Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !

id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi

Ubiquitous Computing: Characteristics and Challenges

Ankit Mishra1, Disha Dhingra2, Himani Arora3 and Sanya Datt4 1234 Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer Applications & Management A!4 "aschim Vihar #elhi!$3 1 ankit.mishr01@gmail.com ,dishadhingra100@gmail.com2,himaniarora@live.com3, dattsanya@gmail.com4

Abstract Computing in todays times is not restricted to just a desktop, rather it is permeating into our everyday objects. The potential of ubiquitous computing has been immense in this regard as it has revolutionized the way people interact with each other. owever, the picture is not all rosy! rather there is only few application which make the transition from lab to masses which can be attributed to the immaturity of the research area. This research paper tried to bridge the gap by giving an overview of the technologies and elements which are essential in ubiquitous computing. The key challenges identified

in the paper are technical , social and technological issuses. This research paper presents an overview of the important characteristics of ubiquitous computing and also defines the key elements which are essential in creating a network. "e discuss the challenges faced in the industry and the implications for future direction in this regard% Keywords& '(i)uitous computing Characteristics *lements Challenges

1.1

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net,or-ing capa(ility should support human!to! human human!to!o(6ects 3e%g% de.ices and/or machines5 and o(6ects!to!o(6ects communications% 1o the u(i)uitous net,or-ing ena(les o(6ects to communicate and access ser.ices ,ithout any restrictions at ser.ices places time users etc 34eference5% +he goal of u(i)uitous net,or-ing is e.entually to pro.ide capa(ilities for connecting all of o(6ects in future net,or-% +o support this capa(ility the current net,or- should (e e7tended in

+he demand for (etter net,or-ing and connecti.ity is increasing ,ith de.elopment in technology% +his has led to the de.elopment of one of ne, capa(ilities for future net,or- called the u(i)uitous net,or-ing% +he u(i)uitous net,or-ing means net,or-ing capa(ilities to support .arious classes of applications/ser.ices ,hich re)uire 0Any 1er.ices Any +ime Any 2here and Any #e.ices0 operation 34eference5% +his

Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi
the aspects of functional capa(ilities especially end de.ices aspects 34eferences5% 8ne of ultimate o(6ecti.es of u(i)uitous net,or-ing is to meet the challenge of seamless connection of anything 3e%g% humans and o(6ects5 in Internet infrastructure consisting of de.ices contents 34eferences5% net,orplatform and '(i)uitous net,or- is a federation of net,or-s on ,hich user!oriented ser.ices are pro.ided any,here and anytime to a target user in the most appropriate ,ay ,ith null operational cost 91:% It is an ad.anced 1.2 #esearch A''roach computing concept ,here net,or- allo,s all users to access and e7change information of any -ind freely at anytime from any,here and from any appliance% +he information is e7changed through the use of (road(and and mo(ile access ,ith intelligent net,ortechnologies 91:% 1.3.1 %,i-.ito.s !et/ork

1.3

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In the present research paper ,e ha.e conducted thorough re.ie, of literature in order to understand the concept of u(i)uitous computing% 2e ha.e highlighted some of -ey terms ,hich are related to su(6ect and identified elements ,hich aid u(i)uitous computing% +he -ey challenges faced (y the practitioners in this area are further highlighted% Based on the research (een presented% the future prospect of u(i)uitous computing and its role in net,or-ing has

In u(i)uitous net,or- small computers are em(edded into ,eara(le terminals such as clothes ,atches glasses rings and into e.ery o(6ect such as chairs cup(oards tele.ision air conditioners and cars% +hese chips and de.ices ,ill (e connected to each other through ,ireless net,or-s and lin-ed to the Internet% A u(i)uitous net,or- ,ill connect all these physical o(6ects e7isting in an isolated in the en.ironment to a controlling de.ice% ;ust the ,ay internet connects computers far apart from each other 91:%

In order to reali<e the u(i)uitous net,or-s the com(ination of net,or- and (road(and ,ireless is used% '(i)uitous net,or-ing uses optical fi(ers mo(ile and electronics to form a net,or-%

Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi 1.3.2 Smart $,0ects
A smart o(6ect is an electronic de.ice generally connected to other de.ices or net,or-s .ia different protocols such as Bluetooth =>C 3? etc% that can operate to some e7tent interacti.ely and autonomously% "rogress in technologies for sensors to sense en.ironment and the e7pected increase in processing po,er and memory ,ill ma-e e.ery o(6ect @smartA in near future% In future more than BCD of the de.ices connected to internet ,ill (e smart de.ices and appliances% 1mart de.ices are optimi<ed to particular tas-s that they (lend into the ,orld and re)uire little technical -no,ledge on the part of their uses% +hey should (e as simple as to use calculator or telephone% 4elia(ility is a crucial factor in em(edded computing systems 91:% 1.3.3 1ide Area %,i-.ito.s !et/ork 21A%!3 3% 2% 1.4 &HA#A&"(# S" &S $) %+ 4% "$%S &$M5%" !*

+here are some uni)ue characteristics of u(i)uitous computing ,hich differentiates it from the des-top paradigm and has (rought human!computer interaction at a different le.el all together% 2ith the research on u(i)uitous computing a num(er of characteristics ha.e (een defined 3?rudin 1EE4F Bana.ar and Bernstein 2CC2F and ;essup and 4o(ey 2CC2593:& 1% It ,ill ha.e a significant social effect in comparison technologies% '(i)uitous computing systems ha.e the a(ility to adapt to the ne, conditions (y changing and responding accordingly% 1ince there are a num(er of de.ices ,hich the users are using today there is a need of a system ,hich can connect all the de.ices% +his a(ility is present in u(i)uitous computing ,here it supports multiple de.ices in order to (e present e.ery,here% 4% In order to get co.erage of ,ide range u(i)uitous computing ,ould (e (eneficial as it ,ill compati(le ,ith many dispersed de.ices% to the e7ternal en.ironment to con.entional computing

2A'= is used to communicate small amount of information o.er a ,ide area using high fre)uency (ands 94:% Application of 2A'= could (e remote management gas/,ater/po,er meter reading health care stolen property trac-ing .ending machine monitoring etc 91:% +here can (e (illions of o(6ects such as mo(ile nodes .arious ser.ices computers home appliances etc% connected to u(i)uitous net,or- and so 2A'= should (e made more efficient to co.er large range ,ith high (it rate ,ireless lin- 91:% 1.6

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Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi
Devices &omm.nicatio n Computing =odes / 1ensor!Compute =odes 3miniature to large single to multi!core5 >i7ed ,ire line lin-s nter8acing technology =a.igation technologies +he mo.e to,ards u(i)uitous computing in ,hich computers ,ill (e em(edded and interactions ,ith our en.ironments (oth physical and social% '(i)uitous computing ,ill help to organi<e and mediate social interactions% +he idea (ehind this en.ironment emerged and its e.olution has recently (een accelerated (y impro.ed ,ireless telecommunications capa(ilities de.ices and soft display >i7ed lin-s ,ireless 8n!screen +ouch!panel technologies / technology and (ecause open net,or-s

increases in computing po,er impro.ed (attery #isplay 3hard surface de.ices5 Input 3.oice touchpad etc%5 1torage de.ices Gy(rid lin-s multi! Video! interfacing technologies de.ices .ideo -eypad Mo(ile ,ireless lin-s Voice interfacing technologies of fle7i(le soft,are architectures% In ne7t fi.e to ten years u(i)uitous computing ,ill come of age and the challenge of de.eloping u(i)uitous ser.ices ,ill shift from demonstrating the (asic concept to integrating it into the e7isting computing infra! structure and (uilding ,idely inno.ati.e mass!scale applications that ,ill continue the computing e.olution% +he mo.ement into the u(i)uitous computing ,ill integrate the ad.ances from (oth mo(ile and per.asi.e computing% +hese terms are almost similar (ut they are conceptually different and employ different ideas of organi<ing and managing computing ser.ices% Mo(ile computing is fundamentally a(out increasing our Communication de.ices 3,ireless and ,ire line% Gand,riting/ Gy(rid!(ased interfacing technologies capa(ility to physically mo.e computing ser.ices ,ith us% As a result the use of computer is increased and it has (ecome an important de.ice for e.ery human (eing% +he use of computers has increased (y u(i)uitous computing and people ha.e started -eeping it into our poc-ets clothing and (ody% Because of tis people 1.9 &HA77(!*(S ha.e started using this de.ice e.ery,here% Another dimension in ma-ing the computer in.isi(le is the +he mo.e to,ards u(i)uitous computing poses multiple challenges% technical social and organi<ational idea of per.asi.e computing% +his concept implies the computer has the capa(ility to o(tain the information from the en.ironment in ,hich it is em(edded and utili<e it to dynamically (uild models

3short!term to long! term slo, to .ery fast5

Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi
of computing% +he process is re.erse& also the per.asi.e computing functionality% '(i)uitous ,hile

en.ironment

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computing means any computing de.ice

@intelligentA in that it also has a capa(ility to detect other computing de.ices entering it% +he mutual dependency and interaction result in a ne, computers to act @intelligentlyA upon and ,ithin the en.ironments in ,hich ,e mo.e% +his is the .ery idea of per.asi.e computing an area populated ,ith sensors pads and .irtual or physical models of the physical and social/cogniti.e en.ironments%

mo.ing ,ith us can (uild dynamic models of its .arious en.ironments and configure its ser.ices accordingly% +he de.ices ,ill (e a(le to either @remem(erA past en.ironments they operated in helping us to ,or- ,hen ,e reenter or proacti.ely (uild up ser.ices in ne, en.ironments ,hene.er ,e enter them% +his shift pro.ides numerous challenges% At the technology le.el there are se.eral unresol.ed technical issues concerning the design and implementation of computing architectures that ena(le dynamic configuration of u(i)uitous ser.ices on a large scale% Many challenges ,ill emerge in terms of ho, one should design and de.elop u(i)uitous ser.ices% +his may re)uire rethin-ing of feasi(le architectures design and domain models re)uirement and interactions scenarios and analy<ing ne, families of nonfunctional re)uirements 3such as configura(ility and adapta(ility5% Anticipated ne, ,ays of dynamically configuring ser.ices ,ill also shift the line (et,een proacti.e design and tailoring during use% "re.iously une7plored challenges ,ill also emerge at the (order (et,een the technical and

"er.asi.e computing ser.ices are made either (y em(edding models of specific en.ironments into dedicated computers (y (uilding generic capa(ilities into computers to in)uire e7plore and dynamically (uild models of their en.ironments% +he main challenge of per.asi.e computing is the limited scope and large effort in.ol.ed to teach a computer a(out its en.ironment thus pre.enting users from effecti.ely e7ploiting the computing resources of their en.ironments% +he main challenges in u(i)uitous computing starts from integrating large!scale mo(ility ,ith the

the social& some issues are to (e left outside the technical implementation to (e addressed (y social negotiation and due processF other issues should (e addressed during technical design% >inally the emergence of truly integrated sociotechnical systems ,ill create a ,ide array of research and policy issues that deal ,ith social organi<ation impact and the future of ,or- organi<ations and institutions92:% 1.: &$!&7%S $!

'(i)uitous net,or-ing in future net,or- ,ill e7tend to all of industries such as education commerce

Proceedings of the National Students Convention; NSC-2014 National Students Convention, March 8, 2014 harati !id"a#eeths $nstitute of Co%#uter &##lications and Manage%ent, Ne' (elhi
finance logistics transportation circumstances

emergency ser.ice agriculture medical ser.ices etc% +hus the emerging u(i)uitous net,or-ing ,ill impact on the ,hole industries including net,or- industry% +here are so many -inds of de.ices to (e supported for u(i)uitous net,or-ing in future net,or-% 4adio >re)uency Identifier 34>I#5 tag sensors smart cards medical de.ices na.igation de.ices as ,ell as the e7isting personal de.ices such as "ersonal Computer 3"C5 "ersonal #igital Assistance 3"#A5 etc ,ill (e connected to u(i)uitous net,or-s% Accordingly for u(i)uitous net,or-ing I" connecti.ity ,ill (e one of .ery .ital features% I" connecti.ity is .ery useful ,hen there is the need for o(6ects to communicate ,ith each other ,ithin a net,or- and ,hen o(6ects ha.e to (e reacha(le from outside their net,or-s% 1.8 REFERENCES

-1.)%erging Sagar,!ernon/

trends

of

u*i+uitous

co%#uting Pra0riti 1rivedi,2a%al 2ishore

-2. 3""tinen, 2/ and 4oo, 4/ 1he ne5t 'ave of no%adic co%#uting/ $nfor%ation S"ste%s 6esearch 17, 4 8&#r/ 20029/ -7. :*i+uitous Co%#uting; " the Peo#le, <or the Peo#le ,&li Ndi'alana/ -4. =*>ect $dentification for :*i+uitous Net'or0ing ?"u M"oung 3ee1, @un 2"un Choi2, Noel Cres#i