 8; to 72 weeks. fundus The base of an organ% the portion of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth, such as the fundus of the uterus. gastritis &nflammation of the stomach and stomach lining.

production% capillaries form as budlike structures from nearby vessels, penetrating the wound, growing into loops, and providing a nutritional source for the newly generated tissue% the loops give the tissue a AgranularA appearance. 1ra"es% disease A disorder of the thyroid gland characteri(ed by pronounced thyroto#icosis usually associated with an enlarged thyroid gland, e#ophthalmos, or pretibial my#edema.

gastroenteritis &nflammation of the lining of the gra"ida stomach and intestines that A pregnant woman. accompanies numerous ?& disorders% characteri(ed by anore#ia, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. gynecomastia 2nlargement and development of the mammary glands in men, usually gastrostomy temporary and benign. 3pening created into the stomach. gestational diabetes The development of diabetes during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester. gestational trophoblastic disease @ailure of an embryo to develop beyond a primitive state due to proliferation and degeneration of the trophoblastic villi becoming filled with fluid and appearing as grape.si(ed vesicles Also called a hydatidiform mole, molar pregnancy. glaucoma A group of eye diseases characteri(ed by abnormally elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of the outflow of a$ueous humor. glomerular filtration rate =ate at which the glomeruli in the kidneys filter blood )normally, 425 mlDminute*. glomerulonephritis &nflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. gout A group of disorders associated with inborn errors of metabolism that affect purine and pyrimidine use% results in increased production of uric acid or interferes with its e#cretion. "anifested by hyperuricemia, recurrent acute inflammatory arthritis, deposition of urate crystals in the !oints of the e#tremities, and uric acid urolithiasis. 1raham teell%s murmur A pulmonary regurgitation murmur resulting from pulmonary hypertension% usually loud with a blowing $uality and variable in duration, it/s heard best along the left sternal border over the third and fourth intercostal spaces. granulation tissue Tissue that develops during collagen hallucinations ,ensory perceptions that don't result from e#ternal stimuli and that occur during wakefulness. health care po-er of attorney A legal document in which an individual designates another person, called an Aattorney.in.fact,A to act on the individual's behalf if the principal person becomes disabled or incapacitated. The document becomes void when the principal person dies or recovers. heart failure &nability of the heart to pump an ade$uate amount of blood to the tissues. hemarthrosis leeding into a !oint cavity. hematuria The presence of blood in the urine. hemicolectomy ,urgical removal of one.half of the colon. hemiparesis Paralysis on one side of the body or a part of it that indicates an in!ury to the motor area of the brain. hemiplegia Paralysis of one side of the body. hemogram 1ritten recording of the blood count differential. hemolytic reaction Type of blood transfusion reaction occurring when the donor's blood is incompatible with the recipient's blood% the most serious type of transfusion reaction. hemophilia A bleeding disorder characteri(ed by a

failure of the blood clotting mechanism. &t/s an inherited condition occurring almost e#clusively in males. hemoptysis The coughing or spitting up of blood caused by hemorrhage in the lungs or bronchi. "inor amounts of blood may appear in the sputum of individuals with bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infections. hepatic encephalopathy A serious complication of liver failure affecting a client's neurologic status% believed to result from the accumulation of to#ins, such as ammonia, in the blood. hepatojugular reflu& +istention of the neck veins when manual pressure is applied over the right upper $uadrant of the abdomen% it suggests heart failure. hepatomegaly 2nlargement of the liver. hetero+ygous -aving two different genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.

hydrotherapy Treatment involving the use of water, such as tub or shower baths and whirlpools. hyperemesis gra"idarum ,evere and prolonged vomiting during pregnancy to such a degree that weight loss and an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes occur. hyperphosphatemia 2levated serum level of phosphorus above 2.> m2$D0 or 7.5 mgDdl. hypersomnolence 2#cessive sleepiness. hyperthermia A severe elevation in body temperature. hyperthyroidism +isorder involving overproduction of thyroid hormone, leading to a metabolic imbalance. hypertonic 1. A solution that has greater osmotic pressure compared to another solution% a fluid in which cells shrink. 2. &n reference to muscles or arteries, having a greater than normal degree of tension.

hypo&ia A decreased level of o#ygen in inspired air. iatrogenic &ntroduced inadvertently by a medical practitioner or resulting from a diagnostic procedure or treatment. impetigo A contagious, inflammatory skin infection that usually occurs on the face. 9haracteri(ed by the appearance of small, itchy blisters that rupture and form a crusty scab% usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria or a combination of both types of organisms. incenti"e spirometer A device that re$uires the client to deep breathe, hold the breath for appro#imately 8 seconds, and then e#hale in an effort to e#pand the lungs. incompatibility Ensuitability for combination, often due to antagonistic action. induration Area of hardened tissue.

intra'aortic balloon pump A device consisting of a balloon attached to a catheter that is introduced into the descending thoracic aorta through the femoral artery. Alternating inflation )during diastole* and deflation )during systole* of the balloon alters resistance to aortic blood flow and both decrease the heart's workload and increase the supply of blood to the coronary arteries. intracranial pressure Pressure e#erted by the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. intradermal injection &n!ection of any substance into the skin between the dermis and epidermis. The techni$ue is typically used to produce a local drug effect )such as in local anesthesia for procedures such as suturing wounds* or during allergy testing. Also called intracutaneous injection. intraosseous infusion Administration of fluid, blood, or drugs into the bone marrow cavity of a long bone% typically used in children for emergency situations when &.:. access is difficult or unavailable.

hiatal hernia Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diaphragm. Primary disease of the cardiac muscle characteri(ed by disproportionate, homonymous hemianopia asymmetrical thickening of the lindness or visual deficit in one.half interventricular septum, particularly in of the field of vision of both eyes. the anterior.superior region. Also 2ither the right halves or the left called idiopathic hypertrophic halves of each eye are affected. subaortic stenosis. hopelessness ,tate of severe despair associated with feelings of inade$uacy and isolation, an inability to act on one's behalf, and a belief that the situation is highly unlikely to improve. hospice A system of family.centered care using a multidisciplinary approach designed to assist the chronically ill person to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle through the terminal phases of dying. human immunodeficiency "irus (*I2! A retrovirus identified as the primary cause of ac$uired immunodeficiency syndrome )A&+,*. hydatidiform mole A usually benign neoplasm that occurs at the end of a degenerating pregnancy and arises from enlarged chorionic villi and the proliferation of trophoblastic tissue. hydramnios Presence of an e#cess volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy. hyper"entilate To increase the rate or depth of one's inspirations or e#pirations, or both% may occur with an#iety. hypochondriasis Preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary% fear interferes with psychosocial functioning. hypoglycemia 0ow serum glucose levels. hypospadias A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the underside, rather than at the tip, of the penis% in females, the defect is manifested by a urethral opening into the vagina. hypotonic 1. A solution that has a decreased osmotic pressure compared to another solution% a fluid in which cells swell. 2. &n reference to muscles or arteries, having a less than normal degree of tension.

intussusception Telescoping or invagination of a infection portion of the bowel into an ad!acent The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within the body. portion% most commonly seen in infants. informed consent Permission obtained from a client to perform a specific test or procedure after the client has been fully informed about the test or procedure. intelligence quotient (I3! "easurement of a person's ability to comprehend relationships, think, problem solve, and ad!ust to new situations% usually e#pressed as a score and based on standardi(ed intelligence tests. intermittent claudication Pain that occurs with activity or e#ercise but that is relieved with rest. This pain results from the body's inability to supply arterial blood )blood rich in nutrients* to the tissues that e#perience an increase in demand during e#ercise or activity. interpretation The deep analysis of the meaning and significance of what a client is saying and doing in an effort to gain insight into his behavior. intertrigo +ermatitis that occurs at moist, warm sites where skin surfaces rub together, such as the armpits, the inner surfaces of the thighs, and between the buttocks% caused by an overgrowth of normal flora. iron deficiency anemia Anemia characteri(ed by an insufficient amount of iron in the serum, decreased stores of iron in the bone marrow, and elevated serum iron.binding. irritability 2#citability or e#cessive responsiveness to a stimulus. isotonic 3f or relating to a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution% a solution in which cells neither swell nor shrink. ju"enile hypothyroidism A condition involving a deficiency of thyroid hormone secretion in children. 4a-asa#i disease A febrile, multisystem disorder affecting the small to medium.si(e vessels, primarily of the lymph nodes, most commonly in children before puberty% usually follows e#posure to an infection. Also called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. 4egel e&ercises 2#ercises involving alternate contraction and rela#ation performed to strengthen the perineal muscles.

#ernicterus A neurologic syndrome resulting from deposition of uncon!ugated bilirubin in the brain cells and characteri(ed by severe neural symptoms. 4ernig%s sign 2licitation of resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the e#aminer attempts to e#tend the knee while the hip and knee are both fle#ed C0 degrees. 4ussmaul%s respirations Abnormally deep, gasping type of respirations resulting from air hunger% associated with severe diabetic acidosis and coma. laminectomy ,urgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae% performed to relieve spinal cord compression or to remove a displaced intervertebral disk. lead poisoning Poisoning caused by the ingestion or absorption of lead or one of its salts. ,igns and symptoms include loss of appetite and weight, anemia, constipation, insomnia, headache, di((iness, irritability, a blue line at the margin of the gums, and peripheral neuropathy. lethargy A feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity. lipodystrophy Any disturbance in fat metabolism. li"ing -ill A witnessed document indicating a client's desire to be allowed to die a natural death rather than be kept alive by heroic, life.sustaining measures. The will applies to decisions that will be made after a terminally ill client is incompetent and has no reasonable possibility of recovery. lochia The vaginal discharge present during the first several weeks after delivery. lochia alba A creamy white, brown, or colorless discharge consisting mainly of serum and white blood cells% typically stops flowing at about > weeks postpartum. $ochia rubraPresent during the first 8 to 7 postpartal days% it/s bloody and may contain mucus, tissue, debris, and small clots. lochia serosa A pink or brownish discharge persisting for 5 to 6 days postpartum. $ogan bar Apparatus used to protect the surgical incision after cleft lip repair.

$ogan boA wire E.shaped apparatus taped to both cheeks of an infant or toddler following cleft lip repair to protect the surgical site. lumbar puncture @luid withdrawal from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal canal, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Also called spinal tap. lymphangiography A diagnostic radiographic evaluation of lymphatic system filling after in!ection of a contrast medium into a lymphatic vessel of each foot or hand. lymphedema 2dema of an arm or leg caused by the buildup of interstitial fluid as a result of lymphatic inflammation or obstruction or a lymph node disorder. mammogram A radiograph of the breast% used for diagnostic purposes.

amounts of acid or increased amounts of base bicarbonate. milieu A therapeutic environment, typically used as part of inpatient psychiatric therapy. mitral stenosis 3bstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to thickening and contracting of the mitral valve leaflets% conse$uently, left atrial volume and pressure rise and the chamber dilates. ?reater resistance to blood flow causes pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right. sided heart failure. muscular dystrophy A group of degenerative genetic diseases characteri(ed by weakness and the progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement. myalgia +iffuse muscle pain or tenderness associated with many infectious diseases.

nebuli+er A device that employs a baffle to produce a fine aerosol spray consisting of particles less than 80 micrometers in diameter. necroti+ing enterocolitis ?& disorder commonly associated with premature infants and characteri(ed by diffuse or patchy intestinal necrosis and sometimes accompanied by sepsis. negati"e nitrogen balance &ncreased rate of protein breakdown when compared to protein synthesis% nitrogen e#cretion that e#ceeds nitrogen intake. neglect A form of abuse involving the failure to protect a person from in!ury or meet the person's physical, emotional, or medical needs. nephrectomy The surgical removal of a kidney, usually done to remove a tumor, drain an abscess, or treat hydronephrosis. nephrotic syndrome A clinical classification including all kidney diseases characteri(ed by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. neurotransmitter Any one of a group of substances that act on a target nerve cell to e#cite or inhibit transmission of nerve impulses% substances include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine. nystagmus &nvoluntary, rapid movements of the eyeball that may be hori(ontal, rotatory, vertical, or mi#ed. obsessi"e'compulsi"e disorder A disorder characteri(ed by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that represent recurring efforts to control overwhelming an#iety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses that persistently enter the consciousness. oliguria A diminished flow of urine in relation to fluid intake% usually less than 700 ml in 27 hours. Also called hypouresis. ophthalmia neonatorum 2ye infection occurring at birth or in the first month% most commonly caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia. opioids 3pium.derived or synthetically produced drugs that alter pain perception, induce mental changes, promote deep sleep, depress respirations, constrict pupils, and decrease ?& motility.

mammography =adiography of the mammary gland to myasthenia gra"is identify benign and malignant An abnormal muscle weakness and neoplastic processes. fatigability, especially in the muscles of the face and throat, resulting from a defect in the conduction of nerve mastectomy impulses at the myoneural !unction. The surgical resection of a breast% usually performed to remove a malignant tumor. mycoplasmal pneumonia A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mastitis pneumoniae, characteri(ed by a sore &nflammation of the mammary gland% throat, dry cough, fever, malaise, and usually caused by streptococcal or myalgia. staphylococcal infection and infre$uent breast.feeding. myeloma 3steolytic neoplasm consisting of a meconium protrusion of cells typical of the bone A dark, greenish black material that marrow. occurs in the intestines of a fetus that forms the first stools of a neonate. The fluid is thick and sticky and is myelomeningocele composed of intestinal gland The protrusion of a hernial sac secretions, some amniotic fluid, and containing a portion of the spinal cord, intrauterine debris. its meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid through a congenital defect in the vertebral column. megaloblastic anemia A hematologic disorder that is characteri(ed by the production and my&edema peripheral proliferation of A disorder that results from megaloblasts. hypofunction of the thyroid. ,igns and symptoms include enlarged tongue, slowed speech, moon face, 05ni6re%s disease drowsiness, cold intolerance, hair A labyrinthine dysfunction that loss, and anemia. produces severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus. my&edema coma A rare, serious form of hypothyroidism that usually results from lack of metabolic acidosis treatment or mistreatment, severe A condition resulting from e#cessive stress )from infection, e#posure to accumulation of acid or depletion of cold, or trauma*, or the use of bicarbonate. sedatives or anesthetics in a client being treated for hypothyroidism. metabolic al#alosis A clinical state marked by decreased

orthostatic hypotension Abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up. Also called postural hypotension.

osmolality The concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution% e#pressed in osmoles of paranoid schi+ophrenia solute per kilogram of solvent. +isorder involving disordered thinking with delusional thought content characteri(ed by preoccupation with osmolarity delusions or auditory hallucinations, The osmotic pressure of a solution lack of organi(ed speech, e#pressed in osmoles of solute per disorgani(ed or catatonic behavior, or liter of solution. flat or inappropriate affect. osteomalacia +elayed or poor minerali(ation of bone% the adult e$uivalent of rickets. This condition is associated with anore#ia, fracture, pain, weakness, and weight loss. osteomyelitis &nflammation of bone that results from a local or general infection of bone and bone marrow. The bacterial infection is caused by trauma or surgery, by direct e#tension from a nearby infection, or by introduction from the bloodstream. paraplegia An abnormal condition characteri(ed by the loss of sensation and motor function in the lower limbs, which may result in either complete or incomplete paralysis.

paralytic ileus A decrease in or absence of bowel motility that may occur following abdominal surgery or may be caused by numerous other conditions, most commonly by peritonitis.

to#ins, drugs, or other wastes normally e#creted by the kidney% transfers these substances across the peritoneum by intermittently introducing and removing a dialysate from the peritoneal cavity. peritonitis An inflammation of the peritoneum% can be produced by bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an organ. pernicious anemia A megaloblastic anemia characteri(ed by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach essential for vitamin 42 absorption% results in vitamin 42 deficiency.

parenchyma that commonly impairs gas e#change. pneumothora& A collection of air in the pleural space% may result from an open chest wound that permits the entrance of air or from the rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung. 9ommon types of pneumothora# are open, closed, and tension. polydipsia 9hronic, e#cessive thirst. polymyositis The simultaneous inflammation of a number of voluntary muscles. polyneuritis +egeneration of peripheral nerves primarily supplying the distal muscles of the e#tremities. &t results in muscle weakness, with sensory loss and atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon refle#es. polyphagia :oracious or e#cessive eating before becoming satiated. polyuria The e#cessive e#cretion of urine from the kidneys. postterm neonate A neonate born after the onset of the 78rd week of pregnancy. preeclampsia An abnormal condition characteri(ed by the development of hypertension during pregnancy, accompanied by edema or proteinuria, usually after the 20th week of gestation.

phagocytosis parenteral The process by which cells engulf and Bot in or through the digestive system, digest solid substances, such as but rather by in!ection through some microorganisms and cell debris. other route, such as subcutaneously, &.:., &."., or intradermally. phenyl#etonuria (748! An inborn metabolic disorder caused paresthesia by absence or deficiency of Abnormal or heightened touch phenylalanine hydro#ylase, the sensations, such as burning, en(yme responsible for the osteoporosis numbness, prickling, and tingling, that conversion of phenylalanine to A disorder in which bone mass is commonly occur without e#ternal tyrosine% results in accumulation of reduced and fractures occur after stimulus. phenylalanine and its metabolites, minimal trauma. &t occurs most causing mental retardation and other commonly in postmenopausal women, neurologic problems, light sedentary or immobili(ed individuals, perceptions pigmentation, ec(ema, and a and persons on long.term steroid or Awareness of ob!ects and the ability to distinctive mousy odor. heparin therapy. differentiate between them. otorrhea A discharge from the ear, which may be serous, sanguineous, or purulent if the e#ternal or middle ear is infected. ototo&icity -armful effect on the function of the eighth cranial nerve or hearing organs% most commonly associated with prescribed drugs. 7aget%s disease A common bone disease that usually affects middle.aged and elderly people. &t/s marked by inflammation of the bones, softening and thickening of the bones, e#cessive bone destruction, and unorgani(ed bone repair% the result is bowing of the long bones. The cause is unknown. palilalia =epetition of words or phrases with increasing rapidity. pancreatitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas. paralysis An abnormal condition characteri(ed by the loss or impairment of motor function or the impairment of sensory function. percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (7.,A! A techni$ue to open stenosed atherosclerotic arteries. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin and into the vessel to the site of narrowing% the balloon is inflated, thus flattening the pla$ue against the arterial walls. pericarditis &nflammation of the pericardium% may be caused by trauma, neoplasm, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction, or collagen disease. perineum 1. The pelvic floor and its associated structures% located between the symphysis pubis and the coccy# and on the sides by the ischial tuberosities. 2. The body area between the thighs% bounded by the anus and scrotum in males and by the anus and vulva in females. peristaltic -a"es Alternating involuntary contraction and rela#ation of the smooth muscle fibers of a structure in a wavelike fashion to propel the contents forward% commonly associated with the ?& tract. peritoneal dialysis A procedure performed to remove pheochromocytoma A chromaffin.cell tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes an e#cessive amount of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in severe hypertension, increased metabolism, and hyperglycemia.

pressure ulcer 0ocali(ed area of skin breakdown phototherapy The treatment of disease by the use of occurring secondary to prolonged pressure. Becrotic tissue develops light, especially ultraviolet light or other concentrated rays% used to treat because the vascular supply to the area is diminished. acne, psoriasis, and hyperbilirubinemia. pituitary d-arfism A condition characteri(ed by a deficiency in secretion of the growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. placenta accreta Abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. placenta pre"ia &mplantation of the placenta so that it ad!oins or covers the internal os of the uterine cervi#. The most common symptom is painless hemorrhage in the last trimester. pneumonia An acute infection of the lung preterm neonate A neonate born before the beginning of the 8;th week of pregnancy. primigra"id A woman who is pregnant for the first time. 7rin+metal%s angina A variant of angina pectoris, a form of unstable angina, in which the attacks occur during rest. Attacks are indicated by an ,T.segment elevation on an electrocardiogram. producti"e cough A mechanism by which the body clears the airway passages of secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove% usually sudden, forceful, noisy e#pulsion of air

from the lungs that contains sputum or reflection blood )or both*. A techni$ue in which the listener interprets the feelings of the client and repeats them back to the client% projection encourages the client to clarify his @alse attribution of one's unacceptable feelings. feelings, impulses, or thoughts onto another. repolari+ation Part of the cardiac conduction cycle in pruritus which the cell returns to its resting &tching% an unpleasant sensation that state, a more negatively charged leads to rubbing or scratching the skin state. 9alcium ions move into the cell in an effort to obtain relief. ,cratching and potassium ions move out, the skin may lead to secondary followed by the e#trusion of sodium infection. and calcium ions from the cell and the restoration of potassium ions into the cell by the sodium potassium pump. pseudopar#insonism The development of a Parkinson.like disorder )neuromuscular disorder respiratory acidosis involving progressive muscle rigidity, 9aused by reduced alveolar akinesia, and involuntary tremors* due ventilation% is marked by increased to psychotropic drug therapy. partial pressure of arterial carbon dio#ide, e#cess carbonic acid, and increased plasma hydrogen.ion puerperal concentration. -ypoventilation inhibits 1. 3f or pertaining to the period from the e#cretion of carbon dio#ide, which the end of childbirth until involution of conse$uently produces e#cessive the uterus is complete )usually 8 to > carbonic acid and thus lowers blood weeks*. 2. 3f or pertaining to a woman )puerpera* who has !ust given p-. birth to an infant. pulmonary edema An abnormal condition in which e#travascular fluid is accumulated in lung tissues and alveoli. pulse pressure The numeric difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, usually 80 to 70 mm -g. purulent 9ontaining or forming pus. pyelonephritis &nflammation of the kidney and its pelvis. pyuria The presence of pus in the urine, commonly a sign of urinary tract infection. quic#ening The first notable fetal movement in utero, usually occurring at 4> to 20 weeks' gestation. radical mastectomy ,urgical removal of an entire breast, pectoral muscles, a#illary lymph nodes, and all fat, fascia, and ad!acent tissues% usually used in the treatment of breast cancer. reaction formation ,ubstitution of behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are completely opposed to one's own unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings. rectal route Ese of the rectum to administer medication respiratory al#alosis 9aused by both respiratory and nonrespiratory factors, this condition is marked by decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dio#ide, decreased hydrogen.ion concentration, and increased blood p-. 2#treme an#iety can precipitate hyperventilation associated with respiratory alkalosis. resuscitation A method used to support a client's breathing and circulation until the body can do so on its own or the client is mechanically supported. &t involves maintaining an open airway, providing artificial ventilation through rescue breathing, and promoting artificial circulation through e#ternal cardiac compression. 9eye%s syndrome Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the internal organs following acute viral infections, such as influen(a , chickenpo# )varicella*, the enteroviruses, and the 2pstein. arr virus% has also been associated in children with administration of aspirin and other salicylates. 9h incompatibility &n hematology' two blood groups that are antigenically different and, therefore, aren't compatible because one group lacks the =h factor. rheumatic fe"er An inflammatory disease sometimes occurring if group A beta.hemolytic streptococcal infection is inade$uately treated.

structures that result in crippling deformities. ritodrine therapy A prescribed treatment that uses the beta.receptor agonist ritodrine to halt preterm labor. 9omberg:s sign A swaying )or falling* when a person stands with feet together and eyes closed. &t/s an indication that the person has lost a sense of position. Also called rombergism.

poisoning, myocardial infarction, and dehydration. sic#le cell anemia A chronic and incurable hereditary disorder occurring in people homo(ygous for hemoglobin , )-b ,*. The presence of -b , results in distortion and fragility of erythrocytes.

sic#le cell crisis 2pisode of widespread cellular sickling in which the client's red blood cells containing hemoglobin , are e#posed to conditions in which o#ygen supply to the cells is decreased. This rooting refle& leads to cellular contraction and piling A response in neonates to the cheek within the cell, altering the shape of being touched or stroked. The infant the red blood cells )sickling*. These turns the head toward the stimulated sickled cells become rigid and clump side and begins to suck. The refle# together to form clusters, ultimately usually disappears by 8 to 7 months of obstructing capillary blood flow and age. causing tissue ischemia. 9ussell traction An orthopedic device that combines suspension and traction to align and immobili(e the legs% used to treat diseases of the hip and knee and fractured femurs as well as hip and knee contractures. scabies A contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. schi+otypal personality disorder A disorder characteri(ed by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning in early adulthood. scoliosis An appreciable lateral curvature of the spine resulting from numerous causes, including congenital malformations of the spine, muscle paralysis, poliomyelitis, sciatica, and une$ual leg length. sensorineural hearing loss -earing loss caused by a defect or lesion of the inner ear or the acoustic nerve resulting in a distortion of sound that makes discrimination difficult. sensory perceptions Awareness of one's surroundings through the use of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. serosanguineous 3f a discharge containing both serum and blood. simple fracture An uncomplicated, closed bone fracture in which the skin isn't broken. s#in turgor ,kin characteristic determined by pinching a small area of skin on the medial arm or anterior chest and noting how $uickly it returns to its position when released. somatoform pain +evelopment of the symptom of pain as a result of psychological stress. spinal shoc# 0oss of autonomic refle#, motor, and sensory activity below the level of a lesion. ,igns of spinal shock include flaccid paralysis, loss of deep tendon and perianal refle#es, and loss of motor and sensory function. standard precautions &nfection control guidelines established by the 9enters for +isease 9ontrol and Prevention re$uiring all health care personnel to use gloves, gowns, and goggles to prevent contact with a client's blood or body fluids and to adhere to strict safety measures when handling needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments. status asthmaticus A severe and prolonged asthma attack in which bronchospasm fails to respond to oral medication, sometimes resulting in hypo#ia, cyanosis, and unconsciousness. to#es'Adams attac# 2pisode of confusion and light. headedness accompanying syncope with or without sei(ures due to inade$uate cerebral perfusion secondary to heart block. stoma 1. A minute pore, orifice, or surface opening. 2. An artificial, surgically

shoc# An abnormal physiologic state characteri(ed by reduced cardiac output, circulatory insufficiency, tachycardia, hypotension, restlessness, pallor, and diminished rheumatoid arthritis urinary output. ,hock may be caused A chronic, systemic collagen disease marked by inflammation, stiffness, and by a variety of conditions, including trauma, infection, hemorrhage, pain in the !oints and related

created opening of an internal organ on the body surface, such as for a colostomy or tracheostomy.3. A new opening surgically created between two structures, such as for a gastroenterostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy. stomatitis An inflammation of the mouth that may result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection% e#posure to chemicals or drugs% vitamin deficiency% or a systemic inflammatory disease. stridor A high.pitched respiratory sound, usually heard during inspiration, caused by an obstruction of the trachea or laryn#.

the same $ualitative effect together to produce a greater response than either drug alone. systemic lupus erythematosus ( $/! A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characteri(ed principally by involvement of the skin, !oints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. tachycardia A condition characteri(ed by a regular but accelerated action of the heart, usually l00 to 450 beats per minute.

of neoplastic disease or an immune response to a drug. thrombophlebitis &nflammation of a vein, often involving clot formation. 9ommon causes include chemical irritation, blood hypercoagulability, immobili(ation, infection, postoperative venous stasis, prolonged sitting or standing, trauma to the vessel wall, or a long period of &.:. catheteri(ation. tonic'clonic sei+ure Paro#ysmal, uncontrolled discharge of central nervous system neurons e#tending to the entire brain and characteri(ed by stiffening )tonic phase* and then rapid synchronous muscle !erking and hyperventilation )clonic phase*. Also called a major or grand mal sei+ure. tonsillectomy The surgical removal of the palatine tonsils. total parenteral nutrition (.7;! The administration of total caloric needs in a nutritionally ade$uate solution of glucose, protein hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through a catheter inserted into the superior vena cava. tracheoesophageal fistula Abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea that may lead to aspiration. tracheostomy The surgical creation of an opening through the neck into the trachea% used to relieve upper airway obstruction and aid breathing. traction 1. The action of pulling a part of the body along the long a#is. 2. &n orthopedics' the act of e#erting force through a system of weights and pulleys to align, immobili(e, or relieve pressure in a limb, bone, or group of muscles. transdermal "ethod or route of topical drug administration% provides continuous drug delivery through the skin to achieve a constant, steady blood concentration level. transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomy ,urgery involving the pituitary gland, most commonly performed to remove a pituitary tumor. The physician enters from the inner aspect of the upper lip through the sphenoid sinus. transsphenoidal hypophysectomy "icrosurgery in which an incision is made at the !unction of the gums and upper lip. A surgical microscope is advanced and a special surgical

instrument is used to e#cise all or part of the pituitary gland. .rendelenburg%s position Position in which the client's head is lower than the trunk% typically, the body and legs are elevated on an incline. .rousseau%s sign An assessment techni$ue for evaluating neuromuscular irritability )tetany* associated with hypocalcemia. 1hen Trousseau's sign is positive, the client develops a carpopedal spasm )adducted thumb, fle#ed wrist and metacarpophalangeal !oints, and e#tended interphalangeal !oints* after a blood pressure cuff is applied to the client's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure for appro#imately 4 to 7 minutes. tuberculosis An acute or chronic infection from e#posure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or another strain of mycobacteria characteri(ed by pulmonary infiltrates and formation of granulomas with caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation. type 1 diabetes An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, usually occurring before age 80 and re$uiring the use of e#ogenous insulin and dietary management. Also called insulin' dependent diabetes mellitus. type 2 diabetes An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism% characteri(ed by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. "ay be treated with diet, e#ercise, and oral antidiabetic agents. 2#ogenous insulin is sometimes necessary. type 2 herpes simple& A type of herpes simple# virus transmitted primarily through contact with genital secretions and affecting the genital structures. ulcerati"e colitis A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon of unknown cause in which there is abdominal cramping, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus. urinary incontinence &nability to prevent urine discharge. urinary tract infection (8.I! A bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Escherichia coli or a species of Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, or Enterobacter, affecti ng one or more parts of the urinary tract.

tactile fremitus :ibration in the chest wall that can be felt when a hand is applied to the thora# while the patient is speaking. &t's most commonly due to stro#e consolidation of a lung or a part of a A condition of sudden onset in which a lung but may also be caused by cerebral blood vessel is occluded by congestion, inflammation, or infection. an embolus or cerebrovascular hemorrhage. The resulting ischemia of tardi"e dys#inesia brain tissue that is normally perfused A neurological syndrome marked by by the affected vessel may lead to slow, rhythmical, automatic permanent neurologic damage. movements that occur as an adverse effect of e#tended phenothia(ine use. subdural hematoma A condition involving the collection of tension pneumothora& blood between the dura mater and the A condition in which air enters the brain. pleural space through a tear in lung tissue but can't e#it through the same sublingual vent, thereby trapping air in the pleural Ender the tongue. space with each inspiration and producing positive pleural pressure. This in turn causes the ipsilateral lung sudden infant death syndrome to collapse. ( ID ! The sudden, une#pected, and ine#plicable death of an infant who tenting appears to be healthy. &t occurs during An indication of decreased skin turgor, sleep, typically in infants between the as e#hibited by a fold of skin ages of 8 weeks and 5 months. Also remaining or holding in the pinched called crib death. position after being released. supratentorial 0ocated above the tentorium of the brain. suspension A li$uid that contains solid particles that aren't dissolved% stirring or shaking the li$uid maintains the dispersal. sympathomimetics ?roup of drugs that mimic the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. synchroni+ed cardio"ersion +elivery of an electrical shock to the client in con!unction with the = wave on his 29?, !ust as the heart muscle contracts. +elivery is timed to avoid the T wave because an electrical discharge at this time may cause ventricular fibrillation. synergistic effect Administration of two drugs producing teratogenic 9ausing harm to the developing fetus. tetany -ypere#citability of nerves and muscles as a result of a lessened concentration of e#tracellular ioni(ed calcium% symptoms include convulsions, muscle twitching and cramps, and sharp fle#ion of the wrist and ankle !oints. tetralogy of (allot A combination of congenital cardiac defects consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect, de#troposition of the aorta so that it overrides the interventricular septum and receives venous as well as arterial blood, and right ventricular hypertrophy. thrombocytopenia A reduction in the number of blood platelets% usually caused by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone marrow. The condition may be a result

urticaria A vascular reaction caused by dilation and increased permeability of the capillaries. ,ymptoms include the development of transient wheals with pale centers and well.defined erythematous margins. "ariability +iffering rhythmicity or changes in condition% often used to describe fetal heart rate reflected on the fetal heart rate tracing as a slight irregularity or !itteriness. "aso'occlusi"e crisis The most common type of sickle cell crisis resulting from blood vessel obstruction by rigid, tangled sickle cells leading to tissue ano#ia and possibly necrosis. Also called a painful crisis or infarcti"e crisis. "astus lateralis The largest of the four muscles that make up the $uadriceps femoris% located on the outside of the thigh, e#tending from the hip !oint to the common $uadriceps tendon and inserted in the patella% e#tends the leg. "enography A radiographic test using a contrast medium to identify thrombi or obstruction in the veins of the lower e#tremities or the kidneys. "entricular septal defect (2 D! An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles, usually resulting from failure of the fetal interventricular foramen to close% results in blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and recirculation of blood through the pulmonary artery and lungs. "entricular tachycardia A life.threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles produce several premature ventricular contractions in succession% usually due to a problem with the heart's conduction system and increased myocardial contractility. "ertigo A sensation of movement in which the client feels himself revolving in space )sub!ective vertigo* or his surroundings revolving about him )ob!ective vertigo*% may result from diseases of the inner ear or from disturbances of the vestibular pathways in the central nervous system. "esicle 1. Any small anatomic sac that contains li$uid. 2. A small blister that contains clear fluid. -et'to'dry dressings Type of wound covering )dressing* in which gau(e moistened with normal

saline is applied wet to the wound and removed once the gau(e becomes dry and adheres to the wound bed% used for debridement. <ilms% tumor A rapidly growing malignant kidney tumor that occurs most commonly in children younger than age 5, although it sometimes develops before birth. =are cases occur later in life. Also called adenomyosarcoma. ='lin#ed recessi"e disorders ?enetic disorders in which the abnormal gene e#ists on the F chromosome% only males e#hibit clinical signs of the disorder because they have no offsetting F chromosome. >'trac# An &.". in!ection techni$ue in which the client's skin is pulled in such a way that the needle track is sealed off after the in!ection. The techni$ue is done to minimi(e subcutaneous irritation and discoloration.