Wilderness Survival Guide - Us Army Edition

FM 21-76
US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL
Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army
WILDERNESS SURVIVAL GUIDE US ARMY EDITION
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FM 21-76
TABLE OF CONTENTS
'i(derness S)r*i*a( +)ide , Us Army -diti n .................................................................1 .A/L- 0F 10N.-N.S......................................................................................................................... 2 12A#.-R 1 - IN.R0DU1.I0N.......................................................................................................... 11 SURVIVAL A1.I0NS...................................................................................................................... 11 S -Si3e Up t"e Sit)ati n................................................................................................................ 11 U -Use A(( Y )r Senses4 Und)e 2aste Ma5es 'aste...................................................................11 R -Remember '"ere Y ) Are......................................................................................................12 V -Van6)is" Fear and #ani7......................................................................................................... 12 I -Impr *ise................................................................................................................................... 12 V -Va()e Li*in$.............................................................................................................................. 12 A -A7t Li5e t"e Nati*es.................................................................................................................. 12 L -Li*e by Y )r 'its4 /)t ! r N 84 Learn /asi7 S5i((s....................................................................1% #A..-RN F0R SURVIVAL............................................................................................................. 1% 12A#.-R 2 - #SY120L0+Y 0F SURVIVAL....................................................................................19 A L00: A. S.R-SS....................................................................................................................... 19 Need ! r Stress............................................................................................................................. 19 S)r*i*a( Stress rs......................................................................................................................... 1; NA.URAL R-A1.I0NS.................................................................................................................. 16 An$er and Fr)strati n................................................................................................................... 17 Depressi n.................................................................................................................................... 17 L ne(iness and / red m............................................................................................................... 17 +)i(t............................................................................................................................................... 17 #R-#ARIN+ Y0URS-LF................................................................................................................ 1& :n 8 Y )rse(!............................................................................................................................... 1& Anti7ipate Fears............................................................................................................................ 1& /e Rea(isti7................................................................................................................................... 1& Ad pt a # siti*e Attit)de............................................................................................................... 1& Remind Y )rse(! '"at Is at Sta5e.................................................................................................1< .rain.............................................................................................................................................. 1< Learn Stress Mana$ement .e7"ni6)es.........................................................................................1< 12A#.-R % - SURVIVAL #LANNIN+ AND SURVIVAL :I.S.............................................................2= IM#0R.AN1- 0F #LANNIN+........................................................................................................2= SURVIVAL :I.S.............................................................................................................................. 2= 12A#.-R 9 - /ASI1 SURVIVAL M-DI1IN-......................................................................................22 R->UIR-M-N.S F0R MAIN.-NAN1- 0F 2-AL.2....................................................................22 'ater............................................................................................................................................ 22 F d.............................................................................................................................................. 2% #(ant F ds................................................................................................................................... 29 Anima( F ds................................................................................................................................ 29 #ers na( 2y$iene.......................................................................................................................... 29 :eep Y )r 2ands 1(ean................................................................................................................ 2; :eep Y )r 2air 1(ean................................................................................................................... 2; :eep Y )r 1( t"in$ 1(ean............................................................................................................. 2; :eep Y )r .eet" 1(ean................................................................................................................. 2; .a5e 1are ! Y )r Feet................................................................................................................. 2; +et S)!!i7ient Rest........................................................................................................................ 26 :eep 1amp Site 1(ean.................................................................................................................. 26 M-DI1AL -M-R+-N1I-S.............................................................................................................. 26 /reat"in$ #r b(ems....................................................................................................................... 26 Se*ere /(eedin$............................................................................................................................ 26
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S" 75............................................................................................................................................ 26 LIF-SAVIN+ S.-#S....................................................................................................................... 26 0pen Air8ay and Maintain............................................................................................................ 26 1 ntr ( /(eedin$............................................................................................................................ 27 Dire7t #ress)re............................................................................................................................. 2& -(e*ati n....................................................................................................................................... 2< #ress)re # ints............................................................................................................................. 2< Di$ita( Li$ati n............................................................................................................................... %= . )rni6)et..................................................................................................................................... %= #re*ent and .reat S" 75............................................................................................................... %1 /0N- AND ?0IN. IN?URY............................................................................................................. %% Fra7t)res....................................................................................................................................... %% Dis( 7ati ns................................................................................................................................... %; Sprains.......................................................................................................................................... %; /I.-S AND S.IN+S........................................................................................................................ %6 .reatment...................................................................................................................................... %6 /ee and 'asp Stin$s.................................................................................................................... %6 Spider /ites and S7 rpi n Stin$s..................................................................................................%7 Sna5ebites.................................................................................................................................... %7 '0UNDS......................................................................................................................................... %< 0pen ' )nds............................................................................................................................... %< S5in Diseases and Ai(ments.......................................................................................................... 9= / i(s.............................................................................................................................................. 9= F)n$a( In!e7ti ns........................................................................................................................... 9= Ras"es.......................................................................................................................................... 9= Fr stbite........................................................................................................................................ 91 .ren7" F t................................................................................................................................... 91 /)rns............................................................................................................................................. 91 -NVIR0NM-N.AL IN?URI-S......................................................................................................... 91 2eatstr 5e..................................................................................................................................... 92 2yp t"ermia.................................................................................................................................. 92 Diarr"ea........................................................................................................................................ 92 Intestina( #arasites........................................................................................................................ 9% 2-R/AL M-DI1IN-S...................................................................................................................... 9% #0+LAVL?- ; - S:L0NI@.A............................................................................................................. 99 S2-L.-R SI.- S-L-1.I0N.......................................................................................................... 99 .Y#-S 0F S2-L.-RS................................................................................................................... 9; # n7" Lean-. ............................................................................................................................ 9; # n7" .ent.................................................................................................................................. 96 ."ree-# (e #ara7")te .epee........................................................................................................97 0ne-# (e #ara7")te .epee........................................................................................................... 9& N -# (e #ara7")te .epee............................................................................................................. 9< 0ne-Man S"e(ter........................................................................................................................... ;= #ara7")te 2amm 75..................................................................................................................... ;1 Fie(d--Apedient Lean-. ............................................................................................................... ;1 S8amp /ed................................................................................................................................... ;2 Nat)ra( S"e(ters............................................................................................................................ ;% Debris 2)t..................................................................................................................................... ;% .ree-#it Sn 8 S"e(ter................................................................................................................... ;9 /ea7" S"ade S"e(ter.................................................................................................................... ;; Desert S"e(ters............................................................................................................................. ;6 12A#.-R 6 - 'A.-R #R01UR-M-N.............................................................................................;< 'A.-R S0UR1-S......................................................................................................................... ;< S.ILL 10NS.RU1.I0N.................................................................................................................. 69
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Ab *e$r )nd Sti((.......................................................................................................................... 69 /e( 8$r )nd Sti((.......................................................................................................................... 6; 'A.-R #URIFI1A.I0N.................................................................................................................. 67 'A.-R FIL.RA.I0N D-VI1-S......................................................................................................67 12A#.-R 7 - FIR-1RAF................................................................................................................... 6< /ASI1 FIR- #RIN1I#L-S............................................................................................................... 6< SI.- S-L-1.I0N AND #R-#ARA.I0N.........................................................................................6< FIR- MA.-RIAL S-L-1.I0N.........................................................................................................72 20' .0 /UILD A FIR-.................................................................................................................. 72 .epee............................................................................................................................................ 72 Lean-. ......................................................................................................................................... 7% 1r ss-Dit7"................................................................................................................................... 7% #yramid......................................................................................................................................... 7% 20' .0 LI+2. A FIR-.................................................................................................................. 7% M dern Met" ds........................................................................................................................... 7% Mat7"es........................................................................................................................................ 79 1 n*eA Lens................................................................................................................................. 79 Meta( Mat7".................................................................................................................................. 79 /attery........................................................................................................................................... 79 +)np 8der................................................................................................................................... 79 #rimiti*e Met" ds.......................................................................................................................... 7; F(int and Stee(............................................................................................................................... 7; Fire-#( 8....................................................................................................................................... 7; / 8 and Dri((................................................................................................................................. 7; 12A#.-R & - F00D #R01UR-M-N...............................................................................................77 ANIMALS F0R F00D..................................................................................................................... 77 Inse7ts........................................................................................................................................... 77 ' rms........................................................................................................................................... 7& 1r)sta7eans.................................................................................................................................. 7& M (()s5s........................................................................................................................................ 7& Fis"............................................................................................................................................... 7< Amp"ibians................................................................................................................................... &1 Repti(es......................................................................................................................................... &1 /irds.............................................................................................................................................. &2 Mamma(s...................................................................................................................................... &% .RA#S AND SNAR-S..................................................................................................................... &% Use ! /ait.................................................................................................................................... &9 .rap and Snare 1 nstr)7ti n........................................................................................................ &9 Simp(e Snare................................................................................................................................. &; Dra$ N se................................................................................................................................... &; .8it7"-Up...................................................................................................................................... &6 .8it7"-Up Snare........................................................................................................................... &6 S6)irre( # (e.................................................................................................................................. &7 0Bib8a /ird # (e............................................................................................................................ &7 N sin$ 'and............................................................................................................................... && .read(e Sprin$ Snare.................................................................................................................... && Fi$)re 9 Dead!a((........................................................................................................................... &< #ai)te Dead!a((.............................................................................................................................. <= / 8 .rap....................................................................................................................................... <1 #i$ Spear S"a!t............................................................................................................................. <2 / tt(e .rap.................................................................................................................................... <2 :ILLIN+ D-VI1-S........................................................................................................................... <% Rabbit Sti75................................................................................................................................... <% Spear............................................................................................................................................ <%
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/ 8 and Arr 8.............................................................................................................................. <% S(in$.............................................................................................................................................. <9 FIS2IN+ D-VI1-S.......................................................................................................................... <9 Impr *ised Fis"" 5s................................................................................................................... <9 Sta5e )t........................................................................................................................................ <9 +i(( Net.......................................................................................................................................... <; Fis" .raps..................................................................................................................................... <6 Spear!is"in$.................................................................................................................................. <7 1" p Fis"in$................................................................................................................................. <& Fis" # is n................................................................................................................................... <& #R-#ARA.I0N 0F FIS2 AND +AM- F0R 100:IN+ AND S.0RA+-............................................................................................................. << Fis"............................................................................................................................................... << Sna5es........................................................................................................................................ 1== /irds............................................................................................................................................ 1== S5innin$ and /)t7"erin$ +ame...................................................................................................1=1 Sm 5in$ Meat............................................................................................................................. 1=2 Dryin$ Meat................................................................................................................................. 1=% 0t"er #reser*ati n Met" ds....................................................................................................... 1=% Free3in$...................................................................................................................................... 1=% /rine and Sa(t.............................................................................................................................. 1=% 12A#.-R < - SURVIVAL US- 0F #LAN.S.....................................................................................1=9 -DI/ILI.Y 0F #LAN.S................................................................................................................. 1=9 #(ant Identi!i7ati n....................................................................................................................... 1=; Uni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est................................................................................................................ 1=7 Sea8eeds................................................................................................................................... 11= #reparati n ! #(ant F d........................................................................................................... 11= #LAN.S F0R M-DI1IN-.............................................................................................................. 111 .erms and De!initi ns................................................................................................................. 111 Spe7i!i7 Remedies...................................................................................................................... 111 12A#.-R 1= - #0IS0N0US #LAN.S.............................................................................................119 20' #LAN.S #0IS0N................................................................................................................. 119 ALL A/0U. #LAN.S.................................................................................................................... 119 RUL-S F0R AV0IDIN+ #0IS0N0US #LAN.S...........................................................................11; 10N.A1. D-RMA.I.IS............................................................................................................... 11; IN+-S.I0N #0IS0NIN+.............................................................................................................. 11; 12A#.-R 11 - DAN+-R0US ANIMALS..........................................................................................117 INS-1.S AND ARA12NIDS......................................................................................................... 117 S7 rpi ns.................................................................................................................................... 117 Spiders........................................................................................................................................ 11& 1entipedes and Mi((ipedes.......................................................................................................... 11& /ees4 'asps4 and 2 rnets.......................................................................................................... 11& .i75s............................................................................................................................................ 11& L--12-S...................................................................................................................................... 11< /A.S............................................................................................................................................. 11< #0IS0N0US SNA:-S.................................................................................................................. 11< Sna5e-Free Areas....................................................................................................................... 12= DAN+-R0US LICARDS................................................................................................................ 121 +i(a M nster................................................................................................................................ 121 MeAi7an /eaded Li3ard............................................................................................................... 121 : m d Dra$ n.......................................................................................................................... 121 DAN+-RS IN RIV-RS.................................................................................................................. 121 -(e7tri7 -e(.................................................................................................................................. 121 #iran"a........................................................................................................................................ 121
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.)rt(e........................................................................................................................................... 121 #(atyp)s...................................................................................................................................... 121 DAN+-RS IN /AYS AND -S.UARI-S.........................................................................................122 SAL.'A.-R DAN+-RS............................................................................................................... 122 Fis" Dan$er )s t 2and(e4 . )7"4 r 1 nta7t............................................................................122 Anima(s and Fis" # is n )s t -at.............................................................................................12% 0t"er Dan$er )s Sea 1reat)res.................................................................................................12% 12A#.-R 12 - FI-LD--D#-DI-N. '-A#0NS4 .00LS4 AND ->UI#M-N.............................................................................................................................. 12; 1LU/S........................................................................................................................................... 12; Simp(e 1()b................................................................................................................................. 12; 'ei$"ted 1()b............................................................................................................................. 12; S(in$ 1()b.................................................................................................................................... 126 -D+-D '-A#0NS....................................................................................................................... 127 :ni*es......................................................................................................................................... 127 Spear /(ades............................................................................................................................... 12< Arr 8 # ints................................................................................................................................ 12< 0.2-R -D#-DI-N. '-A#0NS..................................................................................................1%= ."r 8in$ Sti75............................................................................................................................. 1%= Ar7"ery -6)ipment...................................................................................................................... 1%= / (a............................................................................................................................................. 1%1 LAS2IN+ AND 10RDA+-............................................................................................................ 1%2 Nat)ra( 1 rda$e Se(e7ti n.......................................................................................................... 1%2 Las"in$ Materia(.......................................................................................................................... 1%2 RU1:SA1: 10NS.RU1.I0N.....................................................................................................1%2 2 rses" e #a75.......................................................................................................................... 1%% S6)are #a75................................................................................................................................ 1%% 1L0.2IN+ AND INSULA.I0N......................................................................................................1%9 #ara7")te Assemb(y................................................................................................................... 1%9 Anima( S5ins............................................................................................................................... 1%9 #(ant Fibers................................................................................................................................. 1%9 100:IN+ AND -A.IN+ U.-NSILS.............................................................................................1%9 / 8(s.......................................................................................................................................... 1%9 F r5s4 :ni*es4 and Sp ns......................................................................................................... 1%; # ts............................................................................................................................................. 1%; 'ater / tt(es............................................................................................................................... 1%; 12A#.-R 1% - D-S-R. SURVIVAL.................................................................................................1%6 .-RRAIN....................................................................................................................................... 1%6 M )ntain Deserts........................................................................................................................ 1%6 R 75y #(atea) Deserts................................................................................................................ 1%6 Sandy r D)ne Deserts............................................................................................................... 1%6 Sa(t Mars"es............................................................................................................................... 1%7 /r 5en .errain............................................................................................................................ 1%7 -NVIR0NM-N.AL FA1.0RS......................................................................................................1%7 L 8 Rain!a((................................................................................................................................. 1%7 Intense S)n(i$"t and 2eat........................................................................................................... 1%7 'ide .emperat)re Ran$e........................................................................................................... 1%& Sparse Ve$etati n....................................................................................................................... 1%& 2i$" Minera( 1 ntent................................................................................................................... 1%< Sandst rms................................................................................................................................. 1%< Mira$es....................................................................................................................................... 1%< N--D F0R 'A.-R....................................................................................................................... 19= 2-A. 1ASUAL.I-S...................................................................................................................... 191 2eat 1ramps............................................................................................................................... 192
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2eat -A"a)sti n.......................................................................................................................... 192 2eat Str 5e................................................................................................................................. 192 #R-1AU.I0NS............................................................................................................................. 192 D-S-R. 2ACARDS...................................................................................................................... 192 12A#.-R 19 - .R0#I1AL SURVIVAL.............................................................................................199 .R0#I1AL '-A.2-R.................................................................................................................. 199 ?UN+L- .Y#-S............................................................................................................................ 199 .r pi7a( Rain F rests.................................................................................................................. 19; Se7 ndary ?)n$(es...................................................................................................................... 19; Semie*er$reen Seas na( and M ns n F rests.........................................................................19; .r pi7a( S7r)b and ." rn F rests...............................................................................................196 .r pi7a( Sa*annas...................................................................................................................... 196 Sa(t8ater S8amps...................................................................................................................... 196 Fres"8ater S8amps.................................................................................................................... 196 .RAV-L .2R0U+2 ?UN+L- AR-AS..........................................................................................197 IMM-DIA.- 10NSID-RA.I0NS..................................................................................................197 'A.-R #R01UR-M-N.............................................................................................................. 19& Anima(s as Si$ns ! 'ater.......................................................................................................... 19& 'ater Fr m #(ants...................................................................................................................... 19& Vines........................................................................................................................................... 19& R ts........................................................................................................................................... 19& #a(m .rees.................................................................................................................................. 19& 'ater Fr m 1 ndensati n.......................................................................................................... 19< F00D............................................................................................................................................ 19< #0IS0N0US #LAN.S.................................................................................................................. 1;= 12A#.-R 1; - 10LD '-A.2-R SURVIVAL..................................................................................1;1 10LD R-+I0NS AND L01A.I0NS..............................................................................................1;1 'et 1 (d 'eat"er -n*ir nments................................................................................................1;1 Dry 1 (d 'eat"er -n*ir nments.................................................................................................1;1 'IND12ILL................................................................................................................................... 1;2 /ASI1 #RIN1I#L-S 0F 10LD '-A.2-R SURVIVAL.................................................................................................................. 1;% 2Y+I-N-....................................................................................................................................... 1;9 M-DI1AL AS#-1.S..................................................................................................................... 1;9 10LD IN?URI-S............................................................................................................................ 1;9 2yp t"ermia................................................................................................................................ 1;9 Fr stbite...................................................................................................................................... 1;; .ren7" F t and Immersi n F t................................................................................................1;6 De"ydrati n................................................................................................................................. 1;6 1 (d Di)resis............................................................................................................................... 1;6 S)nb)rn...................................................................................................................................... 1;6 Sn 8 /(indness........................................................................................................................... 1;6 1 nstipati n................................................................................................................................ 1;7 Inse7t /ites.................................................................................................................................. 1;7 S2-L.-RS.................................................................................................................................... 1;7 Sn 8 1a*e S"e(ter..................................................................................................................... 1;& Sn 8 .ren7" S"e(ter................................................................................................................... 1;< Sn 8 /( 75 and #ara7")te S"e(ter.............................................................................................1;< Sn 8 2 )se r I$( ................................................................................................................... 16= Lean-. S"e(ter.......................................................................................................................... 16= Fa((en .ree S"e(ter...................................................................................................................... 16= .ree-#it S"e(ter........................................................................................................................... 16= 2=-Man Li!e Ra!t.......................................................................................................................... 161 FIR-............................................................................................................................................... 161
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'A.-R.......................................................................................................................................... 162 F00D............................................................................................................................................ 16% Fis"............................................................................................................................................. 16% Sea I7e Anima(s.......................................................................................................................... 169 #(ants.......................................................................................................................................... 169 .RAV-L......................................................................................................................................... 16; '-A.2-R SI+NS......................................................................................................................... 16; 'ind............................................................................................................................................ 16; 1( )ds......................................................................................................................................... 166 Sm 5e......................................................................................................................................... 166 /irds and Inse7ts......................................................................................................................... 166 L 8-#ress)re Fr nt..................................................................................................................... 166 12A#.-R 16 - S-A SURVIVAL........................................................................................................167 .2- 0#-N S-A............................................................................................................................. 167 #re7a)ti nary Meas)res............................................................................................................. 167 D 8n at Sea................................................................................................................................ 167 1 (d 'eat"er 1 nsiderati ns......................................................................................................17% 2 t 'eat"er 1 nsiderati ns.......................................................................................................179 Ra!t #r 7ed)res.......................................................................................................................... 179 Sai(in$ Ra!ts................................................................................................................................ 1&= 'ater.......................................................................................................................................... 1&1 F d #r 7)rement...................................................................................................................... 1&2 Medi7a( #r b(ems Ass 7iated 'it" Sea S)r*i*a(........................................................................1&9 S"ar5s......................................................................................................................................... 1&; Dete7tin$ Land............................................................................................................................ 1&6 Ra!tin$ r /ea7"in$ .e7"ni6)es.................................................................................................1&6 S8immin$ As" re....................................................................................................................... 1&7 #i75)p r Res7)e........................................................................................................................ 1&7 S-AS20R-S................................................................................................................................. 1&& Spe7ia( 2ea(t" 2a3ards............................................................................................................... 1&& F d............................................................................................................................................ 1&< 12A#.-R 17 - -D#-DI-N. 'A.-R 1R0SSIN+S.........................................................................1<= RIV-RS AND S.R-AMS............................................................................................................... 1<= RA#IDS.......................................................................................................................................... 1<1 RAF.S........................................................................................................................................... 1<% /r)s" Ra!t................................................................................................................................... 1<% A)stra(ian # n7" Ra!t................................................................................................................ 1<9 # n7" D n)t Ra!t...................................................................................................................... 1<; L $ Ra!t...................................................................................................................................... 1<6 FL0.A.I0N D-VI1-S.................................................................................................................. 1<6 0.2-R 'A.-R 0/S.A1L-S......................................................................................................1<7 V-+-.A.I0N 0/S.A1L-S.......................................................................................................... 1<7 12A#.-R 1& - FI-LD--D#-DI-N. DIR-1.I0N FINDIN+..............................................................1<< USIN+ .2- SUN AND S2AD0'S...............................................................................................1<< S"ad 8-.ip Met" ds.................................................................................................................. 1<< ."e 'at7" Met" d...................................................................................................................... 2== USIN+ .2- M00N....................................................................................................................... 2=1 USIN+ .2- S.ARS....................................................................................................................... 2=1 ."e N rt"ern S5y........................................................................................................................ 2=1 ."e S )t"ern S5y....................................................................................................................... 2=2 MA:IN+ IM#R0VIS-D 10M#ASS-S..........................................................................................2=% 0.2-R M-ANS 0F D-.-RMININ+ DIR-1.I0N........................................................................2=% 12A#.-R 1< - SI+NALIN+ .-12NI>U-S......................................................................................2=; A##LI1A.I0N............................................................................................................................... 2=;
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FM 21-76
M-ANS F0R SI+NALIN+............................................................................................................. 2=; Vis)a( Si$na(s.............................................................................................................................. 2=; A)di Si$na(s.............................................................................................................................. 21= 10D-S AND SI+NALS................................................................................................................. 21= S0S............................................................................................................................................ 21= +r )nd-t -Air -mer$en7y 1 de..................................................................................................211 / dy Si$na(s............................................................................................................................... 211 #ane( Si$na(s.............................................................................................................................. 211 Air7ra!t A75n 8(ed$ments........................................................................................................... 212 AIR1RAF. V-1.0RIN+ #R01-DUR-S.....................................................................................21% 12A#.-R 2= - SURVIVAL M0V-M-N. IN 20S.IL- AR-AS.........................................................219 #2AS-S 0F #LANNIN+............................................................................................................... 219 1 ntin$en7y #(an ! A7ti n E1#AF...............................................................................................219 Standin$ 0peratin$ #r 7ed)res..................................................................................................21; N ti!i7ati n t M *e and A* id 1apt)re......................................................................................21; -D-1U.I0N.................................................................................................................................. 21; 2ide Site A7ti*ities...................................................................................................................... 216 2 (e-Up Areas............................................................................................................................. 217 R-.URN .0 FRI-NDLY 10N.R0L.............................................................................................21& / rder 1r ssin$s........................................................................................................................ 21& Lin5)p at t"e F-/AGFL0............................................................................................................ 21< Lin5)p 'it" Friend(y #atr (s........................................................................................................21< 12A#.-R 21 - 1AM0UFLA+-.........................................................................................................22= #-RS0NAL 1AM0UFLA+-.......................................................................................................... 22= S"ape and 0)t(ine...................................................................................................................... 22= 1 ( r and .eAt)re....................................................................................................................... 22= S"ine........................................................................................................................................... 221 S"ad 8....................................................................................................................................... 221 M *ement................................................................................................................................... 221 N ise........................................................................................................................................... 222 S7ent........................................................................................................................................... 222 M-.20DS 0F S.AL:IN+............................................................................................................. 222 Upri$"t Sta(5in$........................................................................................................................... 222 1ra8(in$...................................................................................................................................... 222 #r ne Sta(5in$............................................................................................................................. 22% Anima( Sta(5in$........................................................................................................................... 22% 12A#.-R 22 - 10N.A1. 'I.2 #-0#L-.......................................................................................229 10N.A1. 'I.2 L01AL #-0#L-................................................................................................229 .2- SURVIV0RHS /-2AVI0R......................................................................................................22; 12AN+-S .0 #0LI.I1AL ALL-+IAN1-.....................................................................................22; 12A#.-R 2% - SURVIVAL IN MAN-MAD- 2ACARDS.....................................................................226 .2- NU1L-AR -NVIR0NM-N....................................................................................................226 -!!e7ts ! N)7(ear 'eap ns........................................................................................................226 .ypes ! N)7(ear /)rsts.............................................................................................................. 227 N)7(ear InB)ries........................................................................................................................... 227 Resid)a( Radiati n...................................................................................................................... 227 / di(y Rea7ti ns t Radiati n.....................................................................................................22& 1 )ntermeas)res A$ainst #enetratin$ -Aterna( Radiati n..........................................................22& S"e(ter......................................................................................................................................... 22< 'ater #r 7)rement..................................................................................................................... 2%2 F d #r 7)rement...................................................................................................................... 2%2 /I0L0+I1AL -NVIR0NM-N.S....................................................................................................2%% /i ( $i7a( A$ents and -!!e7ts......................................................................................................2%% Dete7ti n ! /i ( $i7a( A$ents.....................................................................................................2%9
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FM 21-76
In!()en7e ! 'eat"er and .errain................................................................................................2%; #r te7ti n A$ainst /i ( $i7a( A$ents...........................................................................................2%; S"e(ter......................................................................................................................................... 2%6 'ater #r 7)rement..................................................................................................................... 2%6 F d #r 7)rement...................................................................................................................... 2%6 12-MI1AL -NVIR0NM-N.S.......................................................................................................2%6 Dete7ti n ! 1"emi7a( A$ents.....................................................................................................2%7 #r te7ti n A$ainst 1"emi7a( A$ents...........................................................................................2%7 S"e(ter......................................................................................................................................... 2%7 'ater #r 7)rement..................................................................................................................... 2%7 F d #r 7)rement...................................................................................................................... 2%&
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
This manual is based entirely on the keyword SURVIVAL. The letters in this word can help guide you in your actions in any survival situation. henever !aced with a survival situation" remember the word SURVIVAL.
SURVIVAL ACTIONS
."e ! (( 8in$ para$rap"s eApand n t"e meanin$ ! ea7" (etter ! t"e 8 rd s)r*i*a(. St)dy and remember 8"at ea7" (etter si$ni!ies be7a)se y ) may s me day "a*e t ma5e it 8 r5 ! r y ).
S -Size Up the Sit !ti"#

I! y ) are in a 7 mbat sit)ati n4 !ind a p(a7e 8"ere y ) 7an 7 n7ea( y )rse(! !r m t"e enemy. Remember4 se7)rity ta5es pri rity. Use y )r senses ! "earin$4 sme((4 and si$"t t $et a !ee( ! r t"e batt(e!ie(d. '"at is t"e enemy d in$I Ad*an7in$I 2 (din$ in p(a7eI Retreatin$I Y ) 8i(( "a*e t 7 nsider 8"at is de*e( pin$ n t"e batt(e!ie(d 8"en y ) ma5e y )r s)r*i*a( p(an. Size Up Your Surroundings Determine t"e pattern ! t"e area. +et a !ee( ! r 8"at is $ in$ n ar )nd y ). -*ery en*ir nment4 8"et"er ! rest4 B)n$(e4 r desert4 "as a r"yt"m r pattern. ."is r"yt"m r pattern in7()des anima( and bird n ises and m *ements and inse7t s )nds. It may a(s in7()de enemy tra!!i7 and 7i*i(ian m *ements. Size Up Your Physical Condition ."e press)re ! t"e batt(e y ) 8ere in r t"e tra)ma ! bein$ in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n may "a*e 7a)sed y ) t *er( 5 8 )nds y ) re7ei*ed. 1"e75 y )r 8 )nds and $i*e y )rse(! !irst aid. .a5e 7are t pre*ent !)rt"er b di(y "arm. F r instan7e4 in any 7(imate4 drin5 p(enty ! 8ater t pre*ent de"ydrati n. I! y ) are in a 7 (d r 8et 7(imate4 p)t n additi na( 7( t"in$ t pre*ent "yp t"ermia. Size Up Your !uip"ent #er"aps in t"e "eat ! batt(e4 y ) ( st r dama$ed s me ! y )r e6)ipment. 1"e75 t see 8"at e6)ipment y ) "a*e and 8"at 7 nditi n it is in. N 8 t"at y ) "a*e si3ed )p y )r sit)ati n4 s)rr )ndin$s4 p"ysi7a( 7 nditi n4 and e6)ipment4 y ) are ready t ma5e y )r s)r*i*a( p(an. In d in$ s 4 5eep in mind y )r basi7 p"ysi7a( needs--8ater4 ! d4 and s"e(ter.
U -U$e A%% Y" & Se#$e$' U#( e H!$te M!)e$ W!$te

Y ) may ma5e a 8r n$ m *e 8"en y ) rea7t 6)i75(y 8it" )t t"in5in$ r p(annin$. ."at m *e may res)(t in y )r 7apt)re r deat". D nHt m *e B)st ! r t"e sa5e ! ta5in$ a7ti n. 1 nsider a(( aspe7ts ! y )r sit)ati n Esi3e )p y )r sit)ati nF be! re y ) ma5e a de7isi n and a m *e. I! y ) a7t in "aste4 y ) may ! r$et r ( se s me ! y )r e6)ipment. In y )r "aste y ) may a(s be7 me dis riented s t"at y ) d nHt 5n 8 8"i7" 8ay t $ . #(an y )r m *es. /e ready t m *e )t 6)i75(y 8it" )t endan$erin$ y )rse(! i! t"e enemy is near y ). Use a(( y )r senses t e*a()ate t"e sit)ati n. N te s )nds and sme((s. /e sensiti*e t temperat)re 7"an$es. /e bser*ant.
R -Re*e*+e& Whe&e Y" A&e

Sp t y )r ( 7ati n n y )r map and re(ate it t t"e s)rr )ndin$ terrain. ."is is a basi7 prin7ip(e t"at y ) m)st a(8ays ! (( 8. I! t"ere are t"er pers ns 8it" y )4 ma5e s)re t"ey a(s 5n 8 t"eir ( 7ati n. A(8ays 5n 8 8" in y )r $r )p4 *e"i7(e4 r air7ra!t "as a map and 7 mpass. I! t"at pers n is 5i((ed4 y ) 8i(( "a*e t $et t"e map and 7 mpass !r m "im. #ay 7( se attenti n t 8"ere y ) are and t 8"ere y ) are $ in$. D n t re(y n t"ers in t"e $r )p t 5eep tra75 ! t"e r )te. 1 nstant(y rient y )rse(!. A(8ays try t determine4 as a minim)m4 " 8 y )r ( 7ati n re(ates t -
."e ( 7ati n ! enemy )nits and 7 ntr ((ed areas. ."e ( 7ati n ! !riend(y )nits and 7 ntr ((ed areas. ."e ( 7ati n ! ( 7a( 8ater s )r7es Eespe7ia((y imp rtant in t"e desertF. Areas t"at 8i(( pr *ide $ d 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment.
."is in! rmati n 8i(( a(( 8 y ) t ma5e inte((i$ent de7isi ns 8"en y ) are in a s)r*i*a( and e*asi n sit)ati n.
V -V!#, i$h Fe!& !#( P!#i."e $reatest enemies in a 7 mbat s)r*i*a( and e*asi n sit)ati n are !ear and pani7. I! )n7 ntr ((ed4 t"ey 7an destr y y )r abi(ity t ma5e an inte((i$ent de7isi n. ."ey may 7a)se y ) t rea7t t y )r !ee(in$s and ima$inati n rat"er t"an t y )r sit)ati n. ."ey 7an drain y )r ener$y and t"ereby 7a)se t"er ne$ati*e em ti ns. #re*i )s s)r*i*a( and e*asi n trainin$ and se(!-7 n!iden7e 8i(( enab(e y ) t *an6)is" !ear and pani7.
I -I*p&".i$e
In t"e United States4 8e "a*e items a*ai(ab(e ! r a(( )r needs. Many ! t"ese items are 7"eap t rep(a7e 8"en dama$ed. 0)r easy 7 me4 easy $ 4 easy-t -rep(a7e 7)(t)re ma5es it )nne7essary ! r )s t impr *ise. ."is ineAperien7e in impr *isati n 7an be an enemy in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. Learn t impr *ise. .a5e a t ( desi$ned ! r a spe7i!i7 p)rp se and see " 8 many t"er )ses y ) 7an ma5e ! it. Learn t )se nat)ra( bBe7ts ar )nd y ) ! r di!!erent needs. An eAamp(e is )sin$ a r 75 ! r a "ammer. N matter " 8 7 mp(ete a s)r*i*a( 5it y ) "a*e 8it" y )4 it 8i(( r)n )t r 8ear )t a!ter a 8"i(e. Y )r ima$inati n m)st ta5e *er 8"en y )r 5it 8ears )t.
V -V!% e Li.i#/
A(( ! )s 8ere b rn 5i75in$ and !i$"tin$ t (i*e4 b)t 8e "a*e be7 me )sed t t"e s !t (i!e. 'e "a*e be7 me 7reat)res ! 7 m! rt. 'e dis(i5e in7 n*enien7es and dis7 m! rts. '"at "appens 8"en 8e are !a7ed 8it" a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n 8it" its stresses4 in7 n*enien7es4 and dis7 m! rtsI ."is is 8"en t"e 8i(( t (i*e- p(a7in$ a "i$" *a()e n (i*in$-is *ita(. ."e eAperien7e and 5n 8(ed$e y ) "a*e $ained t"r )$" (i!e and y )r Army trainin$ 8i(( "a*e a bearin$ n y )r 8i(( t (i*e. St)bb rnness4 a re!)sa( t $i*e in t pr b(ems and bsta7(es t"at !a7e y )4 8i(( $i*e y ) t"e menta( and p"ysi7a( stren$t" t end)re.
A -A-t Li)e the N!ti.e$

."e nati*es and anima(s ! a re$i n "a*e adapted t t"eir en*ir nment. . $et a !ee( ! t"e area4 8at7" " 8 t"e pe p(e $ ab )t t"eir dai(y r )tine. '"en and 8"at d t"ey eatI '"en4 8"ere4 and " 8 d t"ey $et t"eir ! dI '"en and 8"ere d t"ey $ ! r 8aterI '"at time d t"ey )s)a((y $ t bed and $et )pI ."ese a7ti ns are imp rtant t y ) 8"en y ) are tryin$ t a* id 7apt)re. Anima( (i!e in t"e area 7an a(s $i*e y ) 7()es n " 8 t s)r*i*e. Anima(s a(s re6)ire ! d4 8ater4 and s"e(ter. /y 8at7"in$ t"em4 y ) 7an !ind s )r7es ! 8ater and ! d.
WARNING A#i*!%$ -!##"t $e&.e !$ !# !+$"% te / i(e t" 0h!t 1" -!# e!t !#( (&i#)2 M!#1 !#i*!%$ e!t p%!#t$ th!t !&e t"3i- t" h *!#$2 :eep in mind t"at t"e rea7ti n ! anima(s 7an re*ea( y )r presen7e t t"e enemy. I! in a !riend(y area4 ne 8ay y ) 7an $ain rapp rt 8it" t"e nati*es is t s" 8 interest in t"eir t (s and " 8 t"ey $et ! d and 8ater. /y st)dyin$ t"e pe p(e4 y ) (earn t respe7t t"em4 y ) !ten ma5e *a()ab(e !riends4 and4 m st imp rtant4 y ) (earn " 8 t adapt t t"eir en*ir nment and in7rease y )r 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a(.
L -Li.e +1 Y" & Wit$' #ut $or No%& Le!&# B!$i- S)i%%$
'it" )t trainin$ in basi7 s5i((s ! r s)r*i*in$ and e*adin$ n t"e batt(e!ie(d4 y )r 7"an7es ! (i*in$ t"r )$" a 7 mbat s)r*i*a( and e*asi n sit)ati n are s(i$"t. Learn t"ese basi7 s5i((s #"0--n t 8"en y ) are "eaded ! r r are in t"e batt(e. 2 8 y ) de7ide t e6)ip y )rse(! be! re dep( yment 8i(( impa7t n 8"et"er r n t y ) s)r*i*e. Y ) need t 5n 8 ab )t t"e en*ir nment t 8"i7" y ) are $ in$4 and y ) m)st pra7ti7e basi7 s5i((s $eared t t"at en*ir nment. F r instan7e4 i! y ) are $ in$ t a desert4 y ) need t 5n 8 " 8 t $et 8ater in t"e desert. #ra7ti7e basi7 s)r*i*a( s5i((s d)rin$ a(( trainin$ pr $rams and eAer7ises. S)r*i*a( trainin$ red)7es !ear ! t"e )n5n 8n and $i*es y ) se(!-7 n!iden7e. It tea7"es y ) t live by your wits.
PATT RN 'OR SURVIVAL

De*e( p a s)r*i*a( pattern t"at (ets y ) beat t"e enemies ! s)r*i*a(. ."is s)r*i*a( pattern m)st in7()de ! d4 8ater4 s"e(ter4 !ire4 !irst aid4 and si$na(s p(a7ed in rder ! imp rtan7e. F r eAamp(e4 in a 7 (d en*ir nment4 y ) 8 )(d need a !ire t $et 8armJ a shelter t pr te7t y ) !r m t"e 7 (d4 8ind4 and rain r sn 8J traps r snares t $et !ood# a means t signal !riend(y air7ra!tJ and !irst aid t maintain "ea(t". I! in$ured" !irst aid has top priority n matter 8"at 7(imate y ) are in. 1"an$e y )r s)r*i*a( pattern t meet y )r immediate p"ysi7a( needs as t"e en*ir nment 7"an$es. As y ) read t"e rest ! t"is man)a(4 5eep in mind t"e 5ey8 rd SURVIVAL and t"e need ! r a s)r*i*a( pattern.
CHAPTER 4 - PSYCHOLOGY OF SURVIVAL
It takes much more than the knowledge and skills to build shelters" get !ood" make !ires" and travel without the aid o! standard navigational devices to live success!ully through a survival situation. Some people with little or no survival training have managed to survive li!e%threatening circumstances. Some people with survival training have not used their skills and died. A key ingredient in any survival situation is the mental attitude o! the individual&s' involved. (aving survival skills is important# having the will to survive is essential. ithout a desk to survive" ac)uired skills serve little purpose and invaluable knowledge goes to waste. There is a psychology to survival. The soldier in a survival environment !aces many stresses that ultimately impact on his mind. These stresses can produce thoughts and emotions that" i! poorly understood" can trans!orm a con!ident" well%trained soldier into an indecisive" ine!!ective individual with )uestionable ability to survive. Thus" every soldier must be aware o! and be able to recogni*e those stresses commonly associated with survival. Additionally" it is imperative that soldiers be aware o! their reactions to the wide variety o! stresses associated with survival. This chapter will identi!y and e+plain the nature o! stress" the stresses o! survival" and those internal reactions soldiers will naturally e+perience when !aced with the stresses o! a real%world survival situation. The knowledge you" the soldier" gain !rom this chapter and other chapters in this manual" will prepare you to come through the toughest times ali(e)
A LOO* AT STR SS
/e! re 8e 7an )nderstand )r psy7" ( $i7a( rea7ti ns in a s)r*i*a( settin$4 it is "e(p!)( t !irst 5n 8 a (itt(e bit ab )t stress. Stress is n t a disease t"at y ) 7)re and e(iminate. Instead4 it is a 7 nditi n 8e a(( eAperien7e. Stress 7an be des7ribed as )r rea7ti n t press)re. It is t"e name $i*en t t"e eAperien7e 8e "a*e as 8e p"ysi7a((y4 menta((y4 em ti na((y4 and spirit)a((y resp nd t (i!eHs tensi ns.
Nee( 5"& St&e$$

'e need stress be7a)se it "as many p siti*e bene!its. Stress pr *ides )s 8it" 7"a((en$esJ it $i*es )s 7"an7es t (earn ab )t )r *a()es and stren$t"s. Stress 7an s" 8 )r abi(ity t "and(e press)re 8it" )t brea5in$J it tests )r adaptabi(ity and !(eAibi(ityJ it 7an stim)(ate )s t d )r best. /e7a)se 8e )s)a((y d n t 7 nsider )nimp rtant e*ents stress!)(4 stress 7an a(s be an eA7e((ent indi7at r ! t"e si$ni!i7an7e 8e atta7" t an e*ent--in t"er 8 rds4 it "i$"(i$"ts 8"at is imp rtant t )s. 'e need t "a*e s me stress in )r (i*es4 b)t t m)7" ! anyt"in$ 7an be bad. ."e $ a( is t "a*e stress4 b)t n t an eA7ess ! it. . m)7" stress 7an ta5e its t (( n pe p(e and r$ani3ati ns. . m)7" stress (eads t distress. Distress 7a)ses an )n7 m! rtab(e tensi n t"at 8e try t es7ape and4 pre!erab(y4 a* id. Listed be( 8 are a !e8 ! t"e 7 mm n si$ns ! distress y ) may !ind in y )r !e(( 8 s (diers r
Di!!i7)(ty ma5in$ de7isi ns. An$ry )tb)rsts. F r$et!)(ness. L 8 ener$y (e*e(. 1 nstant 8 rryin$. #r pensity ! r mista5es. ." )$"ts ab )t deat" r s)i7ide. .r )b(e $ettin$ a( n$ 8it" t"ers. 'it"dra8in$ !r m t"ers. 2idin$ !r m resp nsibi(ities. 1are(essness.
As y ) 7an see4 stress 7an be 7 nstr)7ti*e r destr)7ti*e. It 7an en7 )ra$e r dis7 )ra$e4 m *e )s a( n$ r st p )s dead in )r tra75s4 and ma5e (i!e meanin$!)( r seemin$(y meanin$(ess. Stress 7an inspire y ) t perate s)77ess!)((y and per! rm at y )r maAim)m e!!i7ien7y in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. It 7an a(s 7a)se y ) t pani7 and ! r$et a(( y )r trainin$. :ey t y )r s)r*i*a( is y )r abi(ity t mana$e t"e ine*itab(e stresses y ) 8i(( en7 )nter. ."e s)r*i* r is t"e s (dier 8" 8 r5s 8it" "is stresses instead ! (ettin$ "is stresses 8 r5 n "im.
S &.i.!% St&e$$"&$
Any e*ent 7an (ead t stress and4 as e*ery ne "as eAperien7ed4 e*ents d nHt a(8ays 7 me ne at a time. 0!ten4 stress!)( e*ents 77)r sim)(tane )s(y. ."ese e*ents are n t stress4 b)t t"ey pr d)7e it and are 7a((ed Kstress rs.K Stress rs are t"e b*i )s 7a)se 8"i(e stress is t"e resp nse. 0n7e t"e b dy re7 $ni3es t"e presen7e ! a stress r4 it t"en be$ins t a7t t pr te7t itse(!. In resp nse t a stress r4 t"e b dy prepares eit"er t K!i$"t r !(ee.K ."is preparati n in* (*es an interna( S0S sent t"r )$" )t t"e b dy. As t"e b dy resp nds t t"is S0S4 se*era( a7ti ns ta5e p(a7e. ."e b dy re(eases st red !)e(s Es)$ar and !atsF t pr *ide 6)i75 ener$yJ breat"in$ rate in7reases t s)pp(y m re Ay$en t t"e b( dJ m)s7(e tensi n in7reases t prepare ! r a7ti nJ b( d 7( ttin$ me7"anisms are a7ti*ated t red)7e b(eedin$ !r m 7)tsJ senses be7 me m re a7)te E"earin$ be7 mes m re sensiti*e4 eyes be7 me bi$4 sme(( be7 mes s"arperF s t"at y ) are m re a8are ! y )r s)rr )ndin$ and "eart rate and b( d press)re rise t pr *ide m re b( d t t"e m)s7(es. ."is pr te7ti*e p st)re (ets a pers n 7 pe 8it" p tentia( dan$ersJ " 8e*er4 a pers n 7ann t maintain s)7" a (e*e( ! a(ertness inde!inite(y. Stress rs are n t 7 )rte )sJ ne stress r d es n t (ea*e be7a)se an t"er ne arri*es. Stress rs add )p. ."e 7)m)(ati*e e!!e7t ! min r stress rs 7an be a maB r distress i! t"ey a(( "appen t 7( se t $et"er. As t"e b dyHs resistan7e t stress 8ears d 8n and t"e s )r7es ! stress 7 ntin)e E r in7reaseF4 e*ent)a((y a state ! eA"a)sti n arri*es. At t"is p int4 t"e abi(ity t resist stress r )se it in a p siti*e 8ay $i*es )t and si$ns ! distress appear. Anti7ipatin$ stress rs and de*e( pin$ strate$ies t 7 pe 8it" t"em are t8 in$redients in t"e e!!e7ti*e mana$ement ! stress. It is t"ere! re essentia( t"at t"e s (dier in a s)r*i*a( settin$ be a8are ! t"e types ! stress rs "e 8i(( en7 )nter. LetHs ta5e a ( 5 at a !e8 ! t"ese. In+ury& Illness& or ,eath InB)ry4 i((ness4 and deat" are rea( p ssibi(ities a s)r*i* r "as t !a7e. #er"aps n t"in$ is m re stress!)( t"an bein$ a( ne in an )n!ami(iar en*ir nment 8"ere y ) 7 )(d die !r m " sti(e a7ti n4 an a77ident4 r !r m eatin$ s met"in$ (et"a(. I((ness and inB)ry 7an a(s add t stress by (imitin$ y )r abi(ity t mane)*er4 $et ! d and drin54 !ind s"e(ter4 and de!end y )rse(!. -*en i! i((ness and inB)ry d nHt (ead t deat"4 t"ey add t stress t"r )$" t"e pain and dis7 m! rt t"ey $enerate. It is n(y by 7 n-tr ((in$ t"e stress ass 7iated 8it" t"e *)(nerabi(ity t inB)ry4 i((ness4 and deat" t"at a s (dier 7an "a*e t"e 7 )ra$e t ta5e t"e ris5s ass 7iated 8it" s)r*i*a( tas5s. Uncertainly and Lac- o$ Control S me pe p(e "a*e tr )b(e peratin$ in settin$s 8"ere e*eryt"in$ is n t 7(ear-7)t. ."e n(y $)arantee in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n is t"at n t"in$ is $)aranteed. It 7an be eAtreme(y stress!)( peratin$ n (imited in! rmati n in a settin$ 8"ere y ) "a*e (imited 7 ntr ( ! y )r s)rr )ndin$s. ."is )n7ertainty and (a75 ! 7 ntr ( a(s add t t"e stress ! bein$ i((4 inB)red4 r 5i((ed.
n(iron"ent -*en )nder t"e m st idea( 7ir7)mstan7es4 nat)re is 6)ite ! rmidab(e. In s)r*i*a(4 a s (dier 8i(( "a*e t 7 ntend 8it" t"e stress rs ! 8eat"er4 terrain4 and t"e *ariety ! 7reat)res in"abitin$ an area. 2eat4 7 (d4 rain4 8inds4 m )ntains4 s8amps4 deserts4 inse7ts4 dan$er )s repti(es4 and t"er anima(s are B)st a !e8 ! t"e 7"a((en$es a8aitin$ t"e s (dier 8 r5in$ t s)r*i*e. Dependin$ n " 8 a s (dier "and(es t"e stress ! "is en*ir nment4 "is s)rr )ndin$s 7an be eit"er a s )r7e ! ! d and pr te7ti n r 7an be a 7a)se ! eAtreme dis7 m! rt (eadin$ t inB)ry4 i((ness4 r deat". .unger and Thirst 'it" )t ! d and 8ater a pers n 8i(( 8ea5en and e*ent)a((y die. .")s4 $ettin$ and preser*in$ ! d and 8ater ta5es n in7reasin$ imp rtan7e as t"e (en$t" ! time in a s)r*i*a( settin$ in7reases. F r a s (dier )sed t "a*in$ "is pr *isi ns iss)ed4 ! ra$in$ 7an be a bi$ s )r7e ! stress. 'atigue F r7in$ y )rse(! t 7 ntin)e s)r*i*in$ is n t easy as y ) $r 8 m re tired. It is p ssib(e t be7 me s !ati$)ed t"at t"e a7t ! B)st stayin$ a8a5e is stress!)( in itse(!. Isolation ."ere are s me ad*anta$es t !a7in$ ad*ersity 8it" t"ers. As s (diers 8e (earn indi*id)a( s5i((s4 b)t 8e train t !)n7ti n as part ! a team. A(t" )$" 8e4 as s (diers4 7 mp(ain ab )t "i$"er "ead6)arters4 8e be7 me )sed t t"e in! rmati n and $)idan7e it pr *ides4 espe7ia((y d)rin$ times ! 7 n!)si n. /ein$ in 7 nta7t 8it" t"ers a(s pr *ides a $reater sense ! se7)rity and a !ee(in$ s me ne is a*ai(ab(e t "e(p i! pr b(ems 77)r. A si$ni!i7ant stress r in s)r*i*a( sit)ati ns is t"at !ten a pers n r team "as t re(y s (e(y n its 8n res )r7es. ."e s)r*i*a( stress rs menti ned in t"is se7ti n are by n means t"e n(y nes y ) may !a7e. Remember4 8"at is stress!)( t ne pers n may n t be stress!)( t an t"er. Y )r eAperien7es4 trainin$4 pers na( )t( 5 n (i!e4 p"ysi7a( and menta( 7 nditi nin$4 and (e*e( ! se(!-7 n!iden7e 7 ntrib)te t 8"at y ) 8i(( !ind stress!)( in a s)r*i*a( en*ir nment. ."e bBe7t is n t t a* id stress4 b)t rat"er t mana$e t"e stress rs ! s)r*i*a( and ma5e t"em 8 r5 ! r y ). 'e n 8 "a*e a $enera( 5n 8(ed$e ! stress and t"e stress rs 7 mm n t s)r*i*a(J t"e neAt step is t eAamine )r rea7ti ns t t"e stress rs 8e may !a7e.
NATURAL R ACTIONS
Man "as been ab(e t s)r*i*e many s"i!ts in "is en*ir nment t"r )$" )t t"e 7ent)ries. 2is abi(ity t adapt p"ysi7a((y and menta((y t a 7"an$in$ 8 r(d 5ept "im a(i*e 8"i(e t"er spe7ies ar )nd "im $rad)a((y died !!. ."e same s)r*i*a( me7"anisms t"at 5ept )r ! re!at"ers a(i*e 7an "e(p 5eep )s a(i*e as 8e((L 2 8e*er4 t"ese s)r*i*a( me7"anisms t"at 7an "e(p )s 7an a(s 8 r5 a$ainst )s i! 8e d nHt )nderstand and anti7ipate t"eir presen7e. It is n t s)rprisin$ t"at t"e a*era$e pers n 8i(( "a*e s me psy7" ( $i7a( rea7ti ns in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. 'e 8i(( n 8 eAamine s me ! t"e maB r interna( rea7ti ns y ) and any ne 8it" y ) mi$"t eAperien7e 8it" t"e s)r*i*a( stress rs addressed in t"e ear(ier para$rap"s. LetHs be$in. Fe!& Fear is )r em ti na( resp nse t dan$er )s 7ir7)mstan7es t"at 8e be(ie*e "a*e t"e p tentia( t 7a)se deat"4 inB)ry4 r i((ness. ."is "arm is n t B)st (imited t p"ysi7a( dama$eJ t"e t"reat t neHs em ti na( and menta( 8e((-bein$ 7an $enerate !ear as 8e((. F r t"e s (dier tryin$ t s)r*i*e4 !ear 7an "a*e a p siti*e !)n7ti n i! it en7 )ra$es "im t be 7a)ti )s in sit)ati ns 8"ere re75(essness 7 )(d res)(t in inB)ry. Un! rt)nate(y4 !ear 7an a(s imm bi(i3e a pers n. It 7an 7a)se "im t be7 me s !ri$"tened t"at "e !ai(s t per! rm a7ti*ities essentia( ! r s)r*i*a(. M st s (diers 8i(( "a*e s me de$ree ! !ear 8"en p(a7ed in )n!ami(iar s)rr )ndin$s )nder ad*erse 7 nditi ns. ."ere is n s"ame in t"isL -a7" s (dier m)st train "imse(! n t t be *er7 me by "is !ears. Idea((y4 t"r )$" rea(isti7 trainin$4 8e 7an a76)ire t"e 5n 8(ed$e and s5i((s needed t in7rease )r 7 n!iden7e and t"ereby mana$e )r !ears. A#3iet1 Ass 7iated 8it" !ear is anAiety. /e7a)se it is nat)ra( ! r )s t be a!raid4 it is a(s nat)ra( ! r )s t eAperien7e anAiety. AnAiety 7an be an )neasy4 appre"ensi*e !ee(in$ 8e $et 8"en !a7ed 8it" dan$er )s sit)ati ns Ep"ysi7a(4 menta(4 and em ti na(F. '"en )sed in a "ea(t"y 8ay4 anAiety )r$es )s t a7t t end4 r at (east master4 t"e dan$ers t"at t"reaten )r eAisten7e. I! 8e 8ere ne*er anAi )s4 t"ere 8 )(d be (itt(e m ti*ati n t ma5e 7"an$es in )r (i*es. ."e s (dier in a s)r*i*a( settin$ red)7es "is anAiety by
per! rmin$ t" se tas5s t"at 8i(( ens)re "is 7 min$ t"r )$" t"e rdea( a(i*e. As "e red)7es "is anAiety4 t"e s (dier is a(s brin$in$ )nder 7 ntr ( t"e s )r7e ! t"at anAiety--"is !ears. In t"is ! rm4 anAiety is $ dJ " 8e*er4 anAiety 7an a(s "a*e a de*astatin$ impa7t. AnAiety 7an *er8"e(m a s (dier t t"e p int 8"ere "e be7 mes easi(y 7 n!)sed and "as di!!i7)(ty t"in5in$. 0n7e t"is "appens4 it be7 mes m re and m re di!!i7)(t ! r "im t ma5e $ d B)d$ments and s )nd de7isi ns. . s)r*i*e4 t"e s (dier m)st (earn te7"ni6)es t 7a(m "is anAieties and 5eep t"em in t"e ran$e 8"ere t"ey "e(p4 n t ")rt.
A#/e& !#( F& $t&!ti"#

Fr)strati n arises 8"en a pers n is 7 ntin)a((y t"8arted in "is attempts t rea7" a $ a(. ."e $ a( ! s)r*i*a( is t stay a(i*e )nti( y ) 7an rea7" "e(p r )nti( "e(p 7an rea7" y ). . a7"ie*e t"is $ a(4 t"e s (dier m)st 7 mp(ete s me tas5s 8it" minima( res )r7es. It is ine*itab(e4 in tryin$ t d t"ese tas5s4 t"at s met"in$ 8i(( $ 8r n$J t"at s met"in$ 8i(( "appen bey nd t"e s (dierHs 7 ntr (J and t"at 8it" neHs (i!e at sta5e4 e*ery mista5e is ma$ni!ied in terms ! its imp rtan7e. .")s4 s ner r (ater4 s (diers 8i(( "a*e t 7 pe 8it" !r)strati n 8"en a !e8 ! t"eir p(ans r)n int tr )b(e. 0ne )t$r 8t" ! t"is !r)strati n is an$er. ."ere are many e*ents in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n t"at 7an !r)strate r an$er a s (dier. +ettin$ ( st4 dama$ed r ! r$ tten e6)ipment4 t"e 8eat"er4 in" spitab(e terrain4 enemy patr (s4 and p"ysi7a( (imitati ns are B)st a !e8 s )r7es ! !r)strati n and an$er. Fr)strati n and an$er en7 )ra$e imp)(si*e rea7ti ns4 irrati na( be"a*i r4 p r(y t" )$"t- )t de7isi ns4 and4 in s me instan7es4 an KI 6)itK attit)de Epe p(e s metimes a* id d in$ s met"in$ t"ey 7anHt masterF. I! t"e s (dier 7an "arness and pr per(y 7"anne( t"e em ti na( intensity ass 7iated 8it" an$er and !r)strati n4 "e 7an pr d)7ti*e(y a7t as "e ans8ers t"e 7"a((en$es ! s)r*i*a(. I! t"e s (dier d es n t pr per(y ! 7)s "is an$ry !ee(in$s4 "e 7an 8aste m)7" ener$y in a7ti*ities t"at d (itt(e t !)rt"er eit"er "is 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a( r t"e 7"an7es ! t" se ar )nd "im.
Dep&e$$i"#
It 8 )(d be a rare pers n indeed 8" 8 )(d n t $et sad4 at (east m mentari(y4 8"en !a7ed 8it" t"e pri*ati ns ! s)r*i*a(. As t"is sadness deepens4 8e (abe( t"e !ee(in$ Kdepressi n.K Depressi n is 7( se(y (in5ed 8it" !r)strati n and an$er. ."e !r)strated pers n be7 mes m re and m re an$ry as "e !ai(s t rea7" "is $ a(s. I! t"e an$er d es n t "e(p t"e pers n t s)77eed4 t"en t"e !r)strati n (e*e( $ es e*en "i$"er. A destr)7ti*e 7y7(e bet8een an$er and !r)strati n 7 ntin)es )nti( t"e pers n be7 mes 8 rn d 8n-p"ysi7a((y4 em ti na((y4 and menta((y. '"en a pers n rea7"es t"is p int4 "e starts t $i*e )p4 and "is ! 7)s s"i!ts !r m K'"at 7an I d K t K."ere is n t"in$ I 7an d .K Depressi n is an eApressi n ! t"is " pe(ess4 "e(p(ess !ee(in$. ."ere is n t"in$ 8r n$ 8it" bein$ sad as y ) temp rari(y t"in5 ab )t y )r ( *ed nes and remember 8"at (i!e is (i5e ba75 in K7i*i(i3ati nK r Kt"e 8 r(d.K S)7" t" )$"ts4 in !a7t4 7an $i*e y ) t"e desire t try "arder and (i*e ne m re day. 0n t"e t"er "and4 i! y ) a(( 8 y )rs e(! t sin5 int a depressed state4 t"en it 7an sap a(( y )r ener$y and4 m re imp rtant4 y )r 8i(( t s)r*i*e. It is imperati*e t"at ea7" s (dier resist s)77)mbin$ t depressi n.
L"#e%i#e$$ !#( B"&e("*

Man is a s 7ia( anima(. ."is means 8e4 as ")man bein$s4 enB y t"e 7 mpany ! t"ers. Very !e8 pe p(e 8ant t be a( ne all the time, As y ) are a8are4 t"ere is a distin7t 7"an7e ! is (ati n in a s)r*i*a( settin$. ."is is n t bad. L ne(iness and b red m 7an brin$ t t"e s)r!a7e 6)a(ities y ) t" )$"t n(y t"ers "ad. ."e eAtent ! y )r ima$inati n and 7reati*ity may s)rprise y ). '"en re6)ired t d s 4 y ) may dis7 *er s me "idden ta(ents and abi(ities. M st ! a((4 y ) may tap int a reser* ir ! inner stren$t" and ! rtit)de y ) ne*er 5ne8 y ) "ad. 1 n*erse(y4 ( ne(iness and b red m 7an be an t"er s )r7e ! depressi n. As a s (dier s)r*i*in$ a( ne4 r 8it" t"ers4 y ) m)st !ind 8ays t 5eep y )r mind pr d)7ti*e(y 77)pied. Additi na((y4 y ) m)st de*e( p a de$ree ! se(!-s)!!i7ien7y. Y ) m)st "a*e !ait" in y )r 7apabi(ity t K$ it a( ne.K
G i%t
."e 7ir7)mstan7es (eadin$ t y )r bein$ in a s)r*i*a( settin$ are s metimes dramati7 and tra$i7. It may be t"e res)(t ! an a77ident r mi(itary missi n 8"ere t"ere 8as a ( ss ! (i!e. #er"aps y ) 8ere t"e n(y4 r ne ! a !e84 s)r*i* rs. '"i(e nat)ra((y re(ie*ed t be a(i*e4 y ) sim)(tane )s(y may be m )rnin$ t"e deat"s ! t"ers 8" 8ere (ess ! rt)nate. It is n t )n7 mm n ! r s)r*i* rs t !ee( $)i(ty ab )t bein$ spared !r m deat" 8"i(e t"ers 8ere n t. ."is !ee(in$4 8"en )sed in a p siti*e 8ay4 "as en7 )ra$ed pe p(e t try "arder t s)r*i*e 8it" t"e be(ie! t"ey 8ere a(( 8ed t (i*e ! r s me $reater p)rp se in (i!e. S metimes4 s)r*i* rs tried t stay a(i*e s t"at t"ey 7 )(d 7arry n t"e 8 r5 ! t" se 5i((ed. '"ate*er reas n y ) $i*e y )rse(!4 d n t (et $)i(t !ee(in$s pre*ent y ) !r m (i*in$. ."e (i*in$ 8" aband n t"eir 7"an7e t s)r*i*e a77 mp(is" n t"in$. S)7" an a7t 8 )(d be t"e $reatest tra$edy.
PR PARIN/ YOURS L'

Y )r missi n as a s (dier in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n is t stay a(i*e. As y ) 7an see4 y ) are $ in$ t eAperien7e an ass rtment ! t" )$"ts and em ti ns. ."ese 7an 8 r5 ! r y )4 r t"ey 7an 8 r5 t y )r d 8n!a((. Fear4 anAiety4 an$er4 !r)strati n4 $)i(t4 depressi n4 and ( ne(iness are a(( p ssib(e rea7ti ns t t"e many stresses 7 mm n t s)r*i*a(. ."ese rea7ti ns4 8"en 7 ntr ((ed in a "ea(t"y 8ay4 "e(p t in7rease a s (dierHs (i5e(i" d ! s)r*i*in$. ."ey pr mpt t"e s (dier t pay m re attenti n in trainin$4 t !i$"t ba75 8"en s7ared4 t ta5e a7ti ns t"at ens)re s)stenan7e and se7)rity4 t 5eep !ait" 8it" "is !e(( 8 s (diers4 and t stri*e a$ainst (ar$e dds. '"en t"e s)r*i* r 7ann t 7 ntr ( t"ese rea7ti ns in a "ea(t"y 8ay4 t"ey 7an brin$ "im t a standsti((. Instead ! ra((yin$ "is interna( res )r7es4 t"e s (dier (istens t "is interna( !ears. ."is s (dier eAperien7es psy7" ( $i7a( de!eat ( n$ be! re "e p"ysi7a((y s)77)mbs. Remember4 s)r*i*a( is nat)ra( t e*ery neJ bein$ )neApe7ted(y t"r)st int t"e (i!e and deat" str)$$(e ! s)r*i*a( is n t. D nHt be a!raid ! y )r Knat)ra( rea7ti ns t t"is )nnat)ra( sit)ati n.K #repare y )rse(! t r)(e *er t"ese rea7ti ns s t"ey ser*e y )r )(timate interest--stayin$ a(i*e 8it" t"e " n r and di$nity ass 7iated 8it" bein$ an Ameri7an s (dier. It in* (*es preparati n t ens)re t"at y )r rea7ti ns in a s)r*i*a( settin$ are pr d)7ti*e4 n t destr)7ti*e. ."e 7"a((en$e ! s)r*i*a( "as pr d)7ed 7 )nt(ess eAamp(es ! "er ism4 7 )ra$e4 and se(!-sa7ri!i7e. ."ese are t"e 6)a(ities it 7an brin$ )t in y ) i! y ) "a*e prepared y )rse(!. /e( 8 are a !e8 tips t "e(p prepare y )rse(! psy7" ( $i7a((y ! r s)r*i*a(. ."r )$" st)dyin$ t"is man)a( and attendin$ s)r*i*a( trainin$ y ) 7an de*e( p t"e survival attitude.
6#"0 Y" &$e%5

."r )$" trainin$4 !ami(y4 and !riends ta5e t"e time t dis7 *er 8" y ) are n t"e inside. Stren$t"en y )r str n$er 6)a(ities and de*e( p t"e areas t"at y ) 5n 8 are ne7essary t s)r*i*e.
A#ti-ip!te Fe!&$
D nHt pretend t"at y ) 8i(( "a*e n !ears. /e$in t"in5in$ ab )t 8"at 8 )(d !ri$"ten y ) t"e m st i! ! r7ed t s)r*i*e a( ne. .rain in t" se areas ! 7 n7ern t y ). ."e $ a( is n t t e(iminate t"e !ear4 b)t t b)i(d 7 n!iden7e in y )r abi(ity t !)n7ti n despite y )r !ears.
Be Re!%i$tiD nHt be a!raid t ma5e an " nest appraisa( ! sit)ati ns. See 7ir7)mstan7es as t"ey are4 n t as y ) 8ant t"em t be. :eep y )r " pes and eApe7tati ns 8it"in t"e estimate ! t"e sit)ati n. '"en y ) $ int a s)r*i*a( settin$ 8it" )nrea(isti7 eApe7tati ns4 y ) may be (ayin$ t"e $r )nd8 r5 ! r bitter disapp intment. F (( 8 t"e ada$e4 K2 pe ! r t"e best4 prepare ! r t"e 8 rst.K It is m)7" easier t adB)st t p(easant s)rprises ab )t neHs )neApe7ted $ d ! rt)nes t"an t be )pset by neHs )neApe7ted "ars" 7ir7)mstan7es.
A("pt ! P"$iti.e Attit (e
Learn t see t"e p tentia( $ d in e*eryt"in$. L 5in$ ! r t"e $ eA7e((ent ! r eAer7isin$ y )r ima$inati n and 7reati*ity.
d n t n(y b
sts m ra(e4 it a(s is
Re*i#( Y" &$e%5 Wh!t I$ !t St!)e

Remember4 !ai()re t prepare y )rse(! psy7" ( $i7a((y t 7 pe 8it" s)r*i*a( (eads t rea7ti ns s)7" as depressi n4 7are(essness4 inattenti n4 ( ss ! 7 n!iden7e4 p r de7isi n-ma5in$4 and $i*in$ )p be! re t"e b dy $i*es in. At sta5e is y )r (i!e and t"e (i*es ! t"ers 8" are dependin$ n y ) t d y )r s"are.
T&!i#
."r )$" mi(itary trainin$ and (i!e eAperien7es4 be$in t day t prepare y )rse(! t 7 pe 8it" t"e ri$ rs ! s)r*i*a(. Dem nstratin$ y )r s5i((s in trainin$ 8i(( $i*e y ) t"e 7 n!iden7e t 7a(( )p n t"em s" )(d t"e need arise. Remember4 t"e m re rea(isti7 t"e trainin$4 t"e (ess *er8"e(min$ an a7t)a( s)r*i*a( settin$ 8i(( be.
Le!&# St&e$$ M!#!/e*e#t Te-h#i, e$

#e p(e )nder stress "a*e a p tentia( t pani7 i! t"ey are n t 8e((-trained and n t prepared psy7" ( $i7a((y t !a7e 8"ate*er t"e 7ir7)mstan7es may be. '"i(e 8e !ten 7ann t 7 ntr ( t"e s)r*i*a( 7ir7)mstan7es in 8"i7" 8e !ind )rse(*es4 it is 8it"in )r abi(ity t 7 ntr ( )r resp nse t t" se 7ir7)mstan7es. Learnin$ stress mana$ement te7"ni6)es 7an en"an7e si$ni!i7ant(y y )r 7apabi(ity t remain 7a(m and ! 7)sed as y ) 8 r5 t 5eep y )rse(! and t"ers a(i*e. A !e8 $ d te7"ni6)es t de*e( p in7()de re(aAati n s5i((s4 time mana$ement s5i((s4 asserti*eness s5i((s4 and 7 $niti*e restr)7t)rin$ s5i((s Et"e abi(ity t 7 ntr ( " 8 y ) *ie8 a sit)ati nF. Remember4 Kt"e 8i(( t s)r*i*eK 7an a(s be 7 nsidered t be Kt"e re!)sa( t $i*e )p.K
CHAPTER 7 - SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL 6ITS
S)r*i*a( p(annin$ is n t"in$ m re t"an rea(i3in$ s met"in$ 7 )(d "appen t"at 8 )(d p)t y ) in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n and4 8it" t"at in mind4 ta5in$ steps t in7rease y )r 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a(. .")s4 s)r*i*a( p(annin$ means preparati n. #reparati n means "a*in$ s)r*i*a( items and 5n 8in$ " 8 t )se t"em #e p(e 8" (i*e in sn 8 re$i ns prepare t"eir *e"i7(es ! r p r r ad 7 nditi ns. ."ey p)t sn 8 tires n t"eir *e"i7(es4 add eAtra 8ei$"t in t"e ba75 ! r tra7ti n4 and t"ey 7arry a s" *e(4 sa(t4 and a b(an5et. An t"er eAamp(e ! preparati n is !indin$ t"e emer$en7y eAits n an air7ra!t 8"en y ) b ard it ! r a !(i$"t. #reparati n 7 )(d a(s mean 5n 8in$ y )r intended r )te ! tra*e( and !ami(iari3in$ y )rse(! 8it" t"e area. Fina((y4 emer$en7y p(annin$ is essentia(.
I0PORTANC O' PLANNIN/

Detai(ed pri r p(annin$ is essentia( in p tentia( s)r*i*a( sit)ati ns. In7()din$ s)r*i*a( 7 nsiderati ns in missi n p(annin$ 8i(( en"an7e y )r 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a( i! an emer$en7y 77)rs. F r eAamp(e4 i! y )r B b re-6)ires t"at y ) 8 r5 in a sma((4 en7( sed area t"at (imits 8"at y ) 7an 7arry n y )r pers n4 p(an 8"ere y ) 7an p)t y )r r)75sa75 r y )r ( ad-bearin$ e6)ipment. #)t it 8"ere it 8i(( n t pre*ent y ) !r m $ettin$ )t ! t"e area 6)i75(y4 yet 8"ere it is readi(y a77essib(e. 0ne imp rtant aspe7t ! pri r p(annin$ is pre*enti*e medi7ine. -ns)rin$ t"at y ) "a*e n denta( pr b(ems and t"at y )r imm)ni3ati ns are 7)rrent 8i(( "e(p y ) a* id p tentia( denta( r "ea(t" pr b(ems. A denta( pr b(em in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n 8i(( red)7e y )r abi(ity t 7 pe 8it" t"er pr b(ems t"at y ) !a7e. Fai()re t 5eep y )r s" ts 7)rrent may mean y )r b dy is n t imm)ne t diseases t"at are pre*a(ent in t"e area. #reparin$ and 7arryin$ a s)r*i*a( 5it is as imp rtant as t"e 7 nsiderati ns menti ned ab *e. A(( Army air7ra!t n rma((y "a*e s)r*i*a( 5its n b ard ! r t"e type areaEsF *er 8"i7" t"ey 8i(( !(y. ."ere are 5its ! r *er-8ater s)r*i*a(4 ! r " t 7(imate s)r*i*a(4 and an a*iat r s)r*i*a( *est Esee AppendiA A ! r a des7ripti n ! t"ese s)r*i*a( 5its and t"eir 7 ntentsF. I! y ) are n t an a*iat r4 y ) 8i(( pr bab(y n t "a*e a77ess t t"e s)r*i*a( *ests r s)r*i*a( 5its. 2 8e*er4 i! y ) 5n 8 8"at t"ese 5its 7 ntain4 it 8i(( "e(p y ) t p(an and t prepare y )r 8n s)r*i*a( 5it. -*en t"e sma((est s)r*i*a( 5it4 i! pr per(y prepared4 is in*a()ab(e 8"en !a7ed 8it" a s)r*i*a( pr b(em. /e! re ma5in$ y )r s)r*i*a( 5it4 " 8e*er4 7 nsider y )r )nitHs missi n4 t"e perati na( en*ir nment4 and t"e e6)ipment and *e"i7(es assi$ned t y )r )nit.
SURVIVAL *ITS
."e en*ir nment is t"e 5ey t t"e types ! items y ) 8i(( need in y )r s)r*i*a( 5it. 2 8 m)7" e6)ipment y ) p)t in y )r 5it depends n " 8 y ) 8i(( 7arry t"e 5it. A 5it 7arried n y )r b dy 8i(( "a*e t be sma((er t"an ne 7arried in a *e"i7(e. A(8ays (ayer y )r s)r*i*a( 5it4 5eepin$ t"e m st imp rtant items n y )r b dy. F r eAamp(e4 y )r map and 7 mpass s" )(d a(8ays be n y )r b dy. 1arry (ess imp rtant items n y )r ( ad-bearin$ e6)ipment. #(a7e b)(5y items in t"e r)75sa75. In preparin$ y )r s)r*i*a( 5it4 se(e7t items y ) 7an )se ! r m re t"an ne p)rp se. I! y ) "a*e t8 items t"at 8i(( ser*e t"e same !)n7ti n4 pi75 t"e ne y ) 7an )se ! r an t"er !)n7ti n. D n t d)p(i7ate items4 as t"is in7reases y )r 5itHs si3e and 8ei$"t. Y )r s)r*i*a( 5it need n t be e(ab rate. Y ) need n(y !)n7ti na( items t"at 8i(( meet y )r needs and a 7ase t " (d t"e items. F r t"e 7ase4 y ) mi$"t 8ant t )se a /and-Aid b A4 a !irst aid 7ase4 an amm)niti n p )7"4 r an t"er s)itab(e 7ase. ."is 7ase s" )(d be-
'ater repe((ent r 8aterpr
!.
S)itab(e t a77ept *arisi3ed 7 mp nents. D)rab(e.
In y )r s)r*i*a( 5it4 y ) s" )(d "a*e-
First aid items. 'ater p)ri!i7ati n tab(ets r dr ps. Fire startin$ e6)ipment. Si$na(in$ items. F d pr 7)rement items. S"e(ter items.
S me eAamp(es ! t"ese items are-
Li$"ter4 meta( mat7"4 8aterpr ! mat7"es. Snare 8ire. Si$na(in$ mirr r. 'rist 7 mpass. Fis" and snare (ine. Fis"" 5s. 1and(e. Sma(( "and (ens. 0Aytetra7y7(ine tab(ets Ediarr"ea r in!e7ti nF. 'ater p)ri!i7ati n tab(ets. S (ar b(an5et. S)r$i7a( b(ades. /)tter!(y s)t)res. 1 nd ms ! r 8ater st ra$e. 1"ap Sti75. Need(e and t"read. :ni!e.
In7()de a 8eap n n(y i! t"e sit)ati n s di7tates. Read ab )t and pra7ti7e t"e s)r*i*a( te7"ni6)es in t"is man)a(. 1 nsider y )r )nitHs missi n and t"e en*ir nment in 8"i7" y )r )nit 8i(( perate. ."en prepare y )r s)r*i*a( 5it.
CHAPTER 8 - BASIC SURVIVAL MEDICINE
-oremost among the many problems that can compromise a survivor.s ability to return to sa!ety are medical problems resulting !rom parachute descent and landing" e+treme climates" ground combat" evasion" and illnesses contracted in captivity. /any evaders and survivors have reported di!!iculty in treating in$uries and illness due to the lack o! training and medical supplies. -or some" this led to capture or surrender. Survivors have related !eeling o! apathy and helplessness because they could not treat themselves in this environment. The ability to treat themselves increased their morale and cohesion and aided in their survival and eventual return to !riendly !orces. 0ne man with a !air amount o! basic medical knowledge can make a di!!erence in the lives o! many. ithout )uali!ied medical personnel available" it is you who must know what to do to stay alive.
R 1UIR 0 NTS 'OR 0AINT NANC O' . ALT.

. s)r*i*e4 y ) need 8ater and ! d. Y ) m)st a(s "a*e and app(y "i$" pers na( "y$iene standards.
W!te&
Y )r b dy ( ses 8ater t"r )$" n rma( b dy pr 7esses Es8eatin$4 )rinatin$4 and de!e7atin$F. D)rin$ a*era$e dai(y eAerti n 8"en t"e atm sp"eri7 temperat)re is 2= de$rees 1e(si)s E1F E6& de$rees Fa"ren"eitF4 t"e a*era$e ad)(t ( ses and t"ere! re re6)ires 2 t % (iters ! 8ater dai(y. 0t"er !a7t rs4 s)7" as "eat eAp s)re4 7 (d eAp s)re4 intense a7ti*ity4 "i$" a(tit)de4 b)rns4 r i((ness4 7an 7a)se y )r b dy t ( se m re 8ater. Y ) m)st rep(a7e t"is 8ater. De"ydrati n res)(ts !r m inade6)ate rep(a7ement ! ( st b dy !()ids. It de7reases y )r e!!i7ien7y and4 i! inB)red4 in7reases y )r s)s7eptibi(ity t se*ere s" 75. 1 nsider t"e ! (( 8in$ res)(ts ! b dy !()id ( ssM

A ; per7ent ( ss ! b dy !()ids res)(ts in t"irst4 irritabi(ity4 na)sea4 and 8ea5ness. A 1= per7ent ( ss res)(ts in di33iness4 "eada7"e4 inabi(ity t 8a(54 and a tin$(in$ sensati n in t"e (imbs. A 1; per7ent ( ss res)(ts in dim *isi n4 pain!)( )rinati n4 s8 ((en t n$)e4 dea!ness4 and a n)mb !ee(in$ in t"e s5in. A ( ss $reater t"an 1; per7ent ! b dy !()ids may res)(t in deat".
."e m st 7 mm n si$ns and sympt ms ! de"ydrati n are-
Dar5 )rine 8it" a *ery str n$ d r. L 8 )rine )tp)t.
Fati$)e. -m ti na( instabi(ity. L ss ! s5in e(asti7ity. De(ayed 7api((ary re!i(( in !in$ernai( beds. .ren7" (ine d 8n 7enter ! t n$)e. ."irst. Last n t"e (ist be7a)se y ) are a(ready 2 per7ent de"ydrated by t"e time y ) 7ra*e !()ids.
Y ) rep(a7e t"e 8ater as y ) ( se it. .ryin$ t ma5e )p a de!i7it is di!!i7)(t in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 and t"irst is n t a si$n ! " 8 m)7" 8ater y ) need. M st pe p(e 7ann t 7 m! rtab(y drin5 m re t"an 1 (iter ! 8ater at a time. S 4 e*en 8"en n t t"irsty4 drin5 sma(( am )nts ! 8ater at re$)(ar inter*a(s ea7" " )r t pre*ent de"ydrati n. I! y ) are )nder p"ysi7a( and menta( stress r s)bBe7t t se*ere 7 nditi ns4 in7rease y )r 8ater inta5e. Drin5 en )$" (i6)ids t maintain a )rine )tp)t ! at (east =.; (iter e*ery 29 " )rs. In any sit)ati n 8"ere ! d inta5e is ( 84 drin5 6 t & (iters ! 8ater per day. In an eAtreme 7(imate4 espe7ia((y an arid ne4 t"e a*era$e pers n 7an ( se 2.; t %.; (iters ! 8ater per hour. In t"is type ! 7(imate4 y ) s" )(d drin5 19 t %= (iters ! 8ater per day. 'it" t"e ( ss ! 8ater t"ere is a(s a ( ss ! e(e7tr (ytes Eb dy sa(tsF. ."e a*era$e diet 7an )s)a((y 5eep )p 8it" t"ese ( sses b)t in an eAtreme sit)ati n r i((ness4 additi na( s )r7es need t be pr *ided. A miAt)re ! =.2; teasp n ! sa(t t 1 (iter ! 8ater 8i(( pr *ide a 7 n7entrati n t"at t"e b dy tiss)es 7an readi(y abs rb. 0! a(( t"e p"ysi7a( pr b(ems en7 )ntered in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 t"e ( ss ! 8ater is t"e m st pre*entab(e. ."e ! (( 8in$ are basi7 $)ide(ines ! r t"e pre*enti n ! de"ydrati nM

Always drink water when eating. 'ater is )sed and 7 ns)med as a part ! t"e di$esti n pr 7ess and 7an (ead t de"ydrati n. Acclimati*e. ."e b dy per! rms m re e!!i7ient(y in eAtreme 7 nditi ns 8"en a77(imati3ed. 1onserve sweat not water. Limit s8eat-pr d)7in$ a7ti*ities b)t drin5 8ater. Ration water. Unti( y ) !ind a s)itab(e s )r7e4 rati n y )r 8ater sensib(y. A dai(y inta5e ! ;== 7)bi7 7entimeter E=.; (iterF ! a s)$ar-8ater miAt)re E2 teasp ns per (iterF 8i(( s)!!i7e t pre*ent se*ere de"ydrati n ! r at (east a 8ee54 pr *ided y ) 5eep 8ater ( sses t a minim)m by (imitin$ a7ti*ity and "eat $ain r ( ss.
Y ) 7an estimate !()id ( ss by se*era( means. A standard !ie(d dressin$ " (ds ab )t =.2; (iter E ne-! )rt" 7anteenF ! b( d. A s a5ed .-s"irt " (ds =.; t =.7; (iter. Y ) 7an a(s )se t"e p)(se and breat"in$ rate t estimate !()id ( ss. Use t"e ! (( 8in$ as a $)ideM

'it" a =.7; (iter ( ss t"e 8rist p)(se rate 8i(( be )nder 1== beats per min)te and t"e breat"in$ rate 12 t 2= breat"s per min)te. 'it" a =.7; t 1.; (iter ( ss t"e p)(se rate 8i(( be 1== t 12= beats per min)te and 2= t %= breat"s per min)te. 'it" a 1.; t 2 (iter ( ss t"e p)(se rate 8i(( be 12= t 19= beats per min)te and %= t 9= breat"s per min)te. Vita( si$ns ab *e t"ese rates re6)ire m re ad*an7ed 7are.
F""(
A(t" )$" y ) 7an (i*e se*era( 8ee5s 8it" )t ! d4 y ) need an ade6)ate am )nt t stay "ea(t"y. 'it" )t ! d y )r menta( and p"ysi7a( 7apabi(ities 8i(( deteri rate rapid(y4 and y ) 8i(( be7 me 8ea5. F d rep(enis"es t"e s)bstan7es t"at y )r b dy b)rns and pr *ides ener$y. It pr *ides *itamins4 minera(s4 sa(ts4 and t"er e(ements essentia( t $ d "ea(t". # ssib(y m re imp rtant4 it "e(ps m ra(e. ."e t8 basi7 s )r7es ! ! d are p(ants and anima(s Ein7()din$ !is"F. In *aryin$ de$rees b t" pr *ide t"e 7a( ries4 7arb "ydrates4 !ats4 and pr teins needed ! r n rma( dai(y b dy !)n7ti ns.
1a( ries are a meas)re ! "eat and p tentia( ener$y. ."e a*era$e pers n needs 24=== 7a( ries per day t !)n7ti n at a minim)m (e*e(. An ade6)ate am )nt ! 7arb "ydrates4 !ats4 and pr teins 8it" )t an ade6)ate 7a( ri7 inta5e 8i(( (ead t star*ati n and 7anniba(ism ! t"e b dyHs 8n tiss)e ! r ener$y.
Plant 'oods
."ese ! ds pr *ide 7arb "ydrates--t"e main s )r7e ! ener$y. Many p(ants pr *ide en )$" pr tein t 5eep t"e b dy at n rma( e!!i7ien7y. A(t" )$" p(ants may n t pr *ide a ba(an7ed diet4 t"ey 8i(( s)stain y ) e*en in t"e ar7ti74 8"ere meatHs "eat-pr d)7in$ 6)a(ities are n rma((y essentia(. Many p(ant ! ds s)7" as n)ts and seeds 8i(( $i*e y ) en )$" pr tein and i(s ! r n rma( e!!i7ien7y. R ts4 $reen *e$etab(es4 and p(ant ! d 7 ntainin$ nat)ra( s)$ar 8i(( pr *ide 7a( ries and 7arb "ydrates t"at $i*e t"e b dy nat)ra( ener$y. ."e ! d *a()e ! p(ants be7 mes m re and m re imp rtant i! y ) are e()din$ t"e enemy r i! y ) are in an area 8"ere 8i(d(i!e is s7ar7e. F r instan7e-
Y ) 7an dry p(ants by 8ind4 air4 s)n4 r !ire. ."is retards sp i(a$e s t"at y ) 7an st re r 7arry t"e p(ant ! d 8it" y ) t )se 8"en needed. Y ) 7an btain p(ants m re easi(y and m re 6)iet(y t"an meat. ."is is eAtreme(y imp rtant 8"en t"e enemy is near.
Ani"al 'oods
Meat is m re n )ris"in$ t"an p(ant ! d. In !a7t4 it may e*en be m re readi(y a*ai(ab(e in s me p(a7es. 2 8e*er4 t $et meat4 y ) need t 5n 8 t"e "abits !4 and " 8 t 7apt)re4 t"e *ari )s 8i(d(i!e. . satis!y y )r immediate ! d needs4 !irst see5 t"e m re ab)ndant and m re easi(y btained 8i(d(i!e4 s)7" as inse7ts4 7r)sta7eans4 m (()s5s4 !is"4 and repti(es. ."ese 7an satis!y y )r immediate ")n$er 8"i(e y ) are preparin$ traps and snares ! r (ar$er $ame.
Pe&$"#!% H1/ie#e
In any sit)ati n4 7(ean(iness is an imp rtant !a7t r in pre*entin$ in!e7ti n and disease. It be7 mes e*en m re imp rtant in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. # r "y$iene 7an red)7e y )r 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a(. A dai(y s" 8er 8it" " t 8ater and s ap is idea(4 b)t y ) 7an stay 7(ean 8it" )t t"is ()A)ry. Use a 7( t" and s apy 8ater t 8as" y )rse(!. #ay spe7ia( attenti n t t"e !eet4 armpits4 7r t7"4 "ands4 and "air as t"ese are prime areas ! r in!estati n and in!e7ti n. I! 8ater is s7ar7e4 ta5e an KairK bat". Rem *e as m)7" ! y )r 7( t"in$ as pra7ti7a( and eAp se y )r b dy t t"e s)n and air ! r at (east 1 " )r. /e 7are!)( n t t s)nb)rn. I! y ) d nHt "a*e s ap4 )se as"es r sand4 r ma5e s ap !r m anima( !at and 8 d as"es4 i! y )r sit)ati n a(( 8s. . ma5e s ap-
-Atra7t $rease !r m anima( !at by 7)ttin$ t"e !at int sma(( pie7es and 7 5in$ t"em in a p t. Add en )$" 8ater t t"e p t t 5eep t"e !at !r m sti75in$ as it 7 5s. 1 5 t"e !at s( 8(y4 stirrin$ !re6)ent(y. A!ter t"e !at is rendered4 p )r t"e $rease int a 7 ntainer t "arden. #(a7e as"es in a 7 ntainer 8it" a sp )t near t"e b tt m. # )r 8ater *er t"e as"es and 7 ((e7t t"e (i6)id t"at drips )t ! t"e sp )t in a separate 7 ntainer. ."is (i6)id is t"e p tas" r (ye. An t"er 8ay t $et t"e (ye is t p )r t"e s()rry Et"e miAt)re ! as"es and 8aterF t"r )$" a strainin$ 7( t". In a 7 5in$ p t4 miA t8 parts $rease t ne part p tas". #(a7e t"is miAt)re *er a !ire and b i( it )nti( it t"i75ens.
A!ter t"e miAt)re--t"e s ap--7 (s4 y ) 7an )se it in t"e semi (i6)id state dire7t(y !r m t"e p t. Y ) 7an a(s p )r it int a pan4 a(( 8 it t "arden4 and 7)t it int bars ! r (ater )se.
*eep Your .ands Clean

+erms n y )r "ands 7an in!e7t ! d and 8 )nds. 'as" y )r "ands a!ter "and(in$ any materia( t"at is (i5e(y t 7arry $erms4 a!ter *isitin$ t"e (atrine4 a!ter 7arin$ ! r t"e si754 and be! re "and(in$ any ! d4 ! d )tensi(s4 r drin5in$ 8ater. :eep y )r !in$ernai(s 7( se(y trimmed and 7(ean4 and 5eep y )r !in$ers )t ! y )r m )t".
*eep Your .air Clean

Y )r "air 7an be7 me a "a*en ! r ba7teria r !(eas4 (i7e4 and t"er parasites. :eepin$ y )r "air 7(ean4 7 mbed4 and trimmed "e(ps y ) a* id t"is dan$er.
*eep Your Clothing Clean

:eep y )r 7( t"in$ and beddin$ as 7(ean as p ssib(e t red)7e t"e 7"an7e ! s5in in!e7ti n as 8e(( as t de7rease t"e dan$er ! parasiti7 in!estati n. 1(ean y )r )ter 7( t"in$ 8"ene*er it be7 mes s i(ed. 'ear 7(ean )nder7( t"in$ and s 75s ea7" day. I! 8ater is s7ar7e4 KairK 7(ean y )r 7( t"in$ by s"a5in$4 airin$4 and s)nnin$ it ! r 2 " )rs. I! y ) are )sin$ a s(eepin$ ba$4 t)rn it inside )t a!ter ea7" )se4 !()!! it4 and air it.
*eep Your Teeth Clean

." r )$"(y 7(ean y )r m )t" and teet" 8it" a t t"br)s" at (east n7e ea7" day. I! y ) d nHt "a*e a t t"br)s"4 ma5e a 7"e8in$ sti75. Find a t8i$ ab )t 2= 7entimeters ( n$ and 1 7entimeter 8ide. 1"e8 ne end ! t"e sti75 t separate t"e !ibers. N 8 br)s" y )r teet" t" r )$"(y. An t"er 8ay is t 8rap a 7(ean strip ! 7( t" ar )nd y )r !in$ers and r)b y )r teet" 8it" it t 8ipe a8ay ! d parti7(es. Y ) 7an a(s br)s" y )r teet" 8it" sma(( am )nts ! sand4 ba5in$ s da4 sa(t4 r s ap. ."en rinse y )r m )t" 8it" 8ater4 sa(t 8ater4 r 8i(( 8 bar5 tea. A(s 4 !( ssin$ y )r teet" 8it" strin$ r !iber "e(ps ra( "y$iene. I! y ) "a*e 7a*ities4 y ) 7an ma5e temp rary !i((in$s by p(a7in$ 7and(e 8aA4 t ba77 4 aspirin4 " t pepper4 t t" paste r p 8der4 r p rti ns ! a $in$er r t int t"e 7a*ity. Ma5e s)re y ) 7(ean t"e 7a*ity by rinsin$ r pi75in$ t"e parti7(es )t ! t"e 7a*ity be! re p(a7in$ a !i((in$ in t"e 7a*ity.
Ta-e Care o$ Your 'eet

. pre*ent seri )s ! t pr b(ems4 brea5 in y )r s" es be! re 8earin$ t"em n any missi n. 'as" and massa$e y )r !eet dai(y. .rim y )r t enai(s strai$"t a7r ss. 'ear an ins (e and t"e pr per si3e ! dry s 75s. # 8der and 7"e75 y )r !eet dai(y ! r b(isters. I! y ) $et a sma(( b(ister4 d n t pen it. An inta7t b(ister is sa!e !r m in!e7ti n. App(y a paddin$ materia( ar )nd t"e b(ister t re(ie*e press)re and red)7e !ri7ti n. I! t"e b(ister b)rsts4 treat it as an pen 8 )nd. 1(ean and dress it dai(y and pad ar )nd it. Lea*e (ar$e b(isters inta7t. . a* id "a*in$ t"e b(ister b)rst r tear )nder press)re and 7a)se a pain!)( and pen s re4 d t"e ! (( 8in$M

0btain a se8in$-type need(e and a 7(ean r steri(i3ed t"read. R)n t"e need(e and t"read t"r )$" t"e b(ister a!ter 7(eanin$ t"e b(ister. Deta7" t"e need(e and (ea*e b t" ends ! t"e t"read "an$in$ )t ! t"e b(ister. ."e t"read 8i(( abs rb t"e (i6)id inside. ."is red)7es t"e si3e ! t"e " (e and ens)res t"at t"e " (e d es n t 7( se )p. #ad ar )nd t"e b(ister.
/et Su$$icient Rest

Y ) need a 7ertain am )nt ! rest t 5eep $ in$. #(an ! r re$)(ar rest peri ds ! at (east 1= min)tes per " )r d)rin$ y )r dai(y a7ti*ities. Learn t ma5e y )rse(! 7 m! rtab(e )nder (ess t"an idea( 7 nditi ns. A 7"an$e !r m menta( t p"ysi7a( a7ti*ity r *i7e *ersa 7an be re!res"in$ 8"en time r sit)ati n d es n t permit t ta( re(aAati n.
*eep Ca"p Site Clean

D n t s i( t"e $r )nd in t"e 7amp site area 8it" )rine r !e7es. Use (atrines4 i! a*ai(ab(e. '"en (atrines are n t a*ai(ab(e4 di$ K7at " (esK and 7 *er t"e 8aste. 1 ((e7t drin5in$ 8ater )pstream !r m t"e 7amp site. #)ri!y a(( 8ater.
0 ,ICAL 0 R/ NCI S
Medi7a( pr b(ems and emer$en7ies y ) may be !a7ed 8it" in7()de breat"in$ pr b(ems4 se*ere b(eedin$4 and s" 75.
B&e!thi#/ P&"+%e*$
Any ne ! t"e ! (( 8in$ 7an 7a)se air8ay bstr)7ti n4 res)(tin$ in st pped breat"in$M

F rei$n matter in m )t" ! t"r at t"at bstr)7ts t"e penin$ t t"e tra7"ea. Fa7e r ne75 inB)ries. In!(ammati n and s8e((in$ ! m )t" and t"r at 7a)sed by in"a(in$ sm 5e4 !(ames4 and irritatin$ *ap rs r by an a((er$i7 rea7ti n. K:in5K in t"e t"r at E7a)sed by t"e ne75 bent ! r8ard s t"at t"e 7"in rests )p n t"e 7"estF may b( 75 t"e passa$e ! air. . n$)e b( 75s passa$e ! air t t"e ()n$s )p n )n7 ns7i )sness. '"en an indi*id)a( is )n7 ns7i )s4 t"e m)s7(es ! t"e ( 8er Ba8 and t n$)e re(aA as t"e ne75 dr ps ! r8ard4 7a)sin$ t"e ( 8er Ba8 t sa$ and t"e t n$)e t dr p ba75 and b( 75 t"e passa$e ! air.
Se.e&e B%ee(i#/
Se*ere b(eedin$ !r m any maB r b( d *esse( in t"e b dy is eAtreme(y dan$er )s. ."e ( ss ! 1 (iter ! b( d 8i(( pr d)7e m derate sympt ms ! s" 75. ."e ( ss ! 2 (iters 8i(( pr d)7e a se*ere state ! s" 75 t"at p(a7es t"e b dy in eAtreme dan$er. ."e ( ss ! % (iters is )s)a((y !ata(.
Sh"-)
S" 75 Ea7)te stress rea7ti nF is n t a disease in itse(!. It is a 7(ini7a( 7 nditi n 7"ara7teri3ed by sympt ms t"at arise 8"en 7ardia7 )tp)t is ins)!!i7ient t !i(( t"e arteries 8it" b( d )nder en )$" press)re t pr *ide an ade6)ate b( d s)pp(y t t"e r$ans and tiss)es.
LI' SAVIN/ ST PS
1 ntr ( pani74 b t" y )r 8n and t"e *i7timHs. Reass)re "im and try t 5eep "im 6)iet. #er! rm a rapid p"ysi7a( eAam. L 5 ! r t"e 7a)se ! t"e inB)ry and ! (( 8 t"e A/1s ! !irst aid4 startin$ 8it" t"e air8ay and breat"in$4 b)t be dis7ernin$. A pers n may die !r m arteria( b(eedin$ m re 6)i75(y t"an !r m an air8ay bstr)7ti n in s me 7ases.
Ope# Ai&0!1 !#( M!i#t!i#

Y ) 7an pen an air8ay and maintain it by )sin$ t"e ! (( 8in$ steps.
Step 2. 1"e75 i! t"e *i7tim "as a partia( r 7 mp(ete air8ay bstr)7ti n. I! "e 7an 7 )$" r spea54 a(( 8 "im t 7(ear t"e bstr)7ti n nat)ra((y. Stand by4 reass)re t"e *i7tim4 and be ready t 7(ear "is air8ay and per! rm m )t"-t -m )t" res)s7itati n s" )(d "e be7 me )n7 ns7i )s. I! "is air8ay is 7 mp(ete(y bstr)7ted4 administer abd mina( t"r)sts )nti( t"e bstr)7ti n is 7(eared. Step 3. Usin$ a !in$er4 6)i75(y s8eep t"e *i7timHs m )t" 7(ear ! any ! rei$n bBe7ts4 br 5en teet"4 dent)res4 sand. Step 4. Usin$ t"e Ba8 t"r)st met" d4 $rasp t"e an$(es ! t"e *i7timHs ( 8er Ba8 and (i!t 8it" b t" "ands4 ne n ea7" side4 m *in$ t"e Ba8 ! r8ard. F r stabi(ity4 rest y )r e(b 8s n t"e s)r!a7e n 8"i7" t"e *i7tim is (yin$. I! "is (ips are 7( sed4 $ent(y pen t"e ( 8er (ip 8it" y )r t")mb EFi$)re 9-1F.
Step 5. 'it" t"e *i7timHs air8ay pen4 pin7" "is n se 7( sed 8it" y )r t")mb and ! re!in$er and b( 8 t8 7 mp(ete breat"s int "is ()n$s. A(( 8 t"e ()n$s t de!(ate a!ter t"e se7 nd in!(ati n and per! rm t"e ! (( 8in$M

Look ! r "is 7"est t rise and !a((. Listen ! r es7apin$ air d)rin$ eA"a(ati n. -eel ! r !( 8 ! air n y )r 7"ee5.
Step 6. I! t"e ! r7ed breat"s d n t stim)(ate sp ntane )s breat"in$4 maintain t"e *i7timHs breat"in$ by per! rmin$ m )t"-t -m )t" res)s7itati n. Step 7. ."ere is dan$er ! t"e *i7tim * mitin$ d)rin$ m )t"-t -m )t" res)s7itati n. 1"e75 t"e *i7timHs m )t" peri di7a((y ! r * mit and 7(ear as needed. 8ote9 1ardiopulmonary resuscitation &1:R' may be necessary a!ter cleaning the airway" but only a!ter ma$or bleeding is under control. See -/ 32%3;" the American (eart Association manual" the Red 1ross manual" or most other !irst aid books !or detailed instructions on 1:R.
C"#t&"% B%ee(i#/
In a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 y ) m)st 7 ntr ( seri )s b(eedin$ immediate(y be7a)se rep(a7ement !()ids n rma((y are n t a*ai(ab(e and t"e *i7tim 7an die 8it"in a matter ! min)tes. -Aterna( b(eedin$ !a((s int t"e ! (( 8in$ 7(assi!i7ati ns Ea77 rdin$ t its s )r7eFM
Arterial. /( d *esse(s 7a((ed arteries 7arry b( d a8ay !r m t"e "eart and t"r )$" t"e b dy. A 7)t artery iss)es bright red b( d !r m t"e 8 )nd in distinct spurts r p)(ses t"at 7 rresp nd t t"e r"yt"m ! t"e "eartbeat. /e7a)se t"e b( d in t"e arteries is )nder "i$" press)re4 an indi*id)a( 7an ( se a (ar$e * ()me ! b( d in a s" rt peri d 8"en dama$e t an artery !
si$ni!i7ant si3e 77)rs. ."ere! re4 arteria( b(eedin$ is t"e m st seri )s type ! b(eedin$. I! n t 7 ntr ((ed pr mpt(y4 it 7an be !ata(. Venous. Ven )s b( d is b( d t"at is ret)rnin$ t t"e "eart t"r )$" b( d *esse(s 7a((ed *eins. A steady !( 8 ! dark red" maroon" or bluish blood 7"ara7teri3es b(eedin$ !r m a *ein. Y ) 7an )s)a((y 7 ntr ( *en )s b(eedin$ m re easi(y t"an arteria( b(eedin$. 1apillary. ."e 7api((aries are t"e eAtreme(y sma(( *esse(s t"at 7 nne7t t"e arteries 8it" t"e *eins. 1api((ary b(eedin$ m st 7 mm n(y 77)rs in min r 7)ts and s7rapes. ."is type ! b(eedin$ is n t di!!i7)(t t 7 ntr (.
Y ) 7an 7 ntr ( eAterna( b(eedin$ by dire7t press)re4 indire7t Epress)re p intsF press)re4 e(e*ati n4 di$ita( (i$ati n4 r t )rni6)et.
,irect Pressure
."e m st e!!e7ti*e 8ay t 7 ntr ( eAterna( b(eedin$ is by app(yin$ press)re dire7t(y *er t"e 8 )nd. ."is press)re m)st n t n(y be !irm en )$" t st p t"e b(eedin$4 b)t it m)st a(s be maintained ( n$ en )$" t Ksea( !!K t"e dama$ed s)r!a7e. I! b(eedin$ 7 ntin)es a!ter "a*in$ app(ied dire7t press)re ! r %= min)tes4 app(y a press)re dressin$. ."is dressin$ 7 nsists ! a t"i75 dressin$ ! $a)3e r t"er s)itab(e materia( app(ied dire7t(y *er t"e 8 )nd and "e(d in p(a7e 8it" a ti$"t(y 8rapped banda$e EFi$)re 9-2F. It s" )(d be ti$"ter t"an an rdinary 7 mpressi n banda$e b)t n t s ti$"t t"at it impairs 7ir7)(ati n t t"e rest ! t"e (imb. 0n7e y ) app(y t"e dressin$4 do not remove it" e*en 8"en t"e dressin$ be7 mes b( d s a5ed.
Lea*e t"e press)re dressin$ in p(a7e ! r 1 r 2 days4 a!ter 8"i7" y ) 7an rem *e and rep(a7e it 8it" a sma((er dressin$. In t"e ( n$-term s)r*i*a( en*ir nment4 ma5e !res"4 dai(y dressin$ 7"an$es and inspe7t ! r si$ns ! in!e7ti n.
le(ation
Raisin$ an inB)red eAtremity as "i$" as p ssib(e ab *e t"e "eartHs (e*e( s( 8s b( d ( ss by aidin$ t"e ret)rn ! b( d t t"e "eart and ( 8erin$ t"e b( d press)re at t"e 8 )nd. 2 8e*er4 e(e*ati n a( ne 8i(( n t 7 ntr ( b(eedin$ entire(yJ y ) m)st a(s app(y dire7t press)re *er t"e 8 )nd. '"en treatin$ a sna5ebite4 " 8e*er4 5eep t"e eAtremity ( 8er t"an t"e "eart.
Pressure Points
A press)re p int is a ( 7ati n 8"ere t"e main artery t t"e 8 )nd (ies near t"e s)r!a7e ! t"e s5in r 8"ere t"e artery passes dire7t(y *er a b ny pr minen7e EFi$)re 9-%F. Y ) 7an )se di$ita( press)re n a press)re p int t s( 8 arteria( b(eedin$ )nti( t"e app(i7ati n ! a press)re dressin$. #ress)re p int 7 ntr ( is n t as e!!e7ti*e ! r 7 ntr ((in$ b(eedin$ as dire7t press)re eAerted n t"e 8 )nd. It is rare 8"en a sin$(e maB r 7 mpressib(e artery s)pp(ies a dama$ed *esse(.
I! y ) 7ann t remember t"e eAa7t ( 7ati n ! t"e press)re p ints4 ! (( 8 t"is r)(eM App(y press)re at t"e end ! t"e B int B)st ab *e t"e inB)red area. 0n "ands4 !eet4 and "ead4 t"is 8i(( be t"e 8rist4 an5(e4 and ne754 respe7ti*e(y. WARNING Use 7a)ti n 8"en app(yin$ press)re t t"e ne75. . m)7" press)re ! r t ( n$ may 7a)se )n7 ns7i )sness r deat". Ne*er p(a7e a t )rni6)et ar )nd t"e ne75. Maintain press)re p ints by p(a7in$ a r )nd sti75 in t"e B int4 bendin$ t"e B int *er t"e sti754 and t"en 5eepin$ it ti$"t(y bent by (as"in$. /y )sin$ t"is met" d t maintain press)re4 it !rees y )r "ands t 8 r5 in t"er areas.
,igital Ligation
Y ) 7an st p maB r b(eedin$ immediate(y r s( 8 it d 8n by app(yin$ press)re 8it" a !in$er r t8 n t"e b(eedin$ end ! t"e *ein r artery. Maintain t"e press)re )nti( t"e b(eedin$ st ps r s( 8s d 8n en )$" t app(y a press)re banda$e4 e(e*ati n4 and s ! rt".
Tourni!uet
Use a t )rni6)et n(y 8"en dire7t press)re *er t"e b(eedin$ p int and a(( t"er met" ds did n t 7 ntr ( t"e b(eedin$. I! y ) (ea*e a t )rni6)et in p(a7e t ( n$4 t"e dama$e t t"e tiss)es 7an pr $ress t $an$rene4 8it" a ( ss ! t"e (imb (ater. An impr per(y app(ied t )rni6)et 7an a(s 7a)se permanent dama$e t ner*es and t"er tiss)es at t"e site ! t"e 7 nstri7ti n. I! y ) m)st )se a t )rni6)et4 p(a7e it ar )nd t"e eAtremity4 bet8een t"e 8 )nd and t"e "eart4 ; t 1= 7entimeters ab *e t"e 8 )nd site EFi$)re 9-9F. Ne*er p(a7e it dire7t(y *er t"e 8 )nd r a !ra7t)re. Use a sti75 as a "and(e t ti$"ten t"e t )rni6)et and ti$"ten it n(y en )$" t st p b( d !( 8. '"en y ) "a*e ti$"tened t"e t )rni6)et4 bind t"e !ree end ! t"e sti75 t t"e (imb t pre*ent )n8indin$.
A!ter y ) se7)re t"e t )rni6)et4 7(ean and banda$e t"e 8 )nd. A ( ne s)r*i* r ("e$ #"t rem *e r re(ease an app(ied t )rni6)et. In a b)ddy system4 " 8e*er4 t"e b)ddy 7an re(ease t"e t )rni6)et press)re e*ery 1= t 1; min)tes ! r 1 r 2 min)tes t (et b( d !( 8 t t"e rest ! t"e eAtremity t pre*ent (imb ( ss.
P&e.e#t !#( T&e!t Sh"-)

Anti7ipate s" 75 in a(( inB)red pers nne(. .reat a(( inB)red pers ns as ! (( 8s4 re$ard(ess ! 8"at sympt ms appear EFi$)re 9-;FM

I! t"e *i7tim is 7 ns7i )s4 p(a7e "im n a (e*e( s)r!a7e 8it" t"e ( 8er eAtremities e(e*ated 1; t 2= 7entimeters. I! t"e *i7tim is )n7 ns7i )s4 p(a7e "im n "is side r abd men 8it" "is "ead t)rned t ne side t pre*ent 7" 5in$ n * mit4 b( d4 r t"er !()ids.
I! y ) are )ns)re ! t"e best p siti n4 p(a7e t"e *i7tim per!e7t(y !(at. 0n7e t"e *i7tim is in a s" 75 p siti n4 d n t m *e "im. Maintain b dy "eat by ins)(atin$ t"e *i7tim !r m t"e s)rr )ndin$s and4 in s me instan7es4 app(yin$ eAterna( "eat. I! 8et4 rem *e a(( t"e *i7timHs 8et 7( t"in$ as s n as p ssib(e and rep(a7e 8it" dry 7( t"in$. Impr *ise a s"e(ter t ins)(ate t"e *i7tim !r m t"e 8eat"er. Use 8arm (i6)ids r ! ds4 a pre8armed s(eepin$ ba$4 an t"er pers n4 8armed 8ater in 7anteens4 " t r 75s 8rapped in 7( t"in$4 r !ires n eit"er side ! t"e *i7tim t pr *ide eAterna( 8armt". I! t"e *i7tim is 7 ns7i )s4 s( 8(y administer sma(( d ses ! a 8arm sa(t r s)$ar s ()ti n4 i! a*ai(ab(e. I! t"e *i7tim is )n7 ns7i )s r "as abd mina( 8 )nds4 d n t $i*e !()ids by m )t". 2a*e t"e *i7tim rest ! r at (east 29 " )rs. I! y ) are a ( ne s)r*i* r4 (ie in a depressi n in t"e $r )nd4 be"ind a tree4 r any t"er p(a7e )t ! t"e 8eat"er4 8it" y )r "ead ( 8er t"an y )r !eet. I! y ) are 8it" a b)ddy4 reassess y )r patient 7 nstant(y.
#ON AN, 2OINT IN2URY

Y ) 7 )(d !a7e b ne and B int inB)ries t"at in7()de !ra7t)res4 dis( 7ati ns4 and sprains.
F&!-t &e$
."ere are basi7a((y t8 types ! !ra7t)resM pen and 7( sed. 'it" an pen E r 7 mp )ndF !ra7t)re4 t"e b ne pr tr)des t"r )$" t"e s5in and 7 mp(i7ates t"e a7t)a( !ra7t)re 8it" an pen 8 )nd. A!ter settin$ t"e !ra7t)re4 treat t"e 8 )nd as any t"er pen 8 )nd. ."e 7( sed !ra7t)re "as n pen 8 )nds. F (( 8 t"e $)ide(ines ! r imm bi(i3ati n4 and set and sp(int t"e !ra7t)re. ."e si$ns and sympt ms ! a !ra7t)re are pain4 tenderness4 dis7 ( rati n4 s8e((in$ de! rmity4 ( ss ! !)n7ti n4 and $ratin$ Ea s )nd r !ee(in$ t"at 77)rs 8"en br 5en b ne ends r)b t $et"erF.
."e dan$ers 8it" a !ra7t)re are t"e se*erin$ r t"e 7 mpressi n ! a ner*e r b( d *esse( at t"e site ! !ra7t)re. F r t"is reas n minim)m manip)(ati n s" )(d be d ne4 and n(y *ery 7a)ti )s(y. I! y ) n ti7e t"e area be( 8 t"e brea5 be7 min$ n)mb4 s8 ((en4 7 ( t t"e t )7"4 r t)rnin$ pa(e4 and t"e *i7tim s" 8s si$ns ! s" 754 a maB r *esse( may "a*e been se*ered. Y ) m)st 7 ntr ( t"is interna( b(eedin$. Rest t"e *i7tim ! r s" 754 and rep(a7e ( st !()ids. 0!ten y ) m)st maintain tra7ti n d)rin$ t"e sp(intin$ and "ea(in$ pr 7ess. Y ) 7an e!!e7ti*e(y p)(( sma((er b nes s)7" as t"e arm r ( 8er (e$ by "and. Y ) 7an 7reate tra7ti n by 8ed$in$ a "and r ! t in t"e V-n t7" ! a tree and p)s"in$ a$ainst t"e tree 8it" t"e t"er eAtremity. Y ) 7an t"en sp(int t"e brea5. Very str n$ m)s7(es " (d a br 5en t"i$"b ne E!em)rF in p(a7e ma5in$ it di!!i7)(t t maintain tra7ti n d)rin$ "ea(in$. Y ) 7an ma5e an impr *ised tra7ti n sp(int )sin$ nat)ra( materia( EFi$)re 9-6F as ! (( 8sM
+et t8 ! r5ed bran7"es r sap(in$s at (east ; 7entimeters in diameter. Meas)re ne !r m t"e patientHs armpit t 2= t %= 7entimeters past "is )nbr 5en (e$. Meas)re t"e t"er !r m t"e $r in t 2= t %= 7entimeters past t"e )nbr 5en (e$. -ns)re t"at b t" eAtend an e6)a( distan7e bey nd t"e end ! t"e (e$. #ad t"e t8 sp(ints. N t7" t"e ends 8it" )t ! r5s and (as" a 2=- t %=-7entimeter 7r ss member made !r m a ;-7entimeter diameter bran7" bet8een t"em.
Usin$ a*ai(ab(e materia( E*ines4 7( t"4 ra8"ideF4 tie t"e sp(int ar )nd t"e )pper p rti n ! t"e b dy and d 8n t"e (en$t" ! t"e br 5en (e$. F (( 8 t"e sp(intin$ $)ide(ines.

'it" a*ai(ab(e materia(4 !as"i n a 8rap t"at 8i(( eAtend ar )nd t"e an5(e4 8it" t"e t8 !ree ends tied t t"e 7r ss member. #(a7e a 1=- by 2.;-7entimeter sti75 in t"e midd(e ! t"e !ree ends ! t"e an5(e 8rap bet8een t"e 7r ss member and t"e ! t. Usin$ t"e sti754 t8ist t"e materia( t ma5e t"e tra7ti n easier. 1 ntin)e t8istin$ )nti( t"e br 5en (e$ is as ( n$ r s(i$"t(y ( n$er t"an t"e )nbr 5en (e$. Las" t"e sti75 t maintain tra7ti n. 8ote9 0ver time you may lose traction because the material weakened. 1heck the traction periodically. I! you must change or repair the splint" maintain the traction manually !or a short time.
Di$%"-!ti"#$
Dis( 7ati ns are t"e separati ns ! b ne B ints 7a)sin$ t"e b nes t $ )t ! pr per a(i$nment. ."ese misa(i$nments 7an be eAtreme(y pain!)( and 7an 7a)se an impairment ! ner*e r 7ir7)(at ry !)n7ti n be( 8 t"e area a!!e7ted. Y ) m)st p(a7e t"ese B ints ba75 int a(i$nment as 6)i75(y as p ssib(e. Si$ns and sympt ms ! dis( 7ati ns are B int pain4 tenderness4 s8e((in$4 dis7 ( rati n4 (imited ran$e ! m ti n4 and de! rmity ! t"e B int. Y ) treat dis( 7ati ns by red)7ti n4 imm bi(i3ati n4 and re"abi(itati n. Red)7ti n r Ksettin$K is p(a7in$ t"e b nes ba75 int t"eir pr per a(i$nment. Y ) 7an )se se*era( met" ds4 b)t man)a( tra7ti n r t"e )se ! 8ei$"ts t p)(( t"e b nes are t"e sa!est and easiest. 0n7e per! rmed4 red)7ti n de7reases t"e *i7timHs pain and a(( 8s ! r n rma( !)n7ti n and 7ir7)(ati n. 'it" )t an D ray4 y ) 7an B)d$e pr per a(i$nment by t"e ( 5 and !ee( ! t"e B int and by 7 mparin$ it t t"e B int n t"e pp site side. Imm bi(i3ati n is n t"in$ m re t"an sp(intin$ t"e dis( 7ati n a!ter red)7ti n. Y ) 7an )se any !ie(deApedient materia( ! r a sp(int r y ) 7an sp(int an eAtremity t t"e b dy. ."e basi7 $)ide(ines ! r sp(intin$ are-
Sp(int ab *e and be( 8 t"e !ra7t)re site. #ad sp(ints t red)7e dis7 m! rt. 1"e75 7ir7)(ati n be( 8 t"e !ra7t)re a!ter ma5in$ ea7" tie n t"e sp(int.
. re"abi(itate t"e dis( 7ati n4 rem *e t"e sp(ints a!ter 7 t 19 days. +rad)a((y )se t"e inB)red B int )nti( !)((y "ea(ed.
Sp&!i#$
."e a77identa( *erstret7"in$ ! a tend n r (i$ament 7a)ses sprains. ."e si$ns and sympt ms are pain4 s8e((in$4 tenderness4 and dis7 ( rati n Eb(a75 and b()eF. '"en treatin$ sprains4 t"in5 RI1--RRest inB)red are I -
I7e ! r 29 " )rs
1--
1 mpressi n-8 sprained an5(e )
-(e*ati n ! t"e
#IT S AN, STIN/S

Inse7ts and re(ated pests are "a3ards in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. ."ey n t n(y 7a)se irritati ns4 b)t t"ey are !ten 7arriers ! diseases t"at 7a)se se*ere a((er$i7 rea7ti ns in s me indi*id)a(s. In many parts ! t"e 8 r(d y ) 8i(( be eAp sed t seri )s4 e*en !ata(4 diseases n t en7 )ntered in t"e United States. Ticks 7an 7arry and transmit diseases4 s)7" as R 75y M )ntain sp tted !e*er 7 mm n in many parts ! t"e United States. .i75s a(s transmit t"e Lyme disease. /os)uitoes may 7arry ma(aria4 den$)e4 and many t"er diseases. -lies 7an spread disease !r m 7 nta7t 8it" in!e7ti )s s )r7es. ."ey are 7a)ses ! s(eepin$ si75ness4 typ" id4 7" (era4 and dysentery. -leas 7an transmit p(a$)e. Lice 7an transmit typ")s and re(apsin$ !e*er. ."e best 8ay t a* id t"e 7 mp(i7ati ns ! inse7t bites and stin$s is t 5eep imm)ni3ati ns Ein7()din$ b ster s" tsF )p-t -date4 a* id inse7t-in!ested areas4 )se nettin$ and inse7t repe((ent4 and 8ear a(( 7( t"in$ pr per(y. I! y ) $et bitten r st)n$4 d n t s7rat7" t"e bite r stin$4 it mi$"t be7 me in!e7ted. Inspe7t y )r b dy at (east n7e a day t ens)re t"ere are n inse7ts atta7"ed t y ). I! y ) !ind ti75s atta7"ed t y )r b dy4 7 *er t"em 8it" a s)bstan7e4 s)7" as Vase(ine4 "ea*y i(4 r tree sap4 t"at 8i(( 7)t !! t"eir air s)pp(y. 'it" )t air4 t"e ti75 re(eases its " (d4 and y ) 7an rem *e it. .a5e 7are t rem *e t"e 8" (e ti75. Use t8ee3ers i! y ) "a*e t"em. +rasp t"e ti75 8"ere t"e m )t" parts are atta7"ed t t"e s5in. D n t s6)ee3e t"e ti75Hs b dy. 'as" y )r "ands a!ter t )7"in$ t"e ti75. 1(ean t"e ti75 8 )nd dai(y )nti( "ea(ed.
T&e!t*e#t
It is imp ssib(e t (ist t"e treatment ! a(( t"e di!!erent types ! bites and stin$s. .reat bites and stin$s as ! (( 8sM

I! antibi ti7s are a*ai(ab(e ! r y )r )se4 be7 me !ami(iar 8it" t"em be! re dep( yment and )se t"em. #redep( yment imm)ni3ati ns 7an pre*ent m st ! t"e 7 mm n diseases 7arried by m s6)it es and s me 7arried by !(ies. ."e 7 mm n !(y-b rne diseases are )s)a((y treatab(e 8it" peni7i((ins r eryt"r my7in. M st ti75-4 !(ea-4 ( )se-4 and mite-b rne diseases are treatab(e 8it" tetra7y7(ine. M st antibi ti7s 7 me in 2;= mi((i$ram Em$F r ;== m$ tab(ets. I! y ) 7ann t remember t"e eAa7t d se rate t treat a disease4 2 tab(ets4 9 times a day ! r 1= t 19 days 8i(( )s)a((y 5i(( any ba7teria.
Bee !#( W!$p Sti#/$

I! st)n$ by a bee4 immediate(y rem *e t"e stin$er and *en m sa74 i! atta7"ed4 by s7rapin$ 8it" a !in$ernai( r a 5ni!e b(ade. D n t s6)ee3e r $rasp t"e stin$er r *en m sa74 as s6)ee3in$ 8i(( ! r7e m re *en m int t"e 8 )nd. 'as" t"e stin$ site t" r )$"(y 8it" s ap and 8ater t (essen t"e 7"an7e ! a se7 ndary in!e7ti n. I! y ) 5n 8 r s)spe7t t"at y ) are a((er$i7 t inse7t stin$s4 a(8ays 7arry an inse7t stin$ 5it 8it" y ). Re(ie*e t"e it7"in$ and dis7 m! rt 7a)sed by inse7t bites by app(yin$-
1 (d 7 mpresses. A 7 (in$ paste ! m)d and as"es. Sap !r m dande(i ns.
1 7 n)t meat. 1r)s"ed 7( *es ! $ar(i7. 0ni n.
Spi(e& Bite$ !#( S-"&pi"# Sti#/$

."e b(a75 8id 8 spider is identi!ied by a red " )r$(ass n its abd men. 0n(y t"e !ema(e bites4 and it "as a ne)r t Ai7 *en m. ."e initia( pain is n t se*ere4 b)t se*ere ( 7a( pain rapid(y de*e( ps. ."e pain $rad)a((y spreads *er t"e entire b dy and sett(es in t"e abd men and (e$s. Abd mina( 7ramps and pr $ressi*e na)sea4 * mitin$4 and a ras" may 77)r. 'ea5ness4 trem rs4 s8eatin$4 and sa(i*ati n may 77)r. Anap"y(a7ti7 rea7ti ns 7an 77)r. Sympt ms be$in t re$ress a!ter se*era( " )rs and are )s)a((y $ ne in a !e8 days. ."reat ! r s" 75. /e ready t per! rm 1#R. 1(ean and dress t"e bite area t red)7e t"e ris5 ! in!e7ti n. An anti*enin is a*ai(ab(e. ."e !)nne(8eb spider is a (ar$e br 8n r $ray spider ! )nd in A)stra(ia. ."e sympt ms and t"e treatment ! r its bite are as ! r t"e b(a75 8id 8 spider. ."e br 8n " )se spider r br 8n re7()se spider is a sma((4 (i$"t br 8n spider identi!ied by a dar5 br 8n *i (in n its ba75. ."ere is n pain4 r s (itt(e pain4 t"at )s)a((y a *i7tim is n t a8are ! t"e bite. 'it"in a !e8 " )rs a pain!)( red area 8it" a m tt(ed 7yan ti7 7enter appears. Ne7r sis d es n t 77)r in a(( bites4 b)t )s)a((y in % t 9 days4 a star-s"aped4 !irm area ! deep p)rp(e dis7 ( rati n appears at t"e bite site. ."e area t)rns dar5 and m)mmi!ied in a 8ee5 r t8 . ."e mar$ins separate and t"e s7ab !a((s !!4 (ea*in$ an pen )(7er. Se7 ndary in!e7ti n and re$i na( s8 ((en (ymp" $(ands )s)a((y be7 me *isib(e at t"is sta$e. ."e )tstandin$ 7"ara7teristi7 ! t"e br 8n re7()se bite is an )(7er t"at d es n t "ea( b)t persists ! r 8ee5s r m nt"s. In additi n t t"e )(7er4 t"ere is !ten a systemi7 rea7ti n t"at is seri )s and may (ead t deat". Rea7ti ns E!e*er4 7"i((s4 B int pain4 * mitin$4 and a $enera(i3ed ras"F 77)r 7"ie!(y in 7"i(dren r debi(itated pers ns. .arant)(as are (ar$e4 "airy spiders ! )nd main(y in t"e tr pi7s. M st d n t inBe7t *en m4 b)t s me S )t" Ameri7an spe7ies d . ."ey "a*e (ar$e !an$s. I! bitten4 pain and b(eedin$ are 7ertain4 and in!e7ti n is (i5e(y. .reat a tarant)(a bite as ! r any pen 8 )nd4 and try t pre*ent in!e7ti n. I! sympt ms ! p is nin$ appear4 treat as ! r t"e bite ! t"e b(a75 8id 8 spider. S7 rpi ns are a(( p is n )s t a $reater r (esser de$ree. ."ere are t8 di!!erent rea7ti ns4 dependin$ n t"e spe7iesM

Se*ere ( 7a( rea7ti n n(y4 8it" pain and s8e((in$ ar )nd t"e area ! t"e stin$. # ssib(e pri75(y sensati n ar )nd t"e m )t" and a t"i75-!ee(in$ t n$)e. Se*ere systemi7 rea7ti n4 8it" (itt(e r n *isib(e ( 7a( rea7ti n. L 7a( pain may be present. Systemi7 rea7ti n in7()des respirat ry di!!i7)(ties4 t"i75-!ee(in$ t n$)e4 b dy spasms4 dr (in$4 $astri7 distenti n4 d )b(e *isi n4 b(indness4 in* ()ntary rapid m *ement ! t"e eyeba((s4 in* ()ntary )rinati n and de!e7ati n4 and "eart !ai()re. Deat" is rare4 77)rrin$ main(y in 7"i(dren and ad)(ts 8it" "i$" b( d press)re r i((nesses.
.reat s7 rpi n stin$s as y ) 8 )(d a b(a75 8id 8 bite.
S#!)e+ite$
."e 7"an7e ! a sna5ebite in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n is rat"er sma((4 i! y ) are !ami(iar 8it" t"e *ari )s types ! sna5es and t"eir "abitats. 2 8e*er4 it 7 )(d "appen and y ) s" )(d 5n 8 " 8 t treat a sna5ebite. Deat"s !r m sna5ebites are rare. M re t"an ne-"a(! ! t"e sna5ebite *i7tims "a*e (itt(e r n p is nin$4 and n(y ab )t ne-6)arter de*e( p seri )s systemi7 p is nin$. 2 8e*er4 t"e 7"an7e ! a sna5ebite in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n 7an a!!e7t m ra(e4 and !ai()re t ta5e pre*enti*e meas)res r !ai()re t treat a sna5ebite pr per(y 7an res)(t in need(ess tra$edy. ."e primary 7 n7ern in t"e treatment ! sna5ebite is t (imit t"e am )nt ! e*ent)a( tiss)e destr)7ti n ar )nd t"e bite area.
A bite 8 )nd4 re$ard(ess ! t"e type ! anima( t"at in!(i7ted it4 7an be7 me in!e7ted !r m ba7teria in t"e anima(Hs m )t". 'it" n np is n )s as 8e(( as p is n )s sna5ebites4 t"is ( 7a( in!e7ti n is resp nsib(e ! r a (ar$e part ! t"e resid)a( dama$e t"at res)(ts. Sna5e *en ms n t n(y 7 ntain p is ns t"at atta75 t"e *i7timHs 7entra( ner* )s system Ene)r t AinsF and b( d 7ir7)(ati n E"em t AinsF4 b)t a(s di$esti*e en3ymes E7yt t AinsF t aid in di$estin$ t"eir prey. ."ese p is ns 7an 7a)se a *ery (ar$e area ! tiss)e deat"4 (ea*in$ a (ar$e pen 8 )nd. ."is 7 nditi n 7 )(d (ead t t"e need ! r e*ent)a( amp)tati n i! n t treated. S" 75 and pani7 in a pers n bitten by a sna5e 7an a(s a!!e7t t"e pers nHs re7 *ery. -A7itement4 "ysteria4 and pani7 7an speed )p t"e 7ir7)(ati n4 7a)sin$ t"e b dy t abs rb t"e t Ain 6)i75(y. Si$ns ! s" 75 77)r 8it"in t"e !irst %= min)tes a!ter t"e bite. /e! re y ) start treatin$ a sna5ebite4 determine 8"et"er t"e sna5e 8as p is n )s r n np is n )s. /ites !r m a n np is n )s sna5e 8i(( s" 8 r 8s ! teet". /ites !r m a p is n )s sna5e may "a*e r 8s ! teet" s" 8in$4 b)t 8i(( "a*e ne r m re distin7ti*e p)n7t)re mar5s 7a)sed by !an$ penetrati n. Sympt ms ! a p is n )s bite may be sp ntane )s b(eedin$ !r m t"e n se and an)s4 b( d in t"e )rine4 pain at t"e site ! t"e bite4 and s8e((in$ at t"e site ! t"e bite 8it"in a !e8 min)tes r )p t 2 " )rs (ater. /reat"in$ di!!i7)(ty4 para(ysis4 8ea5ness4 t8it7"in$4 and n)mbness are a(s si$ns ! ne)r t Ai7 *en ms. ."ese si$ns )s)a((y appear 1.; t 2 " )rs a!ter t"e bite. I! y ) determine t"at a p is n )s sna5e bit an indi*id)a(4 ta5e t"e ! (( 8in$ stepsM

Reass)re t"e *i7tim and 5eep "im sti((. Set )p ! r s" 75 and ! r7e !()ids r $i*e an intra*en )s EIVF. Rem *e 8at7"es4 rin$s4 bra7e(ets4 r t"er 7 nstri7tin$ items. 1(ean t"e bite area. Maintain an air8ay Eespe7ia((y i! bitten near t"e !a7e r ne75F and be prepared t administer m )t"-t -m )t" res)s7itati n r 1#R. Use a 7 nstri7tin$ band bet8een t"e 8 )nd and t"e "eart. Imm bi(i3e t"e site. Rem *e t"e p is n as s n as p ssib(e by )sin$ a me7"ani7a( s)7ti n de*i7e r by s6)ee3in$.
D" #"t-
+i*e t"e *i7tim a(7 " (i7 be*era$es r t ba77 pr d)7ts. +i*e m rp"ine r t"er 7entra( ner* )s system E1NSF depress rs. Ma5e any deep 7)ts at t"e bite site. 1)ttin$ pens 7api((aries t"at in t)rn pen a dire7t r )te int t"e b( d stream ! r *en m and in!e7ti n. 8ote9 I! medical treatment is over one hour away" make an incision &no longer than 7 millimeters and no deeper than 4 millimeter' over each puncture" cutting $ust deep enough to enlarge the !ang opening" but only through the !irst or second layer o! skin. :lace a suction cup over the bite so that you have a good vacuum seal. Suction the bite site 4 to 5 times. Use mouth suction only as a last resort and only i$ you do not ha(e open sores in your "outh) Spit the envenomed blood out and rinse your mouth with water. This method will draw out 36 to 4; percent o! the venom.
#)t y )r "ands n y )r !a7e r r)b y )r eyes4 as *en m may be n y )r "ands. Ven m may 7a)se b(indness. /rea5 pen t"e (ar$e b(isters t"at ! rm ar )nd t"e bite site.
A!ter 7arin$ ! r t"e *i7tim as des7ribed ab *e4 ta5e t"e ! (( 8in$ a7ti ns t minimi3e ( 7a( e!!e7tsM
I! in!e7ti n appears4 5eep t"e 8 )nd pen and 7(ean.
Use "eat a!ter 29 t 9& " )rs t "e(p pre*ent t"e spread ! ( 7a( in!e7ti n. 2eat a(s "e(ps t dra8 )t an in!e7ti n. :eep t"e 8 )nd 7 *ered 8it" a dry4 steri(e dressin$. 2a*e t"e *i7tim drin5 (ar$e am )nts ! !()ids )nti( t"e in!e7ti n is $ ne.
3OUN,S
An interr)pti n ! t"e s5inHs inte$rity 7"ara7teri3es 8 )nds. ."ese 8 )nds 7 )(d be pen 8 )nds4 s5in diseases4 !r stbite4 tren7" ! t4 and b)rns.
Ope# W" #($

0pen 8 )nds are seri )s in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 n t n(y be7a)se ! tiss)e dama$e and b( d ( ss4 b)t a(s be7a)se t"ey may be7 me in!e7ted. /a7teria n t"e bBe7t t"at made t"e 8 )nd4 n t"e indi*id)a(Hs s5in and 7( t"in$4 r n t"er ! rei$n materia( r dirt t"at t )7"es t"e 8 )nd may 7a)se in!e7ti n. /y ta5in$ pr per 7are ! t"e 8 )nd y ) 7an red)7e !)rt"er 7 ntaminati n and pr m te "ea(in$. 1(ean t"e 8 )nd as s n as p ssib(e a!ter it 77)rs by-
Rem *in$ r 7)ttin$ 7( t"in$ a8ay !r m t"e 8 )nd. A(8ays ( 5in$ ! r an eAit 8 )nd i! a s"arp bBe7t4 $)n s" t4 r pr Be7ti(e 7a)sed a 8 )nd. ." r )$"(y 7(eanin$ t"e s5in ar )nd t"e 8 )nd. Rinsin$ En t s7r)bbin$F t"e 8 )nd 8it" (ar$e am )nts ! 8ater )nder press)re. Y ) 7an )se !res" )rine i! 8ater is n t a*ai(ab(e.
."e K pen treatmentK met" d is t"e sa!est 8ay t mana$e 8 )nds in s)r*i*a( sit)ati ns. D n t try t 7( se any 8 )nd by s)t)rin$ r simi(ar pr 7ed)res. Lea*e t"e 8 )nd pen t a(( 8 t"e draina$e ! any p)s res)(tin$ !r m in!e7ti n. As ( n$ as t"e 8 )nd 7an drain4 it $enera((y 8i(( n t be7 me (i!e-t"reatenin$4 re$ard(ess ! " 8 )np(easant it ( 5s r sme((s. 1 *er t"e 8 )nd 8it" a 7(ean dressin$. #(a7e a banda$e n t"e dressin$ t " (d it in p(a7e. 1"an$e t"e dressin$ dai(y t 7"e75 ! r in!e7ti n. I! a 8 )nd is $apin$4 y ) 7an brin$ t"e ed$es t $et"er 8it" ad"esi*e tape 7)t in t"e ! rm ! a Kb)tter!(yK r Kd)mbbe((K EFi$)re 9-7F.
In a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 s me de$ree ! 8 )nd in!e7ti n is a(m st ine*itab(e. #ain4 s8e((in$4 and redness ar )nd t"e 8 )nd4 in7reased temperat)re4 and p)s in t"e 8 )nd r n t"e dressin$ indi7ate in!e7ti n is present. . treat an in!e7ted 8 )nd--
#(a7e a 8arm4 m ist 7 mpress dire7t(y n t"e in!e7ted 8 )nd. 1"an$e t"e 7 mpress 8"en it 7 (s4 5eepin$ a 8arm 7 mpress n t"e 8 )nd ! r a t ta( ! %= min)tes. App(y t"e 7 mpresses t"ree r ! )r times dai(y. Drain t"e 8 )nd. 0pen and $ent(y pr be t"e in!e7ted 8 )nd 8it" a steri(e instr)ment. Dress and banda$e t"e 8 )nd. Drin5 a ( t ! 8ater.
1 ntin)e t"is treatment dai(y )nti( a(( si$ns ! in!e7ti n "a*e disappeared. I! y ) d n t "a*e antibi ti7s and t"e 8 )nd "as be7 me se*ere(y in!e7ted4 d es n t "ea(4 and rdinary debridement is imp ssib(e4 7 nsider ma$$ t t"erapy4 despite its "a3ardsM

-Ap se t"e 8 )nd t !(ies ! r ne day and t"en 7 *er it. 1"e75 dai(y ! r ma$$ ts. 0n7e ma$$ ts de*e( p4 5eep 8 )nd 7 *ered b)t 7"e75 dai(y. Rem *e a(( ma$$ ts 8"en t"ey "a*e 7(eaned )t a(( dead tiss)e and be! re t"ey start n "ea(t"y tiss)e. In7reased pain and bri$"t red b( d in t"e 8 )nd indi7ate t"at t"e ma$$ ts "a*e rea7"ed "ea(t"y tiss)e. F()s" t"e 8 )nd repeated(y 8it" steri(e 8ater r !res" )rine t rem *e t"e ma$$ ts. 1"e75 t"e 8 )nd e*ery ! )r " )rs ! r se*era( days t ens)re a(( ma$$ ts "a*e been rem *ed. /anda$e t"e 8 )nd and treat it as any t"er 8 )nd. It s" )(d "ea( n rma((y.
S)i# Di$e!$e$ !#( Ai%*e#t$

A(t" )$" b i(s4 !)n$a( in!e7ti ns4 and ras"es rare(y de*e( p int a seri )s "ea(t" pr b(em4 t"ey 7a)se dis7 m! rt and y ) s" )(d treat t"em.
#oils
App(y 8arm 7 mpresses t brin$ t"e b i( t a "ead. ."en pen t"e b i( )sin$ a steri(e 5ni!e4 8ire4 need(e4 r simi(ar item. ." r )$"(y 7(ean )t t"e p)s )sin$ s ap and 8ater. 1 *er t"e b i( site4 7"e75in$ it peri di7a((y t ens)re n !)rt"er in!e7ti n de*e( ps.
'ungal In$ections
:eep t"e s5in 7(ean and dry4 and eAp se t"e in!e7ted area t as m)7" s)n(i$"t as p ssib(e. <o not scratch t"e a!!e7ted area. D)rin$ t"e S )t"east Asian 7 n!(i7t4 s (diers )sed anti!)n$a( p 8ders4 (ye s ap4 7"( rine b(ea7"4 a(7 " (4 *ine$ar4 7 n7entrated sa(t 8ater4 and i dine t treat !)n$a( in!e7ti ns 8it" *aryin$ de$rees ! s)77ess. As with any =unorthodo+= method o! treatment" use it with caution.
Rashes
. treat a s5in ras" e!!e7ti*e(y4 !irst determine 8"at is 7a)sin$ it. ."is determinati n may be di!!i7)(t e*en in t"e best ! sit)ati ns. 0bser*e t"e ! (( 8in$ r)(es t treat ras"esM

I! it is m ist4 5eep it dry. I! it is dry4 5eep it m ist. D n t s7rat7" it.
Use a 7 mpress ! *ine$ar r tanni7 a7id deri*ed !r m tea r !r m b i(in$ a7 rns r t"e bar5 ! a "ard8 d tree t dry 8eepin$ ras"es. :eep dry ras"es m ist by r)bbin$ a sma(( am )nt ! rendered anima( !at r $rease n t"e a!!e7ted area.
Remember4 treat ras"es as pen 8 )nds and 7(ean and dress t"em dai(y. ."ere are many s)bstan7es a*ai(ab(e t s)r*i* rs in t"e 8i(d r in 7apti*ity ! r )se as antisepti7s t treat 8 )ndM

Iodine tablets. Use ; t 1; tab(ets in a (iter ! 8ater t pr d)7e a $ d rinse ! r 8 )nds d)rin$ "ea(in$. >arlic. R)b it n a 8 )nd r b i( it t eAtra7t t"e i(s and )se t"e 8ater t rinse t"e a!!e7ted area. Salt water. Use 2 t % tab(esp ns per (iter ! 8ater t 5i(( ba7teria. ?ee honey. Use it strai$"t r diss (*ed in 8ater. Sphagnum moss. F )nd in b $$y areas 8 r(d8ide4 it is a nat)ra( s )r7e ! i dine. Use as a dressin$.
Again" use noncommercially prepared materials with caution.
F&"$t+ite
."is inB)ry res)(ts !r m !r 3en tiss)es. Li$"t !r stbite in* (*es n(y t"e s5in t"at ta5es n a d)((4 8"itis" pa(( r. Deep !r stbite eAtends t a dept" be( 8 t"e s5in. ."e tiss)es be7 me s (id and imm *ab(e. Y )r !eet4 "ands4 and eAp sed !a7ia( areas are parti7)(ar(y *)(nerab(e t !r stbite. '"en 8it" t"ers4 pre*ent !r stbite by )sin$ t"e b)ddy system. 1"e75 y )r b)ddyHs !a7e !ten and ma5e s)re t"at "e 7"e75s y )rs. I! y ) are a( ne4 peri di7a((y 7 *er y )r n se and ( 8er part ! y )r !a7e 8it" y )r mittens. D n t try t t"a8 t"e a!!e7ted areas by p(a7in$ t"em 7( se t an pen !(ame. +ent(y r)b t"em in ()5e8arm 8ater. Dry t"e part and p(a7e it neAt t y )r s5in t 8arm it at b dy temperat)re.
T&e#-h F""t
."is 7 nditi n res)(ts !r m many " )rs r days ! eAp s)re t 8et r damp 7 nditi ns at a temperat)re B)st ab *e !ree3in$. ."e ner*es and m)s7(es s)stain t"e main dama$e4 b)t $an$rene 7an 77)r. In eAtreme 7ases t"e !(es" dies and it may be7 me ne7essary t "a*e t"e ! t r (e$ amp)tated. ."e best pre*enti n is t 5eep y )r !eet dry. 1arry eAtra s 75s 8it" y ) in a 8aterpr ! pa75et. Dry 8et s 75s a$ainst y )r b dy. 'as" y )r !eet dai(y and p)t n dry s 75s.
B &#$
."e ! (( 8in$ !ie(d treatment ! r b)rns re(ie*es t"e pain s me8"at4 seems t "e(p speed "ea(in$4 and !!ers s me pr te7ti n a$ainst in!e7ti nM
First4 st p t"e b)rnin$ pr 7ess. #)t )t t"e !ire by rem *in$ 7( t"in$4 d )sin$ 8it" 8ater r sand4 r by r ((in$ n t"e $r )nd. 1 ( t"e b)rnin$ s5in 8it" i7e r 8ater. F r b)rns 7a)sed by 8"ite p" sp" r )s4 pi75 )t t"e 8"ite p" sp" r )s 8it" t8ee3ersJ d n t d )se 8it" 8ater. S a5 dressin$s r 7(ean ra$s ! r 1= min)tes in a b i(in$ tanni7 a7id s ()ti n E btained !r m tea4 inner bar5 ! "ard8 d trees4 r a7 rns b i(ed in 8aterF. 1 ( t"e dressin$s r 7(ean ra$s and app(y *er b)rns. .reat as an pen 8 )nd. Rep(a7e !()id ( ss. Maintain air8ay. .reat ! r s" 75. 1 nsider )sin$ m rp"ine4 )n(ess t"e b)rns are near t"e !a7e.
NVIRON0 NTAL IN2URI S

2eatstr 5e4 "yp t"ermia4 diarr"ea4 and intestina( parasites are en*ir nmenta( inB)ries y ) 7 )(d !a7e.
He!t$t&")e
."e brea5d 8n ! t"e b dyHs "eat re$)(at ry system Eb dy temperat)re m re t"an 9=.; de$rees 1 N1=; de$rees FOF 7a)ses a "eatstr 5e. 0t"er "eat inB)ries4 s)7" as 7ramps r de"ydrati n4 d n t a(8ays pre7ede a "eatstr 5e. Si$ns and sympt ms ! "eatstr 5e are-
S8 ((en4 beet-red !a7e. Reddened 8"ites ! eyes. Vi7tim n t s8eatin$. Un7 ns7i )sness r de(iri)m4 8"i7" 7an 7a)se pa(( r4 a b()is" 7 ( r t (ips and nai( beds E7yan sisF4 and 7 ( s5in. 8ote9 ?y this time the victim is in severe shock. 1ool the victim as rapidly as possible. 1ool him by dipping him in a cool stream. I! one is not available" douse the victim with urine" water" or at the very least" apply cool wet com%presses to all the $oints" especially the neck" armpits" and crotch. ?e sure to wet the victim.s head. (eat loss through the scalp is great. Administer IVs and provide drinking !luids. @ou may !an the individual.
-Ape7t4 d)rin$ 7

(in$--
V mitin$. Diarr"ea. Str)$$(in$. S"i*erin$. S" )tin$. #r ( n$ed )n7 ns7i )sness. Reb )nd "eatstr 5e 8it"in 9& " )rs. 1ardia7 arrestJ be ready t per! rm 1#R. 8ote9 Treat !or dehydration with lightly salted water.
H1p"the&*i!
De!ined as t"e b dyHs !ai()re t maintain a temperat)re ! %6 de$rees 1 E<7 de$rees FF. -Ap s)re t 7 ( r 7 (d temperat)re *er a s" rt r ( n$ time 7an 7a)se "yp t"ermia. De"ydrati n and (a75 ! ! and rest predisp se t"e s)r*i* r t "yp t"ermia. Un(i5e "eatstr 5e4 y ) m)st $rad)a((y 8arm t"e "yp t"ermia *i7tim. +et t"e *i7tim int dry 7( t"in$. Rep(a7e ( st !()ids4 and 8arm "im. d
Di!&&he!
A 7 mm n4 debi(itatin$ ai(ment 7a)sed by a 7"an$e ! 8ater and ! d4 drin5in$ 7 ntaminated 8ater4 eatin$ sp i(ed ! d4 be7 min$ !ati$)ed4 and )sin$ dirty dis"es. Y ) 7an a* id m st ! t"ese 7a)ses by pra7ti7in$ pre*enti*e medi7ine. I! y ) $et diarr"ea4 " 8e*er4 and d n t "a*e antidiarr"ea( medi7ine4 ne ! t"e ! (( 8in$ treatments may be e!!e7ti*eM

Limit y )r inta5e ! !()ids ! r 29 " )rs. Drin5 ne 7)p ! a str n$ tea s ()ti n e*ery 2 " )rs )nti( t"e diarr"ea s( 8s r st ps. ."e tanni7 a7id in t"e tea "e(ps t 7 ntr ( t"e diarr"ea. / i( t"e inner bar5 ! a "ard8 d tree ! r 2 " )rs r m re t re(ease t"e tanni7 a7id.
Ma5e a s ()ti n ! ne "and!)( ! $r )nd 7"a(54 7"ar7 a(4 r dried b nes and treated 8ater. I! y ) "a*e s me app(e p ma7e r t"e rinds ! 7itr)s !r)it4 add an e6)a( p rti n t t"e miAt)re t ma5e it m re e!!e7ti*e. .a5e 2 tab(esp ns ! t"e s ()ti n e*ery 2 " )rs )nti( t"e diarr"ea s( 8s r st ps.
I#te$ti#!% P!&!$ite$
Y ) 7an )s)a((y a* id 8 rm in!estati ns and t"er intestina( parasites i! y ) ta5e pre*enti*e meas)res. F r eAamp(e4 ne*er $ bare! t. ."e m st e!!e7ti*e 8ay t pre*ent intestina( parasites is t a* id )n7 5ed meat and ra8 *e$etab(es 7 ntaminated by ra8 se8a$e r ")man 8aste )sed as a !erti(i3er. 2 8e*er4 s" )(d y ) be7 me in!ested and (a75 pr per medi7ine4 y ) 7an )se " me remedies. :eep in mind t"at t"ese " me remedies 8 r5 n t"e prin7ip(e ! 7"an$in$ t"e en*ir nment ! t"e $astr intestina( tra7t. ."e ! (( 8in$ are " me remedies y ) 7 )(d )seM

Salt water. Diss (*e 9 tab(esp ns ! sa(t in 1 (iter ! 8ater and drin5. D n t repeat t"is treatment. Tobacco. -at 1 t 1.; 7i$arettes. ."e ni7 tine in t"e 7i$arette 8i(( 5i(( r st)n t"e 8 rms ( n$ en )$" ! r y )r system t pass t"em. I! t"e in!estati n is se*ere4 repeat t"e treatment in 29 t 9& " )rs4 but no sooner. Aerosene. Drin5 2 tab(esp ns ! 5er sene but no more. I! ne7essary4 y ) 7an repeat t"is treatment in 29 t 9& " )rs. /e 7are!)( n t t in"a(e t"e !)mes. ."ey may 7a)se ()n$ irritati n. (ot peppers. #eppers are e!!e7ti*e n(y i! t"ey are a steady part ! y )r diet. Y ) 7an eat t"em ra8 r p)t t"em in s )ps r ri7e and meat dis"es. ."ey 7reate an en*ir nment t"at is pr "ibiti*e t parasiti7 atta7"ment.
. R#AL 0 ,ICIN S
0)r m dern 8 nder dr)$s4 (ab rat ries4 and e6)ipment "a*e bs7)red m re primiti*e types ! medi7ine in* (*in$ determinati n4 7 mm n sense4 and a !e8 simp(e treatments. In many areas ! t"e 8 r(d4 " 8e*er4 t"e pe p(e sti(( depend n ( 7a( K8it7" d 7t rsK r "ea(ers t 7)re t"eir ai(ments. Many ! t"e "erbs Ep(antsF and treatments t"ey )se are as e!!e7ti*e as t"e m st m dern medi7ati ns a*ai(ab(e. In !a7t4 many m dern medi7ati ns 7 me !r m re!ined "erbs. WARNING Use "erba( medi7ines 8it" eAtreme 7are4 " 8e*er4 and n(y 8"en y ) (a75 r "a*e (imited medi7a( s)pp(ies. S me "erba( medi7ines are dan$er )s and may 7a)se !)rt"er dama$e r e*en deat". See 1"apter <4 S)r*i*a( Use ! #(ants4 ! r s me basi7 "erba( medi7ine treatments.
POGLAVL9E : - S6LONI;TA
SkloniBte vas moCe *aBtiti od sunca" insekata" v$etra"kiBe sni$ega"visokih ili niskih temperatura" i nepri$atel$skog motren$a. It can give you a !eeling o! well%being. /oCe vam omoguDiti da preCivite. U nekim podruE$ima" pos$edovan$e skloniBta moCe imati prednost "posebice *a hranom" a moCda Eak i vaBe potrebe *a vodom. 8a prim$er" dugotra$no i*lagan$e hladnoDi moCe dovesti do pret$eranog umora i slabosti &iscrpl$enosti'.Iscrpl$ena osoba moCe ra*viti =pasivni= outlook" Eime gube vol$u *a opstanak. 8a$EeBDa pogreBka u i*radi skloniBta $e ta da skloniBte ne smi$e biti pre veliko.SkloniBte mora biti dovol$no veliko da vas *aBtiti. TakoFer mora biti dovol$no malo da osoba sadrCi svo$u t$elesnu toplinu" osobito u hladnim podnebl$ima.
S. LT R SIT S L CTION
'"en y ) are in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n and rea(i3e t"at s"e(ter is a "i$" pri rity4 start ( 5in$ ! r s"e(ter as s n as p ssib(e. As y ) d s 4 remember 8"at y ) 8i(( need at t"e site. .8 re6)isites are-
It m)st 7 ntain materia( t ma5e t"e type ! s"e(ter y ) need. It m)st be (ar$e en )$" and (e*e( en )$" ! r y ) t (ie d 8n 7 m! rtab(y.
'"en y ) 7 nsider t"ese re6)isites4 " 8e*er4 y ) 7ann t i$n re y )r ta7ti7a( sit)ati n r y )r sa!ety. Y ) m)st a(s 7 nsider 8"et"er t"e site-
#r *ides 7 n7ea(ment !r m enemy bser*ati n. 2as 7am )!(a$ed es7ape r )tes. Is s)itab(e ! r si$na(in$4 i! ne7essary. #r *ides pr te7ti n a$ainst 8i(d anima(s and r 75s and dead trees t"at mi$"t !a((. Is !ree !r m inse7ts4 repti(es4 and p is n )s p(ants.
Y ) m)st a(s remember t"e pr b(ems t"at 7 )(d arise in y )r en*ir nment. F r instan7e-
A* id !(as" !( d areas in ! t"i((s. A* id a*a(an7"e r r 75s(ide areas in m )ntain )s terrain. A* id sites near b dies ! 8ater t"at are be( 8 t"e "i$" 8ater mar5.
In s me areas4 t"e seas n ! t"e year "as a str n$ bearin$ n t"e site y ) se(e7t. Idea( sites ! r a s"e(ter di!!er in 8inter and s)mmer. D)rin$ 7 (d 8inter m nt"s y ) 8i(( 8ant a site t"at 8i(( pr te7t y )
!r m t"e 7 (d and 8ind4 b)t 8i(( "a*e a s )r7e ! !)e( and 8ater. D)rin$ s)mmer m nt"s in t"e same area y ) 8i(( 8ant a s )r7e ! 8ater4 b)t y ) 8i(( 8ant t"e site t be a(m st inse7t !ree. '"en 7 nsiderin$ s"e(ter site se(e7ti n4 )se t"e 8 rd /LISS as a $)ide. / - /(end in 8it" t"e s)rr )ndin$s. L - L 8 si(" )ette. I - Irre$)(ar s"ape. S - Sma((. S - Se7()ded ( 7ati n.
TYP S O' S. LT RS
'"en ( 5in$ ! r a s"e(ter site4 5eep in mind t"e type ! s"e(ter Epr te7ti nF y ) need. 2 8e*er4 y ) m)st a(s 7 nsider-
2 8 m)7" time and e!! rt y ) need t b)i(d t"e s"e(ter. I! t"e s"e(ter 8i(( ade6)ate(y pr te7t y ) !r m t"e e(ements Es)n4 8ind4 rain4 sn 8F. I! y ) "a*e t"e t (s t b)i(d it. I! n t4 7an y ) ma5e impr *ised t (sI I! y ) "a*e t"e type and am )nt ! materia(s needed t b)i(d it.
. ans8er t"ese 6)esti ns4 y ) need t 5n 8 " 8 t ma5e *ari )s types ! s"e(ters and 8"at materia(s y ) need t ma5e t"em.
P"#-h" Le!#-T"
It ta5es n(y a s" rt time and minima( e6)ipment t b)i(d t"is (ean-t EFi$)re ;-1F. Y ) need a p n7" 4 2 t % meters ! r pe r para7")te s)spensi n (ine4 t"ree sta5es ab )t %= 7entimeters ( n$4 and t8 trees r t8 p (es 2 t % meters apart. /e! re se(e7tin$ t"e trees y ) 8i(( )se r t"e ( 7ati n ! y )r p (es4 7"e75 t"e 8ind dire7ti n. -ns)re t"at t"e ba75 ! y )r (ean-t 8i(( be int t"e 8ind.
. ma5e t"e (ean-t -
.ie !! t"e " d ! t"e p n7" . #)(( t"e dra8strin$ ti$"t4 r (( t"e " d ( n$8ays4 ! (d it int t"irds4 and tie it !! 8it" t"e dra8strin$. 1)t t"e r pe in "a(!. 0n ne ( n$ side ! t"e p n7" 4 tie "a(! ! t"e r pe t t"e 7 rner $r mmet. .ie t"e t"er "a(! t t"e t"er 7 rner $r mmet. Atta7" a drip sti75 Eab )t a 1=-7entimeter sti75F t ea7" r pe ab )t 2.; 7entimeters !r m t"e $r mmet. ."ese drip sti75s 8i(( 5eep rain8ater !r m r)nnin$ d 8n t"e r pes int t"e (ean-t .
.yin$ strin$s Eab )t 1= 7entimeters ( n$F t ea7" $r mmet a( n$ t"e p n7" Hs t p ed$e 8i(( a(( 8 t"e 8ater t r)n t and d 8n t"e (ine 8it" )t drippin$ int t"e s"e(ter. .ie t"e r pes ab )t 8aist "i$" n t"e trees E)pri$"tsF. Use a r )nd t)rn and t8 "a(! "it7"es 8it" a 6)i75-re(ease 5n t. Spread t"e p n7" and an7" r it t t"e $r )nd4 p)ttin$ s"arpened sti75s t"r )$" t"e $r mmets and int t"e $r )nd.
I! y ) p(an t )se t"e (ean-t ! r m re t"an ne ni$"t4 r y ) eApe7t rain4 ma5e a 7enter s)pp rt ! r t"e (ean-t . Ma5e t"is s)pp rt 8it" a (ine. Atta7" ne end ! t"e (ine t t"e p n7" " d and t"e t"er end t an *er"an$in$ bran7". Ma5e s)re t"ere is n s(a75 in t"e (ine. An t"er met" d is t p(a7e a sti75 )pri$"t )nder t"e 7enter ! t"e (ean-t . ."is met" d4 " 8e*er4 8i(( restri7t y )r spa7e and m *ements in t"e s"e(ter. F r additi na( pr te7ti n !r m 8ind and rain4 p(a7e s me br)s"4 y )r r)75sa754 r t"er e6)ipment at t"e sides ! t"e (ean-t . . red)7e "eat ( ss t t"e $r )nd4 p(a7e s me type ! ins)(atin$ materia(4 s)7" as (ea*es r pine need(es4 inside y )r (ean-t . 8ote9 hen at rest" you lose as much as G; percent o! your body heat to the ground.
. in7rease y )r se7)rity !r m enemy bser*ati n4 ( 8er t"e (ean-t Hs si(" )ette by ma5in$ t8 7"an$es. First4 se7)re t"e s)pp rt (ines t t"e trees at 5nee "ei$"t En t at 8aist "ei$"tF )sin$ t8 5nee-"i$" sti75s in t"e t8 7enter $r mmets Esides ! (ean-t F. Se7 nd4 an$(e t"e p n7" t t"e $r )nd4 se7)rin$ it 8it" s"arpened sti75s4 as ab *e.
P"#-h" Te#t
."is tent EFi$)re ;-2F pr *ides a ( 8 si(" )ette. It a(s pr te7ts y ) !r m t"e e(ements n t8 sides. It "as4 " 8e*er4 (ess )sab(e spa7e and bser*ati n area t"an a (ean-t 4 de7reasin$ y )r rea7ti n time t enemy dete7ti n. . ma5e t"is tent4 y ) need a p n7" 4 t8 1.;- t 2.;-meter r pes4 siA s"arpened sti75s ab )t %= 7entimeters ( n$4 and t8 trees 2 t % meters apart.
. ma5e t"e tent-
.ie !! t"e p n7" " d in t"e same 8ay as t"e p n7" (ean-t . .ie a 1.;- t 2.;-meter r pe t t"e 7enter $r mmet n ea7" side ! t"e p n7" . .ie t"e t"er ends ! t"ese r pes at ab )t 5nee "ei$"t t t8 trees 2 t % meters apart and stret7" t"e p n7" ti$"t.
Dra8 ne side ! t"e p n7" ti$"t and se7)re it t t"e $r )nd p)s"in$ s"arpened sti75s t"r )$" t"e $r mmets. F (( 8 t"e same pr 7ed)re n t"e t"er side.
I! y ) need a 7enter s)pp rt4 )se t"e same met" ds as ! r t"e p n7" (ean-t . An t"er 7enter s)pp rt is an A-!rame set )tside b)t *er t"e 7enter ! t"e tent EFi$)re ;-%F. Use t8 <=- t 12=-7entimeter-( n$ sti75s4 ne 8it" a ! r5ed end4 t ! rm t"e A-!rame. .ie t"e " dHs dra8strin$ t t"e A-!rame t s)pp rt t"e 7enter ! t"e tent.
Th&ee-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

I! y ) "a*e a para7")te and t"ree p (es and t"e ta7ti7a( sit)ati n a(( 8s4 ma5e a para7")te tepee. It is easy and ta5es *ery (itt(e time t ma5e t"is tepee. It pr *ides pr te7ti n !r m t"e e(ements and 7an a7t as a si$na(in$ de*i7e by en"an7in$ a sma(( am )nt ! (i$"t !r m a !ire r 7and(e. It is (ar$e en )$" t " (d se*era( pe p(e and t"eir e6)ipment and t a(( 8 s(eepin$4 7 5in$4 and st rin$ !ire8 d. Y ) 7an ma5e t"is tepee )sin$ parts ! r a 8" (e pers nne( main r reser*e para7")te 7an py. I! )sin$ a standard pers nne( para7")te4 y ) need t"ree p (es %.; t 9.; meters ( n$ and ab )t ; 7entimeters in diameter. . ma5e t"is tepee EFi$)re ;-9F-
Lay t"e p (es n t"e $r )nd and (as" t"em t $et"er at ne end. Stand t"e !rame8 r5 )p and spread t"e p (es t ! rm a trip d. F r m re s)pp rt4 p(a7e additi na( p (es a$ainst t"e trip d. Fi*e r siA additi na( p (es 8 r5 best4 b)t d n t (as" t"em t t"e trip d. Determine t"e 8ind dire7ti n and ( 7ate t"e entran7e <= de$rees r m re !r m t"e mean 8ind dire7ti n. Lay )t t"e para7")te n t"e Kba75sideK ! t"e trip d and ( 7ate t"e brid(e ( p Eny( n 8eb ( pF at t"e t p EapeAF ! t"e 7an py. #(a7e t"e brid(e ( p *er t"e t p ! a !ree-standin$ p (e. ."en p(a7e t"e p (e ba75 )p a$ainst t"e trip d s t"at t"e 7an pyHs apeA is at t"e same "ei$"t as t"e (as"in$ n t"e t"ree p (es. 'rap t"e 7an py ar )nd ne side ! t"e trip d. ."e 7an py s" )(d be ! d )b(e t"i75ness4 as y ) are 8rappin$ an entire para7")te. Y ) need n(y 8rap "a(! ! t"e trip d4 as t"e remainder ! t"e 7an py 8i(( en7ir7(e t"e trip d in t"e pp site dire7ti n. 1 nstr)7t t"e entran7e by 8rappin$ t"e ! (ded ed$es ! t"e 7an py ar )nd t8 !ree-standin$ p (es. Y ) 7an t"en p(a7e t"e p (es side by side t 7( se t"e tepeeHs entran7e. #(a7e a(( eAtra 7an py )nderneat" t"e tepee p (es and inside t 7reate a !( r ! r t"e s"e(ter.
Lea*e a %=- t ;=-7entimeter penin$ at t"e t p ! r *enti(ati n i! y ) intend t "a*e a !ire inside t"e tepee.
O#e-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

Y ) need a 19-$ re se7ti n En rma((yF ! 7an py4 sta5es4 a st )t 7enter p (e4 and inner 7 re and need(e t 7 nstr)7t t"is tepee. Y ) 7)t t"e s)spensi n (ines eA7ept ! r 9=- t 9;-7entimeter (en$t"s at t"e 7an pyHs ( 8er (atera( band. . ma5e t"is tepee EFi$)re ;-;F-
Se(e7t a s"e(ter site and s7ribe a 7ir7(e ab )t 9 meters in diameter n t"e $r )nd. Sta5e t"e para7")te materia( t t"e $r )nd )sin$ t"e (ines remainin$ at t"e ( 8er (atera( band.
A!ter de7idin$ 8"ere t p(a7e t"e s"e(ter d r4 emp(a7e a sta5e and tie t"e !irst (ine E!r m t"e ( 8er (atera( bandF se7)re(y t it. Stret7" t"e para7")te materia( ta)t t t"e neAt (ine4 emp(a7e a sta5e n t"e s7ribed (ine4 and tie t"e (ine t it. 1 ntin)e t"e sta5in$ pr 7ess )nti( y ) "a*e tied a(( t"e (ines. L se(y atta7" t"e t p ! t"e para7")te materia( t t"e 7enter p (e 8it" a s)spensi n (ine y ) pre*i )s(y 7)t and4 t"r )$" tria( and err r4 determine t"e p int at 8"i7" t"e para7")te materia( 8i(( be p)((ed ti$"t n7e t"e 7enter p (e is )pri$"t. ."en se7)re(y atta7" t"e materia( t t"e p (e. Usin$ a s)spensi n (ine E r inner 7 reF4 se8 t"e end $ res t $et"er (ea*in$ 1 r 1.2 meters ! r a d r.
N"-P"%e P!&!-h te Tepee

Y ) )se t"e same materia(s4 eA7ept ! r t"e 7enter p (e4 as ! r t"e ne-p (e para7")te tepee. . ma5e t"is tepee EFi$)re ;-6F-
.ie a (ine t t"e t p ! para7")te materia( 8it" a pre*i )s(y 7)t s)spensi n (ine. ."r 8 t"e (ine *er a tree (imb4 and tie it t t"e tree tr)n5. Startin$ at t"e pp site side !r m t"e d r4 emp(a7e a sta5e n t"e s7ribed %.;- t 9.%-meter 7ir7(e. .ie t"e !irst (ine n t"e ( 8er (atera( band. 1 ntin)e emp(a7in$ t"e sta5es and tyin$ t"e (ines t t"em. A!ter sta5in$ d 8n t"e materia(4 )n!asten t"e (ine tied t t"e tree tr)n54 ti$"ten t"e tepee materia( by p)((in$ n t"is (ine4 and tie it se7)re(y t t"e tree tr)n5.
O#e-M!# She%te&
A ne-man s"e(ter y ) 7an easi(y ma5e )sin$ a para7")te re6)ires a tree and t"ree p (es. 0ne p (e s" )(d be ab )t 9.; meters ( n$ and t"e t"er t8 ab )t % meters ( n$. . ma5e t"is s"e(ter EFi$)re ;-7F-
Se7)re t"e 9.;-meter p (e t t"e tree at ab )t 8aist "ei$"t. Lay t"e t8 %-meter p (es n t"e $r )nd n eit"er side ! and in t"e same dire7ti n as t"e 9.;meter p (e. Lay t"e ! (ded 7an py *er t"e 9.; meter p (e s t"at ab )t t"e same am )nt ! materia( "an$s n b t" sides. .)75 t"e eA7ess materia( )nder t"e %-meter p (es4 and spread it n t"e $r )nd inside t ser*e as a !( r. Sta5e d 8n r p)t a spreader bet8een t"e t8 %-meter p (es at t"e s"e(terHs entran7e s t"ey 8i(( n t s(ide in8ard. Use any eA7ess materia( t 7 *er t"e entran7e.
."e para7")te 7( t" ma5es t"is s"e(ter 8ind resistant4 and t"e s"e(ter is sma(( en )$" t"at it is easi(y 8armed. A 7and(e4 )sed 7are!)((y4 7an 5eep t"e inside temperat)re 7 m! rtab(e. ."is s"e(ter is )nsatis!a7t ry4 " 8e*er4 8"en sn 8 is !a((in$ as e*en a (i$"t sn 8!a(( 8i(( 7a*e it in.
P!&!-h te H!**"-)
Y ) 7an ma5e a "amm 75 )sin$ 6 t & $ res ! para7")te 7an py and t8 trees ab )t 9.; meters apart EFi$)re ;-&F.
Fie%(-E3pe(ie#t Le!#-T"
I! y ) are in a 8 ded area and "a*e en )$" nat)ra( materia(s4 y ) 7an ma5e a !ie(d-eApedient (ean-t EFi$)re ;-<F 8it" )t t"e aid ! t (s r 8it" n(y a 5ni!e. It ta5es ( n$er t ma5e t"is type ! s"e(ter t"an it d es t ma5e t"er types4 b)t it 8i(( pr te7t y ) !r m t"e e(ements.
Y ) 8i(( need t8 trees E r )pri$"t p (esF ab )t 2 meters apartJ ne p (e ab )t 2 meters ( n$ and 2.; 7entimeters in diameterJ !i*e t ei$"t p (es ab )t % meters ( n$ and 2.; 7entimeters in diameter ! r beamsJ 7 rd r *ines ! r se7)rin$ t"e " ri3 nta( s)pp rt t t"e treesJ and t"er p (es4 sap(in$s4 r *ines t 7riss7r ss t"e beams. . ma5e t"is (ean-t -
.ie t"e 2-meter p (e t t"e t8 trees at 8aist t 7"est "ei$"t. ."is is t"e " ri3 nta( s)pp rt. I! a standin$ tree is n t a*ai(ab(e4 7 nstr)7t a biped )sin$ Y-s"aped sti75s r t8 trip ds. #(a7e ne end ! t"e beams E%-meter p (esF n ne side ! t"e " ri3 nta( s)pp rt. As 8it" a(( (ean-t type s"e(ters4 be s)re t p(a7e t"e (ean-t Hs ba75side int t"e 8ind. 1riss7r ss sap(in$s r *ines n t"e beams. 1 *er t"e !rame8 r5 8it" br)s"4 (ea*es4 pine need(es4 r $rass4 startin$ at t"e b tt m and 8 r5in$ y )r 8ay )p (i5e s"in$(in$. #(a7e stra84 (ea*es4 pine need(es4 r $rass inside t"e s"e(ter ! r beddin$.
In 7 (d 8eat"er4 add t y )r (ean-t Hs 7 m! rt by b)i(din$ a !ire re!(e7t r 8a(( EFi$)re ;-<F. Dri*e ! )r 1.;meter-( n$ sta5es int t"e $r )nd t s)pp rt t"e 8a((. Sta75 $reen ( $s n t p ! ne an t"er bet8een t"e s)pp rt sta5es. F rm t8 r 8s ! sta75ed ( $s t 7reate an inner spa7e 8it"in t"e 8a(( t"at y ) 7an !i(( 8it" dirt. ."is a7ti n n t n(y stren$t"ens t"e 8a(( b)t ma5es it m re "eat re!(e7ti*e. /ind t"e t p ! t"e s)pp rt sta5es s t"at t"e $reen ( $s and dirt 8i(( stay in p(a7e. 'it" B)st a (itt(e m re e!! rt y ) 7an "a*e a dryin$ ra75. 1)t a !e8 2-7entimeter-diameter p (es E(en$t" depends n t"e distan7e bet8een t"e (ean-t Hs " ri3 nta( s)pp rt and t"e t p ! t"e !ire re!(e7t r 8a((F. Lay ne end ! t"e p (es n t"e (ean-t s)pp rt and t"e t"er end n t p ! t"e re!(e7t r 8a((. #(a7e and tie int p(a7e sma((er sti75s a7r ss t"ese p (es. Y ) n 8 "a*e a p(a7e t dry 7( t"es4 meat4 r !is".
S0!*p Be(
In a mars" r s8amp4 r any area 8it" standin$ 8ater r 7 ntin)a((y 8et $r )nd4 t"e s8amp bed EFi$)re ;-1=F 5eeps y ) )t ! t"e 8ater. '"en se(e7tin$ s)7" a site4 7 nsider t"e 8eat"er4 8ind4 tides4 and a*ai(ab(e materia(s.
. ma5e a s8amp bed-
L 5 ! r ! )r trees 7()stered in a re7tan$(e4 r 7)t ! )r p (es Ebamb is idea(F and dri*e t"em !irm(y int t"e $r )nd s t"ey ! rm a re7tan$(e. ."ey s" )(d be !ar en )$" apart and str n$ en )$" t s)pp rt y )r "ei$"t and 8ei$"t4 t in7()de e6)ipment. 1)t t8 p (es t"at span t"e 8idt" ! t"e re7tan$(e. ."ey4 t 4 m)st be str n$ en )$" t s)pp rt y )r 8ei$"t. Se7)re t"ese t8 p (es t t"e trees E r p (esF. /e s)re t"ey are "i$" en )$" ab *e t"e $r )nd r 8ater t a(( 8 ! r tides and "i$" 8ater. 1)t additi na( p (es t"at span t"e re7tan$(eHs (en$t". Lay t"em a7r ss t"e t8 side p (es4 and se7)re t"em. 1 *er t"e t p ! t"e bed !rame 8it" br ad (ea*es r $rass t ! rm a s !t s(eepin$ s)r!a7e. /)i(d a !ire pad by (ayin$ 7(ay4 si(t4 r m)d n ne 7 mer ! t"e s8amp bed and a(( 8 it t dry.
An t"er s"e(ter desi$ned t $et y ) ab *e and )t ! t"e 8ater r 8et $r )nd )ses t"e same re7tan$)(ar 7 n!i$)rati n as t"e s8amp bed. Y ) *ery simp(y (ay sti75s and bran7"es (en$t"8ise n t"e inside ! t"e trees E r p (esF )nti( t"ere is en )$" materia( t raise t"e s(eepin$ s)r!a7e ab *e t"e 8ater (e*e(.
N!t &!% She%te&$

D n t *er( 5 nat)ra( ! rmati ns t"at pr *ide s"e(ter. -Aamp(es are 7a*es4 r 75y 7re*i7es4 7()mps ! b)s"es4 sma(( depressi ns4 (ar$e r 75s n (ee8ard sides ! "i((s4 (ar$e trees 8it" ( 8-"an$in$ (imbs4 and !a((en trees 8it" t"i75 bran7"es. 2 8e*er4 8"en se(e7tin$ a nat)ra( ! rmati n-
Stay a8ay !r m ( 8 $r )nd s)7" as ra*ines4 narr 8 *a((eys4 r 7ree5 beds. L 8 areas 7 ((e7t t"e "ea*y 7 (d air at ni$"t and are t"ere! re 7 (der t"an t"e s)rr )ndin$ "i$" $r )nd. ."i754 br)s"y4 ( 8 $r )nd a(s "arb rs m re inse7ts. 1"e75 ! r p is n )s sna5es4 ti75s4 mites4 s7 rpi ns4 and stin$in$ ants. L 5 ! r ( se r 75s4 dead (imbs4 7 7 n)ts4 r t"er nat)ra( $r 8t" t"an 7 )(d !a(( n y )r s"e(ter.
De+&i$ H t
F r 8armt" and ease ! 7 nstr)7ti n4 t"is s"e(ter is ne ! t"e best. '"en s"e(ter is essentia( t s)r*i*a(4 b)i(d t"is s"e(ter. . ma5e a debris ")t EFi$)re ;-11F--
/)i(d it by ma5in$ a trip d 8it" t8 s" rt sta5es and a ( n$ rid$ep (e r by p(a7in$ ne end ! a ( n$ rid$ep (e n t p ! a st)rdy base. Se7)re t"e rid$ep (e Ep (e r)nnin$ t"e (en$t" ! t"e s"e(terF )sin$ t"e trip d met" d r by an7" rin$ it t a tree at ab )t 8aist "ei$"t. #r p (ar$e sti75s a( n$ b t" sides ! t"e rid$ep (e t 7reate a 8ed$e-s"aped ribbin$ e!!e7t. -ns)re t"e ribbin$ is 8ide en )$" t a77 mm date y )r b dy and steep en )$" t s"ed m ist)re. #(a7e !iner sti75s and br)s" 7r ss8ise n t"e ribbin$. ."ese ! rm a (atti7e8 r5 t"at 8i(( 5eep t"e ins)(atin$ materia( E$rass4 pine need(es4 (ea*esF !r m !a((in$ t"r )$" t"e ribbin$ int t"e s(eepin$ area. Add (i$"t4 dry4 i! p ssib(e4 s !t debris *er t"e ribbin$ )nti( t"e ins)(atin$ materia( is at (east 1 meter t"i75--t"e t"i75er t"e better. #(a7e a %=-7entimeter (ayer ! ins)(atin$ materia( inside t"e s"e(ter. At t"e entran7e4 pi(e ins)(atin$ materia( t"at y ) 7an dra$ t y ) n7e inside t"e s"e(ter t 7( se t"e entran7e r b)i(d a d r. As a !ina( step in 7 nstr)7tin$ t"is s"e(ter4 add s"in$(in$ materia( r bran7"es n t p ! t"e debris (ayer t pre*ent t"e ins)(atin$ materia( !r m b( 8in$ a8ay in a st rm.
T&ee-Pit S#"0 She%te&

I! y ) are in a 7 (d4 sn 8-7 *ered area 8"ere e*er$reen trees $r 8 and y ) "a*e a di$$in$ t 7an ma5e a tree-pit s"e(ter EFi$)re ;-12F. (4 y )
. ma5e t"is s"e(ter-
Find a tree 8it" b)s"y bran7"es t"at pr *ides *er"ead 7 *er. Di$ )t t"e sn 8 ar )nd t"e tree tr)n5 )nti( y ) rea7" t"e dept" and diameter y ) desire4 r )nti( y ) rea7" t"e $r )nd. #a75 t"e sn 8 ar )nd t"e t p and t"e inside ! t"e " (e t pr *ide s)pp rt. Find and 7)t t"er e*er$reen b )$"s. #(a7e t"em *er t"e t p ! t"e pit t $i*e y ) additi na( *er"ead 7 *er. #(a7e e*er$reen b )$"s in t"e b tt m ! t"e pit ! r ins)(ati n.
See 1"apter 1; ! r t"er ar7ti7 r 7 (d 8eat"er s"e(ters.
Be!-h Sh!(e She%te&

."is s"e(ter pr te7ts y ) !r m t"e s)n4 8ind4 rain4 and "eat. It is easy t ma5e )sin$ nat)ra( materia(s. . ma5e t"is s"e(ter EFi$)re ;-1%F-
Find and 7 ((e7t dri!t8 d r t"er nat)ra( materia( t )se as s)pp rt beams and as a di$$in$ t (. Se(e7t a site t"at is ab *e t"e "i$" 8ater mar5. S7rape r di$ )t a tren7" r)nnin$ n rt" t s )t" s t"at it re7ei*es t"e (east am )nt ! s)n(i$"t. Ma5e t"e tren7" ( n$ and 8ide en )$" ! r y ) t (ie d 8n 7 m! rtab(y. M )nd s i( n t"ree sides ! t"e tren7". ."e "i$"er t"e m )nd4 t"e m re spa7e inside t"e s"e(ter. Lay s)pp rt beams Edri!t8 d r t"er nat)ra( materia(F t"at span t"e tren7" n t p ! t"e m )nd t ! rm t"e !rame8 r5 ! r a r !. -n(ar$e t"e s"e(terHs entran7e by di$$in$ )t m re sand in !r nt ! it. Use nat)ra( materia(s s)7" as $rass r (ea*es t ! rm a bed inside t"e s"e(ter.
De$e&t She%te&$
In an arid en*ir nment4 7 nsider t"e time4 e!! rt4 and materia( needed t ma5e a s"e(ter. I! y ) "a*e materia( s)7" as a p n7" 4 7an*as4 r a para7")te4 )se it a( n$ 8it" s)7" terrain !eat)res as r 75 )t7r ppin$4 m )nds ! sand4 r a depressi n bet8een d)nes r r 75s t ma5e y )r s"e(ter. Usin$ r 75 )t7r ppin$s-
An7" r ne end ! y )r p n7" E7an*as4 para7")te4 r t"er materia(F n t"e ed$e ! t"e )t7r p )sin$ r 75s r t"er 8ei$"ts. -Atend and an7" r t"e t"er end ! t"e p n7" s it pr *ides t"e best p ssib(e s"ade.
In a sandy area-
/)i(d a m )nd ! sand r )se t"e side ! a sand d)ne ! r ne side ! t"e s"e(ter. An7" r ne end ! t"e materia( n t p ! t"e m )nd )sin$ sand r t"er 8ei$"ts. -Atend and an7" r t"e t"er end ! t"e materia( s it pr *ides t"e best p ssib(e s"ade. 8ote9 I! you have enough material" !old it in hal! and !orm a 4;%centimeter to 56% centimeter airspace between the two halves. This airspace will reduce the temperature under the shelter.
A be( 8$r )nd s"e(ter EFi$)re ;-19F 7an red)7e t"e midday "eat as m)7" as 16 t 22 de$rees 1 E%= t 9= de$rees FF. /)i(din$ it4 " 8e*er4 re6)ires m re time and e!! rt t"an ! r t"er s"e(ters. Sin7e y )r p"ysi7a( e!! rt 8i(( ma5e y ) s8eat m re and in7rease de"ydrati n4 7 nstr)7t it be! re t"e "eat ! t"e day.
. ma5e t"is s"e(ter-
Find a ( 8 sp t r depressi n bet8een d)nes r r 75s. I! ne7essary4 di$ a tren7" 9; t 6= 7entimeters deep and ( n$ and 8ide en )$" ! r y ) t (ie in 7 m! rtab(y. #i(e t"e sand y ) ta5e !r m t"e tren7" t ! rm a m )nd ar )nd t"ree sides. 0n t"e pen end ! t"e tren7"4 di$ )t m re sand s y ) 7an $et in and )t ! y )r s"e(ter easi(y. 1 *er t"e tren7" 8it" y )r materia(. Se7)re t"e materia( in p(a7e )sin$ sand4 r 75s4 r t"er 8ei$"ts.
I! y ) "a*e eAtra materia(4 y ) 7an !)rt"er de7rease t"e midday temperat)re in t"e tren7" by se7)rin$ t"e materia( %= t 9; 7entimeters ab *e t"e t"er 7 *er. ."is (ayerin$ ! t"e materia( 8i(( red)7e t"e inside temperat)re 11 t 22 de$rees 1 E2= t 9= de$rees FF. An t"er type ! be( 8$r )nd s"ade s"e(ter is ! simi(ar 7 nstr)7ti n4 eA7ept a(( sides are pen t air 7)rrents and 7ir7)(ati n. F r maAim)m pr te7ti n4 y ) need a minim)m ! t8 (ayers ! para7")te materia( EFi$)re ;-1;F. '"ite is t"e best 7 ( r t re!(e7t "eatJ t"e innerm st (ayer s" )(d be ! dar5er materia(.
CHAPTER < - WATER PROCUREMENT
ater is one o! your most urgent needs in a survival situation. @ou can. t live long without it" especially in hot areas where you lose water rapidly through perspiration. Hven in cold areas" you need a minimum o! 3 liters o! water each day to maintain e!!iciency. /ore than three%!ourths o! your body is composed o! !luids. @our body loses !luid as a result o! heat" cold" stress" and e+ertion. To !unction e!!ectively" you must replace the !luid your body loses. So" one o! your !irst goals is to obtain an ade)uate supply o! water.
3AT R SOURC S
A(m st any en*ir nment "as 8ater present t s me de$ree. Fi$)re 6-1 (ists p ssib(e s )r7es ! 8ater in *ari )s en*ir nments. It a(s pr *ides in! rmati n n " 8 t ma5e t"e 8ater p tab(e.
8ote9 I! you do not have a canteen" a cup" a can" or other type o! container" improvise one !rom plastic or water%resistant cloth. Shape the plastic or cloth into a bowl by pleating it. Use pins or other suitable items%%even your hands%%to hold the pleats. I! y ) d n t "a*e a re(iab(e s )r7e t rep(enis" y )r 8ater s)pp(y4 stay a(ert ! r 8ays in 8"i7" y )r en*ir nment 7an "e(p y ). CAUTION D n t s)bstit)te t"e !()ids (isted in Fi$)re 6-2 ! r 8ater.
2ea*y de8 7an pr *ide 8ater. .ie ra$s r t)!ts ! !ine $rass ar )nd y )r an5(es and 8a(5 t"r )$" de87 *ered $rass be! re s)nrise. As t"e ra$s r $rass t)!ts abs rb t"e de84 8rin$ t"e 8ater int a 7 ntainer. Repeat t"e pr 7ess )nti( y ) "a*e a s)pp(y ! 8ater r )nti( t"e de8 is $ ne. A)stra(ian nati*es s metimes m p )p as m)7" as a (iter an " )r t"is 8ay. /ees r ants $ in$ int a " (e in a tree may p int t a 8ater-!i((ed " (e. Sip" n t"e 8ater 8it" p(asti7 t)bin$ r s7 p it )p 8it" an impr *ised dipper. Y ) 7an a(s st)!! 7( t" in t"e " (e t abs rb t"e 8ater and t"en 8rin$ it !r m t"e 7( t". 'ater s metimes $at"ers in tree 7r t7"es r r 75 7re*i7es. Use t"e ab *e pr 7ed)res t $et t"e 8ater. In arid areas4 bird dr ppin$s ar )nd a 7ra75 in t"e r 75s may indi7ate 8ater in r near t"e 7ra75. +reen bamb t"i75ets are an eA7e((ent s )r7e ! !res" 8ater. 'ater !r m $reen bamb is 7(ear and d r(ess. . $et t"e 8ater4 bend a $reen bamb sta(54 tie it d 8n4 and 7)t !! t"e t p EFi$)re 6-%F. ."e 8ater 8i(( drip !ree(y d)rin$ t"e ni$"t. 0(d4 7ra75ed bamb may 7 ntain 8ater.
CAUTION #)ri!y t"e 8ater be! re drin5in$ it. '"ere*er y ) !ind banana r p(antain trees4 y ) 7an $et 8ater. 1)t d 8n t"e tree4 (ea*in$ ab )t a %=7entimeter st)mp4 and s7 p )t t"e 7enter ! t"e st)mp s t"at t"e " (( 8 is b 8(-s"aped. 'ater !r m t"e r ts 8i(( immediate(y start t !i(( t"e " (( 8. ."e !irst t"ree !i((in$s ! 8ater 8i(( be bitter4 b)t s)77eedin$ !i((in$s 8i(( be pa(atab(e. ."e st)mp EFi$)re 6-9F 8i(( s)pp(y 8ater ! r )p t ! )r days. /e s)re t 7 *er it t 5eep )t inse7ts.
S me tr pi7a( *ines 7an $i*e y ) 8ater. 1)t a n t7" in t"e *ine as "i$" as y ) 7an rea7"4 t"en 7)t t"e *ine !! 7( se t t"e $r )nd. 1at7" t"e dr ppin$ (i6)id in a 7 ntainer r in y )r m )t" EFi$)re 6-;F.
CAUTION D n t drin5 t"e (i6)id i! it is sti75y4 mi(5y4 r bitter tastin$. ."e mi(5 !r m $reen E)nripeF 7 7 n)ts is a $ d t"irst 6)en7"er. 2 8e*er4 t"e mi(5 !r m mat)re 7 7 n)ts 7 ntains an i( t"at a7ts as a (aAati*e. Drin5 in m derati n n(y. In t"e Ameri7an tr pi7s y ) may !ind (ar$e trees 8" se bran7"es s)pp rt air p(ants. ."ese air p(ants may " (d a 7 nsiderab(e am )nt ! rain8ater in t"eir *er(appin$4 t"i75(y $r 8in$ (ea*es. Strain t"e 8ater t"r )$" a 7( t" t rem *e inse7ts and debris. Y ) 7an $et 8ater !r m p(ants 8it" m ist p)(py 7enters. 1)t !! a se7ti n ! t"e p(ant and s6)ee3e r smas" t"e p)(p s t"at t"e m ist)re r)ns )t. 1at7" t"e (i6)id in a 7 ntainer. #(ant r ts may pr *ide 8ater. Di$ r pry t"e r ts )t ! t"e $r )nd4 7)t t"em int s" rt pie7es4 and smas" t"e p)(p s t"at t"e m ist)re r)ns )t. 1at7" t"e (i6)id in a 7 ntainer. F(es"y (ea*es4 stems4 r sta(5s4 s)7" as bamb 4 7 ntain 8ater. 1)t r n t7" t"e sta(5s at t"e base ! a B int t drain )t t"e (i6)id. ."e ! (( 8in$ trees 7an a(s pr *ide 8aterM

:alms. #a(ms4 s)7" as t"e b)ri4 7 7 n)t4 s)$ar4 rattan4 and nips4 7 ntain (i6)id. /r)ise a ( 8er !r nd and p)(( it d 8n s t"e tree 8i(( Kb(eedK at t"e inB)ry. Traveler.s tree. F )nd in Mada$as7ar4 t"is tree "as a 7)p(i5e s"eat" at t"e base ! its (ea*es in 8"i7" 8ater 7 ((e7ts. Umbrella tree. ."e (ea! bases and r ts ! t"is tree ! 8estern tr pi7a( A!ri7a 7an pr *ide 8ater. ?aobab tree. ."is tree ! t"e sandy p(ains ! n rt"ern A)stra(ia and A!ri7a 7 ((e7ts 8ater in its b tt(e(i5e tr)n5 d)rin$ t"e 8et seas n. Fre6)ent(y4 y ) 7an !ind 7(ear4 !res" 8ater in t"ese trees a!ter 8ee5s ! dry 8eat"er.
CAUTION D n t 5eep t"e sap !r m p(ants ( n$er t"an 29 " )rs. It be$ins !ermentin$4 be7 min$ dan$er )s as a 8ater s )r7e.
STILL CONSTRUCTION
Y ) 7an )se sti((s in *ari )s areas ! t"e 8 r(d. ."ey dra8 m ist)re !r m t"e $r )nd and !r m p(ant materia(. Y ) need 7ertain materia(s t b)i(d a sti((4 and y ) need time t (et it 7 ((e7t t"e 8ater. It ta5es ab )t 29 " )rs t $et =.; t 1 (iter ! 8ater.
A+".e/&" #( Sti%%
. ma5e t"e ab *e$r )nd sti((4 y ) need a s)nny s( pe n 8"i7" t p(a7e t"e sti((4 a 7(ear p(asti7 ba$4 $reen (ea!y *e$etati n4 and a sma(( r 75 EFi$)re 6-6F.
. ma5e t"e sti((-
Fi(( t"e ba$ 8it" air by t)rnin$ t"e penin$ int t"e bree3e r by Ks7 pin$K air int t"e ba$. Fi(( t"e p(asti7 ba$ "a(! t t"ree-! )rt"s !)(( ! $reen (ea!y *e$etati n. /e s)re t rem *e a(( "ard sti75s r s"arp spines t"at mi$"t p)n7t)re t"e ba$.
CAUTION D n t )se p is n )s *e$etati n. It 8i(( pr *ide p is n )s (i6)id.

#(a7e a sma(( r 75 r simi(ar item in t"e ba$. 1( se t"e ba$ and tie t"e m )t" se7)re(y as 7( se t t"e end ! t"e ba$ as p ssib(e t 5eep t"e maAim)m am )nt ! air spa7e. I! y ) "a*e a pie7e ! t)bin$4 a sma(( stra84 r a " (( 8 reed4 insert ne end in t"e m )t" ! t"e ba$ be! re y ) tie it se7)re(y. ."en tie !! r p()$ t"e t)bin$ s t"at air 8i(( n t es7ape. ."is t)bin$ 8i(( a(( 8 y ) t drain )t 7 ndensed 8ater 8it" )t )ntyin$ t"e ba$. #(a7e t"e ba$4 m )t" d 8n"i((4 n a s( pe in !)(( s)n(i$"t. # siti n t"e m )t" ! t"e ba$ s(i$"t(y "i$"er t"an t"e ( 8 p int in t"e ba$. Sett(e t"e ba$ in p(a7e s t"at t"e r 75 8 r5s itse(! int t"e ( 8 p int in t"e ba$.
. $et t"e 7 ndensed 8ater !r m t"e sti((4 ( sen t"e tie ar )nd t"e ba$Hs m )t" and tip t"e ba$ s t"at t"e 8ater 7 ((e7ted ar )nd t"e r 75 8i(( drain )t. ."en retie t"e m )t" se7)re(y and rep siti n t"e sti(( t a(( 8 !)rt"er 7 ndensati n. 1"an$e t"e *e$etati n in t"e ba$ a!ter eAtra7tin$ m st ! t"e 8ater !r m it. ."is 8i(( ens)re maAim)m )tp)t ! 8ater.
Be%"0/&" #( Sti%%
. ma5e a be( 8$r )nd sti((4 y ) need a di$$in$ t and a r 75 EFi$)re 6-7F. (4 a 7 ntainer4 a 7(ear p(asti7 s"eet4 a drin5in$ t)be4
Se(e7t a site 8"ere y ) be(ie*e t"e s i( 8i(( 7 ntain m ist)re Es)7" as a dry stream bed r a ( 8 sp t 8"ere rain8ater "as 7 ((e7tedF. ."e s i( at t"is site s" )(d be easy t di$4 and s)n(i$"t m)st "it t"e site m st ! t"e day. . 7 nstr)7t t"e sti((-
Di$ a b 8(-s"aped " (e ab )t 1 meter a7r ss and 6= 7entimeters deep. Di$ a s)mp in t"e 7enter ! t"e " (e. ."e s)mpHs dept" and perimeter 8i(( depend n t"e si3e ! t"e 7 ntainer t"at y ) "a*e t p(a7e in it. ."e b tt m ! t"e s)mp s" )(d a(( 8 t"e 7 ntainer t stand )pri$"t. An7" r t"e t)bin$ t t"e 7 ntainerHs b tt m by ! rmin$ a ( se *er"and 5n t in t"e t)bin$. #(a7e t"e 7 ntainer )pri$"t in t"e s)mp. -Atend t"e )nan7" red end ! t"e t)bin$ )p4 *er4 and bey nd t"e (ip ! t"e " (e. #(a7e t"e p(asti7 s"eet *er t"e " (e4 7 *erin$ its ed$es 8it" s i( t " (d it in p(a7e. #(a7e a r 75 in t"e 7enter ! t"e p(asti7 s"eet. L 8er t"e p(asti7 s"eet int t"e " (e )nti( it is ab )t 9= 7entimeters be( 8 $r )nd (e*e(. It n 8 ! rms an in*erted 7 ne 8it" t"e r 75 at its apeA. Ma5e s)re t"at t"e 7 neHs apeA is dire7t(y *er y )r 7 ntainer. A(s ma5e s)re t"e p(asti7 7 ne d es n t t )7" t"e sides ! t"e " (e be7a)se t"e eart" 8i(( abs rb t"e 7 ndensed 8ater. #)t m re s i( n t"e ed$es ! t"e p(asti7 t " (d it se7)re(y in p(a7e and t pre*ent t"e ( ss ! m ist)re. #()$ t"e t)be 8"en n t in )se s t"at t"e m ist)re 8i(( n t e*ap rate.
Y ) 7an drin5 8ater 8it" )t dist)rbin$ t"e sti(( by )sin$ t"e t)be as a stra8. Y ) may 8ant t )se p(ants in t"e " (e as a m ist)re s )r7e. I! s 4 di$ )t additi na( s i( !r m t"e sides ! t"e " (e t ! rm a s( pe n 8"i7" t p(a7e t"e p(ants. ."en pr 7eed as ab *e. I! p (()ted 8ater is y )r n(y m ist)re s )r7e4 di$ a sma(( tr )$" )tside t"e " (e ab )t 2; 7entimeters !r m t"e sti((Hs (ip EFi$)re 6-&F. Di$ t"e tr )$" ab )t 2; 7entimeters deep and & 7entimeters 8ide. # )r t"e p (()ted 8ater in t"e tr )$". /e s)re y ) d n t spi(( any p (()ted 8ater ar )nd t"e rim ! t"e " (e 8"ere t"e p(asti7 s"eet t )7"es t"e s i(. ."e tr )$" " (ds t"e p (()ted 8ater and t"e s i( !i(ters it as t"e sti(( dra8s it. ."e 8ater t"en 7 ndenses n t"e p(asti7 and drains int t"e 7 ntainer. ."is pr 7ess 8 r5s eAtreme(y 8e(( 8"en y )r n(y 8ater s )r7e is sa(t 8ater.
Y ) 8i(( need at (east t"ree sti((s t meet y )r indi*id)a( dai(y 8ater inta5e needs.
3AT R PURI'ICATION
Rain8ater 7 ((e7ted in 7(ean 7 ntainers r in p(ants is )s)a((y sa!e ! r drin5in$. 2 8e*er4 p)ri!y 8ater !r m (a5es4 p nds4 s8amps4 sprin$s4 r streams4 espe7ia((y t"e 8ater near ")man sett(ements r in t"e tr pi7s. '"en p ssib(e4 p)ri!y a(( 8ater y ) $ t !r m *e$etati n r !r m t"e $r )nd by )sin$ i dine r 7"( rine4 r by b i(in$. #)ri!y 8ater by-
Usin$ 8ater p)ri!i7ati n tab(ets. EF (( 8 t"e dire7ti ns pr *ided.F #(a7in$ ; dr ps ! 2 per7ent tin7t)re ! i dine in a 7anteen !)(( ! 7(ear 8ater. I! t"e 7anteen is !)(( ! 7( )dy r 7 (d 8ater4 )se 1= dr ps. ELet t"e 7anteen ! 8ater stand ! r %= min)tes be! re drin5in$.F / i(in$ 8ater ! r 1 min)te at sea (e*e(4 addin$ 1 min)te ! r ea7" additi na( %== meters ab *e sea (e*e(4 r b i( ! r 1= min)tes n matter 8"ere y ) are.
/y drin5in$ n np tab(e 8ater y ) may 7 ntra7t diseases r s8a(( 8 r$anisms t"at 7an "arm y ). -Aamp(es ! s)7" diseases r r$anisms are-
<ysentery. Se*ere4 pr ( n$ed diarr"ea 8it" b( dy st (s4 !e*er4 and 8ea5ness. 1holera and typhoid. Y ) may be s)s7eptib(e t t"ese diseases re$ard(ess ! in 7)(ati ns. -lukes. Sta$nant4 p (()ted 8ater--espe7ia((y in tr pi7a( areas-- !ten 7 ntains b( d !()5es. I! y ) s8a(( 8 !()5es4 t"ey 8i(( b re int t"e b( dstream4 (i*e as parasites4 and 7a)se disease. Leeches. I! y ) s8a(( 8 a (ee7"4 it 7an " 5 nt t"e t"r at passa$e r inside t"e n se. It 8i(( s)75 b( d4 7reate a 8 )nd4 and m *e t an t"er area. -a7" b(eedin$ 8 )nd may be7 me in!e7ted.
3AT R 'ILTRATION , VIC S

I! t"e 8ater y ) !ind is a(s m)ddy4 sta$nant4 and ! )( sme((in$4 y ) 7an 7(ear t"e 8ater-
/y p(a7in$ it in a 7 ntainer and (ettin$ it stand ! r 12 " )rs. /y p )rin$ it t"r )$" a !i(terin$ system.
8ote9 These procedures only clear the water and make it more palatable. @ou will have to puri!y it. . ma5e a !i(terin$ system4 p(a7e se*era( 7entimeters r (ayers ! !i(terin$ materia( s)7" as sand4 7r)s"ed r 754 7"ar7 a(4 r 7( t" in bamb 4 a " (( 8 ( $4 r an arti7(e ! 7( t"in$ EFi$)re 6-<F.
Rem *e t"e d r !r m 8ater by addin$ 7"ar7 a( !r m y )r !ire. Let t"e 8ater stand ! r 9; min)tes be! re drin5in$ it.
CHAPTER = - FIRECRAFT
In many survival situations" the ability to start a !ire can make the di!!erence between living and dying. -ire can !ul!ill many needs. It can provide warmth and com!ort. It not only cooks and preserves !ood" it also provides warmth in the !orm o! heated !ood that saves calories our body normally uses to produce body heat. @ou can use !ire to puri!y water" sterili*e bandages" signal !or rescue" and provide protection !rom animals. It can be a psychological boost by providing peace o! mind and companionship. @ou can also use !ire to produce tools and weapons. -ire can cause problems" as well. The enemy can detect the smoke and light it produces. It can cause !orest !ires or destroy essential e)uipment. -ire can also cause burns carbon mono+ide poisoning when used in shelters. Remember weigh your need !or !ire against your need to avoid enemy detection.
#ASIC 'IR PRINCIPL S

. b)i(d a !ire4 it "e(ps t )nderstand t"e basi7 prin7ip(es ! a !ire. F)e( Ein a n n$ase )s stateF d es n t b)rn dire7t(y. '"en y ) app(y "eat t a !)e(4 it pr d)7es a $as. ."is $as4 7 mbined 8it" Ay$en in t"e air4 b)rns. Understandin$ t"e 7 n7ept ! t"e !ire trian$(e is *ery imp rtant in 7 rre7t(y 7 nstr)7tin$ and maintainin$ a !ire. ."e t"ree sides ! t"e trian$(e represent air" heat" and !uel. I! y ) rem *e any ! t"ese4 t"e !ire 8i(( $ )t. ."e 7 rre7t rati ! t"ese 7 mp nents is *ery imp rtant ! r a !ire t b)rn at its $reatest 7apabi(ity. ."e n(y 8ay t (earn t"is rati is t pra7ti7e.
SIT S L CTION AN, PR PARATION

Y ) 8i(( "a*e t de7ide 8"at site and arran$ement t )se. /e! re b)i(din$ a !ire 7 nsider-
."e area Eterrain and 7(imateF in 8"i7" y ) are peratin$. ."e materia(s and t (s a*ai(ab(e. .imeM " 8 m)7" time y ) "a*eI NeedM 8"y y ) need a !ireI Se7)rityM " 8 7( se is t"e enemyI
5 ! r a dry sp t t"at-
Is pr te7ted !r m t"e 8ind. Is s)itab(y p(a7ed in re(ati n t y )r s"e(ter Ei! anyF. 'i(( 7 n7entrate t"e "eat in t"e dire7ti n y ) desire. d r t"er !)e( a*ai(ab(e. ESee Fi$)re 7-9 ! r types ! materia( y ) 7an )se.F
2as a s)pp(y ! 8
I! y ) are in a 8 ded r br)s"-7 *ered area4 7(ear t"e br)s" and s7rape t"e s)r!a7e s i( !r m t"e sp t y ) "a*e se(e7ted. 1(ear a 7ir7(e at (east 1 meter in diameter s t"ere is (itt(e 7"an7e ! t"e !ire spreadin$. I! time a(( 8s4 7 nstr)7t a !ire 8a(( )sin$ ( $s r r 75s. ."is 8a(( 8i(( "e(p t re!(e7t r dire7t t"e "eat 8"ere y ) 8ant it EFi$)re 7-1F. It 8i(( a(s red)7e !(yin$ spar5s and 7)t d 8n n t"e am )nt ! 8ind b( 8in$ int t"e !ire. 2 8e*er4 y ) 8i(( need en )$" 8ind t 5eep t"e !ire b)rnin$. CAUTION D n t )se 8et r p r )s r 75s as t"ey may eAp( de 8"en "eated.
In s me sit)ati ns4 y ) may !ind t"at an )nder$r )nd !irep(a7e 8i(( best meet y )r needs. It 7 n7ea(s t"e !ire and ser*es 8e(( ! r 7 5in$ ! d. . ma5e an )nder$r )nd !irep(a7e r Da5 ta !ire " (e EFi$)re 7-2F-
Di$ a " (e in t"e $r )nd. 0n t"e )p8ind side ! t"is " (e4 p 5e r di$ a (ar$e 7 nne7tin$ " (e ! r *enti(ati n. /)i(d y )r !ire in t"e " (e as i(()strated.
I! y ) are in a sn 8-7 *ered area4 )se $reen ( $s t ma5e a dry base ! r y )r !ire EFi$)re 7-%F. .rees 8it" 8rist-si3ed tr)n5s are easi(y br 5en in eAtreme 7 (d. 1)t r brea5 se*era( $reen ( $s and (ay t"em side by side n t p ! t"e sn 8. Add ne r t8 m re (ayers. Lay t"e t p (ayer ! ( $s pp site t" se be( 8 it.
'IR 0AT RIAL S L CTION

Y ) need t"ree types ! materia(s EFi$)re 7-9F t b)i(d a !ire--tinder4 5ind(in$4 and !)e(. .inder is dry materia( t"at i$nites 8it" (itt(e "eat--a spar5 starts a !ire. ."e tinder m)st be abs ()te(y dry t be s)re B)st a spar5 8i(( i$nite it. I! y ) n(y "a*e a de*i7e t"at $enerates spar5s4 7"arred 7( t" 8i(( be a(m st essentia(. It " (ds a spar5 ! r ( n$ peri ds4 a(( 8in$ y ) t p)t tinder n t"e " t area t $enerate a sma(( !(ame. Y ) 7an ma5e 7"arred 7( t" by "eatin$ 7 tt n 7( t" )nti( it t)rns b(a754 b)t d es n t b)rn. 0n7e it is b(a754 y ) m)st 5eep it in an airti$"t 7 ntainer t 5eep it dry. #repare t"is 7( t" 8e(( in ad*an7e ! any s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. Add it t y )r indi*id)a( s)r*i*a( 5it. :ind(in$ is readi(y 7 mb)stib(e materia( t"at y ) add t t"e b)rnin$ tinder. A$ain4 t"is materia( s" )(d be abs ()te(y dry t ens)re rapid b)rnin$. :ind(in$ in7reases t"e !ireHs temperat)re s t"at it 8i(( i$nite (ess 7 mb)stib(e materia(. F)e( is (ess 7 mb)stib(e materia( t"at b)rns s( 8(y and steadi(y n7e i$nited.
.O3 TO #UIL, A 'IR

."ere are se*era( met" ds ! r (ayin$ a !ire4 ea7" ! 8"i7" "as ad*anta$es. ."e sit)ati n y ) !ind y )rse(! in 8i(( determine 8"i7" !ire t )se.
Tepee
. ma5e t"is !ire EFi$)re 7-;F4 arran$e t"e tinder and a !e8 sti75s ! 5ind(in$ in t"e s"ape ! a tepee r 7 ne. Li$"t t"e 7enter. As t"e tepee b)rns4 t"e )tside ( $s 8i(( !a(( in8ard4 !eedin$ t"e !ire. ."is type ! !ire b)rns 8e(( e*en 8it" 8et 8 d.
Le!#-T"
. (ay t"is !ire EFi$)re 7-;F4 p)s" a $reen sti75 int t"e $r )nd at a %=-de$ree an$(e. # int t"e end ! t"e sti75 in t"e dire7ti n ! t"e 8ind. #(a7e s me tinder deep )nder t"is (ean-t sti75. Lean pie7es ! 5ind(in$ a$ainst t"e (ean-t sti75. Li$"t t"e tinder. As t"e 5ind(in$ 7at7"es !ire !r m t"e tinder4 add m re 5ind(in$.
C&"$$-Dit-h
. )se t"is met" d EFi$)re 7-;F4 s7rat7" a 7r ss ab )t %= 7entimeters in si3e in t"e $r )nd. Di$ t"e 7r ss 7.; 7entimeters deep. #)t a (ar$e 8ad ! tinder in t"e midd(e ! t"e 7r ss. /)i(d a 5ind(in$ pyramid ab *e t"e tinder. ."e s"a(( 8 dit7" a(( 8s air t s8eep )nder t"e tinder t pr *ide a dra!t.
P1&!*i(
. (ay t"is !ire EFi$)re 7-;F4 p(a7e t8 sma(( ( $s r bran7"es para((e( n t"e $r )nd. #(a7e a s (id (ayer ! sma(( ( $s a7r ss t"e para((e( ( $s. Add t"ree r ! )r m re (ayers ! ( $s r bran7"es4 ea7" (ayer sma((er t"an and at a ri$"t an$(e t t"e (ayer be( 8 it. Ma5e a starter !ire n t p ! t"e pyramid. As t"e starter !ire b)rns4 it 8i(( i$nite t"e ( $s be( 8 it. ."is $i*es y ) a !ire t"at b)rns d 8n8ard4 re6)irin$ n attenti n d)rin$ t"e ni$"t. ."ere are se*era( t"er 8ays t (ay a !ire t"at are 6)ite e!!e7ti*e. Y )r sit)ati n and t"e materia( a*ai(ab(e in t"e area may ma5e an t"er met" d m re s)itab(e.
.O3 TO LI/.T A 'IR

A(8ays (i$"t y )r !ire !r m t"e )p8ind side. Ma5e s)re t (ay y )r tinder4 5ind(in$4 and !)e( s t"at y )r !ire 8i(( b)rn as ( n$ as y ) need it. I$niters pr *ide t"e initia( "eat re6)ired t start t"e tinder b)rnin$. ."ey !a(( int t8 7ate$ riesM m dern met" ds and primiti*e met" ds.
M"(e&# Meth"($
M dem i$niters )se m dem de*i7es--items 8e n rma((y t"in5 ! t start a !ire.
0atches
Ma5e s)re t"ese mat7"es are 8aterpr dependab(e stri5er pad. !. A(s 4 st re t"em in a 8aterpr ! 7 ntainer a( n$ 8it" a
Con(e4 Lens
Use t"is met" d EFi$)re 7-6F n(y n bri$"t4 s)nny days. ."e (ens 7an 7 me !r m bin 7)(ars4 7amera4 te(es7 pi7 si$"ts4 r ma$ni!yin$ $(asses. An$(e t"e (ens t 7 n7entrate t"e s)nHs rays n t"e tinder. 2 (d t"e (ens *er t"e same sp t )nti( t"e tinder be$ins t sm (der. +ent(y b( 8 r !an t"e tinder int !(ame4 and app(y it t t"e !ire (ay.
0etal 0atch
#(a7e a !(at4 dry (ea! )nder y )r tinder 8it" a p rti n eAp sed. #(a7e t"e tip ! t"e meta( mat7" n t"e dry (ea!4 " (din$ t"e meta( mat7" in ne "and and a 5ni!e in t"e t"er. S7rape y )r 5ni!e a$ainst t"e meta( mat7" t pr d)7e spar5s. ."e spar5s 8i(( "it t"e tinder. '"en t"e tinder starts t sm (der4 pr 7eed as ab *e.
#attery
Use a battery t $enerate a spar5. Use ! t"is met" d depends n t"e type ! battery a*ai(ab(e. Atta7" a 8ire t ea7" termina(. . )7" t"e ends ! t"e bare 8ires t $et"er neAt t t"e tinder s t"e spar5s 8i(( i$nite it.
/unpo%der
0!ten4 y ) 8i(( "a*e amm)niti n 8it" y )r e6)ipment. I! s 4 7are!)((y eAtra7t t"e b)((et !r m t"e s"e(( 7asin$4 and )se t"e $)np 8der as tinder. A spar5 8i(( i$nite t"e p 8der. /e eAtreme(y 7are!)( 8"en eAtra7tin$ t"e b)((et !r m t"e 7ase.
P&i*iti.e Meth"($
#rimiti*e i$niters are t" se attrib)ted t )r ear(y an7est rs.
'lint and Steel

."e dire7t spar5 met" d is t"e easiest ! t"e primiti*e met" ds t )se. ."e !(int and stee( met" d is t"e m st re(iab(e ! t"e dire7t spar5 met" ds. Stri5e a !(int r t"er "ard4 s"arp-ed$ed r 75 ed$e 8it" a pie7e ! 7arb n stee( Estain(ess stee( 8i(( n t pr d)7e a $ d spar5F. ."is met" d re6)ires a ( se-B inted 8rist and pra7ti7e. '"en a spar5 "as 7a)$"t in t"e tinder4 b( 8 n it. ."e spar5 8i(( spread and b)rst int !(ames.
'ire5Plo%
."e !ire-p( 8 EFi$)re 7-7F is a !ri7ti n met" d ! i$niti n. Y ) r)b a "ard8 d s"a!t a$ainst a s !ter 8 d base. . )se t"is met" d4 7)t a strai$"t $r *e in t"e base and p( 8 t"e b()nt tip ! t"e s"a!t )p and d 8n t"e $r *e. ."e p( 8in$ a7ti n ! t"e s"a!t p)s"es )t sma(( parti7(es ! 8 d !ibers. ."en4 as y ) app(y m re press)re n ea7" str 5e4 t"e !ri7ti n i$nites t"e 8 d parti7(es.
#o% and ,rill

."e te7"ni6)e ! startin$ a !ire 8it" a b 8 and dri(( EFi$)re 7-&F is simp(e4 b)t y ) m)st eAert m)7" e!! rt and be persistent t pr d)7e a !ire. Y ) need t"e ! (( 8in$ items t )se t"is met" dM

Socket. ."e s 75et is an easi(y $rasped st ne r pie7e ! "ard8 d r b ne 8it" a s(i$"t depressi n in ne side. Use it t " (d t"e dri(( in p(a7e and t app(y d 8n8ard press)re. <rill. ."e dri(( s" )(d be a strai$"t4 seas ned "ard8 d sti75 ab )t 2 7entimeters in diameter and 2; 7entimeters ( n$. ."e t p end is r )nd and t"e ( 8 end b()nt Et pr d)7e m re !ri7ti nF. -ire board. Its si3e is )p t y ). A seas ned s !t8 d b ard ab )t 2.; 7entimeters t"i75 and 1= 7entimeters 8ide is pre!erab(e. 1)t a depressi n ab )t 2 7entimeters !r m t"e ed$e n ne side
! t"e b ard. 0n t"e )nderside4 ma5e a V-s"aped 7)t !r m t"e ed$e ! t"e b ard t t"e depressi n. ?ow. ."e b 8 is a resi(ient4 $reen sti75 ab )t 2.; 7entimeters in diameter and a strin$. ."e type ! 8 d is n t imp rtant. ."e b 8strin$ 7an be any type ! 7 rda$e. Y ) tie t"e b 8strin$ !r m ne end ! t"e b 8 t t"e t"er4 8it" )t any s(a75.
. )se t"e b 8 and dri((4 !irst prepare t"e !ire (ay. ."en p(a7e a b)nd(e ! tinder )nder t"e V-s"aped 7)t in t"e !ire b ard. #(a7e ne ! t n t"e !ire b ard. L p t"e b 8strin$ *er t"e dri(( and p(a7e t"e dri(( in t"e pre7)t depressi n n t"e !ire b ard. #(a7e t"e s 75et4 "e(d in ne "and4 n t"e t p ! t"e dri(( t " (d it in p siti n. #ress d 8n n t"e dri(( and sa8 t"e b 8 ba75 and ! rt" t t8ir( t"e dri(( EFi$)re 7-&F. 0n7e y ) "a*e estab(is"ed a sm t" m ti n4 app(y m re d 8n8ard press)re and 8 r5 t"e b 8 !aster. ."is a7ti n 8i(( $rind " t b(a75 p 8der int t"e tinder4 7a)sin$ a spar5 t 7at7". /( 8 n t"e tinder )nti( it i$nites. 8ote9 :rimitive !ire%building methods are e+haustive and re)uire practice to ensure success. HELPFUL HINTS Use n nar mati7 seas ned "ard8 d ! r !)e(4 i! p ssib(e. 1 ((e7t 5ind(in$ and tinder a( n$ t"e trai(. Add inse7t repe((ent t t"e tinder. :eep t"e !ire8 d dry. Dry damp !ire8 d near t"e !ire. /an5 t"e !ire t 5eep t"e 7 a(s a(i*e *erni$"t. 1arry (i$"ted p)n54 8"en p ssib(e. /e s)re t"e !ire is )t be! re (ea*in$ 7amp. D n t se(e7t 8 d (yin$ n t"e $r )nd. It may appear t be dry b)t $enera((y d esnHt pr *ide en )$" !ri7ti n.
CHAPTER > - FOOD PROCUREMENT
A!ter water" man.s most urgent re)uirement is !ood. In contemplating virtually any hypothetical survival situation" the mind immediately turns to thoughts o! !ood. Unless the situation occurs in an arid environment" even water" which is more important to maintaining body !unctions" will almost always !ollow !ood in our initial thoughts. The survivor must remember that the three essentials o! survival%%water" !ood" and shelter%%are prioriti*ed according to the estimate o! the actual situation. This estimate must not only be timely but accurate as well. Some situations may well dictate that shelter precede both !ood and water.
ANI0ALS 'OR 'OO,

Un(ess y ) "a*e t"e 7"an7e t ta5e (ar$e $ame4 7 n7entrate y )r e!! rts n t"e sma((er anima(s4 d)e t t"eir ab)ndan7e. ."e sma((er anima( spe7ies are a(s easier t prepare. Y ) m)st n t 5n 8 a(( t"e anima( spe7ies t"at are s)itab(e as ! d. Re(ati*e(y !e8 are p is n )s4 and t"ey ma5e a sma((er (ist t remember. '"at is imp rtant is t (earn t"e "abits and be"a*i ra( patterns ! 7(asses ! anima(s. F r eAamp(e4 anima(s t"at are eA7e((ent 7" i7es ! r trappin$4 t" se t"at in"abit a parti7)(ar ran$e and 77)py a den r nest4 t" se t"at "a*e s me8"at !iAed !eedin$ areas4 and t" se t"at "a*e trai(s (eadin$ !r m ne area t an t"er. Lar$er4 "erdin$ anima(s4 s)7" as e(5 r 7arib )4 r am *ast areas and are s me8"at m re di!!i7)(t t trap. A(s 4 y ) m)st )nderstand t"e ! d 7" i7es ! a parti7)(ar spe7ies. Y ) 7an4 8it" re(ati*e(y !e8 eA7epti ns4 eat anyt"in$ t"at 7ra8(s4 s8ims4 8a(5s4 r !(ies. ."e !irst bsta7(e is *er7 min$ y )r nat)ra( a*ersi n t a parti7)(ar ! d s )r7e. 2ist ri7a((y4 pe p(e in star*ati n sit)ati ns "a*e res rted t eatin$ e*eryt"in$ ima$inab(e ! r n )ris"ment. A pers n 8" i$n res an t"er8ise "ea(t"y ! d s )r7e d)e t a pers na( bias4 r be7a)se "e !ee(s it is )nappeti3in$4 is ris5in$ "is 8n s)r*i*a(. A(t" )$" it may pr *e di!!i7)(t at !irst4 a s)r*i* r m)st eat 8"at is a*ai(ab(e t maintain "is "ea(t".
I#$e-t$
."e m st ab)ndant (i!e-! rm n eart"4 inse7ts are easi(y 7a)$"t. Inse7ts pr *ide 6; t &= per7ent pr tein 7 mpared t 2= per7ent ! r bee!. ."is !a7t ma5es inse7ts an imp rtant4 i! n t *er(y appeti3in$4 ! d s )r7e. Inse7ts t a* id in7()de a(( ad)(ts t"at stin$ r bite4 "airy r bri$"t(y 7 ( red inse7ts4 and 7aterpi((ars and inse7ts t"at "a*e a p)n$ent d r. A(s a* id spiders and 7 mm n disease 7arriers s)7" as ti75s4 !(ies4 and m s6)it es. R ttin$ ( $s (yin$ n t"e $r )nd are eA7e((ent p(a7es t ( 5 ! r a *ariety ! inse7ts in7()din$ ants4 termites4 beet(es4 and $r)bs4 8"i7" are beet(e (ar*ae. D n t *er( 5 inse7t nests n r in t"e $r )nd. +rassy areas4 s)7" as !ie(ds4 are $ d areas t sear7" be7a)se t"e inse7ts are easi(y seen. St nes4 b ards4 r t"er materia(s (yin$ n t"e $r )nd pr *ide t"e inse7ts 8it" $ d nestin$ sites. 1"e75 t"ese sites. Inse7t (ar*ae are a(s edib(e. Inse7ts s)7" as beet(es and $rass" ppers t"at "a*e a "ard )ter
s"e(( 8i(( "a*e parasites. 1 5 t"em be! re eatin$. Rem *e any 8in$s and barbed (e$s a(s . Y ) 7an eat m st inse7ts ra8. ."e taste *aries !r m ne spe7ies t an t"er. ' d $r)bs are b(and4 8"i(e s me spe7ies ! ants st re " ney in t"eir b dies4 $i*in$ t"em a s8eet taste. Y ) 7an $rind a 7 ((e7ti n ! inse7ts int a paste. Y ) 7an miA t"em 8it" edib(e *e$etati n. Y ) 7an 7 5 t"em t impr *e t"eir taste.
W"&*$
' rms EAnnelideaF are an eA7e((ent pr tein s )r7e. Di$ ! r t"em in damp ")m)s s i( r 8at7" ! r t"em n t"e $r )nd a!ter a rain. A!ter 7apt)rin$ t"em4 dr p t"em int 7(ean4 p tab(e 8ater ! r a !e8 min)tes. ."e 8 rms 8i(( nat)ra((y p)r$e r 8as" t"emse(*es )t4 a!ter 8"i7" y ) 7an eat t"em ra8.
C& $t!-e!#$
Fres"8ater s"rimp ran$e in si3e !r m =.2; 7entimeter )p t 2.; 7entimeters. ."ey 7an ! rm rat"er (ar$e 7 ( nies in mats ! !( atin$ a($ae r in m)d b tt ms ! p nds and (a5es. 1ray!is" are a5in t marine ( bsters and 7rabs. Y ) 7an distin$)is" t"em by t"eir "ard eA s5e(et n and !i*e pairs ! (e$s4 t"e !r nt pair "a*in$ *ersi3ed pin7ers. 1ray!is" are a7ti*e at ni$"t4 b)t y ) 7an ( 7ate t"em in t"e daytime by ( 5in$ )nder and ar )nd st nes in streams. Y ) 7an a(s !ind t"em by ( 5in$ in t"e s !t m)d near t"e 7"imney(i5e breat"in$ " (es ! t"eir nests. Y ) 7an 7at7" 7ray!is" by tyin$ bits ! !!a( r interna( r$ans t a strin$. '"en t"e 7ray!is" $rabs t"e bait4 p)(( it t s" re be! re it "as a 7"an7e t re(ease t"e bait. Y ) !ind sa(t8ater ( bsters4 7rabs4 and s"rimp !r m t"e s)r!Hs ed$e )t t 8ater 1= meters deep. S"rimp may 7 me t a (i$"t at ni$"t 8"ere y ) 7an s7 p t"em )p 8it" a net. Y ) 7an 7at7" ( bsters and 7rabs 8it" a baited trap r a baited " 5. 1rabs 8i(( 7 me t bait p(a7ed at t"e ed$e ! t"e s)r!4 8"ere y ) 7an trap r net t"em. L bsters and 7rabs are n 7t)rna( and 7a)$"t best at ni$"t.
M"%% $)$
."is 7(ass in7()des 7t p)ses and !res"8ater and sa(t8ater s"e((!is" s)7" as snai(s4 7(ams4 m)sse(s4 bi*a(*es4 barna7(es4 peri8in5(es4 7"it ns4 and sea )r7"ins EFi$)re &-1F. Y ) !ind bi*a(*es simi(ar t )r !res"8ater m)sse( and terrestria( and a6)ati7 snai(s 8 r(d8ide )nder a(( 8ater 7 nditi ns.
Ri*er snai(s r !res"8ater peri8in5(es are p(enti!)( in ri*ers4 streams4 and (a5es ! n rt"ern 7 ni!er )s ! rests. ."ese snai(s may be pen7i( p int r $( b)(ar in s"ape. In !res" 8ater4 ( 5 ! r m (()s5s in t"e s"a(( 8s4 espe7ia((y in 8ater 8it" a sandy r m)ddy b tt m. L 5 ! r t"e narr 8 trai(s t"ey (ea*e in t"e m)d r ! r t"e dar5 e((ipti7a( s(it ! t"eir pen *a(*es. Near t"e sea4 ( 5 in t"e tida( p (s and t"e 8et sand. R 75s a( n$ bea7"es r eAtendin$ as ree!s int deeper 8ater !ten bear 7(in$in$ s"e((!is". Snai(s and (impets 7(in$ t r 75s and sea8eed !r m t"e ( 8 8ater mar5 )p8ard. Lar$e snai(s4 7a((ed 7"it ns4 ad"ere ti$"t(y t r 75s ab *e t"e s)r! (ine. M)sse(s )s)a((y ! rm dense 7 ( nies in r 75 p (s4 n ( $s4 r at t"e base ! b )(ders. CAUTION M)sse(s may be p is n )s in tr pi7a( 3 nes d)rin$ t"e s)mmerL Steam4 b i(4 r ba5e m (()s5s in t"e s"e((. ."ey ma5e eA7e((ent ste8s in 7 mbinati n 8it" $reens and t)bers. CAUTION D n t eat s"e((!is" t"at are n t 7 *ered by 8ater at "i$" tideL
Fi$h
Fis" represent a $ d s )r7e ! pr tein and !at. ."ey !!er s me distin7t ad*anta$es t t"e s)r*i* r r e*ader. ."ey are )s)a((y m re ab)ndant t"an mamma( 8i(d(i!e4 and t"e 8ays t $et t"em are si(ent. . be s)77ess!)( at 7at7"in$ !is"4 y ) m)st 5n 8 t"eir "abits. F r instan7e4 !is" tend t !eed "ea*i(y be! re a st rm. Fis" are n t (i5e(y t !eed a!ter a st rm 8"en t"e 8ater is m)ddy and s8 ((en. Li$"t !ten attra7ts !is" at ni$"t. '"en t"ere is a "ea*y 7)rrent4 !is" 8i(( rest in p(a7es 8"ere t"ere is an eddy4 s)7" as near r 75s. Fis" 8i(( a(s $at"er 8"ere t"ere are deep p (s4 )nder *er"an$in$ br)s"4 and in and ar )nd s)bmer$ed ! (ia$e4 ( $s4 r t"er bBe7ts t"at !!er t"em s"e(ter. ."ere are n p is n )s !res"8ater !is". 2 8e*er4 t"e 7at!is" spe7ies "as s"arp4 need(e(i5e pr tr)si ns n its d rsa( !ins and barbe(s. ."ese 7an in!(i7t pain!)( p)n7t)re 8 )nds t"at 6)i75(y be7 me in!e7ted. 1 5 a(( !res"8ater !is" t 5i(( parasites. A(s 7 5 sa(t8ater !is" 7a)$"t 8it"in a ree! r 8it"in t"e in!()en7e ! a !res"8ater s )r7e as a pre7a)ti n. Any marine (i!e btained !art"er )t in t"e sea 8i(( n t 7 ntain parasites be7a)se ! t"e sa(t8ater en*ir nment. Y ) 7an eat t"ese ra8. 1ertain sa(t8ater spe7ies ! !is" "a*e p is n )s !(es". In s me spe7ies t"e p is n 77)rs seas na((y in t"ers4 it is permanent. -Aamp(es ! p is n )s sa(t8ater !is" are t"e p r7)pine !is"4 tri$$er!is"4 7 8!is"4 t" rn !is"4 i(!is"4 red snapper4 Ba754 and p)!!er EFi$)re &-2F. ."e barra7)da4 8"i(e n t a7t)a((y p is n )s itse(!4 may transmit 7i$)atera E!is" p is nin$F i! eaten ra8.
A*phi+i!#$
Fr $s and sa(amanders are easi(y ! )nd ar )nd b dies ! !res" 8ater. Fr $s se(d m m *e !r m t"e sa!ety ! t"e 8aterHs ed$e. At t"e !irst si$n ! dan$er4 t"ey p()n$e int t"e 8ater and b)ry t"emse(*es in t"e m)d and debris. ."ere are !e8 p is n )s spe7ies ! !r $s. A* id any bri$"t(y 7 ( red !r $ r ne t"at "as a distin7t KDK mar5 n itHs ba75. D n t 7 n!)se t ads 8it" !r $s. Y ) n rma((y !ind t ads in drier en*ir nments. Se*era( spe7ies ! t ads se7rete a p is n )s s)bstan7e t"r )$" t"eir s5in as a de!ense a$ainst atta75. ."ere! re4 t a* id p is nin$4 d n t "and(e r eat t ads. Sa(amanders are n 7t)rna(. ."e best time t 7at7" t"em is at ni$"t )sin$ a (i$"t. ."ey 7an ran$e in si3e !r m a !e8 7entimeters t 8e(( *er 6= 7entimeters in (en$t". L 5 in 8ater ar )nd r 75s and m)d ban5s ! r sa(amanders.
Repti%e$
Repti(es are a $ d pr tein s )r7e and re(ati*e(y easy t 7at7". Y ) s" )(d 7 5 t"em4 b)t in an emer$en7y4 y ) 7an eat t"em ra8. ."eir ra8 !(es" may transmit parasites4 b)t be7a)se repti(es are 7 (db( ded4 t"ey d n t 7arry t"e b( d diseases ! t"e 8arm-b( ded anima(s. ."e b A t)rt(e is a 7 mm n(y en7 )ntered t)rt(e t"at y ) s" )(d n t eat. It !eeds n p is n )s m)s"r ms and may b)i(d )p a "i$"(y t Ai7 p is n in its !(es". 1 5in$ d es n t destr y t"is t Ain. A* id t"e "a85sbi(( t)rt(e4 ! )nd in t"e At(anti7 07ean4 be7a)se ! its p is n )s t" raA $(and. # is n )s sna5es4 a((i$at rs4 7r 7 di(es4 and (ar$e sea t)rt(es present b*i )s "a3ards t t"e s)r*i* r.
Bi&($
A(( spe7ies ! birds are edib(e4 a(t" )$" t"e !(a* r 8i(( *ary 7 nsiderab(y. Y ) may s5in !is"-eatin$ birds t impr *e t"eir taste. As 8it" any 8i(d anima(4 y ) m)st )nderstand birdsH 7 mm n "abits t "a*e a rea(isti7 7"an7e ! 7apt)rin$ t"em. Y ) 7an ta5e pi$e ns4 as 8e(( as s me t"er spe7ies4 !r m t"eir r st at ni$"t by "and. D)rin$ t"e nestin$ seas n4 s me spe7ies 8i(( n t (ea*e t"e nest e*en 8"en appr a7"ed. :n 8in$ 8"ere and 8"en t"e birds nest ma5es 7at7"in$ t"em easier EFi$)re &-%F. /irds tend t "a*e re$)(ar !(y8ays $ in$ !r m t"e r st t a !eedin$ area4 t 8ater4 and s ! rt". 1are!)( bser*ati n s" )(d re*ea( 8"ere t"ese !(y8ays are and indi7ate $ d areas ! r 7at7"in$ birds in nets stret7"ed a7r ss t"e !(y8ays EFi$)re &-9F. R stin$ sites and 8ater" (es are s me ! t"e m st pr misin$ areas ! r trappin$ r snarin$.
Nestin$ birds present an t"er ! d s )r7e--e$$s. Rem *e a(( b)t t8 r t"ree e$$s !r m t"e 7()t7"4 mar5in$ t"e nes t"at y ) (ea*e. ."e bird 8i(( 7 ntin)e t (ay m re e$$s t !i(( t"e 7()t7". 1 ntin)e rem *in$ t"e !res" e$$s4 (ea*in$ t"e nes y ) mar5ed.
M!**!%$
Mamma(s are eA7e((ent pr tein s )r7es and4 ! r Ameri7ans4 t"e m st tasty ! d s )r7e. ."ere are s me dra8ba75s t btainin$ mamma(s. In a " sti(e en*ir nment4 t"e enemy may dete7t any traps r snares p(a7ed n (and. ."e am )nt ! inB)ry an anima( 7an in!(i7t is in dire7t pr p rti n t its si3e. A(( mamma(s "a*e teet" and near(y a(( 8i(( bite in se(!-de!ense. -*en a s6)irre( 7an in!(i7t a seri )s 8 )nd and any bite presents a seri )s ris5 ! in!e7ti n. A(s 4 a m t"er 7an be eAtreme(y a$$ressi*e in de!ense ! "er y )n$. Any anima( 8it" n r )te ! es7ape 8i(( !i$"t 8"en 7 rnered. A(( mamma(s are edib(eJ " 8e*er4 t"e p (ar bear and bearded sea( "a*e t Ai7 (e*e(s ! *itamin A in t"eir (i*ers. ."e p(atyp)s4 nati*e t A)stra(ia and .asmania4 is an e$$-(ayin$4 semia6)ati7 mamma( t"at "as p is n )s $(ands. S7a*en$in$ mamma(s4 s)7" as t"e p ss)m4 may 7arry diseases.
TRAPS AN, SNAR S

F r an )narmed s)r*i* r r e*ader4 r 8"en t"e s )nd ! a ri!(e s" t 7 )(d be a pr b(em4 trappin$ r snarin$ 8i(d $ame is a $ d a(ternati*e. Se*era( 8e((-p(a7ed traps "a*e t"e p tentia( t 7at7" m)7" m re $ame t"an a man 8it" a ri!(e is (i5e(y t s" t. . be e!!e7ti*e 8it" any type ! trap r snare4 y ) m)st-
/e !ami(iar 8it" t"e spe7ies ! anima( y ) intend t 7at7". /e 7apab(e ! 7 nstr)7tin$ a pr per trap. N t a(arm t"e prey by (ea*in$ si$ns ! y )r presen7e.
."ere are n 7at7"a(( traps y ) 7an set ! r a(( anima(s. Y ) m)st determine 8"at spe7ies are in a $i*en area and set y )r traps spe7i!i7a((y 8it" t" se anima(s in mind. L 5 ! r t"e ! (( 8in$M

R)ns and trai(s. .ra75s. Dr ppin$s. 1"e8ed r r)bbed *e$etati n. Nestin$ r r stin$ sites. Feedin$ and 8aterin$ areas.
# siti n y )r traps and snares 8"ere t"ere is pr ! t"at anima(s pass t"r )$". Y ) m)st determine i! it is a Kr)nK r a Ktrai(.K A trai( 8i(( s" 8 si$ns ! )se by se*era( spe7ies and 8i(( be rat"er distin7t. A r)n is )s)a((y sma((er and (ess distin7t and 8i(( n(y 7 ntain si$ns ! ne spe7ies. Y ) may 7 nstr)7t a per!e7t snare4 b)t it 8i(( n t 7at7" anyt"in$ i! "ap"a3ard(y p(a7ed in t"e 8 ds. Anima(s "a*e beddin$ areas4 8ater" (es4 and !eedin$ areas 8it" trai(s (eadin$ !r m ne t an t"er. Y ) m)st p(a7e snares and traps ar )nd t"ese areas t be e!!e7ti*e. F r an e*ader in a " sti(e en*ir nment4 trap and snare 7 n7ea(ment is imp rtant. It is e6)a((y imp rtant4 " 8e*er4 n t t 7reate a dist)rban7e t"at 8i(( a(arm t"e anima( and 7a)se it t a* id t"e trap. ."ere! re4 i! y ) m)st di$4 rem *e a(( !res" dirt !r m t"e area. M st anima(s 8i(( instin7ti*e(y a* id a pit!a((-type trap. #repare t"e *ari )s parts ! a trap r snare a8ay !r m t"e site4 7arry t"em in4 and set t"em )p. S)7" a7ti ns ma5e it easier t a* id dist)rbin$ t"e ( 7a( *e$etati n4 t"ereby a(ertin$ t"e prey. D n t )se !res"(y 7)t4 (i*e *e$etati n t 7 nstr)7t a trap r snare. Fres"(y 7)t *e$etati n 8i(( Kb(eedK sap t"at "as an d r t"e prey 8i(( be ab(e t sme((. It is an a(arm si$na( t t"e anima(. Y ) m)st rem *e r mas5 t"e ")man s7ent n and ar )nd t"e trap y ) set. A(t" )$" birds d n t "a*e a de*e( ped sense ! sme((4 near(y a(( mamma(s depend n sme(( e*en m re t"an n si$"t. -*en t"e s(i$"test ")man s7ent n a trap 8i(( a(arm t"e prey and 7a)se it t a* id t"e area. A7t)a((y rem *in$ t"e s7ent !r m a trap is di!!i7)(t b)t mas5in$ it is re(ati*e(y easy. Use t"e !()id !r m t"e $a(( and )rine b(adders ! pre*i )s 5i((s. D n t )se ")man )rine. M)d4 parti7)(ar(y !r m an area 8it" p(enty ! r ttin$ *e$etati n4 is a(s $ d. Use it t 7 at y )r "ands 8"en "and(in$ t"e trap and t 7 at t"e trap 8"en settin$ it. In near(y a(( parts ! t"e 8 r(d4 anima(s 5n 8 t"e sme(( ! b)rned *e$etati n and sm 5e. It is n(y 8"en a !ire is a7t)a((y b)rnin$ t"at t"ey be7 me a(armed. ."ere! re4 sm 5in$ t"e trap parts is an e!!e7ti*e means t mas5 y )r s7ent. I! ne ! t"e ab *e te7"ni6)es is n t pra7ti7a(4 and i! time permits4 a(( 8 a trap t 8eat"er ! r a !e8 days and t"en set it. D n t "and(e a trap 8"i(e it is 8eat"erin$. '"en y ) p siti n t"e trap4 7am )!(a$e it as nat)ra((y as p ssib(e t pre*ent dete7ti n by t"e enemy and t a* id a(armin$ t"e prey. .raps r snares p(a7ed n a trai( r r)n s" )(d )se 7"anne(i3ati n. . b)i(d a 7"anne(4 7 nstr)7t a !)nne(-s"aped barrier eAtendin$ !r m t"e sides ! t"e trai( t 8ard t"e trap4 8it" t"e narr 8est part nearest t"e trap. 1"anne(i3ati n s" )(d be in7 nspi7) )s t a* id a(ertin$ t"e prey. As t"e anima( $ets t t"e trap4 it 7ann t t)rn (e!t r ri$"t and 7 ntin)es int t"e trap. Fe8 8i(d anima(s 8i(( ba75 )p4 pre!errin$ t !a7e t"e dire7ti n ! tra*e(. 1"anne(i3ati n d es n t "a*e t be an impassab(e barrier. Y ) n(y "a*e t ma5e it in7 n*enient ! r t"e anima( t $ *er r t"r )$" t"e barrier. F r best e!!e7t4 t"e 7"anne(i3ati n s" )(d red)7e t"e trai(Hs 8idt" t B)st s(i$"t(y 8ider t"an t"e tar$eted anima(Hs b dy. Maintain t"is 7 nstri7ti n at (east as !ar ba75 !r m t"e trap as t"e anima(Hs b dy (en$t"4 t"en be$in t"e 8idenin$ t 8ard t"e m )t" ! t"e !)nne(.
U$e "5 B!it

/aitin$ a trap r snare in7reases y )r 7"an7es ! 7at7"in$ an anima(. '"en 7at7"in$ !is"4 y ) m)st bait near(y a(( t"e de*i7es. S)77ess 8it" an )nbaited trap depends n its p(a7ement in a $ d ( 7ati n. A baited trap 7an a7t)a((y dra8 anima(s t it. ."e bait s" )(d be s met"in$ t"e anima( 5n 8s. ."is bait4 " 8e*er4 s" )(d n t be s readi(y a*ai(ab(e in t"e immediate area t"at t"e anima( 7an $et it 7( se by. F r eAamp(e4 baitin$ a trap 8it" 7 rn in t"e midd(e ! a 7 rn !ie(d 8 )(d n t be (i5e(y t 8 r5. Li5e8ise4 i! 7 rn is n t $r 8n in t"e re$i n4 a 7 rn-baited trap may ar )se an anima(Hs 7)ri sity and 5eep it a(erted 8"i(e it p nders t"e stran$e ! d. Under s)7" 7ir7)mstan7es it may n t $ ! r t"e bait. 0ne bait t"at 8 r5s 8e(( n sma(( mamma(s is t"e pean)t b)tter !r m a mea(4 ready-t -eat EMR-F rati n. Sa(t is a(s a $ d bait. '"en )sin$ s)7" baits4 s7atter bits ! it ar )nd t"e trap t $i*e t"e prey a 7"an7e t samp(e it and de*e( p a 7ra*in$ ! r it. ."e anima( 8i(( t"en *er7 me s me ! its 7a)ti n be! re it $ets t t"e trap. I! y ) set and bait a trap ! r ne spe7ies b)t an t"er spe7ies ta5es t"e bait 8it" )t bein$ 7a)$"t4 try t determine 8"at t"e anima( 8as. ."en set a pr per trap ! r t"at anima(4 )sin$ t"e same bait. 8ote9 0nce you have success!ully trapped an animal" you will not only gain con!idence in your ability" you also will have resupplied yoursel! with bait !or several more traps.
T&!p !#( S#!&e C"#$t& -ti"#
.raps and snares crush" choke" hang" r entangle t"e prey. A sin$(e trap r snare 8i(( 7 mm n(y in7 rp rate t8 r m re ! t"ese prin7ip(es. ."e me7"anisms t"at pr *ide p 8er t t"e trap are a(m st a(8ays *ery simp(e. ."e str)$$(in$ *i7tim4 t"e ! r7e ! $ra*ity4 r a bent sap(in$Hs tensi n pr *ides t"e p 8er. ."e "eart ! any trap r snare is t"e tri$$er. '"en p(annin$ a trap r snare4 as5 y )rse(! " 8 it s" )(d a!!e7t t"e prey4 8"at is t"e s )r7e ! p 8er4 and 8"at 8i(( be t"e m st e!!i7ient tri$$er. Y )r ans8ers 8i(( "e(p y ) de*ise a spe7i!i7 trap ! r a spe7i!i7 spe7ies. .raps are desi$ned t 7at7" and " (d r t 7at7" and 5i((. Snares are traps t"at in7 rp rate a n se t a77 mp(is" eit"er !)n7ti n.
Si"ple Snare
A simp(e snare EFi$)re &-;F 7 nsists ! a n se p(a7ed *er a trai( r den " (e and atta7"ed t a !irm(y p(anted sta5e. I! t"e n se is s me type ! 7 rda$e p(a7ed )pri$"t n a $ame trai(4 )se sma(( t8i$s r b(ades ! $rass t " (d it )p. Fi(aments !r m spider 8ebs are eA7e((ent ! r " (din$ n ses pen. Ma5e s)re t"e n se is (ar$e en )$" t pass !ree(y *er t"e anima(Hs "ead. As t"e anima( 7 ntin)es t m *e4 t"e n se ti$"tens ar )nd its ne75. ."e m re t"e anima( str)$$(es4 t"e ti$"ter t"e n se $ets. ."is type ! snare )s)a((y d es n t 5i(( t"e anima(. I! y ) )se 7 rda$e4 it may ( sen en )$" t s(ip !! t"e anima(Hs ne75. 'ire is t"ere! re t"e best 7" i7e ! r a simp(e snare.
,rag Noose
Use a dra$ n se n an anima( r)n EFi$)re &-6F. #(a7e ! r5ed sti75s n eit"er side ! t"e r)n and (ay a st)rdy 7r ssmember a7r ss t"em. .ie t"e n se t t"e 7r ssmember and "an$ it at a "ei$"t ab *e t"e anima(Hs "ead. EN ses desi$ned t 7at7" by t"e "ead s" )(d ne*er be ( 8 en )$" ! r t"e prey t step int 8it" a ! t.F As t"e n se ti$"tens ar )nd t"e anima(Hs ne754 t"e anima( p)((s t"e 7r ssmember !r m t"e ! r5ed sti75s and dra$s it a( n$. ."e s)rr )ndin$ *e$etati n 6)i75(y 7at7"es t"e 7r ssmember and t"e anima( be7 mes entan$(ed.
T%itch5Up
A t8it7"-)p is a s)pp(e sap(in$4 8"i7"4 8"en bent *er and se7)red 8it" a tri$$erin$ de*i7e4 8i(( pr *ide p 8er t a *ariety ! snares. Se(e7t a "ard8 d sap(in$ a( n$ t"e trai(. A t8it7"-)p 8i(( 8 r5 m)7" !aster and 8it" m re ! r7e i! y ) rem *e a(( t"e bran7"es and ! (ia$e.
T%itch5Up Snare
A simp(e t8it7"-)p snare )ses t8 ! r5ed sti75s4 ea7" 8it" a ( n$ and s" rt (e$ EFi$)re &-7F. /end t"e t8it7"-)p and mar5 t"e trai( be( 8 it. Dri*e t"e ( n$ (e$ ! ne ! r5ed sti75 !irm(y int t"e $r )nd at t"at p int. -ns)re t"e 7)t n t"e s" rt (e$ ! t"is sti75 is para((e( t t"e $r )nd. .ie t"e ( n$ (e$ ! t"e remainin$ ! r5ed sti75 t a pie7e ! 7 rda$e se7)red t t"e t8it7"-)p. 1)t t"e s" rt (e$ s t"at it 7at7"es n t"e s" rt (e$ ! t"e t"er ! r5ed sti75. -Atend a n se *er t"e trai(. Set t"e trap by bendin$ t"e t8it7"-)p and en$a$in$ t"e s" rt (e$s ! t"e ! r5ed sti75s. '"en an anima( 7at7"es its "ead in t"e n se4 it p)((s t"e ! r5ed sti75s apart4 a(( 8in$ t"e t8it7"-)p t sprin$ )p and "an$ t"e prey. 8ote9 <o not use green sticks !or the trigger. The sap that oo*es out could glue them together.
S!uirrel Pole
A s6)irre( p (e is a ( n$ p (e p(a7ed a$ainst a tree in an area s" 8in$ a ( t ! s6)irre( a7ti*ity EFi$)re &&F. #(a7e se*era( 8ire n ses a( n$ t"e t p and sides ! t"e p (e s t"at a s6)irre( tryin$ t $ )p r d 8n t"e p (e 8i(( "a*e t pass t"r )$" ne r m re ! t"em. # siti n t"e n ses E; t 6 7entimeters in diameterF ab )t 2.; 7entimeters !! t"e p (e. #(a7e t"e t p and b tt m 8ire n ses 9; 7entimeters !r m t"e t p and b tt m ! t"e p (e t pre*ent t"e s6)irre( !r m $ettin$ its !eet n a s (id s)r!a7e. I! t"is "appens4 t"e s6)irre( 8i(( 7"e8 t"r )$" t"e 8ire. S6)irre(s are nat)ra((y 7)ri )s. A!ter an initia( peri d ! 7a)ti n4 t"ey 8i(( try t $ )p r d 8n t"e p (e and 8i(( $et 7a)$"t in a n se. ."e str)$$(in$ anima( 8i(( s n !a(( !r m t"e p (e and stran$(e. 0t"er s6)irre(s 8i(( s n ! (( 8 and4 in t"is 8ay4 y ) 7an 7at7" se*era( s6)irre(s. Y ) 7an emp(a7e m)(tip(e p (es t in7rease t"e 7at7".
O+i6%a #ird Pole
An 0Bib8a bird p (e is a snare )sed by nati*e Ameri7ans ! r 7ent)ries EFi$)re &-<F. . be e!!e7ti*e4 p(a7e it in a re(ati*e(y pen area a8ay !r m ta(( trees. F r best res)(ts4 pi75 a sp t near !eedin$ areas4 d)stin$ areas4 r 8aterin$ " (es. 1)t a p (e 1.& t 2.1 meters ( n$ and trim a8ay a(( (imbs and ! (ia$e. D n t )se resin )s 8 d s)7" as pine. S"arpen t"e )pper end t a p int4 t"en dri(( a sma(( diameter " (e ; t 7.; 7entimeters d 8n !r m t"e t p. 1)t a sma(( sti75 1= t 1; 7entimeters ( n$ and s"ape ne end s t"at it 8i(( a(m st !it int t"e " (e. ."is is t"e per7". #(ant t"e ( n$ p (e in t"e $r )nd 8it" t"e p inted end )p. .ie a sma(( 8ei$"t4 ab )t e6)a( t t"e 8ei$"t ! t"e tar$eted spe7ies4 t a (en$t" ! 7 rda$e. #ass t"e !ree end ! t"e 7 rda$e t"r )$" t"e " (e4 and tie a s(ip n se t"at 7 *ers t"e per7". .ie a sin$(e *er"and 5n t in t"e 7 rda$e and p(a7e t"e per7" a$ainst t"e " (e. A(( 8 t"e 7 rda$e t s(ip t"r )$" t"e " (e )nti( t"e *er"and 5n t rests a$ainst t"e p (e and t"e t p ! t"e per7". ."e tensi n ! t"e *er"and 5n t a$ainst t"e p (e and per7" 8i(( " (d t"e per7" in p siti n. Spread t"e n se *er t"e per7"4 ens)rin$ it 7 *ers t"e per7" and drapes *er n b t" sides. M st birds pre!er t rest n s met"in$ ab *e $r )nd and 8i(( (and n t"e per7". As s n as t"e bird (ands4 t"e per7" 8i(( !a((4 re(easin$ t"e *er-"and 5n t and a(( 8in$ t"e 8ei$"t t dr p. ."e n se 8i(( ti$"ten ar )nd t"e birdHs !eet4 7apt)rin$ it. I! t"e 8ei$"t is t "ea*y4 it 8i(( 7)t t"e birdHs !eet !!4 a(( 8in$ it t es7ape.
Noosing 3and
A n se sti75 r Kn sin$ 8andK is )se!)( ! r 7apt)rin$ r stin$ birds r sma(( mamma(s EFi$)re &-1=F. It re6)ires a patient perat r. ."is 8and is m re a 8eap n t"an a trap. It 7 nsists ! a p (e Eas ( n$ as y ) 7an e!!e7ti*e(y "and(eF 8it" a s(ip n se ! 8ire r sti!! 7 rda$e at t"e sma(( end. . 7at7" an anima(4 y ) s(ip t"e n se *er t"e ne75 ! a r stin$ bird and p)(( it ti$"t. Y ) 7an a(s p(a7e it *er a den " (e and "ide in a nearby b(ind. '"en t"e anima( emer$es !r m t"e den4 y ) Ber5 t"e p (e t ti$"ten t"e n se and t")s 7apt)re t"e anima(. 1arry a st )t 7()b t 5i(( t"e prey.
Treadle Spring Snare

Use a tread(e snare a$ainst sma(( $ame n a trai( EFi$)re &-11F. Di$ a s"a(( 8 " (e in t"e trai(. ."en dri*e a ! r5ed sti75 E! r5 d 8nF int t"e $r )nd n ea7" side ! t"e " (e n t"e same side ! t"e trai(. Se(e7t t8 !air(y strai$"t sti75s t"at span t"e t8 ! r5s. # siti n t"ese t8 sti75s s t"at t"eir ends en$a$e t"e ! r5s. #(a7e se*era( sti75s *er t"e " (e in t"e trai( by p siti nin$ ne end *er t"e ( 8er " ri3 nta( sti75
and t"e t"er n t"e $r )nd n t"e t"er side ! t"e " (e. 1 *er t"e " (e 8it" en )$" sti75s s t"at t"e prey m)st step n at (east ne ! t"em t set !! t"e snare. .ie ne end ! a pie7e ! 7 rda$e t a t8it7")p r t a 8ei$"t s)spended *er a tree (imb. /end t"e t8it7"-)p r raise t"e s)spended 8ei$"t t determine 8"ere Y ) 8i(( tie a ; 7entimeter r s ( n$ tri$$er. F rm a n se 8it" t"e t"er end ! t"e 7 rda$e. R )te and spread t"e n se *er t"e t p ! t"e sti75s *er t"e " (e. #(a7e t"e tri$$er sti75 a$ainst t"e " ri3 nta( sti75s and r )te t"e 7 rda$e be"ind t"e sti75s s t"at t"e tensi n ! t"e p 8er s )r7e 8i(( " (d it in p(a7e. AdB)st t"e b tt m " ri3 nta( sti75 s t"at it 8i(( bare(y " (d a$ainst t"e tri$$er. A t"e anima( p(a7es its ! t n a sti75 a7r ss t"e " (e4 t"e b tt m " ri3 nta( sti75 m *es d 8n4 re(easin$ t"e tri$$er and a(( 8in$ t"e n se t 7at7" t"e anima( by t"e ! t. /e7a)se ! t"e dist)rban7e n t"e trai(4 an anima( 8i(( be 8ary. Y ) m)st t"ere! re )se 7"anne(i3ati n.
'igure 7 ,ead$all
."e !i$)re 9 is a tri$$er )sed t dr p a 8ei$"t nt a prey and 7r)s" it EFi$)re &-12F. ."e type ! 8ei$"t )sed may *ary4 b)t it s" )(d be "ea*y en )$" t 5i(( r in7apa7itate t"e prey immediate(y. 1 nstr)7t t"e
!i$)re 9 )sin$ t"ree n t7"ed sti75s. ."ese n t7"es " (d t"e sti75s t $et"er in a !i$)re 9 pattern 8"en )nder tensi n. #ra7ti7e ma5in$ t"is tri$$er be! re-"andJ it re6)ires 7( se t (eran7es and pre7ise an$(es in its 7 nstr)7ti n.
Paiute ,ead$all
."e #ai)te dead!a(( is simi(ar t t"e !i$)re 9 b)t )ses a pie7e ! 7 rda$e and a 7at7" sti75 EFi$)re &-1%F. It "as t"e ad*anta$e ! bein$ easier t set t"an t"e !i$)re 9. .ie ne end ! a pie7e ! 7 rda$e t t"e ( 8er end ! t"e dia$ na( sti75. .ie t"e t"er end ! t"e 7 rda$e t an t"er sti75 ab )t ; 7entimeters ( n$. ."is ;-7entimeter sti75 is t"e 7at7" sti75. /rin$ t"e 7 rd "a(!8ay ar )nd t"e *erti7a( sti75 8it" t"e 7at7" sti75 at a <=-de$ree an$(e. #(a7e t"e bait sti75 8it" ne end a$ainst t"e dr p 8ei$"t4 r a pe$ dri*en int t"e $r )nd4 and t"e t"er a$ainst t"e 7at7" sti75. '"en a prey dist)rbs t"e bait sti754 it !a((s !ree4 re(easin$ t"e 7at7" sti75. As t"e dia$ na( sti75 !(ies )p4 t"e 8ei$"t !a((s4 7r)s"in$ t"e prey.
#o% Trap
A b 8 trap is ne ! t"e dead(iest traps. It is dan$er )s t man as 8e(( as anima(s EFi$)re &-19F. . 7 nstr)7t t"is trap4 b)i(d a b 8 and an7" r it t t"e $r )nd 8it" pe$s. AdB)st t"e aimin$ p int as y ) an7" r t"e b 8. Las" a t $$(e sti75 t t"e tri$$er sti75. .8 )pri$"t sti75s dri*en int t"e $r )nd " (d t"e tri$$er sti75 in p(a7e at a p int 8"ere t"e t $$(e sti75 8i(( en$a$e t"e p)((ed b 8 strin$. #(a7e a 7at7" sti75 bet8een t"e t $$(e sti75 and a sta5e dri*en int t"e $r )nd. .ie a trip 8ire r 7 rda$e t t"e 7at7" sti75 and r )te it ar )nd sta5es and a7r ss t"e $ame trai( 8"ere y ) tie it !! Eas in Fi$)re &-19F. '"en t"e prey trips t"e trip 8ire4 t"e b 8 ( ses an arr 8 int it. A n t7" in t"e b 8 ser*es t "e(p aim t"e arr 8. WARNING ."is is a (et"a( trap. Appr a7" it 8it" 7a)ti n and !r m t"e rear n(yL
Pig Spear Sha$t

. 7 nstr)7t t"e pi$ spear s"a!t4 se(e7t a st )t p (e ab )t 2.; meters ( n$ EFi$)re &-1;F. At t"e sma((er end4 !irm(y (as" se*era( sma(( sta5es. Las" t"e (ar$e end ti$"t(y t a tree a( n$ t"e $ame trai(. .ie a (en$t" ! 7 rda$e t an t"er tree a7r ss t"e trai(. .ie a st)rdy4 sm t" sti75 t t"e t"er end ! t"e 7 rd. Fr m t"e !irst tree4 tie a trip 8ire r 7 rd ( 8 t t"e $r )nd4 stret7" it a7r ss t"e trai(4 and tie it t a 7at7" sti75. Ma5e a s(ip rin$ !r m *ines r t"er s)itab(e materia(. -n7ir7(e t"e trip 8ire and t"e sm t" sti75 8it" t"e s(ip rin$. -mp(a7e ne end ! an t"er sm t" sti75 8it"in t"e s(ip rin$ and its t"er end a$ainst t"e se7 nd tree. #)(( t"e sma((er end ! t"e spear s"a!t a7r ss t"e trai( and p siti n it bet8een t"e s" rt 7 rd and t"e sm t" sti75. As t"e anima( trips t"e trip 8ire4 t"e 7at7" sti75 p)((s t"e s(ip rin$ !! t"e sm t" sti75s4 re(easin$ t"e spear s"a!t t"at sprin$s a7r ss t"e trai( and impa(es t"e prey a$ainst t"e tree. WARNING ."is is a (et"a( trap. Appr a7" it 8it" 7a)ti nL
#ottle Trap
A b tt(e trap is a simp(e trap ! r mi7e and * (es EFi$)re &-16F. Di$ a " (e %= t 9; 7entimeters deep t"at is 8ider at t"e b tt m t"an at t"e t p. Ma5e t"e t p ! t"e " (e as sma(( as p ssib(e. #(a7e a pie7e ! bar5 r 8 d *er t"e " (e 8it" sma(( st nes )nder it t " (d it )p 2.; t ; 7entimeters !! t"e $r )nd. Mi7e r * (es 8i(( "ide )nder t"e 7 *er t es7ape dan$er and !a(( int t"e " (e. ."ey 7ann t 7(imb )t be7a)se ! t"e 8a((Hs ba758ard s( pe. Use 7a)ti n 8"en 7"e75in$ t"is trapJ it is an eA7e((ent "idin$ p(a7e ! r sna5es.
*ILLIN/ , VIC S
."ere are se*era( 5i((in$ de*i7es t"at y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t t "e(p y ) btain sma(( $ame t "e(p y ) s)r*i*e. ."e rabbit sti754 t"e spear4 t"e b 8 and arr 84 and t"e s(in$ are s)7" de*i7es.
R!++it Sti-)
0ne ! t"e simp(est and m st e!!e7ti*e 5i((in$ de*i7es is a st )t sti75 as ( n$ as y )r arm4 !r m !in$ertip t s" )(der4 7a((ed a Krabbit sti75.K Y ) 7an t"r 8 it eit"er *er"and r sidearm and 8it" 7 nsiderab(e ! r7e. It is *ery e!!e7ti*e a$ainst sma(( $ame t"at st ps and !ree3es as a de!ense.
Spe!&
Y ) 7an ma5e a spear t 5i(( sma(( $ame and t !is". ?ab 8it" t"e spear4 d n t t"r 8 it. See spear!is"in$ be( 8.
B"0 !#( A&&"0

A $ d b 8 is t"e res)(t ! many " )rs ! 8 r5. Y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t a s)itab(e s" rt-term b 8 !air(y easi(y. '"en it ( ses its sprin$ r brea5s4 y ) 7an rep(a7e it. Se(e7t a "ard8 d sti75 ab )t ne meter ( n$ t"at is !ree ! 5n ts r (imbs. 1are!)((y s7rape t"e (ar$e end d 8n )nti( it "as t"e same p)(( as t"e sma(( end. 1are!)( eAaminati n 8i(( s" 8 t"e nat)ra( 7)r*e ! t"e sti75. A(8ays s7rape !r m t"e side t"at !a7es y )4 r t"e b 8 8i(( brea5 t"e !irst time y ) p)(( it. Dead4 dry 8 d is pre!erab(e t $reen 8 d. . in7rease t"e p)((4 (as" a se7 nd b 8 t t"e !irst4 !r nt t !r nt4 ! rmin$ an KDK 8"en *ie8ed !r m t"e side. Atta7" t"e tips ! t"e b 8s 8it" 7 rda$e and n(y )se a b 8strin$ n ne b 8. Se(e7t arr 8s !r m t"e strai$"test dry sti75s a*ai(ab(e. ."e arr 8s s" )(d be ab )t "a(! as ( n$ as t"e b 8. S7rape ea7" s"a!t sm t" a(( ar )nd. Y ) 8i(( pr bab(y "a*e t strai$"ten t"e s"a!t. Y ) 7an bend an arr 8 strai$"t by "eatin$ t"e s"a!t *er " t 7 a(s. D n t a(( 8 t"e s"a!t t s7 r7" r b)m. 2 (d t"e s"a!t strai$"t )nti( it 7 (s. Y ) 7an ma5e arr 8"eads !r m b ne4 $(ass4 meta(4 r pie7es ! r 75. Y ) 7an a(s s"arpen and !ire "arden t"e end ! t"e s"a!t. . !ire "arden 8 d4 " (d it *er " t 7 a(s4 bein$ 7are!)( n t t b)m r s7 r7" t"e 8 d. Y ) m)st n t7" t"e ends ! t"e arr 8s ! r t"e b 8strin$. 1)t r !i(e t"e n t7"J d n t sp(it it. F(et7"in$ Eaddin$ !eat"ers t t"e n t7"ed end ! an arr 8F impr *es t"e arr 8Hs !(i$"t 7"ara7teristi7s4 b)t is n t ne7essary n a !ie(d-eApedient arr 8.
S%i#/
Y ) 7an ma5e a s(in$ by tyin$ t8 pie7es ! 7 rda$e4 ab )t siAty 7entimeters ( n$4 at pp site ends ! a pa(m-si3ed pie7e ! (eat"er r 7( t". #(a7e a r 75 in t"e 7( t" and 8rap ne 7 rd ar )nd t"e midd(e !in$er and " (d in y )r pa(m. 2 (d t"e t"er 7 rd bet8een t"e ! re!in$er and t")mb. . t"r 8 t"e r 754 spin t"e s(in$ se*era( times in a 7ir7(e and re(ease t"e 7 rd bet8een t"e t")mb and ! re!in$er. #ra7ti7e t $ain pr !i7ien7y. ."e s(in$ is *ery e!!e7ti*e a$ainst sma(( $ame.
'IS.IN/ , VIC S
Y ) 7an ma5e y )r 8n !is"" sit)ati n. 5s4 nets and traps and )se se*era( met" ds t btain !is" in a s)r*i*a(
I*p&".i$e( Fi$hh"")$
Y ) 7an ma5e !ie(d-eApedient !is"" 5s !r m pins4 need(es4 8ire4 sma(( nai(s4 r any pie7e ! meta(. Y ) 7an a(s )se 8 d4 b ne4 7 7 n)t s"e((4 t" rns4 !(int4 seas"e((4 r t rt ise s"e((. Y ) 7an a(s ma5e !is"" 5s !r m any 7 mbinati n ! t"ese items EFi$)re &-17F.
. ma5e a 8 den " 54 7)t a pie7e ! "ard8 d ab )t 2.; 7entimeters ( n$ and ab )t 6 mi((imeters in diameter t ! rm t"e s"an5. 1)t a n t7" in ne end in 8"i7" t p(a7e t"e p int. #(a7e t"e p int Epie7e ! b ne4 8ire4 nai(F in t"e n t7". 2 (d t"e p int in t"e n t7" and tie se7)re(y s t"at it d es n t m *e )t ! p siti n. ."is is a !air(y (ar$e " 5. . ma5e sma((er " 5s4 )se sma((er materia(. A $ r$e is a sma(( s"a!t ! 8 d4 b ne4 meta(4 r t"er materia(. It is s"arp n b t" ends and n t7"ed in t"e midd(e 8"ere y ) tie 7 rda$e. /ait t"e $ r$e by p(a7in$ a pie7e ! bait n it (en$t"8ise. '"en t"e !is" s8a(( 8s t"e bait4 it a(s s8a(( 8s t"e $ r$e.
St!)e" t
A sta5e )t is a !is"in$ de*i7e y ) 7an )se in a " sti(e en*ir nment EFi$)re &-1&F. . 7 nstr)7t a sta5e )t4 dri*e t8 s)pp(e sap(in$s int t"e b tt m ! t"e (a5e4 p nd4 r stream 8it" t"eir t ps B)st be( 8 t"e 8ater s)r!a7e. .ie a 7 rd bet8een t"em and s(i$"t(y be( 8 t"e s)r!a7e. .ie t8 s" rt 7 rds 8it" " 5s r $ r$es t t"is 7 rd4 ens)rin$ t"at t"ey 7ann t 8rap ar )nd t"e p (es r ea7" t"er. ."ey s" )(d a(s n t s(ip a( n$ t"e ( n$ 7 rd. /ait t"e " 5s r $ r$es.
Gi%% Net
I! a $i(( net is n t a*ai(ab(e4 y ) 7an ma5e ne )sin$ para7")te s)spensi n (ine r simi(ar materia( EFi$)re &-1<F. Rem *e t"e 7 re (ines !r m t"e s)spensi n (ine and tie t"e easin$ bet8een t8 trees. Atta7" se*era( 7 re (ines t t"e easin$ by d )b(in$ t"em *er and tyin$ t"em 8it" pr)si5 5n ts r $irt" "it7"es. ."e (en$t" ! t"e desired net and t"e si3e ! t"e mes" determine t"e n)mber ! 7 re (ines )sed and t"e spa7e bet8een t"em. Startin$ at ne end ! t"e easin$4 tie t"e se7 nd and t"e t"ird 7 re (ines t $et"er )sin$ an *er"and 5n t. ."en tie t"e ! )rt" and !i!t"4 siAt" and se*ent"4 and s n4 )nti( y ) rea7" t"e (ast 7 re (ine. Y ) s" )(d n 8 "a*e a(( 7 re (ines tied in pairs 8it" a sin$(e 7 re (ine "an$in$ at ea7" end. Start t"e se7 nd r 8 8it" t"e !irst 7 re (ine4 tie it t t"e se7 nd4 t"e t"ird t t"e ! )rt"4 and s n.
. 5eep t"e r 8s e*en and t re$)(ate t"e si3e ! t"e mes"4 tie a $)ide(ine t t"e trees. # siti n t"e $)ide(ine n t"e pp site side ! t"e net y ) are 8 r5in$ n. M *e t"e $)ide(ine d 8n a!ter 7 mp(etin$ ea7" r 8. ."e (ines 8i(( a(8ays "an$ in pairs and y ) a(8ays tie a 7 rd !r m ne pair t a 7 rd !r m an adB inin$ pair. 1 ntin)e tyin$ r 8s )nti( t"e net is t"e desired 8idt". ."read a s)spensi n (ine easin$ a( n$ t"e b tt m ! t"e net t stren$t"en it. Use t"e $i(( net as s" 8n in Fi$)re &-2=.
Fi$h T&!p$
Y ) may trap !is" )sin$ se*era( met" ds EFi$)re &-21F. Fis" bas5ets are ne met" d. Y ) 7 nstr)7t t"em by (as"in$ se*era( sti75s t $et"er 8it" *ines int a !)nne( s"ape. Y ) 7( se t"e t p4 (ea*in$ a " (e (ar$e en )$" ! r t"e !is" t s8im t"r )$".
Y ) 7an a(s )se traps t 7at7" sa(t8ater !is"4 as s7" (s re$)(ar(y appr a7" t"e s" re 8it" t"e in7 min$ tide and !ten m *e para((e( t t"e s" re. #i75 a ( 7ati n at "i$" tide and b)i(d t"e trap at ( 8 tide. 0n r 75y s" res4 )se nat)ra( r 75 p (s. 0n 7 ra( is(ands4 )se nat)ra( p (s n t"e s)r!a7e ! ree!s by b( 75in$ t"e penin$s as t"e tide re7edes. 0n sandy s" res4 )se sandbars and t"e dit7"es t"ey en7( se. /)i(d t"e trap as a ( 8 st ne 8a(( eAtendin$ )t8ard int t"e 8ater and ! rmin$ an an$(e 8it" t"e s" re.
Spe!&5i$hi#/
I! y ) are near s"a(( 8 8ater Eab )t 8aist deepF 8"ere t"e !is" are (ar$e and p(enti!)(4 y ) 7an spear t"em. . ma5e a spear4 7)t a ( n$4 strai$"t sap(in$ EFi$)re &-22F. S"arpen t"e end t a p int r atta7" a 5ni!e4 Ba$$ed pie7e ! b ne4 r s"arpened meta(. Y ) 7an a(s ma5e a spear by sp(ittin$ t"e s"a!t a !e8 in7"es d 8n !r m t"e end and insertin$ a pie7e ! 8 d t a7t as a spreader. Y ) t"en s"arpen t"e t8 separated "a(*es t p ints. . spear !is"4 !ind an area 8"ere !is" eit"er $at"er r 8"ere t"ere is a !is" r)n. #(a7e t"e spear p int int t"e 8ater and s( 8(y m *e it t 8ard t"e !is". ."en4 8it" a s)dden p)s"4 impa(e t"e !is" n t"e stream b tt m. D n t try t (i!t t"e !is" 8it" t"e spear4 as it 8it" pr bab(y s(ip !! and y ) 8i(( ( se itJ " (d t"e spear 8it" ne "and and $rab and " (d t"e !is" 8it" t"e t"er. D n t t"r 8 t"e spear4 espe7ia((y i! t"e p int is a 5ni!e. Y ) 7ann t a!! rd t ( se a 5ni!e in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. /e a(ert t t"e pr b(ems 7a)sed by (i$"t re!ra7ti n 8"en ( 5in$ at bBe7ts in t"e 8ater.
Ch"p Fi$hi#/
At ni$"t4 in an area 8it" a $ d !is" density4 y ) 7an )se a (i$"t t attra7t !is". ."en4 armed 8it" a ma7"ete r simi(ar 8eap n4 y ) 7an $at"er !is" )sin$ t"e ba75 side ! t"e b(ade t stri5e t"em. D n t )se t"e s"arp side as y ) 8i(( 7)t t"em in t8 pie7es and end )p ( sin$ s me ! t"e !is".
Fi$h P"i$"#
An t"er 8ay t 7at7" !is" is by )sin$ p is n. # is n 8 r5s 6)i75(y. It a(( 8s y ) t remain 7 n7ea(ed 8"i(e it ta5es e!!e7t. It a(s enab(es y ) t 7at7" se*era( !is" at ne time. '"en )sin$ !is" p is n4 be s)re t $at"er a(( ! t"e a!!e7ted !is"4 be7a)se many dead !is" !( atin$ d 8nstream 7 )(d ar )se s)spi7i n. S me p(ants t"at $r 8 in 8arm re$i ns ! t"e 8 r(d 7 ntain r ten ne4 a s)bstan7e t"at st)ns r 5i((s 7 (d-b( ded anima(s b)t d es n t "arm pers ns 8" eat t"e anima(s. ."e best p(a7e t )se r ten ne4 r r ten ne-pr d)7in$ p(ants4 is in p nds r t"e "ead8aiters ! sma(( streams 7 ntainin$ !is". R ten ne 8 r5s 6)i75(y n !is" in 8ater 21 de$rees 1 E7= de$rees FF r ab *e. ."e !is" rise "e(p(ess(y t t"e s)r!a7e. It 8 r5s s( 8(y in 8ater 1= t 21 de$rees 1 E;= t 7= de$rees FF and is ine!!e7ti*e in 8ater be( 8 1= de$rees 1 E;= de$rees FF. ."e ! (( 8in$ p(ants4 )sed as indi7ated4 8i(( st)n r 5i(( !is"M Anamirta cocculus EFi$)re &-2%F. ."is 8 dy *ine $r 8s in s )t"ern Asia and n is(ands ! t"e S )t" #a7i!i7. 1r)s" t"e bean-s"aped seeds and t"r 8 t"em in t"e 8ater. 1roton tiglium EFi$)re &-2%F. ."is s"r)b r sma(( tree $r 8s in 8aste areas n is(ands ! t"e S )t" #a7i!i7. It bears seeds in t"ree an$(ed 7aps)(es. 1r)s" t"e seeds and t"r 8 t"em int t"e 8ater. ?arringtonia EFi$)re &-2%F. ."ese (ar$e trees $r 8 near t"e sea in Ma(aya and parts ! # (ynesia. ."ey bear a !(es"y ne-seeded !r)it. 1r)s" t"e seeds and bar5 and t"r 8 int t"e 8ater. <erris eliptica EFi$)re &-2%F. ."is (ar$e $en)s ! tr pi7a( s"r)bs and 8 dy *ines is t"e main s )r7e ! 7 mmer7ia((y pr d)7ed r ten ne. +rind t"e r ts int a p 8der and miA 8it" 8ater. ."r 8 a (ar$e 6)antity ! t"e miAt)re int t"e 8ater. <uboisia EFi$)re &-2%F. ."is s"r)b $r 8s in A)stra(ia and bears 8"ite 7()sters ! !( 8ers and berry(i5e !r)it. 1r)s" t"e p(ants and t"r 8 t"em int t"e 8ater. Tephrosia EFi$)re &-2%F. ."is spe7ies ! sma(( s"r)bs4 8"i7" bears bean(i5e p ds4 $r 8s t"r )$" )t t"e tr pi7s. 1r)s" r br)ise b)nd(es ! (ea*es and stems and t"r 8 t"em int t"e 8ater.
Lime. Y ) 7an $et (ime !r m 7 mmer7ia( s )r7es and in a$ri7)(t)ra( areas t"at )se (ar$e 6)antities ! it. Y ) may pr d)7e y )r 8n by b)rnin$ 7 ra( r seas"e((s. ."r 8 t"e (ime int t"e 8ater. 8ut husks. 1r)s" $reen ")s5s !r m b)ttern)ts r b(a75 8a(n)ts. ."r 8 t"e ")s5s int t"e 8ater.
PR PARATION O' 'IS. AN, /A0 'OR COO*IN/ AN, STORA/

Y ) m)st 5n 8 " 8 t prepare !is" and $ame ! r 7 5in$ and st ra$e in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. Impr per 7(eanin$ r st ra$e 7an res)(t in inedib(e !is" r $ame.
Fi$h
D n t eat !is" t"at appears sp i(ed. 1 sp i(a$e are-
5in$ d es n t ens)re t"at sp i(ed !is" 8i(( be edib(e. Si$ns !
S)n5en eyes. #e7)(iar d r. S)spi7i )s 7 ( r. E+i((s s" )(d be red t pin5. S7a(es s" )(d be a pr n )n7ed s"ade ! $ray4 n t !aded.F Dents stay in t"e !is"Hs !(es" a!ter pressin$ it 8it" y )r t")mb. S(imy4 rat"er t"an m ist r 8et b dy. S"arp r peppery taste.
-atin$ sp i(ed r r tten !is" may 7a)se diarr"ea4 na)sea4 7ramps4 * mitin$4 it7"in$4 para(ysis4 r a meta((i7 taste in t"e m )t". ."ese sympt ms appear s)dden(y4 ne t siA " )rs a!ter eatin$. Ind)7e * mitin$ i! sympt ms appear. Fis" sp i(s 6)i75(y a!ter deat"4 espe7ia((y n a " t day. #repare !is" ! r eatin$ as s n as p ssib(e a!ter 7at7"in$ it. 1)t )t t"e $i((s and (ar$e b( d *esse(s t"at (ie near t"e spine. +)t !is" t"at is m re t"an 1= 7entimeters ( n$. S7a(e r s5in t"e !is". Y ) 7an impa(e a 8" (e !is" n a sti75 and 7 5 it *er an pen !ire. 2 8e*er4 b i(in$ t"e !is" 8it" t"e s5in n is t"e best 8ay t $et t"e m st ! d *a()e. ."e !ats and i( are )nder t"e s5in and4 by b i(in$4 y ) 7an sa*e t"e B)i7es ! r br t". Y ) 7an )se any ! t"e met" ds )sed t 7 5 p(ant ! d t 7 5 !is". #a75 !is" int a ba(( ! 7(ay and b)ry it in t"e 7 a(s ! a !ire )nti( t"e 7(ay "ardens. /rea5 pen t"e 7(ay ba(( t $et t t"e 7 5ed !is". Fis" is d ne 8"en t"e meat !(a5es !!. I! y ) p(an t 5eep t"e !is" ! r (ater4 sm 5e r !ry it. . prepare !is" ! r sm 5in$4 7)t !! t"e "ead and rem *e t"e ba75b ne.
S#!)e$
. s5in a sna5e4 !irst 7)t !! its "ead and b)ry it. ."en 7)t t"e s5in d 8n t"e b dy 1; t 2= 7entimeters EFi$)re &-29F. #ee( t"e s5in ba754 t"en $rasp t"e s5in in ne "and and t"e b dy in t"e t"er and p)(( apart. 0n (ar$e4 b)(5y sna5es it may be ne7essary t s(it t"e be((y s5in. 1 5 sna5es in t"e same manner as sma(( $ame. Rem *e t"e entrai(s and dis7ard. 1)t t"e sna5e int sma(( se7ti ns and b i( r r ast it.
Bi&($
A!ter 5i((in$ t"e bird4 rem *e its !eat"ers by eit"er p()75in$ r s5innin$. Remember4 s5innin$ rem *es s me ! t"e ! d *a()e. 0pen )p t"e b dy 7a*ity and rem *e its entrai(s4 sa*in$ t"e 7ra8 Ein seed-eatin$ birdsF4 "eart4 and (i*er. 1)t !! t"e !eet. 1 5 by b i(in$ r r astin$ *er a spit. /e! re 7 5in$ s7a*en$er birds4 b i( t"em at (east 2= min)tes t 5i(( parasites.
S)i##i#/ !#( B t-he&i#/ G!*e

/(eed t"e anima( by 7)ttin$ its t"r at. I! p ssib(e4 7(ean t"e 7ar7ass near a stream. #(a7e t"e 7ar7ass be((y )p and sp(it t"e "ide !r m t"r at t tai(4 7)ttin$ ar )nd a(( seA)a( r$ans EFi$)re &-2;F. Rem *e t"e m)s5 $(ands at p ints A and / t a* id taintin$ t"e meat. F r sma((er mamma(s4 7)t t"e "ide ar )nd t"e b dy and insert t8 !in$ers )nder t"e "ide n b t" sides ! t"e 7)t and p)(( b t" pie7es !! EFi$)re &-26F. 8ote9 hen cutting the hide" insert the kni!e blade under the skin and turn the blade up so that only the hide gets cut. This will also prevent cutting hair and getting it on the meat.
Rem *e t"e entrai(s !r m sma((er $ame by sp(ittin$ t"e b dy pen and p)((in$ t"em )t 8it" t"e !in$ers. D n t ! r$et t"e 7"est 7a*ity. F r (ar$er $ame4 7)t t"e $)((et a8ay !r m t"e diap"ra$m. R (( t"e entrai(s )t ! t"e b dy. 1)t ar )nd t"e an)s4 t"en rea7" int t"e ( 8er abd mina( 7a*ity4 $rasp t"e ( 8er intestine4 and p)(( t rem *e. Rem *e t"e )rine b(adder by pin7"in$ it !! and 7)ttin$ it be( 8 t"e !in$ers. I! y ) spi(( )rine n t"e meat4 8as" it t a* id taintin$ t"e meat. Sa*e t"e "eart and (i*er. 1)t t"ese pen and inspe7t ! r si$ns ! 8 rms r t"er parasites. A(s inspe7t t"e (i*erHs 7 ( rJ it 7 )(d indi7ate a diseased anima(. ."e (i*erHs s)r!a7e s" )(d be sm t" and 8et and its 7 ( r deep red r p)rp(e. I! t"e (i*er appears diseased4 dis7ard it. 2 8e*er4 a diseased (i*er d es n t indi7ate y ) 7ann t eat t"e m)s7(e tiss)e.
1)t a( n$ ea7" (e$ !r m ab *e t"e ! t t t"e pre*i )s(y made b dy 7)t. Rem *e t"e "ide by p)((in$ it a8ay !r m t"e 7ar7ass4 7)ttin$ t"e 7 nne7ti*e tiss)e 8"ere ne7essary. 1)t !! t"e "ead and !eet. 1)t (ar$er $ame int mana$eab(e pie7es. First4 s(i7e t"e m)s7(e tiss)e 7 nne7tin$ t"e !r nt (e$s t t"e b dy. ."ere are n b nes r B ints 7 nne7tin$ t"e !r nt (e$s t t"e b dy n ! )r-(e$$ed anima(s. 1)t t"e "ind6)arters !! 8"ere t"ey B in t"e b dy. Y ) m)st 7)t ar )nd a (ar$e b ne at t"e t p ! t"e (e$ and 7)t t t"e ba(( and s 75et "ip B int. 1)t t"e (i$aments ar )nd t"e B int and bend it ba75 t separate it. Rem *e t"e (ar$e m)s7(es Et"e tender( inF t"at (ie n eit"er side ! t"e spine. Separate t"e ribs !r m t"e ba75b ne. ."ere is (ess 8 r5 and (ess 8ear n y )r 5ni!e i! y ) brea5 t"e ribs !irst4 t"en 7)t t"r )$" t"e brea5s. 1 5 (ar$e meat pie7es *er a spit r b i( t"em. Y ) 7an ste8 r b i( sma((er pie7es4 parti7)(ar(y t" se t"at remain atta7"ed t b ne a!ter t"e initia( b)t7"erin$4 as s )p r br t". Y ) 7an 7 5 b dy r$ans s)7" as t"e "eart4 (i*er4 pan7reas4 sp(een4 and 5idneys )sin$ t"e same met" ds as ! r m)s7(e meat. Y ) 7an a(s 7 5 and eat t"e brain. 1)t t"e t n$)e )t4 s5in it4 b i( it )nti( tender4 and eat it.
S*")i#/ Me!t
. sm 5e meat4 prepare an en7( s)re ar )nd a !ire EFi$)re &-27F. .8 p n7" s snapped t $et"er 8i(( 8 r5. ."e !ire d es n t need t be bi$ r " t. ."e intent is t pr d)7e sm 5e4 n t "eat. D n t )se resin )s 8 d in t"e !ire be7a)se its sm 5e 8i(( r)in t"e meat. Use "ard8 ds t pr d)7e $ d sm 5e. ."e 8 d s" )(d be s me8"at $reen. I! it is t dry4 s a5 it. 1)t t"e meat int t"in s(i7es4 n m re t"an 6 7entimeters t"i754 and drape t"em *er a !rame8 r5. Ma5e s)re n ne ! t"e meat t )7"es an t"er pie7e. :eep t"e p n7" en7( s)re ar )nd t"e meat t " (d t"e sm 5e and 5eep a 7( se 8at7" n t"e !ire. D n t (et t"e !ire $et t " t. Meat sm 5ed *erni$"t in t"is manner 8i(( (ast ab )t 1 8ee5. .8 days ! 7 ntin) )s sm 5in$ 8i(( preser*e t"e meat ! r 2 t 9 8ee5s. #r per(y sm 5ed meat 8i(( ( 5 (i5e a dar54 7)r(ed4 britt(e sti75 and y ) 7an eat it 8it" )t !)rt"er 7 5in$. Y ) 7an a(s )se a pit t sm 5e meat EFi$)re &-2&F.
D&1i#/ Me!t
. preser*e meat by dryin$4 7)t it int 6-mi((imeter strips 8it" t"e $rain. 2an$ t"e meat strips n a ra75 in a s)nny ( 7ati n 8it" $ d air !( 8. :eep t"e strips )t ! t"e rea7" ! anima(s and 7 *er t"em t 5eep b( 8!(ies !!. A(( 8 t"e meat t dry t" r )$"(y be! re eatin$. #r per(y dried meat 8i(( "a*e a dry4 7risp teAt)re and 8i(( n t !ee( 7 ( t t"e t )7".
Othe& P&e$e&.!ti"# Meth"($

Y ) 7an a(s preser*e meats )sin$ t"e !ree3in$ r brine and sa(t met" ds.
'reezing
In 7 (d 7(imates4 y ) 7an !ree3e and 5eep meat inde!inite(y. Free3in$ is n t a means ! preparin$ meat. Y ) m)st sti(( 7 5 it be! re eatin$.
#rine and Salt

Y ) 7an preser*e meat by s a5in$ it t" r )$"(y in a sa(t8ater s ()ti n. ."e s ()ti n m)st 7 *er t"e meat. Y ) 7an a(s )se sa(t by itse(!. 'as" !! t"e sa(t be! re 7 5in$.
CHAPTER ? - SURVIVAL USE OF PLANTS
A!ter having solved the problems o! !inding water" shelter" and animal !ood" you will have to consider the use o! plants you can eat. In a survival situation you should always be on the lookout !or !amiliar wild !oods and live o!! the land whenever possible. @ou must not count on being able to go !or days without !ood as some sources would suggest. Hven in the most static survival situation" maintaining health through a complete and nutritious diet is essential to maintaining strength and peace o! mind. 8ature can provide you with !ood that will let you survive any ordeal" i! you don.t eat the wrong plant. @ou must there!ore learn as much as possible be!orehand about the !lora o! the region where you will be operating. :lants can provide you with medicines in a survival situation. :lants can supply you with weapons and raw materials to construct shelters and build !ires. :lants can even provide you with chemicals !or poisoning !ish" preserving animal hides" and !or camou!laging yoursel! and your e)uipment. 8ote9 @ou will !ind illustrations o! the plants described in this chapter in Appendi+es ? and 1.
,I#ILITY O' PLANTS

#(ants are *a()ab(e s )r7es ! ! d be7a)se t"ey are 8ide(y a*ai(ab(e4 easi(y pr 7)red4 and4 in t"e pr per 7 mbinati ns4 7an meet a(( y )r n)triti na( needs. WARNING ."e 7riti7a( !a7t r in )sin$ p(ants ! r ! d is t a* id a77identa( p is nin$. -at n(y t" se p(ants y ) 7an p siti*e(y identi!y and y ) 5n 8 are sa!e t eat. Abs ()te(y identi!y p(ants be! re )sin$ t"em as ! d. # is n "em( 75 "as 5i((ed pe p(e 8" mist 5 it ! r its re(ati*es4 8i(d 7arr ts and 8i(d parsnips. At times y ) may !ind y )rse(! in a sit)ati n ! r 8"i7" y ) 7 )(d n t p(an. In t"is instan7e y ) may n t "a*e "ad t"e 7"an7e t (earn t"e p(ant (i!e ! t"e re$i n in 8"i7" y ) m)st s)r*i*e. In t"is 7ase y ) 7an )se t"e Uni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est t determine 8"i7" p(ants y ) 7an eat and t" se t a* id. It is imp rtant t be ab(e t re7 $ni3e b t" 7)(ti*ated and 8i(d edib(e p(ants in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. M st ! t"e in! rmati n in t"is 7"apter is dire7ted t 8ards identi!yin$ 8i(d p(ants be7a)se in! rmati n re(atin$ t 7)(ti*ated p(ants is m re readi(y a*ai(ab(e. Remember t"e ! (( 8in$ 8"en 7 ((e7tin$ 8i(d p(ants ! r ! dM
#(ants $r 8in$ near " mes and 77)pied b)i(din$s r a( n$ r adsides may "a*e been sprayed 8it" pesti7ides. 'as" t"em t" r )$"(y. In m re "i$"(y de*e( ped 7 )ntries 8it" many a)t m bi(es4 a* id r adside p(ants4 i! p ssib(e4 d)e t 7 ntaminati n !r m eA"a)st emissi ns.
#(ants $r 8in$ in 7 ntaminated 8ater r in 8ater 7 ntainin$ >iardia lamblia and t"er parasites are 7 ntaminated t"emse(*es. / i( r disin!e7t t"em. S me p(ants de*e( p eAtreme(y dan$er )s !)n$a( t Ains. . (essen t"e 7"an7e ! a77identa( p is nin$4 d n t eat any !r)it t"at is startin$ t sp i( r s" 8in$ si$ns ! mi(de8 r !)n$)s. #(ants ! t"e same spe7ies may di!!er in t"eir t Ai7 r s)bt Ai7 7 mp )nds 7 ntent be7a)se ! $eneti7 r en*ir nmenta( !a7t rs. 0ne eAamp(e ! t"is is t"e ! (ia$e ! t"e 7 mm n 7" 5e7"erry. S me 7" 5e7"erry p(ants "a*e "i$" 7 n7entrati ns ! dead(y 7yanide 7 mp )nds 8"i(e t"ers "a*e ( 8 7 n7entrati ns r n ne. 2 rses "a*e died !r m eatin$ 8i(ted 8i(d 7"erry (ea*es. A* id any 8eed4 (ea*es4 r seeds 8it" an a(m nd(i5e s7ent4 a 7"ara7teristi7 ! t"e 7yanide 7 mp )nds. S me pe p(e are m re s)s7eptib(e t $astri7 distress E!r m p(antsF t"an t"ers. I! y ) are sensiti*e in t"is 8ay4 a* id )n5n 8n 8i(d p(ants. I! y ) are eAtreme(y sensiti*e t p is n i*y4 a* id pr d)7ts !r m t"is !ami(y4 in7()din$ any parts !r m s)ma7s4 man$ es4 and 7as"e8s. S me edib(e 8i(d p(ants4 s)7" as a7 rns and 8ater (i(y r"i3 mes4 are bitter. ."ese bitter s)bstan7es4 )s)a((y tannin 7 mp )nds4 ma5e t"em )npa(atab(e. / i(in$ t"em in se*era( 7"an$es ! 8ater 8i(( )s)a((y rem *e t"ese bitter pr perties. Many *a()ab(e 8i(d p(ants "a*e "i$" 7 n7entrati ns ! Aa(ate 7 mp )nds4 a(s 5n 8n as Aa(i7 a7id. 0Aa(ates pr d)7e a s"arp b)rnin$ sensati n in y )r m )t" and t"r at and dama$e t"e 5idneys. /a5in$4 r astin$4 r dryin$ )s)a((y destr ys t"ese Aa(ate 7rysta(s. ."e 7 rm Eb)(bF ! t"e Ba75-in-t"e-p)(pit is 5n 8n as t"e KIndian t)rnip4K b)t y ) 7an eat it n(y a!ter rem *in$ t"ese 7rysta(s by s( 8 ba5in$ r by dryin$.
WARNING D n t eat m)s"r ms in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati nL ."e n(y 8ay t te(( i! a m)s"r m is edib(e is by p siti*e identi!i7ati n. ."ere is n r m ! r eAperimentati n. Sympt ms ! t"e m st dan$er )s m)s"r ms a!!e7tin$ t"e 7entra( ner* )s system may s" 8 )p a!ter se*era( days "a*e passed 8"en it is t (ate t re*erse t"eir e!!e7ts.
P%!#t I(e#ti5i-!ti"#
Y ) identi!y p(ants4 t"er t"an by mem ri3in$ parti7)(ar *arieties t"r )$" !ami(iarity4 by )sin$ s)7" !a7t rs as (ea! s"ape and mar$in4 (ea! arran$ements4 and r t str)7t)re. ."e basi7 (ea! mar$ins EFi$)re <-1F are t t"ed4 ( bed4 and t t"(ess r sm t".
."ese (ea*es may be (an7e-s"aped4 e((ipti7a(4 e$$-s"aped4 b( n$4 8ed$e-s"aped4 trian$)(ar4 ( n$p inted4 r t p-s"aped EFi$)re <-2F.
."e basi7 types ! (ea! arran$ements EFi$)re <-%F are pp site4 a(ternate4 7 mp )nd4 simp(e4 and basa( r sette.
."e basi7 types ! r t str)7t)res EFi$)re <-9F are t"e b)(b4 7( *e4 tapr t4 t)ber4 r"i3 me4 7 rm4 and 7r 8n. /)(bs are !ami(iar t )s as ni ns and4 8"en s(i7ed in "a(!4 8i(( s" 8 7 n7entri7 rin$s. 1( *es are t" se b)(b(i5e str)7t)res t"at remind )s ! $ar(i7 and 8i(( separate int sma(( pie7es 8"en br 5en apart. ."is 7"ara7teristi7 separates 8i(d ni ns !r m 8i(d $ar(i7. .apr ts resemb(e 7arr ts and may be sin$(er ted r bran7"ed4 b)t )s)a((y n(y ne p(ant sta(5 arises !r m ea7" r t. .)bers are (i5e p tat es and day(i(ies and y ) 8i(( !ind t"ese str)7t)res eit"er n strin$s r in 7()sters )nderneat" t"e parent p(ants.
R"i3 mes are (ar$e 7reepin$ r tst 75 r )nder$r )nd stems and many p(ants arise !r m t"e KeyesK ! t"ese r ts. 1 rms are simi(ar t b)(bs b)t are s (id 8"en 7)t rat"er t"an p ssessin$ rin$s. A 7r 8n is t"e type ! r t str)7t)re ! )nd n p(ants s)7" as aspara$)s and ( 5s m)7" (i5e a m p"ead )nder t"e s i(Hs s)r!a7e.
Learn as m)7" as p ssib(e ab )t p(ants y ) intend t )se ! r ! d and t"eir )ni6)e 7"ara7teristi7s. S me p(ants "a*e b t" edib(e and p is n )s parts. Many are edib(e n(y at 7ertain times ! t"e year. 0t"ers may "a*e p is n )s re(ati*es t"at ( 5 *ery simi(ar t t"e nes y ) 7an eat r )se ! r medi7ine.
U#i.e&$!% E(i+i%it1 Te$t

."ere are many p(ants t"r )$" )t t"e 8 r(d. .astin$ r s8a(( 8in$ e*en a sma(( p rti n ! s me 7an 7a)se se*ere dis7 m! rt4 eAtreme interna( dis rders4 and e*en deat". ."ere! re4 i! y ) "a*e t"e s(i$"test d )bt ab )t a p(antHs edibi(ity4 app(y t"e Uni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est EFi$)re <-;F be! re eatin$ any p rti n ! it.
/e! re testin$ a p(ant ! r edibi(ity4 ma5e s)re t"ere are en )$" p(ants t ma5e t"e testin$ 8 rt" y )r time and e!! rt. -a7" part ! a p(ant Er ts4 (ea*es4 !( 8ers4 and s nF re6)ires m re t"an 29 " )rs t test. D n t 8aste time testin$ a p(ant t"at is n t re(ati*e(y ab)ndant in t"e area. Remember4 eatin$ (ar$e p rti ns ! p(ant ! d n an empty st ma7" may 7a)se diarr"ea4 na)sea4 r 7ramps. .8 $ d eAamp(es ! t"is are s)7" !ami(iar ! ds as $reen app(es and 8i(d ni ns. -*en a!ter testin$ p(ant ! d and !indin$ it sa!e4 eat it in m derati n. Y ) 7an see !r m t"e steps and time in* (*ed in testin$ ! r edibi(ity B)st " 8 imp rtant it is t be ab(e t identi!y edib(e p(ants. . a* id p tentia((y p is n )s p(ants4 stay a8ay !r m any 8i(d r )n5n 8n p(ants t"at "a*e-
Mi(5y r dis7 ( red sap. /eans4 b)(bs4 r seeds inside p ds. /itter r s apy taste. Spines4 !ine "airs4 r t" rns. Di((4 7arr t4 parsnip4 r pars(ey(i5e ! (ia$e.
KA(m ndK s7ent in 8 dy parts and (ea*es. +rain "eads 8it" pin54 p)rp(is"4 r b(a75 sp)rs. ."ree-(ea*ed $r 8t" pattern.
Usin$ t"e ab *e 7riteria as e(iminat rs 8"en 7" sin$ p(ants ! r t"e Uni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est 8i(( 7a)se y ) t a* id s me edib(e p(ants. M re imp rtant4 t"ese 7riteria 8i(( !ten "e(p y ) a* id p(ants t"at are p tentia((y t Ai7 t eat r t )7". An entire en7y7( pedia ! edib(e 8i(d p(ants 7 )(d be 8ritten4 b)t spa7e (imits t"e n)mber ! p(ants presented "ere. Learn as m)7" as p ssib(e ab )t t"e p(ant (i!e ! t"e areas 8"ere y ) train re$)(ar(y and 8"ere y ) eApe7t t be tra*e(in$ r 8 r5in$. Listed be( 8 and (ater in t"is 7"apter are s me ! t"e m st 7 mm n edib(e and medi7ina( p(ants. Detai(ed des7ripti ns and p" t $rap"s ! t"ese and t"er 7 mm n p(ants are at AppendiA /. TEMPERATE @ONE FOOD PLANTS

Amarant" EAmaranthus retro!le+us and t"er spe7iesF Arr 8r t ESagittaria spe7iesF Aspara$)s &Asparagus o!!icinalis' /ee7"n)t E-agus spe7iesF /(a75berries ERubus spe7iesF /()eberries EVaccinium spe7iesF /)rd 75 &Arctium lappa' 1attai( ETypha spe7iesF 1"estn)t E1astanea spe7iesF 1"i7 ry &1ichorium intybus' 1")!a &1yperus esculentus' Dande(i n &Tara+acum o!!icinale' Day(i(y &(emerocallis !ulva' Nett(e EUrtica spe7iesF 0a5s EIuercus spe7iesF #ersimm n &<iospyros virginiana' #(antain E:lantago spe7iesF # 5e8eed &:hytolacca americana' #ri75(y pear 7a7t)s E0puntia spe7iesF #)rs(ane &:ortulaca oleracea' Sassa!ras &Sassa!ras albidum' S"eep s rre( &Rume+ acetosella' Stra8berries E-ragaria spe7iesF ."ist(e E1irsium spe7iesF 'ater (i(y and ( t)s E8uphar" 8elumbo" and t"er spe7iesF 'i(d ni n and $ar(i7 EAllium spe7iesF 'i(d r se ERosa spe7iesF ' d s rre( E0+alis spe7iesF
TROPICAL @ONE FOOD PLANTS

/amb E?ambusa and t"er spe7iesF /ananas E/usa spe7iesF /read!r)it &Artocarpus incisa' 1as"e8 n)t &Anacardium occidental' 1 7 n)t &1ocos nuci!era' Man$ &/angi!era indica'
#a(ms E*ari )s spe7iesF #apaya E1arica spe7iesF S)$ar7ane &Saccharum o!!icinarum' .ar E1olocasia spe7iesF
DESERT @ONE FOOD PLANTS
A7a7ia &Acacia !arnesiana' A$a*e EAgave spe7iesF 1a7t)s E*ari )s spe7iesF Date pa(m &:hoeni+ dactyli!era' Desert amarant" &Amaranths palmeri'
Se!0ee($
0ne p(ant y ) s" )(d ne*er *er( 5 is sea8eed. It is a ! rm ! marine a($ae ! )nd n r near 7ean s" res. ."ere are a(s s me edib(e !res"8ater *arieties. Sea8eed is a *a()ab(e s )r7e ! i dine4 t"er minera(s4 and *itamin 1. Lar$e 6)antities ! sea8eed in an )na77)st med st ma7" 7an pr d)7e a se*ere (aAati*e e!!e7t. '"en $at"erin$ sea8eeds ! r ! d4 !ind (i*in$ p(ants atta7"ed t r 75s r !( atin$ !ree. Sea8eed 8as"ed ns" re any (en$t" ! time may be sp i(ed r de7ayed. Y ) 7an dry !res"(y "ar*ested sea8eeds ! r (ater )se. Its preparati n ! r eatin$ depends n t"e type ! sea8eed. Y ) 7an dry t"in and tender *arieties in t"e s)n r *er a !ire )nti( 7risp. 1r)s" and add t"ese t s )ps r br t"s. / i( t"i754 (eat"ery sea8eeds ! r a s" rt time t s !ten t"em. -at t"em as a *e$etab(e r 8it" t"er ! ds. Y ) 7an eat s me *arieties ra8 a!ter testin$ ! r edibi(ity. SEAWEEDS
D)(se &Rhodymenia palmata' +reen sea8eed &Ulva lactuca' Iris" m ss &1hondrus crispus' :e(p &Alaria esculenta' La*er E:orphyra spe7iesF M Baban &Sargassum !ulvellum' S)$ar 8ra75 &Laminaria saccharina'
P&ep!&!ti"# "5 P%!#t F""(

A(t" )$" s me p(ants r p(ant parts are edib(e ra84 y ) m)st 7 5 t"ers t be edib(e r pa(atab(e. -dib(e means t"at a p(ant r ! d 8i(( pr *ide y ) 8it" ne7essary n)trients4 8"i(e pa(atab(e means t"at it a7t)a((y is p(easin$ t eat. Many 8i(d p(ants are edib(e b)t bare(y pa(atab(e. It is a $ d idea t (earn t identi!y4 prepare4 and eat 8i(d ! ds. Met" ds )sed t impr *e t"e taste ! p(ant ! d in7()de s a5in$4 b i(in$4 7 5in$4 r (ea7"in$. Lea7"in$ is d ne by 7r)s"in$ t"e ! d E! r eAamp(e4 a7 rnsF4 p(a7in$ it in a strainer4 and p )rin$ b i(in$ 8ater t"r )$" it r immersin$ it in r)nnin$ 8ater. / i( (ea*es4 stems4 and b)ds )nti( tender4 7"an$in$ t"e 8ater4 i! ne7essary4 t rem *e any bitterness.
/ i(4 ba5e4 r r ast t)bers and r ts. Dryin$ "e(ps t rem *e 7a)sti7 Aa(ates !r m s me r ts (i5e t" se in t"e Arum !ami(y. Lea7" a7 rns in 8ater4 i! ne7essary4 t rem *e t"e bitterness. S me n)ts4 s)7" as 7"estn)ts4 are $ d ra84 b)t taste better r asted. Y ) 7an eat many $rains and seeds ra8 )nti( t"ey mat)re. '"en "ard r dry4 y ) may "a*e t b i( r $rind t"em int mea( r !( )r. ."e sap !r m many trees4 s)7" as map(es4 bir7"es4 8a(n)ts4 and sy7am res4 7 ntains s)$ar. Y ) may b i( t"ese saps d 8n t a syr)p ! r s8eetenin$. It ta5es ab )t %; (iters ! map(e sap t ma5e ne (iter ! map(e syr)pL
PLANTS 'OR 0 ,ICIN

In a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n y ) 8i(( "a*e t )se 8"at is a*ai(ab(e. In )sin$ p(ants and t"er nat)ra( remedies4 p siti*e identi!i7ati n ! t"e p(ants in* (*ed is as 7riti7a( as in )sin$ t"em ! r ! d. #r per )se ! t"ese p(ants is e6)a((y imp rtant.
Te&*$ !#( De5i#iti"#$

."e ! (( 8in$ terms4 and t"eir de!initi ns4 are ass 7iated 8it" medi7ina( p(ant )seM

:oultice. ."e name $i*en t 7r)s"ed (ea*es r t"er p(ant parts4 p ssib(y "eated4 t"at y ) app(y t a 8 )nd r s re eit"er dire7t(y r 8rapped in 7( t" r paper. In!usion or tisane or tea. ."e preparati n ! medi7ina( "erbs ! r interna( r eAterna( app(i7ati n. Y ) p(a7e a sma(( 6)antity ! a "erb in a 7 ntainer4 p )r " t 8ater *er it4 and (et it steep E7 *ered r )n7 *eredF be! re )se. <ecoction. ."e eAtra7t ! a b i(ed d 8n r simmered "erb (ea! r r t. Y ) add "erb (ea! r r t t 8ater. Y ) brin$ t"em t a s)stained b i( r simmer t dra8 t"eir 7"emi7a(s int t"e 8ater. ."e a*era$e rati is ab )t 2& t ;6 $rams E1 t 2 )n7esF ! "erb t =.; (iter ! 8ater. H+pressed $uice. Li6)ids r saps s6)ee3ed !r m p(ant materia( and eit"er app(ied t t"e 8 )nd r made int an t"er medi7ine.
Many nat)ra( remedies 8 r5 s( 8er t"an t"e medi7ines y ) 5n 8. ."ere! re4 start 8it" sma((er d ses and a(( 8 m re time ! r t"em t ta5e e!!e7t. Nat)ra((y4 s me 8i(( a7t m re rapid(y t"an t"ers.
Spe-i5i- Re*e(ie$
."e ! (( 8in$ remedies are ! r )se n(y in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 n t ! r r )tine )seM
<iarrhea. Drin5 tea made !r m t"e r ts ! b(a75berries and t"eir re(ati*es t st p diarr"ea. '"ite a5 bar5 and t"er bar5s 7 ntainin$ tannin are a(s e!!e7ti*e. 2 8e*er4 )se t"em 8it" 7a)ti n 8"en n t"in$ e(se is a*ai(ab(e be7a)se ! p ssib(e ne$ati*e e!!e7ts n t"e 5idneys. Y ) 7an a(s st p diarr"ea by eatin$ 8"ite 7(ay r 7amp!ire as"es. .ea made !r m 7 8berry r 7ranberry r "a3e( (ea*es 8 r5s t . Antihemorrhagics. Ma5e medi7ati ns t st p b(eedin$ !r m a p )(ti7e ! t"e p)!!ba(( m)s"r m4 !r m p(antain (ea*es4 r m st e!!e7ti*e(y !r m t"e (ea*es ! t"e 7 mm n yarr 8 r 8 )nd8 rt &Achillea mille!olium'. Antiseptics. Use t 7(eanse 8 )nds4 s res4 r ras"es. Y ) 7an ma5e t"em !r m t"e eApressed B)i7e !r m 8i(d ni n r $ar(i74 r eApressed B)i7e !r m 7"i758eed (ea*es r t"e 7r)s"ed (ea*es ! d 75. Y ) 7an a(s ma5e antisepti7s !r m a de7 7ti n ! b)rd 75 r t4 ma(( 8 (ea*es r r ts4 r 8"ite a5 bar5. A(( t"ese medi7ati ns are ! r eAterna( )se n(y. -evers. .reat a !e*er 8it" a tea made !r m 8i(( 8 bar54 an in!)si n ! e(der !( 8ers r !r)it4 (inden !( 8er tea4 r e(m bar5 de7 7ti n.
1olds and sore throats. .reat t"ese i((nesses 8it" a de7 7ti n made !r m eit"er p(antain (ea*es r 8i(( 8 bar5. Y ) 7an a(s )se a tea made !r m b)rd 75 r ts4 ma(( 8 r m)((ein !( 8ers r r ts4 r mint (ea*es. Aches" pains" and sprains. .reat 8it" eAterna((y app(ied p )(ti7es ! d 754 p(antain4 7"i758eed4 8i(( 8 bar54 $ar(i74 r s rre(. Y ) 7an a(s )se sa(*es made by miAin$ t"e eApressed B)i7es ! t"ese p(ants in anima( !at r *e$etab(e i(s. Itching. Re(ie*e t"e it7" !r m inse7t bites4 s)nb)rn4 r p(ant p is nin$ ras"es by app(yin$ a p )(ti7e ! Be8e(8eed &Impatiens bi!lora' r 8it7" "a3e( (ea*es &(amamelis virginiana'. ."e Be8e(8eed B)i7e 8i(( "e(p 8"en app(ied t p is n i*y ras"es r inse7t stin$s. It 8 r5s n s)nb)rn as 8e(( as a( e *era. Sedatives. +et "e(p in !a((in$ as(eep by bre8in$ a tea made !r m mint (ea*es r passi n!( 8er (ea*es. (emorrhoids. .reat t"em 8it" eAterna( 8as"es !r m e(m bar5 r a5 bar5 tea4 !r m t"e eApressed B)i7e ! p(antain (ea*es4 r !r m a S ( m nHs sea( r t de7 7ti n. 1onstipation. Re(ie*e 7 nstipati n by drin5in$ de7 7ti ns !r m dande(i n (ea*es4 r se "ips4 r 8a(n)t bar5. -atin$ ra8 day(i(y !( 8ers 8i(( a(s "e(p. orms or intestinal parasites. Usin$ m derati n4 treat 8it" tea made !r m tansy &Tanacetum vulgare' r !r m 8i(d 7arr t (ea*es. >as and cramps. Use a tea made !r m 7arr t seeds as an anti!(at)(entJ )se tea made !r m mint (ea*es t sett(e t"e st ma7". Anti!ungal washes. Ma5e a de7 7ti n ! 8a(n)t (ea*es r a5 bar5 r a7 rns t treat rin$8 rm and at"(eteHs ! t. App(y !re6)ent(y t t"e site4 a(ternatin$ 8it" eAp s)re t dire7t s)n(i$"t.
MISCELLANEOUS USES OF PLANTS Ma5e dyes !r m *ari )s p(ants t 7 ( r 7( t"in$ r t 7am )!(a$e y )r s5in. Us)a((y4 y ) 8i(( "a*e t b i( t"e p(ants t $et t"e best res)(ts. 0ni n s5ins pr d)7e ye(( 84 8a(n)t ")((s pr d)7e br 8n4 and p 5eberries pr *ide a p)rp(e dye.
Ma5e !ibers and 7 rda$e !r m p(ant !ibers. M st 7 mm n(y )sed are t"e stems !r m nett(es and mi(58eeds4 y)77a p(ants4 and t"e inner bar5 ! trees (i5e t"e (inden.
Ma5e !is" p is n by immersin$ 8a(n)t ")((s in a sma(( area ! 6)iet 8ater. ."is p is n ma5es it imp ssib(e ! r t"e !is" t breat"e b)t d esnHt ad*erse(y a!!e7t t"eir edibi(ity.
Ma5e tinder ! r startin$ !ires !r m 7attai( !()!!4 7edar bar54 (i$"ter 5n t 8 trees4 r "ardened sap !r m resin )s 8 d trees.
d !r m pine
Ma5e ins)(ati n by !()!!in$ )p !ema(e 7attai( "eads r mi(58eed d 8n.
Ma5e inse7t repe((ents by app(yin$ t"e eApressed B)i7e ! 8i(d $ar(i7 r ni n t t"e s5in4 by p(a7in$ sassa!ras (ea*es in y )r s"e(ter4 r by b)rnin$ r sm)d$in$ 7attai( seed "air !ibers. #(ants 7an be y )r a((y as ( n$ as y ) )se t"em 7a)ti )s(y. The key to the sa!e use o! plants is positive identi!ication 8"et"er y ) )se t"em as ! d r medi7ine r in 7 nstr)7tin$ s"e(ters r e6)ipment.
CHAPTER 1A - POISONOUS PLANTS
Success!ul use o! plants in a survival situation depends on positive identi!ication. Anowing poisonous plants is as important to a survivor as knowing edible plants. Anowing the poisonous plants will help you avoid sustaining in$uries !rom them.
.O3 PLANTS POISON

#(ants $enera((y p is n by-
Ingestion. '"en a pers n eats a part ! a p is n )s p(ant. 1ontact. '"en a pers n ma5es 7 nta7t 8it" a p is n )s p(ant t"at 7a)ses any type ! s5in irritati n r dermatitis. Absorption or inhalation. '"en a pers n eit"er abs rbs t"e p is n t"r )$" t"e s5in r in"a(es it int t"e respirat ry system.
#(ant p is nin$ ran$es !r m min r irritati n t deat". A 7 mm n 6)esti n as5ed is4 K2 8 p is n )s is t"is p(antIK It is di!!i7)(t t say " 8 p is n )s p(ants are be7a)se-
S me p(ants re6)ire 7 nta7t 8it" a (ar$e am )nt ! t"e p(ant be! re n ti7in$ any ad*erse rea7ti n 8"i(e t"ers 8i(( 7a)se deat" 8it" n(y a sma(( am )nt. -*ery p(ant 8i(( *ary in t"e am )nt ! t Ains it 7 ntains d)e t di!!erent $r 8in$ 7 nditi ns and s(i$"t *ariati ns in s)bspe7ies. -*ery pers n "as a di!!erent (e*e( ! resistan7e t t Ai7 s)bstan7es. S me pers ns may be m re sensiti*e t a parti7)(ar p(ant.
S me 7 mm n mis7 n7epti ns ab )t p is n )s p(ants are-
atch the animals and eat what they eat. M st ! t"e time t"is statement is tr)e4 b)t s me anima(s 7an eat p(ants t"at are p is n )s t ")mans. ?oil the plant in water and any poisons will be removed. / i(in$ rem *es many p is ns4 b)t n t a((. :lants with a red color are poisonous. S me p(ants t"at are red are p is n )s4 b)t n t a((.
."e p int is t"ere is n ne r)(e t aid in identi!yin$ p is n )s p(ants. Y ) m)st ma5e an e!! rt t (earn as m)7" ab )t t"em as p ssib(e.
ALL A#OUT PLANTS

It is t y )r bene!it t (earn as m)7" ab )t p(ants as p ssib(e. Many p is n )s p(ants ( 5 (i5e t"eir edib(e re(ati*es r (i5e t"er edib(e p(ants. F r eAamp(e4 p is n "em( 75 appears *ery simi(ar t 8i(d
sta$es. F r eAamp(e4 t"e (ea*es ! t"e p 5e8eed are edib(e 8"en it !irst starts t $r 84 b)t it s n be7 mes p is n )s. Y ) 7an eat s me p(ants and t"eir !r)its n(y 8"en t"ey are ripe. F r eAamp(e4 t"e ripe !r)it ! mayapp(e is edib(e4 b)t a(( t"er parts and t"e $reen !r)it are p is n )s. S me p(ants 7 ntain b t" edib(e and p is n )s partsJ p tat es and t mat es are 7 mm n p(ant ! ds4 b)t t"eir $reen parts are p is n )s. S me p(ants be7 me t Ai7 a!ter 8i(tin$. F r eAamp(e4 8"en t"e b(a75 7"erry starts t 8i(t4 "ydr 7yani7 a7id de*e( ps. Spe7i!i7 preparati n met" ds ma5e s me p(ants edib(e t"at are p is n )s ra8. Y ) 7an eat t"e t"in(y s(i7ed and t" r )$"(y dried 7 rms Edryin$ may ta5e a yearF ! t"e Ba75-in-t"e-p)(pit4 b)t t"ey are p is n )s i! n t t" r )$"(y dried. Learn t identi!y and )se p(ants be! re a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. S me s )r7es ! in! rmati n ab )t p(ants are pamp"(ets4 b 5s4 !i(ms4 nat)re trai(s4 b tani7a( $ardens4 ( 7a( mar5ets4 and ( 7a( nati*es. +at"er and 7r ss-re!eren7e in! rmati n !r m as many s )r7es as p ssib(e4 be7a)se many s )r7es 8i(( n t 7 ntain a(( t"e in! rmati n needed.
RUL S 'OR AVOI,IN/ POISONOUS PLANTS

Y )r best p (i7y is t be ab(e t ( 5 at a p(ant and identi!y it 8it" abs ()te 7ertainty and t 5n 8 its )ses r dan$ers. Many times t"is is n t p ssib(e. I! y ) "a*e (itt(e r n 5n 8(ed$e ! t"e ( 7a( *e$etati n4 )se t"e r)(es t se(e7t p(ants ! r t"e KUni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est.K Remember4 a* id -
All mushrooms. M)s"r m identi!i7ati n is *ery di!!i7)(t and m)st be pre7ise4 e*en m re s t"an 8it" t"er p(ants. S me m)s"r ms 7a)se deat" *ery 6)i75(y. S me m)s"r ms "a*e n 5n 8n antid te. .8 $enera( types ! m)s"r m p is nin$ are $astr intestina( and 7entra( ner* )s system. 1ontact with or touching plants unnecessarily.
CONTACT , R0ATITIS
1 nta7t dermatitis !r m p(ants 8i(( )s)a((y 7a)se t"e m st tr )b(e in t"e !ie(d. ."e e!!e7ts may be persistent4 spread by s7rat7"in$4 and are parti7)(ar(y dan$er )s i! t"ere is 7 nta7t in r ar )nd t"e eyes. ."e prin7ipa( t Ain ! t"ese p(ants is )s)a((y an i( t"at $ets n t"e s5in )p n 7 nta7t 8it" t"e p(ant. ."e i( 7an a(s $et n e6)ipment and t"en in!e7t 8" e*er t )7"es t"e e6)ipment. Ne*er b)m a 7 nta7t p is n )s p(ant be7a)se t"e sm 5e may be as "arm!)( as t"e p(ant. ."ere is a $reater dan$er ! bein$ a!!e7ted 8"en *er"eated and s8eatin$. ."e in!e7ti n may be ( 7a( r it may spread *er t"e b dy. Sympt ms may ta5e !r m a !e8 " )rs t se*era( days t appear. Si$ns and sympt ms 7an in7()de b)rnin$4 reddenin$4 it7"in$4 s8e((in$4 and b(isters. '"en y ) !irst 7 nta7t t"e p is n )s p(ants r t"e !irst sympt ms appear4 try t rem *e t"e i( by 8as"in$ 8it" s ap and 7 (d 8ater. I! 8ater is n t a*ai(ab(e4 8ipe y )r s5in repeated(y 8it" dirt r sand. D n t )se dirt i! b(isters "a*e de*e( ped. ."e dirt may brea5 pen t"e b(isters and (ea*e t"e b dy pen t in!e7ti n. A!ter y ) "a*e rem *ed t"e i(4 dry t"e area. Y ) 7an 8as" 8it" a tanni7 a7id s ()ti n and 7r)s" and r)b Be8e(8eed n t"e a!!e7ted area t treat p(ant-7a)sed ras"es. Y ) 7an ma5e tanni7 a7id !r m a5 bar5. # is n )s p(ants t"at 7a)se 7 nta7t dermatitis are-
1 8"a$e. # is n i*y. # is n a5. # is n s)ma7. Ren$as tree. .r)mpet *ine.
IN/ STION POISONIN/

In$esti n p is nin$ 7an be *ery seri )s and 7 )(d (ead t deat" *ery 6)i75(y. D n t eat any p(ant )n(ess y ) "a*e p siti*e(y identi!ied it !irst. :eep a ( $ ! a(( p(ants eaten.
Si$ns and sympt ms ! in$esti n p is nin$ 7an in7()de na)sea4 * mitin$4 diarr"ea4 abd mina( 7ramps4 depressed "eartbeat and respirati n4 "eada7"es4 "a(()7inati ns4 dry m )t"4 )n7 ns7i )sness4 7 ma4 and deat". I! y ) s)spe7t p(ant p is nin$4 try t rem *e t"e p is n )s materia( !r m t"e *i7timHs m )t" and st ma7" as s n as p ssib(e. Ind)7e * mitin$ by ti75(in$ t"e ba75 ! "is t"r at r by $i*in$ "im 8arm sa(t8ater4 i! "e is 7 ns7i )s. Di()te t"e p is n by administerin$ (ar$e 6)antities ! 8ater r mi(54 i! "e is 7 ns7i )s. ."e ! (( 8in$ p(ants 7an 7a)se in$esti n p is nin$ i! eatenM

1ast r bean. 1"inaberry. Deat" 7amas. Lantana. Man7"inee(. 0(eander. #an$i. #"ysi7 n)t. # is n and 8ater "em( 75s. R sary pea. Stry7"nine tree.
See AppendiA 1 ! r p" t $rap"s and des7ripti ns ! t"ese p(ants.
CHAPTER 11 - DANGEROUS ANIMALS
Animals rarely are as threatening to the survivor as the rest o! the environment. 1ommon sense tells the survivor to avoid encounters with lions" bears" and other large or dangerous animals. @ou should also avoid large gra*ing animals with horns" hooves" and great weight. @our actions may prevent une+pected meetings. /ove care!ully through their environment. <o not attract large predators by leaving !ood lying around your camp. 1are!ully survey the scene be!ore entering water or !orests. Smaller animals actually present more o! a threat to the survivor than large animals. To compensate !or their si*e" nature has given many small animals weapons such as !angs and stingers to de!end themselves. Hach year" a !ew people are bitten by sharks" mauled by alligators" and attacked by bears. /ost o! these incidents were in some way the victim.s !ault. (owever" each year more victims die !rom bites by relatively small venomous snakes than by large dangerous animals. Hven more victims die !rom allergic reactions to bee stings. -or this reason" we will pay more attention to smaller and potentially more dangerous creatures. These are the animals you are more likely to meet as you unwittingly move into their habitat" or they slip into your environment unnoticed. Aeeping a level head and an awareness o! your surroundings will keep you alive i! you use a !ew simple sa!ety procedures. <o not let curiosity and carelessness kill or in$ure you.
INS CTS AN, ARAC.NI,S

Y ) re7 $ni3e and identi!y inse7ts4 eA7ept 7entipedes and mi((ipedes4 by t"eir siA (e$s 8"i(e ara7"nids "a*e ei$"t. A(( t"ese sma(( 7reat)res be7 me pests 8"en t"ey bite4 stin$4 r irritate y ). A(t" )$" t"eir *en m 7an be 6)ite pain!)(4 bee4 8asp4 and " rnet stin$s rare(y 5i(( a s)r*i* r )n(ess "e is a((er$i7 t t"at parti7)(ar t Ain. -*en t"e m st dan$er )s spiders rare(y 5i((4 and t"e e!!e7ts ! ti75-b rne diseases are *ery s( 8-a7tin$. 2 8e*er4 in a(( 7ases4 a* idan7e is t"e best de!ense. In en*ir nments 5n 8n t "a*e spiders and s7 rpi ns4 7"e75 y )r ! t$ear and 7( t"in$ e*ery m rnin$. A(s 7"e75 y )r beddin$ and s"e(ter ! r t"em. Use 7are 8"en t)rnin$ *er r 75s and ( $s. See AppendiA D ! r eAamp(es ! dan$er )s inse7ts and ara7"nids.
S-"&pi"#$
Y ) !ind s7 rpi ns E?uthotus spe7iesF in deserts4 B)n$(es4 and ! rests ! tr pi7a(4 s)btr pi7a(4 and 8arm temperate areas ! t"e 8 r(d. ."ey are m st(y n 7t)rna( in "abit. Y ) 7an !ind desert s7 rpi ns !r m be( 8 sea (e*e( in Deat" Va((ey t e(e*ati ns as "i$" as %46== meters in t"e Andes. .ypi7a((y br 8n r b(a75 in m ist areas4 t"ey may be ye(( 8 r (i$"t $reen in t"e desert. ."eir a*era$e si3e is ab )t 2.; 7entimeters. 2 8e*er4 t"ere are 2=-7entimeter $iants in t"e B)n$(es ! 1entra( Ameri7a4 Ne8 +)inea4 and s )t"ern A!ri7a. Fata(ities !r m s7 rpi n stin$s are rare4 b)t t"ey 7an 77)r in 7"i(dren4 t"e e(der(y4 and i(( pers ns. S7 rpi ns resemb(e sma(( ( bsters 8it" raised4 B inted tai(s bearin$ a stin$er in t"e tip.
Nat)re mimi7s t"e s7 rpi ns 8it" 8"ip s7 rpi ns r *ine$ar-r ns. ."ese are "arm(ess and "a*e a tai( (i5e a 8ire r 8"ip4 rat"er t"an t"e B inted tai( and stin$er ! tr)e s7 rpi ns.
Spi(e&$
Y ) re7 $ni3e t"e br 8n re7()se r !idd(eba75 spider ! N rt" Ameri7a &Lo+osceles reclusa' by a pr minent *i (in-s"aped (i$"t sp t n t"e ba75 ! its b dy. As its name s)$$ests4 t"is spider (i5es t "ide in dar5 p(a7es. ." )$" rare(y !ata(4 its bite 7a)ses eA7essi*e tiss)e de$enerati n ar )nd t"e 8 )nd and 7an e*en (ead t amp)tati n ! t"e di$its i! (e!t )ntreated. Y ) !ind members ! t"e 8id 8 !ami(y &Latrodectus species' 8 r(d8ide4 t" )$" t"e b(a75 8id 8 ! N rt" Ameri7a is per"aps t"e m st 8e((-5n 8n. F )nd in 8armer areas ! t"e 8 r(d4 t"e 8id 8s are sma((4 dar5 spiders 8it" !ten " )r$(ass-s"aped 8"ite4 red4 r ran$e sp ts n t"eir abd mens. F)nne(8ebs EAtra+ spe7iesF are (ar$e4 $ray r br 8n A)stra(ian spiders. 1")n5y4 8it" s" rt (e$s4 t"ey are ab(e t m *e easi(y )p and d 8n t"e 7 ne-s"aped 8ebs !r m 8"i7" t"ey $et t"eir name. ."e ( 7a( p p)(a7e 7 nsiders t"em dead(y. A* id t"em as t"ey m *e ab )t4 )s)a((y at ni$"t4 in sear7" ! prey. Sympt ms ! t"eir bite are simi(ar t t" se ! t"e 8id 8Hs--se*ere pain a77 mpanied by s8eatin$ and s"i*erin$4 8ea5ness4 and disab(in$ epis des t"at 7an (ast a 8ee5. .arant)(as are (ar$e4 "airy spiders ETheraphosidae and Lycosa spe7iesF best 5n 8n be7a)se t"ey are !ten s (d in pet st res. ."ere is ne spe7ies in -)r pe4 b)t m st 7 me !r m tr pi7a( Ameri7a. S me S )t" Ameri7an spe7ies d inBe7t a dan$er )s t Ain4 b)t m st simp(y pr d)7e a pain!)( bite. S me tarant)(as 7an be as (ar$e as a dinner p(ate. ."ey a(( "a*e (ar$e !an$s ! r 7apt)rin$ ! d s)7" as birds4 mi7e4 and (i3ards. I! bitten by a tarant)(a4 pain and b(eedin$ are 7ertain4 and in!e7ti n is (i5e(y.
Ce#tipe(e$ !#( Mi%%ipe(e$

1entipedes and mi((ipedes are m st(y sma(( and "arm(ess4 a(t" )$" s me tr pi7a( and desert spe7ies may rea7" 2; 7entimeters. A !e8 *arieties ! 7entipedes "a*e a p is n )s bite4 b)t in!e7ti n is t"e $reatest dan$er4 as t"eir s"arp 7(a8s di$ in and p)n7t)re t"e s5in. . pre*ent s5in p)n7t)res4 br)s" t"em !! in t"e dire7ti n t"ey are tra*e(in$4 i! y ) !ind t"em 7ra8(in$ n y )r s5in.
Bee$' W!$p$' !#( H"&#et$

'e are a(( !ami(iar 8it" bees4 8asps4 and " rnets. ."ey 7 me in many *arieties and "a*e a 8ide di*ersity ! "abits and "abitats. Y ) re7 $ni3e bees by t"eir "airy and )s)a((y t"i75 b dy4 8"i(e t"e 8asps4 " rnets4 and ye(( 8 Ba75ets "a*e m re s(ender4 near(y "air(ess4 b dies. S me bees4 s)7" as " neybees4 (i*e in 7 ( nies. ."ey may be eit"er d mesti7ated r (i*in$ 8i(d in 7a*es r " (( 8 trees. Y ) may !ind t"er bees4 s)7" as 7arpenter bees4 in indi*id)a( nest " (es in 8 d4 r in t"e $r )nd4 (i5e b)mb(ebees. ."e main dan$er !r m bees is t"eir barbed stin$er ( 7ated n t"eir abd mens. '"en t"e bee stin$s y )4 it rips its stin$er )t ! its abd men a( n$ 8it" t"e *en m sa74 and t"e bee dies. -A7ept ! r 5i((er bees4 m st bees tend t be m re d 7i(e t"an 8asps4 " rnets4 and ye(( 8 Ba75ets t"at "a*e sm t" stin$ers and are 7apab(e ! repeated atta75s. A* idan7e is t"e best ta7ti7 ! r se(!-pr te7ti n. 'at7" )t ! r !( 8ers r !r)it 8"ere bees may be !eedin$. /e 7are!)( ! meat-eatin$ ye(( 8 Ba75ets 8"en 7(eanin$ !is" r $ame. ."e a*era$e pers n "as a re(ati*e(y min r and temp rary rea7ti n t bee stin$s and re7 *ers in a 7 )p(e ! " )rs 8"en t"e pain and "eada7"e $ a8ay. ." se 8" are a((er$i7 t bee *en m "a*e se*ere rea7ti ns in7()din$ anap"y(a7ti7 s" 754 7 ma4 and deat". I! anti"istamine medi7ine is n t a*ai(ab(e and y ) 7ann t !ind a s)bstit)te4 an a((er$y s)!!erer in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n is in $ra*e dan$er.
Ti-)$
.i75s are 7 mm n in t"e tr pi7s and temperate re$i ns. ."ey are !ami(iar t m st ! )s. .i75s are sma(( r )nd ara7"nids 8it" ei$"t (e$s and 7an "a*e eit"er a s !t r "ard b dy. .i75s re6)ire a b( d " st t s)r*i*e and repr d)7e. ."is ma5es t"em dan$er )s be7a)se t"ey spread diseases (i5e Lyme disease4
R 75y M )ntain sp tted !e*er4 en7ep"a(itis4 and t"ers t"at 7an )(timate(y be disab(in$ r !ata(. ."ere is (itt(e y ) 7an d t treat t"ese diseases n7e 7 ntra7ted4 b)t time is y )r a((y sin7e t"ey are s( 8-a7tin$ ai(ments. A77 rdin$ t m st a)t" rities4 it ta5es at (east 6 " )rs ! atta7"ment t t"e " st ! r t"e ti75 t transmit t"e disease r$anisms. .")s4 y ) "a*e time t t" r )$"(y inspe7t y )r b dy ! r t"eir presen7e. /e8are ! ti75s 8"en passin$ t"r )$" t"e t"i75 *e$etati n t"ey 7(in$ t 4 8"en 7(eanin$ " st anima(s ! r ! d4 and 8"en $at"erin$ nat)ra( materia(s t 7 nstr)7t a s"e(ter. A(8ays )se inse7t repe((ents4 i! p ssib(e.
C. S
Lee7"es are b( d-s)75in$ 7reat)res 8it" a 8 rm(i5e appearan7e. Y ) !ind t"em in t"e tr pi7s and in temperate 3 nes. Y ) 8i(( 7ertain(y en7 )nter t"em 8"en s8immin$ in in!ested 8aters r ma5in$ eApedient 8ater 7r ssin$s. Y ) 7an !ind t"em 8"en passin$ t"r )$" s8ampy4 tr pi7a( *e$etati n and b $s. Y ) 7an a(s !ind t"em 8"i(e 7(eanin$ ! d anima(s4 s)7" as t)rt(es4 ! )nd in !res" 8ater. Lee7"es 7an 7ra8( int sma(( penin$sJ t"ere! re4 a* id 7ampin$ in t"eir "abitats 8"en p ssib(e. :eep y )r tr )sers t)75ed in y )r b ts. 1"e75 y )rse(! !re6)ent(y ! r (ee7"es. S8a(( 8ed r eaten4 (ee7"es 7an be a $reat "a3ard. It is t"ere! re essentia( t treat 8ater !r m 6)esti nab(e s )r7es by b i(in$ r )sin$ 7"emi7a( 8ater treatments. S)r*i* rs "a*e de*e( ped se*ere in!e7ti ns !r m 8 )nds inside t"e t"r at r n se 8"en s res !r m s8a(( 8ed (ee7"es be7ame in!e7ted.
#ATS
Despite t"e (e$ends4 bats E<esmodus spe7iesF are a re(ati*e(y sma(( "a3ard t t"e s)r*i* r. ."ere are many bat *arieties 8 r(d8ide4 b)t y ) !ind t"e tr)e *ampire bats n(y in 1entra( and S )t" Ameri7a. ."ey are sma((4 a$i(e !(iers t"at (and n t"eir s(eepin$ *i7tims4 m st(y 7 8s and " rses4 t (ap a b( d mea( a!ter bitin$ t"eir *i7tim. ."eir sa(i*a 7 ntains an anti7 a$)(ant t"at 5eeps t"e b( d s( 8(y !( 8in$ 8"i(e t"ey !eed. 0n(y a sma(( per7enta$e ! t"ese bats a7t)a((y 7arry rabiesJ " 8e*er4 a* id any si75 r inB)red bat. ."ey 7an 7arry t"er diseases and in!e7ti ns and 8i(( bite readi(y 8"en "and(ed. .a5in$ s"e(ter in a 7a*e 77)pied by bats4 " 8e*er4 presents t"e m)7" $reater "a3ard ! in"a(in$ p 8dered bat d)n$4 r $)an . /at d)n$ 7arries many r$anisms t"at 7an 7a)se diseases. -atin$ t" r )$"(y 7 5ed !(yin$ ! Aes r t"er bats presents n dan$er !r m rabies and t"er diseases4 b)t a$ain4 t"e emp"asis is n t" r )$" 7 5in$.
POISONOUS SNA* S
."ere are n in!a((ib(e r)(es ! r eApedient identi!i7ati n ! p is n )s sna5es in t"e !ie(d4 be7a)se t"e $)ide(ines a(( re6)ire 7( se bser*ati n r manip)(ati n ! t"e sna5eHs b dy. ."e best strate$y is t (ea*e a(( sna5es a( ne. '"ere sna5es are p(enti!)( and p is n )s spe7ies are present4 t"e ris5 ! t"eir bites ne$ates t"eir ! d *a()e. App(y t"e ! (( 8in$ sa!ety r)(es 8"en tra*e(in$ in areas 8"ere t"ere are p is n )s sna5esM

'a(5 7are!)((y and 8at7" 8"ere y ) step. Step nt ( $s rat"er t"an *er t"em be! re ( 5in$ and m *in$ n. L 5 7( se(y 8"en pi75in$ !r)it r m *in$ ar )nd 8ater. D n t tease4 m (est4 r "arass sna5es. Sna5es 7ann t 7( se t"eir eyes. ."ere! re4 y ) 7ann t te(( i! t"ey are as(eep. S me sna5es4 s)7" as mambas4 7 bras4 and b)s"masters4 8i(( atta75 a$$ressi*e(y 8"en 7 rnered r $)ardin$ a nest. Use sti75s t t)rn ( $s and r 75s. 'ear pr per ! t$ear4 parti7)(ar(y at ni$"t. 1are!)((y 7"e75 beddin$4 s"e(ter4 and 7( t"in$. /e 7a(m 8"en y ) en7 )nter serpents. Sna5es 7ann t "ear and y ) 7an 77asi na((y s)rprise t"em 8"en t"ey are s(eepin$ r s)nnin$. N rma((y4 t"ey 8i(( !(ee i! $i*en t"e pp rt)nity. Use eAtreme 7are i! y ) m)st 5i(( sna5es ! r ! d r sa!ety. A(t" )$" it is n t 7 mm n4 8arm4 s(eepin$ ")man b dies 77asi na((y attra7t sna5es.
See AppendiA - ! r detai(ed des7ripti ns ! t"e sna5es (isted be( 8.
S#!)e-F&ee A&e!$
."e p (ar re$i ns are !ree ! sna5es d)e t t"eir in" spitab(e en*ir nments. 0t"er areas 7 nsidered t be !ree ! p is n )s sna5es are Ne8 Cea(and4 1)ba4 2aiti4 ?amai7a4 #)ert Ri7 4 Ire(and4 # (ynesia4 and 2a8aii. POISONOUS SNA6ES OF THE AMERICAS
Ameri7an 1 pper"ead &Agkistrodon contortri+' /)s"master &Lachesis mutus' 1 ra( sna5e &/icrurus !ulvius' 1 tt nm )t" &Agkistrodon piscivorus' Fer-de-(an7e &?othrops atro+' Ratt(esna5e &1rotalus species'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF EUROPE

1 mm n adder &Vipers berus' #a((asH *iper &Agkistrodon halys'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF AFRICA AND ASIA

/ ms(an$ &<ispholidus typus' 1 bra &8a$a species' +ab n *iper &?itis gabonica' +reen tree pit *iper &Trimeresurus gramineus' 2ab) pit *iper &Trimeresurus !lavoviridis' :rait &?ungarus caeruleus' Ma(ayan pit *iper &1allaselasma rhodostoma' Mamba &<endraspis species' #)!! adder &?itis arietans' R"in 7er s *iper &?itis nasicornis' R)sse((H s *iper &Vipera russellii' Sand *iper &1erastes vipera' Sa8-s7a(ed *iper &Hchis carinatus' 'a$(erHs pit *iper &Trimeresurus wagleri'
POISONOUS SNA6ES OF AUSTRALASIA

Deat" adder &Acanthophis antarcticus' .aipan &0+yuranus scutellatus' .i$er sna5e &8otechis scutatus' Ye(( 8-be((ied sea sna5e &:elamis platurus'
,AN/ ROUS LI8AR,S

."e +i(a m nster and t"e MeAi7an beaded (i3ard are dan$er )s and p is n )s (i3ards.
Gi%! M"#$te&
."e +i(a m nster &(eloderma suspectrum' ! t"e Ameri7an s )t"8est4 in7()din$ MeAi7 4 is a (ar$e (i3ard 8it" dar54 "i$"(y teAt)red s5in mar5ed by pin5is" m tt(in$. It a*era$es %; t 9; 7entimeters in (en$t" and "as a t"i754 st)mpy tai(. Un(i5e(y t bite )n(ess m (ested4 it "as a p is n )s bite.
Me3i-!# Be!(e( Liz!&(

."e MeAi7an beaded (i3ard &(eloderma horridum' resemb(es its re(ati*e4 t"e +i(a m nster. It "as m re )ni! rm sp ts rat"er t"an bands ! 7 ( r Et"e +i(a m nsterF. It a(s is p is n )s and "as a d 7i(e nat)re. Y ) !ind it !r m MeAi7 t 1entra( Ameri7a.
6"*"(" D&!/"#
."is $iant (i3ard &Varanus komodoensis' $r 8s t m re t"an % meters in (en$t" and 7an be dan$er )s i! y ) try t 7apt)re it. ."is Ind nesian (i3ard 7an 8ei$" m re t"an 1%; 5i( $rams.
,AN/ RS IN RIV RS
1 mm n sense 8i(( te(( y ) t a* id 7 n!r ntati ns 8it" "ipp p tami4 a((i$at rs4 7r 7 di(es4 and t"er (ar$e ri*er 7reat)res. ."ere are4 " 8e*er4 a !e8 sma((er ri*er 7reat)res 8it" 8"i7" y ) s" )(d be 7a)ti )s.
E%e-t&i- Ee%
-(e7tri7 ee(s &Hlectrophorus electricus' may rea7" 2 meters in (en$t" and 2= 7entimeters in diameter. A* id t"em. ."ey are 7apab(e ! $eneratin$ )p t ;== * (ts ! e(e7tri7ity in 7ertain r$ans in t"eir b dy. ."ey )se t"is s" 75 t st)n prey and enemies. N rma((y4 y ) !ind t"ese ee(s in t"e 0rin 7 and Ama3 n Ri*er systems in S )t" Ameri7a. ."ey seem t pre!er s"a(( 8 8aters t"at are m re "i$"(y Ay$enated and pr *ide m re ! d. ."ey are b)(5ier t"an )r nati*e ee(s. ."eir )pper b dy is dar5 $ray r b(a754 8it" a (i$"ter-7 ( red )nderbe((y.
Pi&!#h!
#iran"as ESerrasalmo spe7iesF are an t"er "a3ard ! t"e 0rin 7 and Ama3 n Ri*er systems4 as 8e(( as t"e #ara$)ay Ri*er /asin4 8"ere t"ey are nati*e. ."ese !is" *ary $reat(y in si3e and 7 ( rati n4 b)t )s)a((y "a*e a 7 mbinati n ! ran$e )ndersides and dar5 t ps. ."ey "a*e 8"ite4 ra3 r-s"arp teet" t"at are 7(ear(y *isib(e. ."ey may be as ( n$ as ;= 7entimeters. Use $reat 7are 8"en 7r ssin$ 8aters 8"ere t"ey (i*e. /( d attra7ts t"em. ."ey are m st dan$er )s in s"a(( 8 8aters d)rin$ t"e dry seas n.
T &t%e
/e 7are!)( 8"en "and(in$ and 7apt)rin$ (ar$e !res"8ater t)rt(es4 s)7" as t"e snappin$ t)rt(es and s !ts"e((ed t)rt(es ! N rt" Ameri7a and t"e matamata and t"er t)rt(es ! S )t" Ameri7a. A(( ! t"ese t)rt(es 8i(( bite in se(!-de!ense and 7an amp)tate !in$ers and t es.
P%!t1p $
."e p(atyp)s r d)75bi(( &0rnithorhyncus anatinus' is t"e n(y member ! its !ami(y and is easi(y re7 $ni3ed. It "as a ( n$ b dy 7 *ered 8it" $rayis"4 s" rt "air4 a tai( (i5e a bea*er4 and a bi(( (i5e a d)75. +r 8in$ )p t 6= 7entimeters in (en$t"4 it may appear t be a $ d ! d s )r7e4 b)t t"is e$$-(ayin$ mamma(4 t"e n(y ne in t"e 8 r(d4 is *ery dan$er )s. ."e ma(e "as a p is n )s sp)r n ea7" "ind ! t t"at 7an in!(i7t intense(y pain!)( 8 )nds. Y ) !ind t"e p(atyp)s n(y in A)stra(ia4 main(y a( n$ m)d ban5s n 8ater8ays.
,AN/ RS IN #AYS AN, STUARI S

In areas 8"ere seas and ri*ers 7 me t $et"er4 t"ere are dan$ers ass 7iated 8it" b t" !res" and sa(t 8ater. In s"a(( 8 sa(t 8aters4 t"ere are many 7reat)res t"at 7an in!(i7t pain and 7a)se in!e7ti n t de*e( p. Steppin$ n sea )r7"ins4 ! r eAamp(e4 7an pr d)7e pain and in!e7ti n. '"en m *in$ ab )t in s"a(( 8 8ater4 8ear s me ! rm ! ! t$ear and s")!!(e y )r !eet a( n$ t"e b tt m4 rat"er t"an pi75in$ )p y )r !eet and steppin$. Stin$rays E<asyatidae spe7iesF are a rea( "a3ard in s"a(( 8 8aters4 espe7ia((y tr pi7a( 8aters. ."e type ! b tt m appears t be irre(e*ant. ."ere is a $reat *arian7e bet8een spe7ies4 b)t a(( "a*e a s"arp spi5e in t"eir tai( t"at may be *en m )s and 7an 7a)se eAtreme(y pain!)( 8 )nds i! stepped n. A(( rays "a*e a typi7a( s"ape t"at resemb(es a 5ite. Y ) !ind t"em a( n$ t"e 7 asts ! t"e Ameri7as4 A!ri7a4 and A)stra(asia.
SALT3AT R ,AN/ RS
."ere are se*era( !is" t"at y ) s" )(d n t "and(e4 t )7"4 r 7 nta7t. ."ere are t"ers t"at y ) s" )(d n t eat.
Fi$h D!#/e&" $ t" H!#(%e' T" -h' "& C"#t!-t

."ere are se*era( !is" y ) s" )(d n t "and(e4 t )7"4 r 7 nta7t t"at are identi!ied be( 8. SharS"ar5s are t"e m st !eared anima( in t"e sea. Us)a((y4 s"ar5 atta75s 7ann t be a* ided and are 7 nsidered a77idents. Y )4 as a s)r*i* r4 s" )(d ta5e e*ery pre7a)ti n t a* id any 7 nta7t 8it" s"ar5s. ."ere are many s"ar5 spe7ies4 b)t in $enera(4 dan$er )s s"ar5s "a*e 8ide m )t"s and *isib(e teet"4 8"i(e re(ati*e(y "arm(ess nes "a*e sma(( m )t"s n t"e )nderside ! t"eir "eads. 2 8e*er4 any s"ar5 7an in!(i7t pain!)( and !ten !ata( inB)ries4 eit"er t"r )$" bites r t"r )$" abrasi ns !r m t"eir r )$" s5in. Ra66it$ish Rabbit!is" r spine! t ESiganidae spe7iesF 77)r main(y n 7 ra( ree!s in t"e Indian and #a7i!i7 7eans. ."ey "a*e *ery s"arp4 p ssib(y *en m )s spines in t"eir !ins. 2and(e t"em 8it" 7are4 i! at a((. ."is !is"4 (i5e many t"ers ! t"e dan$er )s !is" in t"is se7ti n4 is 7 nsidered edib(e by nati*e pe p(es 8"ere t"e !is" are ! )nd4 b)t deat"s 77)r !r m 7are(ess "and(in$. See5 t"er n np is n )s !is" t eat i! at a(( p ssib(e. Tang .an$ r s)r$e n!is" EAcanthuridae spe7iesF a*era$e 2= t 2; 7entimeters in (en$t" and !ten are bea)ti!)((y 7 ( red. ."ey are 7a((ed s)r$e n!is" be7a)se ! t"e s7a(pe((i5e spines ( 7ated in t"e tai(. ."e 8 )nds in!(i7ted by t"ese spines 7an brin$ ab )t deat" t"r )$" in!e7ti n4 en*en mati n4 and ( ss ! b( d4 8"i7" may in7identa((y attra7t s"ar5s. Toad$ish . ad!is" E/atra7" ididae spe7iesF 77)r in tr pi7a( 8aters !! t"e +)(! 1 ast ! t"e United States and a( n$ b t" 7 asts ! 1entra( and S )t" Ameri7a. ."ese d)((y 7 ( red !is" a*era$e 1& t 2; 7entimeters in (en$t". ."ey typi7a((y b)ry t"emse(*es in t"e sand t a8ait !is" and t"er prey. ."ey "a*e s"arp4 *ery t Ai7 spines a( n$ t"eir ba75s. Scorpion 'ish # is n )s s7 rpi n !is" r 3ebra !is" EScorpaenidae spe7iesF are m st(y ar )nd ree!s in t"e tr pi7a( Indian and #a7i!i7 7eans and 77asi na((y in t"e Mediterranean and Ae$ean seas. ."ey a*era$e %= t 7; 7entimeters in (en$t". ."eir 7 ( rati n is "i$"(y *ariab(e4 !r m reddis" br 8n t a(m st p)rp(e r
br 8nis" ye(( 8. ."ey "a*e ( n$4 8a*y !ins and spines and t"eir stin$ is intensi*e(y pain!)(. Less p is n )s re(ati*es (i*e in t"e At(anti7 07ean. Stone$ish St ne!is" ESynance$a spe7iesF are in t"e #a7i!i7 and Indian 7eans. ."ey 7an inBe7t a pain!)( *en m !r m t"eir d rsa( spines 8"en stepped n r "and(ed 7are(ess(y. ."ey are a(m st imp ssib(e t see be7a)se ! t"eir ()mpy s"ape and drab 7 ( rs. ."ey ran$e in si3e )p t 9= 7entimeters. 3ee(er 'ish 'ee*er !is" ETrachinidae spe7iesF a*era$e %= 7entimeters ( n$. ."ey are "ard t see as t"ey (ie b)ried in t"e sand !! t"e 7 asts ! -)r pe4 A!ri7a4 and t"e Mediterranean. ."eir 7 ( r is )s)a((y a d)(( br 8n. ."ey "a*e *en m )s spines n t"e ba75 and $i((s. See AppendiA F ! r m re detai(s n t"ese *en m )s !is".
A#i*!%$ !#( Fi$h P"i$"#" $ t" E!t

S)r*i*a( man)a(s !ten menti n t"at t"e (i*ers ! p (ar bears are t Ai7 d)e t t"eir "i$" 7 n7entrati ns ! *itamin A. F r t"is reas n4 8e menti n t"e 7"an7e ! deat" a!ter eatin$ t"is r$an. An t"er t Ai7 meat is t"e !(es" ! t"e "a85sbi(( t)rt(e. Y ) re7 $ni3e t"em by t"eir d 8n-t)rned bi(( and ye(( 8 p (5a d ts n t"eir ne75 and !r nt !(ippers. ."ey 8ei$" m re t"an 27; 5i( $rams and are )n(i5e(y t be 7apt)red. Many !is" (i*in$ in ree!s near s" re4 r in (a$ ns and est)aries4 are p is n )s t eat4 t" )$" s me are n(y seas na((y dan$er )s. ."e maB rity are tr pi7a( !is"J " 8e*er4 be 8ary ! eatin$ any )nidenti!iab(e !is" 8"ere*er y ) are. S me predat ry !is"4 s)7" as barra7)da and snapper4 may be7 me t Ai7 i! t"e !is" t"ey !eed n in s"a(( 8 8aters are p is n )s. ."e m st p is n )s types appear t "a*e parr t(i5e bea5s and "ard s"e((-(i5e s5ins 8it" spines and !ten 7an in!(ate t"eir b dies (i5e ba(( ns. 2 8e*er4 at 7ertain times ! t"e year4 indi$en )s p p)(ati ns 7 nsider t"e p)!!er a de(i7a7y. #lo%$ish /( 8!is" r p)!!er ETetraodontidae spe7iesF are m re t (erant ! 7 (d 8ater. Y ) !ind t"em a( n$ tr pi7a( and temperate 7 asts 8 r(d8ide4 e*en in s me ! t"e ri*ers ! S )t"east Asia and A!ri7a. St )t-b died and r )nd4 many ! t"ese !is" "a*e s" rt spines and 7an in!(ate t"emse(*es int a ba(( 8"en a(armed r a$itated. ."eir b( d4 (i*er4 and $ nads are s t Ai7 t"at as (itt(e as 2& mi((i$rams E1 )n7eF 7an be !ata(. ."ese !is" *ary in 7 ( r and si3e4 $r 8in$ )p t 7; 7entimeters in (en$t". Trigger$ish ."e tri$$er!is" E?alistidae spe7iesF 77)r in $reat *ariety4 m st(y in tr pi7a( seas. ."ey are deep-b died and 7 mpressed4 resemb(in$ a sea$ in$ pan7a5e )p t 6= 7entimeters in (en$t"4 8it" (ar$e and s"arp d rsa( spines. A* id t"em a((4 as many "a*e p is n )s !(es". #arracuda A(t" )$" m st pe p(e a* id t"em be7a)se ! t"eir !er 7ity4 t"ey 77asi na((y eat barra7)da &Sphyraena barracuda'. ."ese predat rs ! m st(y tr pi7a( seas 7an rea7" a(m st 1.; meters in (en$t" and "a*e atta75ed ")mans 8it" )t pr * 7ati n. ."ey 77asi na((y 7arry t"e p is n 7i$)atera in t"eir !(es"4 ma5in$ t"em dead(y i! 7 ns)med. See AppendiA F ! r m re detai(s n t Ai7 !is" and t Ai7 m (()s5s.
Othe& D!#/e&" $ Se! C&e!t &e$

."e b()e-rin$ed 7t p)s4 Be((y!is"4 and t"e 7 ne and a)$er s"e((s are t"er dan$er )s sea 7reat)res. #lue5Ringed Octopus M st 7t pi are eA7e((ent 8"en pr per(y prepared. 2 8e*er4 t"e b()erin$ed 7t p)s &(apalochlaena lunulata' 7an in!(i7t a dead(y bite !r m its parr t(i5e bea5. F rt)nate(y4 it is restri7ted t t"e +reat /arrier Ree! ! A)stra(ia and is *ery sma((. It is easi(y re7 $ni3ed by its $rayis" 8"ite *era(( 7 ( r and irides7ent b()e rin$s. A)t" rities 8arn t"at a(( tr pi7a( 7t p)s spe7ies s" )(d be treated 8it" 7a)ti n4 sin7e many "a*e p is n )s bites4 a(t" )$" t"e !(es" is edib(e. 2elly$ish ?e((y!is"-re(ated deat"s are rare4 b)t t"e stin$ t"ey in!(i7t is eAtreme(y pain!)(. ."e # rt)$)ese man- !8ar resemb(es a (ar$e pin5 r p)rp(e ba(( n !( atin$ n t"e sea. It "as p is n )s tenta7(es "an$in$ )p t 12 meters be( 8 its b dy. ."e ")$e tenta7(es are a7t)a((y 7 ( nies ! stin$in$ 7e((s. M st 5n 8n
deat"s !r m Be((y!is" are attrib)ted t t"e man- !-8ar. 0t"er Be((y!is" 7an in!(i7t *ery pain!)( stin$s as 8e((. A* id t"e ( n$ tenta7(es ! any Be((y!is"4 e*en t" se 8as"ed )p n t"e bea7" and apparent(y dead. Cone Shell ."e s)btr pi7a( and tr pi7a( 7 ne s"e((s E1onidae spe7iesF "a*e a *en m )s "arp n(i5e barb. A(( are 7 ne-s"aped and "a*e a !ine net(i5e pattern n t"e s"e((. A membrane may p ssib(y bs7)re t"is 7 ( rati n. ."ere are s me *ery p is n )s 7 ne s"e((s4 e*en s me (et"a( nes in t"e Indian and #a7i!i7 7eans. A* id any s"e(( s"aped (i5e an i7e 7ream 7 ne. Auger Shell ."e a)$er s"e(( r terebra ETerebridae spe7iesF are m)7" ( n$er and t"inner t"an t"e 7 ne s"e((s4 b)t 7an be near(y as dead(y as t"e 7 ne s"e((s. ."ey are ! )nd in temperate and tr pi7a( seas. ." se in t"e Indian and #a7i!i7 7eans "a*e a m re t Ai7 *en m in t"eir stin$in$ barb. D n t eat t"ese snai(s4 as t"eir !(es" may be p is n )s.
CHAPTER 14 - FIELD-EBPEDIENT WEAPONS' TOOLS' AND ECUIPMENT
As a soldier you know the importance o! proper care and use o! your weapons" tools" and e)uipment. This is especially true o! your kni!e. @ou must always keep it sharp and ready to use. A kni!e is your most valuable tool in a survival situation. Imagine being in a survival situation without any weapons" tools" or e)uipment e+cept your kni!e. It could happen, @ou might even be without a kni!e. @ou would probably !eel helpless" but with the proper knowledge and skills" you can easily improvise needed items. In survival situations" you may have to !ashion any number and type o! !ield%e+pedient tools and e)uipment to survive. H+amples o! tools and e)uipment that could make your li!e much easier are ropes" rucksacks" clothes" nets" and so on. eapons serve a dual purpose. @ou use them to obtain and prepare !ood and to provide sel!%de!ense. A weapon can also give you a !eeling o! security and provide you with the ability to hunt on the move.
CLU#S
Y ) " (d 7()bs4 y ) d n t t"r 8 t"em. As a !ie(d-eApedient 8eap n4 t"e 7()b d es n t pr te7t y ) !r m enemy s (diers. It 7an4 " 8e*er4 eAtend y )r area ! de!ense bey nd y )r !in$ertips. It a(s ser*es t in7rease t"e ! r7e ! a b( 8 8it" )t inB)rin$ y )rse(!. ."ere are t"ree basi7 types ! 7()bs. ."ey are t"e simp(e4 8ei$"ted4 and s(in$ 7()b.
Si*p%e C% +
A simp(e 7()b is a sta!! r bran7". It m)st be s" rt en )$" ! r y ) t s8in$ easi(y4 b)t ( n$ en )$" and str n$ en )$" ! r y ) t dama$e 8"ate*er y ) "it. Its diameter s" )(d !it 7 m! rtab(y in y )r pa(m4 b)t it s" )(d n t be s t"in as t a(( 8 t"e 7()b t brea5 easi(y )p n impa7t. A strai$"t-$rained "ard8 d is best i! y ) 7an !ind it.
Wei/hte( C% +
A 8ei$"ted 7()b is any simp(e 7()b 8it" a 8ei$"t n ne end. ."e 8ei$"t may be a nat)ra( 8ei$"t4 s)7" as a 5n t n t"e 8 d4 r s met"in$ added4 s)7" as a st ne (as"ed t t"e 7()b. . ma5e a 8ei$"ted 7()b4 !irst !ind a st ne t"at "as a s"ape t"at 8i(( a(( 8 y ) t (as" it se7)re(y t t"e 7()b. A st ne 8it" a s(i$"t " )r$(ass s"ape 8 r5s 8e((. I! y ) 7ann t !ind a s)itab(y s"aped st ne4 y ) m)st !as"i n a $r *e r 7"anne( int t"e st ne by a te7"ni6)e 5n 8n as pe75in$. /y repeated(y rappin$ t"e 7()b st ne 8it" a sma((er "ard st ne4 y ) 7an $et t"e desired s"ape. NeAt4 !ind a pie7e ! 8 d t"at is t"e ri$"t (en$t" ! r y ). A strai$"t-$rained "ard8 d is best. ."e (en$t" ! t"e 8 d s" )(d !ee( 7 m! rtab(e in re(ati n t t"e 8ei$"t ! t"e st ne. Fina((y4 (as" t"e st ne t t"e
."ere are t"ree te7"ni6)es ! r (as"in$ t"e st ne t t"e "and(eM sp(it "and(e4 ! r5ed bran7"4 and 8rapped "and(e. ."e te7"ni6)e y ) )se 8i(( depend n t"e type ! "and(e y ) 7" se. See Fi$)re 12-1.
S%i#/ C% +
A s(in$ 7()b is an t"er type ! 8ei$"ted 7()b. A 8ei$"t "an$s & t 1= 7entimeters !r m t"e "and(e by a str n$4 !(eAib(e (as"in$ EFi$)re 12-2F. ."is type ! 7()b b t" eAtends t"e )serHs rea7" and m)(tip(ies t"e ! r7e ! t"e b( 8.
,/ , 3 APONS
:ni*es4 spear b(ades4 and arr 8 p ints !a(( )nder t"e 7ate$ ry ! ed$ed 8eap ns. ."e ! (( 8in$ para$rap"s 8i(( dis7)ss t"e ma5in$ ! s)7" 8eap ns.
6#i.e$
A 5ni!e "as t"ree basi7 !)n7ti ns. It 7an p)n7t)re4 s(as" r 7" p4 and 7)t. A 5ni!e is a(s an in*a()ab(e t ( )sed t 7 nstr)7t t"er s)r*i*a( items. Y ) may !ind y )rse(! 8it" )t a 5ni!e r y ) may need an t"er type 5ni!e r a spear. . impr *ise y ) 7an )se st ne4 b ne4 8 d4 r meta( t ma5e a 5ni!e r spear b(ade. Stone . ma5e a st ne 5ni!e4 y ) 8i(( need a s"arp-ed$ed pie7e ! st ne4 a 7"ippin$ t (4 and a !(a5in$ t (. A 7"ippin$ t ( is a (i$"t4 b()nt-ed$ed t ( )sed t brea5 !! sma(( pie7es ! st ne. A !(a5in$ t ( is a p inted t ( )sed t brea5 !! t"in4 !(attened pie7es ! st ne. Y ) 7an ma5e a 7"ippin$ t ( !r m 8 d4 b ne4 r meta(4 and a !(a5in$ t ( !r m b ne4 ant(er tines4 r s !t ir n EFi$)re 12-%F.
Start ma5in$ t"e 5ni!e by r )$"in$ )t t"e desired s"ape n y )r s"arp pie7e ! st ne4 )sin$ t"e 7"ippin$ t (. .ry t ma5e t"e 5ni!e !air(y t"in. ."en4 )sin$ t"e !(a5in$ t (4 press it a$ainst t"e ed$es. ."is a7ti n 8i(( 7a)se !(a5es t 7 me !! t"e pp site side ! t"e ed$e4 (ea*in$ a ra3 r s"arp ed$e. Use t"e !(a5in$ t ( a( n$ t"e entire (en$t" ! t"e ed$e y ) need t s"arpen. -*ent)a((y4 y ) 8i(( "a*e a *ery s"arp 7)ttin$ ed$e t"at y ) 7an )se as a 5ni!e. Las" t"e b(ade t s me type ! "i(t EFi$)re 12-%F. 8ote9 Stone will make an e+cellent puncturing tool and a good chopping tool but will not hold a !ine edge. Some stones such as chert or !lint can have very !ine edges. #one Y ) 7an a(s )se b ne as an e!!e7ti*e !ie(d-eApedient ed$ed 8eap n. First4 y ) 8i(( need t se(e7t a s)itab(e b ne. ."e (ar$er b nes4 s)7" as t"e (e$ b ne ! a deer r an t"er medi)m-si3ed anima(4 are best. Lay t"e b ne )p n an t"er "ard bBe7t. S"atter t"e b ne by "ittin$ it 8it" a "ea*y bBe7t4 s)7" as a r 75. Fr m t"e pie7es4 se(e7t a s)itab(e p inted sp(inter. Y ) 7an !)rt"er s"ape and s"arpen t"is sp(inter by r)bbin$ it n a r )$"-s)r!a7ed r 75. I! t"e pie7e is t sma(( t "and(e4 y ) 7an sti(( )se it by addin$ a "and(e t it. Se(e7t a s)itab(e pie7e ! "ard8 d ! r a "and(e and (as" t"e b ne sp(inter se7)re(y t it. 8ote9 Use the bone kni!e only to puncture. It will not hold an edge and it may !lake or break i! used di!!erently.
3ood Y ) 7an ma5e !ie(d-eApedient ed$ed 8eap ns !r m 8 d. Use t"ese n(y t p)n7t)re. /amb is t"e n(y 8 d t"at 8i(( " (d a s)itab(e ed$e. . ma5e a 5ni!e )sin$ 8 d4 !irst se(e7t a strai$"t-$rained pie7e ! "ard8 d t"at is ab )t %= 7entimeters ( n$ and 2.; 7entimeters in diameter. Fas"i n t"e b(ade ab )t 1; 7entimeters ( n$. S"a*e it d 8n t a p int. Use n(y t"e strai$"t-$rained p rti ns ! t"e 8 d. D n t )se t"e 7 re r pit"4 as it 8 )(d ma5e a 8ea5 p int. 2arden t"e p int by a pr 7ess 5n 8n as !ire "ardenin$. I! a !ire is p ssib(e4 dry t"e b(ade p rti n *er t"e !ire s( 8(y )nti( (i$"t(y 7"arred. ."e drier t"e 8 d4 t"e "arder t"e p int. A!ter (i$"t(y 7"arrin$ t"e b(ade p rti n4 s"arpen it n a 7 arse st ne. I! )sin$ bamb and a!ter !as"i nin$ t"e b(ade4 rem *e any t"er 8 d t ma5e t"e b(ade t"inner !r m t"e inside p rti n ! t"e bamb . Rem *a( is d ne t"is 8ay be7a)se bamb Hs "ardest part is its )ter (ayer. :eep as m)7" ! t"is (ayer as p ssib(e t ens)re t"e "ardest b(ade p ssib(e. '"en 7"arrin$ bamb *er a !ire4 7"ar n(y t"e inside 8 dJ d n t 7"ar t"e )tside. Meta( Meta( is t"e best materia( t ma5e !ie(d-eApedient ed$ed 8eap ns. Meta(4 8"en pr per(y desi$ned4 7an !)(!i(( a 5ni!eHs t"ree )ses--p)n7t)re4 s(i7e r 7" p4 and 7)t. First4 se(e7t a s)itab(e pie7e ! meta(4 ne t"at m st resemb(es t"e desired end pr d)7t. Dependin$ n t"e si3e and ri$ina( s"ape4 y ) 7an btain a p int and 7)ttin$ ed$e by r)bbin$ t"e meta( n a r )$"-s)r!a7ed st ne. I! t"e meta( is s !t en )$"4 y ) 7an "ammer )t ne ed$e 8"i(e t"e meta( is 7 (d. Use a s)itab(e !(at4 "ard s)r!a7e as an an*i( and a sma((er4 "arder bBe7t ! st ne r meta( as a "ammer t "ammer )t t"e ed$e. Ma5e a 5ni!e "and(e !r m 8 d4 b ne4 r t"er materia( t"at 8i(( pr te7t y )r "and. 0t"er Materia(s Y ) 7an )se t"er materia(s t pr d)7e ed$ed 8eap ns. +(ass is a $ d a(ternati*e t an ed$ed 8eap n r t (4 i! n t"er materia( is a*ai(ab(e. 0btain a s)itab(e pie7e in t"e same manner as des7ribed ! r b ne. +(ass "as a nat)ra( ed$e b)t is (ess d)rab(e ! r "ea*y 8 r5. Y ) 7an a(s s"arpen p(asti7--i! it is t"i75 en )$" r "ard en )$"--int a d)rab(e p int ! r p)n7t)rin$.
Spe!& B%!(e$
. ma5e spears4 )se t"e same pr 7ed)res t ma5e t"e b(ade t"at y ) )sed t ma5e a 5ni!e b(ade. ."en se(e7t a s"a!t Ea strai$"t sap(in$F 1.2 t 1.; meters ( n$. ."e (en$t" s" )(d a(( 8 y ) t "and(e t"e spear easi(y and e!!e7ti*e(y. Atta7" t"e spear b(ade t t"e s"a!t )sin$ (as"in$. ."e pre!erred met" d is t sp(it t"e "and(e4 insert t"e b(ade4 t"en 8rap r (as" it ti$"t(y. Y ) 7an )se t"er materia(s 8it" )t addin$ a b(ade. Se(e7t a 1.2-t 1.;-meter ( n$ strai$"t "ard8 d s"a!t and s"a*e ne end t a p int. I! p ssib(e4 !ire "arden t"e p int. /amb a(s ma5es an eA7e((ent spear. Se(e7t a pie7e 1.2 t 1.; meters ( n$. Startin$ & t 1= 7entimeters ba75 !r m t"e end )sed as t"e p int4 s"a*e d 8n t"e end at a 9;-de$ree an$(e EFi$)re 12-9F. Remember4 t s"arpen t"e ed$es4 s"a*e n(y t"e inner p rti n.
A&&"0 P"i#t$
. ma5e an arr 8 p int4 )se t"e same pr 7ed)res ! r ma5in$ a st ne 5ni!e b(ade. 1"ert4 !(int4 and s"e((type st nes are best ! r arr 8 p ints. Y ) 7an !as"i n b ne (i5e st ne--by !(a5in$. Y ) 7an ma5e an e!!i7ient arr 8 p int )sin$ br 5en $(ass.
OT. R 9P ,I NT 3 APONS
Y ) 7an ma5e t"er !ie(d-eApedient 8eap ns s)7" as t"e t"r 8in$ sti754 ar7"ery e6)ipment4 and t"e b (a.
Th&"0i#/ Sti-)
."e t"r 8in$ sti754 7 mm n(y 5n 8n as t"e rabbit sti754 is *ery e!!e7ti*e a$ainst sma(( $ame Es6)irre(s4 7"ipm)n5s4 and rabbitsF. ."e rabbit sti75 itse(! is a b()nt sti754 nat)ra((y 7)r*ed at ab )t a 9;-de$ree an$(e. Se(e7t a sti75 8it" t"e desired an$(e !r m "ea*y "ard8 d s)7" as a5. S"a*e !! t8 pp site sides s t"at t"e sti75 is !(at (i5e a b meran$ EFi$)re 12-;F. Y ) m)st pra7ti7e t"e t"r 8in$ te7"ni6)e ! r a77)ra7y and speed. First4 a(i$n t"e tar$et by eAtendin$ t"e n nt"r 8in$ arm in (ine 8it" t"e mid t ( 8er se7ti n ! t"e tar$et. S( 8(y and repeated(y raise t"e t"r 8in$ arm )p and ba75 )nti( t"e t"r 8in$ sti75 7r sses t"e ba75 at ab )t a 9;-de$ree an$(e r is in (ine 8it" t"e n nt"r 8in$ "ip. /rin$ t"e t"r 8in$ arm ! r8ard )nti( it is B)st s(i$"t(y ab *e and para((e( t t"e n nt"r 8in$ arm. ."is 8i(( be t"e t"r 8in$ sti75Hs re(ease p int. #ra7ti7e s( 8(y and repeated(y t attain a77)ra7y.
A&-he&1 E, ip*e#t
Y ) 7an ma5e a b 8 and arr 8 EFi$)re 12-6F !r m materia(s a*ai(ab(e in y )r s)r*i*a( area. . ma5e a b 84 )se t"e pr 7ed)re des7ribed )nder :i((in$ De*i7es in 1"apter &.
'"i(e it may be re(ati*e(y simp(e t ma5e a b 8 and arr 84 it is n t easy t )se ne. Y ) m)st pra7ti7e )sin$ it a ( n$ time t be reas nab(y s)re t"at y ) 8i(( "it y )r tar$et. A(s 4 a !ie(d-eApedient b 8 8i(( n t (ast *ery ( n$ be! re y ) "a*e t ma5e a ne8 ne. F r t"e time and e!! rt in* (*ed4 y ) may 8e(( de7ide t )se an t"er type ! !ie(d-eApedient 8eap n.
B"%!
."e b (a is an t"er !ie(d-eApedient 8eap n t"at is easy t ma5e EFi$)re 12-7F. It is espe7ia((y e!!e7ti*e ! r 7apt)rin$ r)nnin$ $ame r ( 8-!(yin$ ! 8( in a !( 75. . )se t"e b (a4 " (d it by t"e 7enter 5n t and t8ir( it ab *e y )r "ead. Re(ease t"e 5n t s t"at t"e b (a !(ies t 8ard y )r tar$et. '"en y ) re(ease t"e b (a4 t"e 8ei$"ted 7 rds 8i(( separate. ."ese 7 rds 8i(( 8rap ar )nd and imm bi(i3e t"e ! 8( r anima( t"at y ) "it.
LAS.IN/ AN, COR,A/

Many materia(s are str n$ en )$" ! r )se as (as"in$ and 7 rda$e. A n)mber ! nat)ra( and man-made materia(s are a*ai(ab(e in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. F r eAamp(e4 y ) 7an ma5e a 7 tt n 8eb be(t m)7" m re )se!)( by )nra*e(in$ it. Y ) 7an t"en )se t"e strin$ ! r t"er p)rp ses E!is"in$ (ine4 t"read ! r se8in$4 and (as"in$F.
N!t &!% C"&(!/e Se%e-ti"#

/e! re ma5in$ 7 rda$e4 t"ere are a !e8 simp(e tests y ) 7an d t determine y ) materia(Hs s)itabi(ity. First4 p)(( n a (en$t" ! t"e materia( t test ! r stren$t". NeAt4 t8ist it bet8een y )r !in$ers and r (( t"e !ibers t $et"er. I! it 8it"stands t"is "and(in$ and d es n t snap apart4 tie an *er"and 5n t 8it" t"e !ibers and $ent(y ti$"ten. I! t"e 5n t d es n t brea54 t"e materia( is )sab(e. Fi$)re 12-& s" 8s *ari )s met" ds ! ma5in$ 7 rda$e.
L!$hi#/ M!te&i!%
."e best nat)ra( materia( ! r (as"in$ sma(( bBe7ts is sine8. Y ) 7an ma5e sine8 !r m t"e tend ns ! (ar$e $ame4 s)7" as deer. Rem *e t"e tend ns !r m t"e $ame and dry t"em 7 mp(ete(y. Smas" t"e dried tend ns s t"at t"ey separate int !ibers. M isten t"e !ibers and t8ist t"em int a 7 ntin) )s strand. I! y ) need str n$er (as"in$ materia(4 y ) 7an braid t"e strands. '"en y ) )se sine8 ! r sma(( (as"in$s4 y ) d n t need 5n ts as t"e m istened sine8 is sti75y and it "ardens 8"en dry. Y ) 7an s"red and braid p(ant !ibers !r m t"e inner bar5 ! s me trees t ma5e 7 rd. Y ) 7an )se t"e (inden4 e(m4 "i75 ry4 8"ite a54 m)(berry4 7"estn)t4 and red and 8"ite 7edar trees. A!ter y ) ma5e t"e 7 rd4 test it t be s)re it is str n$ en )$" ! r y )r p)rp se. Y ) 7an ma5e t"ese materia(s str n$er by braidin$ se*era( strands t $et"er. Y ) 7an )se ra8"ide ! r (ar$er (as"in$ B bs. Ma5e ra8"ide !r m t"e s5ins ! medi)m r (ar$e $ame. A!ter s5innin$ t"e anima(4 rem *e any eA7ess !at and any pie7es ! meat !r m t"e s5in. Dry t"e s5in 7 mp(ete(y. Y ) d n t need t stret7" it as ( n$ as t"ere are n ! (ds t trap m ist)re. Y ) d n t "a*e t rem *e t"e "air !r m t"e s5in. 1)t t"e s5in 8"i(e it is dry. Ma5e 7)ts ab )t 6 mi((imeters 8ide. Start !r m t"e 7enter ! t"e "ide and ma5e ne 7 ntin) )s 7ir7)(ar 7)t4 8 r5in$ 7( 758ise t t"e "ideHs )ter ed$e. S a5 t"e ra8"ide ! r 2 t 9 " )rs r )nti( it is s !t. Use it 8et4 stret7"in$ it as m)7" as p ssib(e 8"i(e app(yin$ it. It 8i(( be str n$ and d)rab(e 8"en it dries.
RUC*SAC* CONSTRUCTION
."e materia(s ! r 7 nstr)7tin$ a r)75sa75 r pa75 are a(m st (imit(ess. Y ) 7an )se 8 d4 bamb 4 r pe4 p(ant !iber4 7( t"in$4 anima( s5ins4 7an*as4 and many t"er materia(s t ma5e a pa75. ."ere are se*era( 7 nstr)7ti n te7"ni6)es ! r r)75sa75s. Many are *ery e(ab rate4 b)t t" se t"at are simp(e and easy are !ten t"e m st readi(y made in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n.
H"&$e$h"e P!-)
."is pa75 is simp(e t ma5e and )se and re(ati*e(y 7 m! rtab(e t 7arry *er ne s" )(der. Lay a*ai(ab(e s6)are-s"aped materia(4 s)7" as p n7" 4 b(an5et4 r 7an*as4 !(at n t"e $r )nd. Lay items n ne ed$e ! t"e materia(. #ad t"e "ard items. R (( t"e materia( E8it" t"e itemsF t 8ard t"e pp site ed$e and tie b t" ends se7)re(y. Add eAtra ties a( n$ t"e (en$t" ! t"e b)nd(e. Y ) 7an drape t"e pa75 *er ne s" )(der 8it" a (ine 7 nne7tin$ t"e t8 ends EFi$)re 12-<F.
S, !&e P!-)
."is pa75 is easy t 7 nstr)7t i! r pe r 7 rda$e is a*ai(ab(e. 0t"er8ise4 y ) m)st !irst ma5e 7 rda$e. . ma5e t"is pa754 7 nstr)7t a s6)are !rame !r m bamb 4 (imbs4 r sti75s. Si3e 8i(( *ary ! r ea7" pers n and t"e am )nt ! e6)ipment 7arried EFi$)re 12-1=F.
CLOT.IN/ AN, INSULATION

Y ) 7an )se many materia(s ! r 7( t"in$ and ins)(ati n. / t" man-made materia(s4 s)7" as para7")tes4 and nat)ra( materia(s4 s)7" as s5ins and p(ant materia(s4 are a*ai(ab(e and !!er si$ni!i7ant pr te7ti n.
P!&!-h te A$$e*+%1
1 nsider t"e entire para7")te assemb(y as a res )r7e. Use e*ery pie7e ! materia( and "ard8are4 t in7()de t"e 7an py4 s)spensi n (ines4 7 nne7t r snaps4 and para7")te "arness. /e! re disassemb(in$ t"e para7")te4 7 nsider a(( ! y )r s)r*i*a( re6)irements and p(an t )se di!!erent p rti ns ! t"e para7")te a77 rdin$(y. F r eAamp(e4 7 nsider s"e(ter re6)irements4 need ! r a r)75sa754 and s n4 in additi n t 7( t"in$ r ins)(ati n needs.
A#i*!% S)i#$
."e se(e7ti n ! anima( s5ins in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n 8i(( m st !ten be (imited t 8"at y ) mana$e t trap r ")nt. 2 8e*er4 i! t"ere is an ab)ndan7e ! 8i(d(i!e4 se(e7t t"e "ides ! (ar$er anima(s 8it" "ea*ier 7 ats and (ar$e !at 7 ntent. D n t )se t"e s5ins ! in!e7ted r diseased anima(s i! at a(( p ssib(e. Sin7e t"ey (i*e in t"e 8i(d4 anima(s are 7arriers ! pests s)7" as ti75s4 (i7e4 and !(eas. /e7a)se ! t"ese pests4 )se 8ater t t" r )$"(y 7(ean any s5in btained !r m any anima(. I! 8ater is n t a*ai(ab(e4 at (east s"a5e )t t"e s5in t" r )$"(y. As 8it" ra8"ide4 (ay )t t"e s5in4 and rem *e a(( !at and meat. Dry t"e s5in 7 mp(ete(y. Use t"e "ind 6)arter B int areas t ma5e s" es and mittens r s 75s. 'ear t"e "ide 8it" t"e !)r t t"e inside ! r its ins)(atin$ !a7t r.
P%!#t Fi+e&$
Se*era( p(ants are s )r7es ! ins)(ati n !r m 7 (d. 1attai( is a mars"(and p(ant ! )nd a( n$ (a5es4 p nds4 and t"e ba758aters ! ri*ers. ."e !)33 n t"e t ps ! t"e sta(5s ! rms dead air spa7es and ma5es a $ d d 8n-(i5e ins)(ati n 8"en p(a7ed bet8een t8 pie7es ! materia(. Mi(58eed "as p ((en(i5e seeds t"at a7t as $ d ins)(ati n. ."e ")s5 !ibers !r m 7 7 n)ts are *ery $ d ! r 8ea*in$ r pes and4 8"en dried4 ma5e eA7e((ent tinder and ins)(ati n.
COO*IN/ AN, ATIN/ UT NSILS

Many materia(s may be )sed t ma5e e6)ipment ! r t"e 7 5in$4 eatin$4 and st rin$ ! ! d.
B"0%$
Use 8 d4 b ne4 " rn4 bar54 r t"er simi(ar materia( t ma5e b 8(s. . ma5e 8 den b 8(s4 )se a " (( 8ed )t pie7e ! 8 d t"at 8i(( " (d y )r ! d and en )$" 8ater t 7 5 it in. 2an$ t"e 8 den 7 ntainer *er t"e !ire and add " t r 75s t t"e 8ater and ! d. Rem *e t"e r 75s as t"ey 7 ( and add m re " t r 75s )nti( y )r ! d is 7 5ed. CAUTION D n t )se r 75s 8it" air p 75ets4 s)7" as (imest ne and sandst ne. ."ey may eAp( de 8"i(e "eatin$ in t"e !ire. Y ) 7an a(s )se t"is met" d 8it" 7 ntainers made ! bar5 r (ea*es. 2 8e*er4 t"ese 7 ntainers 8i(( b)rn ab *e t"e 8ater(ine )n(ess y ) 5eep t"em m ist r 5eep t"e !ire ( 8. A se7ti n ! bamb 8 r5s *ery 8e((4 i! y ) 7)t )t a se7ti n bet8een t8 sea(ed B ints EFi$)re 12-11F.
CAUTION A sea(ed se7ti n ! bamb
8i(( eAp( de i! "eated be7a)se ! trapped air and 8ater in t"e se7ti n.
F"&)$' 6#i.e$' !#( Sp""#$

1ar*e ! r5s4 5ni*es4 and sp ns !r m n nresin )s 8 ds s t"at y ) d n t $et a 8 d resin a!tertaste r d n t taint t"e ! d. N nresin )s 8 ds in7()de a54 bir7"4 and t"er "ard8 d trees. 8ote9 <o not use those trees that secrete a syrup or resinlike li)uid on the bark or when cut.
P"t$
Y ) 7an ma5e p ts !r m t)rt(e s"e((s r 8 d. As des7ribed 8it" b 8(s4 )sin$ " t r 75s in a " (( 8ed )t pie7e ! 8 d is *ery e!!e7ti*e. /amb is t"e best 8 d ! r ma5in$ 7 5in$ 7 ntainers. . )se t)rt(e s"e((s4 !irst t" r )$"(y b i( t"e )pper p rti n ! t"e s"e((. ."en )se it t "eat ! d and 8ater *er a !(ame EFi$)re 12-11F.
W!te& B"tt%e$
Ma5e 8ater b tt(es !r m t"e st ma7"s ! (ar$er anima(s. ." r )$"(y !()s" t"e st ma7" )t 8it" 8ater4 t"en tie !! t"e b tt m. Lea*e t"e t p pen4 8it" s me means ! !astenin$ it 7( sed.
CHAPTER 17 - DESERT SURVIVAL
To survive and evade in arid or desert areas" you must understand and prepare !or the environment you will !ace. @ou must determine your e)uipment needs" the tactics you will use" and how the environment will a!!ect you and your tactics. @our survival will depend upon your knowledge o! the terrain" basic climatic elements" your ability to cope with these elements" and your will to survive.
T RRAIN
M st arid areas "a*e se*era( types ! terrain. ."e !i*e basi7 desert terrain types are-
M )ntain )s E2i$" A(tit)deF. R 75y p(atea). Sand d)nes. Sa(t mars"es. /r 5en4 disse7ted terrain EK$ebe(K r K8adiKF.
Desert terrain ma5es m *ement di!!i7)(t and demandin$. Land na*i$ati n 8i(( be eAtreme(y di!!i7)(t as t"ere may be *ery !e8 (andmar5s. 1 *er and 7 n7ea(ment may be *ery (imitedJ t"ere! re4 t"e t"reat ! eAp s)re t t"e enemy remains 7 nstant.
M" #t!i# De$e&t$

S7attered ran$es r areas ! barren "i((s r m )ntains separated by dry4 !(at basins 7"ara7teri3e m )ntain deserts. 2i$" $r )nd may rise $rad)a((y r abr)pt(y !r m !(at areas t se*era( t" )sand meters ab *e sea (e*e(. M st ! t"e in!re6)ent rain!a(( 77)rs n "i$" $r )nd and r)ns !! rapid(y in t"e ! rm ! !(as" !( ds. ."ese !( d8aters er de deep $)((ies and ra*ines and dep sit sand and $ra*e( ar )nd t"e ed$es ! t"e basins. 'ater rapid(y e*ap rates4 (ea*in$ t"e (and as barren as be! re4 a(t" )$" t"ere may be s" rt-(i*ed *e$etati n. I! en )$" 8ater enters t"e basin t 7 mpensate ! r t"e rate ! e*ap rati n4 s"a(( 8 (a5es may de*e( p4 s)7" as t"e +reat Sa(t La5e in Uta"4 r t"e Dead Sea. M st ! t"ese (a5es "a*e a "i$" sa(t 7 ntent.
R"-)1 P%!te! De$e&t$

R 75y p(atea) deserts "a*e re(ati*e(y s(i$"t re(ie! interspersed 8it" eAtensi*e !(at areas 8it" 6)antities ! s (id r br 5en r 75 at r near t"e s)r!a7e. ."ere may be steep-8a((ed4 er ded *a((eys4 5n 8n as 8adis in t"e Midd(e -ast and arr y s r 7any ns in t"e United States and MeAi7 . A(t" )$" t"eir !(at b tt ms may be s)per!i7ia((y attra7ti*e as assemb(y areas4 t"e narr 8er *a((eys 7an be eAtreme(y dan$er )s t men and materia( d)e t !(as" !( din$ a!ter rains. ."e + (an 2ei$"ts is an eAamp(e ! a r 75y p(atea) desert.
S!#(1 "& D #e De$e&t$
Sandy r d)ne deserts are eAtensi*e !(at areas 7 *ered 8it" sand r $ra*e(. KF(atK is a re(ati*e term4 as s me areas may 7 ntain sand d)nes t"at are *er %== meters "i$" and 16 t 29 5i( meters ( n$. .ra!!i7abi(ity in s)7" terrain 8i(( depend n t"e 8ind8ard r (ee8ard s( pe ! t"e d)nes and t"e teAt)re ! t"e sand. 0t"er areas4 " 8e*er4 may be !(at ! r %4=== meters and m re. #(ant (i!e may *ary !r m n ne t s7r)b *er 2 meters "i$". -Aamp(es ! t"is type ! desert in7()de t"e ed$es ! t"e Sa"ara4 t"e empty 6)arter ! t"e Arabian Desert4 areas ! 1a(i! rnia and Ne8 MeAi7 4 and t"e :a(a"ari in S )t" A!ri7a.
S!%t M!&$he$
Sa(t mars"es are !(at4 des (ate areas4 s metimes st)dded 8it" 7()mps ! $rass b)t de* id ! t"er *e$etati n. ."ey 77)r in arid areas 8"ere rain8ater "as 7 ((e7ted4 e*ap rated4 and (e!t (ar$e dep sits ! a(5a(i sa(ts and 8ater 8it" a "i$" sa(t 7 n7entrati n. ."e 8ater is s sa(ty it is )ndrin5ab(e. A 7r)st t"at may be 2.; t %= 7entimeters t"i75 ! rms *er t"e sa(t8ater. In arid areas t"ere are sa(t mars"es ")ndreds ! 5i( meters s6)are. ."ese areas )s)a((y s)pp rt many inse7ts4 m st ! 8"i7" bite. A* id sa(t mars"es. ."is type ! terrain is "i$"(y 7 rr si*e t b ts4 7( t"in$4 and s5in. A $ d eAamp(e is t"e S"at-e(-Arab 8ater8ay a( n$ t"e Iran-Ira6 b rder.
B&")e# Te&&!i#
A(( arid areas 7 ntain br 5en r "i$"(y disse7ted terrain. Rainst rms t"at er de s !t sand and 7ar*e )t 7any ns ! rm t"is terrain. A 8adi may ran$e !r m % meters 8ide and 2 meters deep t se*era( ")ndred meters 8ide and deep. ."e dire7ti n it ta5es *aries as m)7" as its 8idt" and dept". It t8ists and t)rns and ! rms a ma3e(i5e pattern. A 8adi 8i(( $i*e y ) $ d 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment4 b)t d n t try t m *e t"r )$" it be7a)se it is *ery di!!i7)(t terrain t ne$ tiate.
NVIRON0 NTAL 'ACTORS

S)r*i*in$ and e*adin$ t"e enemy in an arid area depends n 8"at y ) 5n 8 and " 8 prepared y ) are ! r t"e en*ir nmenta( 7 nditi ns y ) 8i(( !a7e. Determine 8"at e6)ipment y ) 8i(( need4 t"e ta7ti7s y ) 8i(( )se4 and t"e en*ir nmentHs impa7t n t"em and y ). In a desert area t"ere are se*en en*ir nmenta( !a7t rs t"at y ) m)st 7 nsider-
L 8 rain!a((. Intense s)n(i$"t and "eat. 'ide temperat)re ran$e. Sparse *e$etati n. 2i$" minera( 7 ntent near $r )nd s)r!a7e. Sandst rms. Mira$es.
L"0 R!i#5!%%
L 8 rain!a(( is t"e m st b*i )s en*ir nmenta( !a7t r in an arid area. S me desert areas re7ei*e (ess t"an 1= 7entimeters ! rain ann)a((y4 and t"is rain 7 mes in brie! t rrents t"at 6)i75(y r)n !! t"e $r )nd s)r!a7e. Y ) 7ann t s)r*i*e ( n$ 8it" )t 8ater in "i$" desert temperat)res. In a desert s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 y ) m)st !irst 7 nsider K2 8 m)7" 8ater d I "a*eIK and K'"ere are t"er 8ater s )r7esIK
I#te#$e S #%i/ht !#( He!t

Intense s)n(i$"t and "eat are present in a(( arid areas. Air temperat)re 7an rise as "i$" as 6= de$rees 1 E19= de$rees FF d)rin$ t"e day. 2eat $ain res)(ts !r m dire7t s)n(i$"t4 " t b( 8in$ 8inds4 re!(e7ti*e "eat Et"e s)nHs rays b )n7in$ !! t"e sandF4 and 7 nd)7ti*e "eat !r m dire7t 7 nta7t 8it" t"e desert sand and r 75 EFi$)re 1%-1F.
."e temperat)re ! desert sand and r 75 a*era$es 16 t 22 de$rees 1 E%= t 9= de$rees FF m re t"an t"at ! t"e air. F r instan7e4 8"en t"e air temperat)re is 9% de$rees 1 E11= de$rees FF4 t"e sand temperat)re may be 6= de$rees 1 E19= de$rees FF. Intense s)n(i$"t and "eat in7rease t"e b dyHs need ! r 8ater. . 7 nser*e y )r b dy !()ids and ener$y4 y ) 8i(( need a s"e(ter t red)7e y )r eAp s)re t t"e "eat ! t"e day. .ra*e( at ni$"t t (essen y )r )se ! 8ater. Radi s and sensiti*e items ! e6)ipment eAp sed t dire7t intense s)n(i$"t 8i(( ma(!)n7ti n.
Wi(e Te*pe&!t &e R!#/e

.emperat)res in arid areas may $et as "i$" as ;; de$rees 1 d)rin$ t"e day and as ( 8 as 1= de$rees 1 d)rin$ t"e ni$"t. ."e dr p in temperat)re at ni$"t 77)rs rapid(y and 8i(( 7"i(( a pers n 8" (a75s 8arm 7( t"in$ and is )nab(e t m *e ab )t. ."e 7 ( e*enin$s and ni$"ts are t"e best times t 8 r5 r tra*e(. I! y )r p(an is t rest at ni$"t4 y ) 8i(( !ind a 8 ( s8eater4 ( n$ )nder8ear4 and a 8 ( st 75in$ 7ap eAtreme(y "e(p!)(.
Sp!&$e Ve/et!ti"#
Ve$etati n is sparse in arid areas. Y ) 8i(( t"ere! re "a*e tr )b(e !indin$ s"e(ter and 7am )!(a$in$ y )r m *ements. D)rin$ day(i$"t " )rs (ar$e areas ! terrain are *isib(e and easi(y 7 ntr ((ed by a sma(( pp sin$ ! r7e. I! tra*e(in$ in " sti(e territ ry4 ! (( 8 t"e prin7ip(es ! desert 7am )!(a$e--
2ide r see5 s"e(ter in dry 8as"es E8adisF 8it" t"i75er $r 8t"s ! *e$etati n and 7 *er !r m b(i6)e bser*ati n. Use t"e s"ad 8s 7ast !r m br)s"4 r 75s4 r )t7r ppin$. ."e temperat)re in s"aded areas 8i(( be 11 t 17 de$rees 1 7 (er t"an t"e air temperat)re. 1 *er bBe7ts t"at 8i(( re!(e7t t"e (i$"t !r m t"e s)n.
/e! re m *in$4 s)r*ey t"e area ! r sites t"at pr *ide 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment. Y ) 8i(( "a*e tr )b(e estimatin$ distan7e. ."e emptiness ! desert terrain 7a)ses m st pe p(e t )nderestimate distan7e by a !a7t r ! t"reeM '"at appears t be 1 5i( meter a8ay is rea((y % 5i( meters a8ay.
Hi/h Mi#e&!% C"#te#t

A(( arid re$i ns "a*e areas 8"ere t"e s)r!a7e s i( "as a "i$" minera( 7 ntent Eb raA4 sa(t4 a(5a(i4 and (imeF. Materia( in 7 nta7t 8it" t"is s i( 8ears )t 6)i75(y4 and 8ater in t"ese areas is eAtreme(y "ard and )ndrin5ab(e. 'ettin$ y )r )ni! rm in s)7" 8ater t 7 ( !! may 7a)se a s5in ras". ."e +reat Sa(t La5e area in Uta" is an eAamp(e ! t"is type ! minera(-(aden 8ater and s i(. ."ere is (itt(e r n p(ant (i!eJ t"ere-! re4 s"e(ter is "ard t !ind. A* id t"ese areas i! p ssib(e.
S!#($t"&*$
Sandst rms Esand-(aden 8indsF 77)r !re6)ent(y in m st deserts. ."e KSeistanK desert 8ind in Iran and A!$"anistan b( 8s 7 nstant(y ! r )p t 12= days. 'it"in Sa)di Arabia4 8inds a*era$e %.2 t 9.& 5i( meters per " )r E5p"F and 7an rea7" 112 t 12& 5p" in ear(y a!tern n. -Ape7t maB r sandst rms and d)st st rms at (east n7e a 8ee5. ."e $reatest dan$er is $ettin$ ( st in a s8ir(in$ 8a(( ! sand. 'ear $ $$(es and 7 *er y )r m )t" and n se 8it" 7( t". I! nat)ra( s"e(ter is )na*ai(ab(e4 mar5 y )r dire7ti n ! tra*e(4 (ie d 8n4 and sit )t t"e st rm. D)st and 8ind-b( 8n sand inter!ere 8it" radi transmissi ns. ."ere! re4 be ready t )se t"er means ! r si$na(in$4 s)7" as pyr te7"ni7s4 si$na( mirr rs4 r mar5er pane(s4 i! a*ai(ab(e.
Mi&!/e$
Mira$es are pti7a( p"en mena 7a)sed by t"e re!ra7ti n ! (i$"t t"r )$" "eated air risin$ !r m a sandy r st ny s)r!a7e. ."ey 77)r in t"e interi r ! t"e desert ab )t 1= 5i( meters !r m t"e 7 ast. ."ey ma5e bBe7ts t"at are 1.; 5i( meters r m re a8ay appear t m *e. ."is mira$e e!!e7t ma5es it di!!i7)(t ! r y ) t identi!y an bBe7t !r m a distan7e. It a(s b()rs distant ran$e 7 nt )rs s m)7" t"at y ) !ee( s)rr )nded by a s"eet ! 8ater !r m 8"i7" e(e*ati ns stand )t as Kis(ands.K ."e mira$e e!!e7t ma5es it "ard ! r a pers n t identi!y tar$ets4 estimate ran$e4 and see bBe7ts 7(ear(y. 2 8e*er4 i! y ) 7an $et t "i$" $r )nd E% meters r m re ab *e t"e desert !( rF4 y ) 7an $et ab *e t"e s)per"eated air 7( se t t"e $r )nd and *er7 me t"e mira$e e!!e7t. Mira$es ma5e (and na*i$ati n di!!i7)(t be7a)se t"ey bs7)re nat)ra( !eat)res. Y ) 7an s)r*ey t"e area at da8n4 d)s54 r by m n(i$"t 8"en t"ere is (itt(e (i5e(i" d ! mira$e. Li$"t (e*e(s in desert areas are m re intense t"an in t"er $e $rap"i7 areas. M n(it ni$"ts are )s)a((y 7rysta( 7(ear4 8inds die d 8n4 "a3e and $(are disappear4 and *isibi(ity is eA7e((ent. Y ) 7an see (i$"ts4 red !(as"-(i$"ts4 and b(a75 )t (i$"ts at $reat distan7es. S )nd 7arries *ery !ar. 1 n*erse(y4 d)rin$ ni$"ts 8it" (itt(e m n(i$"t4 *isibi(ity is eAtreme(y p r. .ra*e(in$ is eAtreme(y "a3ard )s. Y ) m)st a* id $ettin$ ( st4 !a((in$ int ra*ines4 r st)mb(in$ int enemy p siti ns. M *ement d)rin$ s)7" a ni$"t is pra7ti7a( n(y i! y ) "a*e a 7 mpass and "a*e spent t"e day in a s"e(ter4 restin$4 bser*in$ and mem ri3in$ t"e terrain4 and se(e7tin$ y )r r )te.
, 'OR 3AT R
."e s)bBe7t ! man and 8ater in t"e desert "as $enerated 7 nsiderab(e interest and 7 n!)si n sin7e t"e ear(y days ! ' r(d 'ar II 8"en t"e U. S. Army 8as preparin$ t !i$"t in N rt" A!ri7a. At ne time t"e U. S. Army t" )$"t it 7 )(d 7 nditi n men t d 8it" (ess 8ater by pr $ressi*e(y red)7in$ t"eir 8ater s)pp(ies d)rin$ trainin$. ."ey 7a((ed it 8ater dis7ip(ine. It 7a)sed ")ndreds ! "eat 7as)a(ties. A 5ey !a7t r in desert s)r*i*a( is )nderstandin$ t"e re(ati ns"ip bet8een p"ysi7a( a7ti*ity4 air temperat)re4 and 8ater 7 ns)mpti n. ."e b dy re6)ires a 7ertain am )nt ! 8ater ! r a 7ertain (e*e( ! a7ti*ity at a 7ertain temperat)re. F r eAamp(e4 a pers n per! rmin$ "ard 8 r5 in t"e s)n at 9% de$rees 1 re6)ires 1< (iters ! 8ater dai(y. La75 ! t"e re6)ired am )nt ! 8ater 7a)ses a rapid de7(ine in an indi*id)a(Hs abi(ity t ma5e de7isi ns and t per! rm tas5s e!!i7ient(y. Y )r b dyHs n rma( temperat)re is %6.< de$rees 1 E<&.6 de$rees FF. Y )r b dy $ets rid ! eA7ess "eat E7 (s !!F by s8eatin$. ."e 8armer y )r b dy be7 mes--8"et"er 7a)sed by 8 r54 eAer7ise4 r air temperat)re--t"e m re y ) s8eat. ."e m re y ) s8eat4 t"e m re m ist)re y ) ( se. S8eatin$ is t"e prin7ipa( 7a)se ! 8ater ( ss. I! a pers n st ps s8eatin$ d)rin$ peri ds ! "i$" air temperat)re and "ea*y 8 r5 r eAer7ise4 "e 8i(( 6)i75(y de*e( p "eat str 5e. ."is is an emer$en7y t"at re6)ires immediate medi7a( attenti n. Fi$)re 1%-2 s" 8s dai(y 8ater re6)irements ! r *ari )s (e*e(s ! 8 r5. Understandin$ " 8 t"e air temperat)re and y )r p"ysi7a( a7ti*ity a!!e7t y )r 8ater re6)irements a(( 8s y ) t ta5e meas)res t $et t"e m st !r m y )r 8ater s)pp(y. ."ese meas)res are-
Find s"adeL +et )t ! t"e s)nL #(a7e s met"in$ bet8een y ) and t"e " t $r )nd. Limit y )r m *ementsL 1 nser*e y )r s8eat. 'ear y )r 7 mp(ete )ni! rm t in7()de .-s"irt. R (( t"e s(ee*es d 8n4 7 *er y )r "ead4 and pr te7t y )r ne75 8it" a s7ar! r simi(ar item. ."ese steps 8i(( pr te7t y )r b dy !r m " t-b( 8in$ 8inds and t"e dire7t rays ! t"e s)n. Y )r 7( t"in$ 8i(( abs rb y )r s8eat4 5eepin$ it a$ainst y )r s5in s t"at y ) $ain its !)(( 7 (in$ e!!e7t. /y stayin$ in t"e s"ade 6)iet(y4 !)((y 7( t"ed4 n t ta(5in$4 5eepin$ y )r m )t" 7( sed4 and breat"in$ t"r )$" y )r n se4 y )r 8ater re6)irement ! r s)r*i*a( dr ps dramati7a((y. I! 8ater is s7ar7e4 d n t eat. F d re6)ires 8ater ! r di$esti nJ t"ere! re4 eatin$ ! d 8i(( )se 8ater t"at y ) need ! r 7 (in$.
Thirst is not a reliable guide !or your need !or water. A pers n 8" )ses t"irst as a $)ide 8i(( drin5 n(y t8 -t"irds ! "is dai(y 8ater re6)irement. . pre*ent t"is K* ()ntaryK de"ydrati n4 )se t"e ! (( 8in$ $)ideM

At temperat)res be( 8 %& de$rees 14 drin5 =.; (iter ! 8ater e*ery " )r. At temperat)res ab *e %& de$rees 14 drin5 1 (iter ! 8ater e*ery " )r.
Drin5in$ 8ater at re$)(ar inter*a(s "e(ps y )r b dy remain 7 ( and de7reases s8eatin$. -*en 8"en y )r 8ater s)pp(y is ( 84 sippin$ 8ater 7 nstant(y 8i(( 5eep y )r b dy 7 (er and red)7e 8ater ( ss t"r )$" s8eatin$. 1 nser*e y )r !()ids by red)7in$ a7ti*ity d)rin$ t"e "eat ! day. D" #"t rati n y )r 8aterL I! y ) try t rati n 8ater4 y ) stand a $ d 7"an7e ! be7 min$ a "eat 7as)a(ty.
. AT CASUALTI S
Y )r 7"an7es ! be7 min$ a "eat 7as)a(ty as a s)r*i* r are $reat4 d)e t inB)ry4 stress4 and (a75 ! 7riti7a( items ! e6)ipment. F (( 8in$ are t"e maB r types ! "eat 7as)a(ties and t"eir treatment when little water and no medical help are available.
He!t C&!*p$
."e ( ss ! sa(t d)e t eA7essi*e s8eatin$ 7a)ses "eat 7ramps. Sympt ms are m derate t se*ere m)s7(e 7ramps in (e$s4 arms4 r abd men. ."ese sympt ms may start as a mi(d m)s7)(ar dis7 m! rt. Y ) s" )(d n 8 st p a(( a7ti*ity4 $et in t"e s"ade4 and drin5 8ater. I! y ) !ai( t re7 $ni3e t"e ear(y sympt ms and 7 ntin)e y )r p"ysi7a( a7ti*ity4 y ) 8i(( "a*e se*ere m)s7(e 7ramps and pain. .reat as ! r "eat eA"a)sti n4 be( 8.
He!t E3h! $ti"#

A (ar$e ( ss ! b dy 8ater and sa(t 7a)ses "eat eA"a)sti n. Sympt ms are "eada7"e4 menta( 7 n!)si n4 irritabi(ity4 eA7essi*e s8eatin$4 8ea5ness4 di33iness4 7ramps4 and pa(e4 m ist4 7 (d E7(ammyF s5in. Immediate(y $et t"e patient )nder s"ade. Ma5e "im (ie n a stret7"er r simi(ar item ab )t 9; 7entimeters !! t"e $r )nd. L sen "is 7( t"in$. Sprin5(e "im 8it" 8ater and !an "im. 2a*e "im drin5 sma(( am )nts ! 8ater e*ery % min)tes. -ns)re "e stays 6)iet and rests.
He!t St&")e
A se*ere "eat inB)ry 7a)sed by eAtreme ( ss ! 8ater and sa(t and t"e b dyHs inabi(ity t 7 ( itse(!. ."e patient may die i! n t 7 (ed immediate(y. Sympt ms are t"e (a75 ! s8eat4 " t and dry s5in4 "eada7"e4 di33iness4 !ast p)(se4 na)sea and * mitin$4 and menta( 7 n!)si n (eadin$ t )n7 ns7i )sness. Immediate(y $et t"e pers n t s"ade. Lay "im n a stret7"er r simi(ar item ab )t 9; 7entimeters !! t"e $r )nd. L sen "is 7( t"in$. # )r 8ater n "im Eit d es n t matter i! t"e 8ater is p (()ted r bra75is"F and !an "im. Massa$e "is arms4 (e$s4 and b dy. I! "e re$ains 7 ns7i )sness4 (et "im drin5 sma(( am )nts ! 8ater e*ery % min)tes.
PR CAUTIONS
In a desert s)r*i*a( and e*asi n sit)ati n4 it is )n(i5e(y t"at y ) 8i(( "a*e a medi7 r medi7a( s)pp(ies 8it" y ) t treat "eat inB)ries. ."ere! re4 ta5e eAtra 7are t a* id "eat inB)ries. Rest d)rin$ t"e day. ' r5 d)rin$ t"e 7 ( e*enin$s and ni$"ts. Use a b)ddy system t 8at7" ! r "eat inB)ry4 and bser*e t"e ! (( 8in$ $)ide(inesM

Ma5e s)re y ) te(( s me ne 8"ere y ) are $ in$ and 8"en y ) 8i(( ret)rn. 'at7" ! r si$ns ! "eat inB)ry. I! s me ne 7 mp(ains ! tiredness r 8anders a8ay !r m t"e $r )p4 "e may be a "eat 7as)a(ty. Drin5 8ater at (east n7e an " )r. +et in t"e s"ade 8"en restin$J d n t (ie dire7t(y n t"e $r )nd. D n t ta5e !! y )r s"irt and 8 r5 d)rin$ t"e day. 1"e75 t"e 7 ( r ! y )r )rine. A (i$"t 7 ( r means y ) are drin5in$ en )$" 8ater4 a dar5 7 ( r means y ) need t drin5 m re.
, S RT .A8AR,S
."ere are se*era( "a3ards )ni6)e t desert s)r*i*a(. ."ese in7()de inse7ts4 sna5es4 t" rned p(ants and 7a7ti4 7 ntaminated 8ater4 s)nb)rn4 eye irritati n4 and 7(imati7 stress. Inse7ts ! a(m st e*ery type ab )nd in t"e desert. Man4 as a s )r7e ! 8ater and ! d4 attra7ts (i7e4 mites4 8asps4 and !(ies. ."ey are eAtreme(y )np(easant and may 7arry diseases. 0(d b)i(din$s4 r)ins4 and 7a*es are !a* rite "abitats ! spiders4 s7 rpi ns4 7entipedes4 (i7e4 and mites. ."ese areas pr *ide pr te7ti n !r m t"e e(ements and a(s attra7t t"er 8i(d-(i!e. ."ere! re4 ta5e eAtra 7are 8"en stayin$ in t"ese areas. 'ear $( *es at a(( times in t"e desert. D n t p(a7e y )r "ands any8"ere 8it" )t !irst ( 5in$ t see 8"at is t"ere. Vis)a((y inspe7t an area be! re sittin$ r (yin$ d 8n. '"en y ) $et )p4 s"a5e )t and inspe7t y )r b ts and 7( t"in$. A(( desert areas "a*e sna5es. ."ey in"abit r)ins4 nati*e *i((a$es4 $arba$e d)mps4 7a*es4 and nat)ra( r 75 )t7r ppin$ t"at !!er s"ade. Ne*er $ bare! t r 8a(5
t"r )$" t"ese areas 8it" )t 7are!)((y inspe7tin$ t"em ! r sna5es. #ay attenti n t 8"ere y ) p(a7e y )r !eet and "ands. M st sna5ebites res)(t !r m steppin$ n r "and(in$ sna5es. A* id t"em. 0n7e y ) see a sna5e4 $i*e it a 8ide bert".
CHAPTER 18 - TROPICAL SURVIVAL
/ost people think o! the tropics as a huge and !orbidding tropical rain !orest through which every step taken must be hacked out" and where every inch o! the way is crawling with danger. Actually" over hal! o! the land in the tropics is cultivated in some way. A knowledge o! !ield skills" the ability to improvise" and the application o! the principles o! survival will increase the prospects o! survival. <o not be a!raid o! being alone in the $ungle# !ear will lead to panic. :anic will lead to e+haustion and decrease your chance o! survival. Hverything in the $ungle thrives" including disease germs and parasites that breed at an alarming rate. 8ature will provide water" !ood" and plenty o! materials to build shelters. Indigenous peoples have lived !or millennia by hunting and gathering. (owever" it will take an outsider some time to get used to the conditions and the nonstop activity o! tropical survival.
TROPICAL 3 AT. R
2i$" temperat)res4 "ea*y rain!a((4 and ppressi*e ")midity 7"ara7teri3e e6)at ria( and s)btr pi7a( re$i ns4 eA7ept at "i$" a(tit)des. At ( 8 a(tit)des4 temperat)re *ariati n is se(d m (ess t"an 1= de$rees 1 and is !ten m re t"an %; de$rees 1. At a(tit)des *er 14;== meters4 i7e !ten ! rms at ni$"t. ."e rain "as a 7 (in$ e!!e7t4 b)t 8"en it st ps4 t"e temperat)re s ars. Rain!a(( is "ea*y4 !ten 8it" t")nder and (i$"tnin$. S)dden rain beats n t"e tree 7an py4 t)rnin$ tri75(es int ra$in$ t rrents and 7a)sin$ ri*ers t rise. ?)st as s)dden(y4 t"e rain st ps. Vi (ent st rms may 77)r4 )s)a((y t 8ard t"e end ! t"e s)mmer m nt"s. 2)rri7anes4 7y7( nes4 and typ" ns de*e( p *er t"e sea and r)s" in(and4 7a)sin$ tida( 8a*es and de*astati n as" re. In 7" sin$ 7ampsites4 ma5e s)re y ) are ab *e any p tentia( !( din$. #re*ai(in$ 8inds *ary bet8een 8inter and s)mmer. ."e dry seas n "as rain n7e a day and t"e m ns n "as 7 ntin) )s rain. In S )t"east Asia4 8inds !r m t"e Indian 07ean brin$ t"e m ns n4 b)t it is dry 8"en t"e 8ind b( 8s !r m t"e (andmass ! 1"ina. .r pi7a( day and ni$"t are ! e6)a( (en$t". Dar5ness !a((s 6)i75(y and daybrea5 is B)st as s)dden.
2UN/L TYP S
."ere is n standard B)n$(e. ."e tr pi7a( area may be any ! t"e ! (( 8in$M

Rain ! rests. Se7 ndary B)n$(es. Semie*er$reen seas na( and m ns
n ! rests.
S7r)b and t" rn ! rests. Sa*annas. Sa(t8ater s8amps. Fres"8ater s8amps.
T&"pi-!% R!i# F"&e$t$

."e 7(imate *aries (itt(e in rain ! rests. Y ) !ind t"ese ! rests a7r ss t"e e6)at r in t"e Ama3 n and 1 n$ basins4 parts ! Ind nesia4 and se*era( #a7i!i7 is(ands. Up t %.; meters ! rain !a(( e*en(y t"r )$" )t t"e year. .emperat)res ran$e !r m ab )t %2 de$rees 1 in t"e day t 21 de$rees 1 at ni$"t. ."ere are !i*e (ayers ! *e$etati n in t"is B)n$(e EFi$)re 19-1F. '"ere )nt )7"ed by man4 B)n$(e trees rise !r m b)ttress r ts t "ei$"ts ! 6= meters. /e( 8 t"em4 sma((er trees pr d)7e a 7an py s t"i75 t"at (itt(e (i$"t rea7"es t"e B)n$(e !( r. Seed(in$s str)$$(e beneat" t"em t rea7" (i$"t4 and masses ! *ines and (ianas t8ine )p t t"e s)n. Ferns4 m sses4 and "erba7e )s p(ants p)s" t"r )$" a t"i75 7arpet ! (ea*es4 and a $reat *ariety ! !)n$i $r 8 n (ea*es and !a((en tree tr)n5s.
/e7a)se ! t"e (a75 ! (i$"t n t"e B)n$(e !( r4 t"ere is (itt(e )nder$r 8t" t "amper m *ement4 b)t dense $r 8t" (imits *isibi(ity t ab )t ;= meters. Y ) 7an easi(y ( se y )r sense ! dire7ti n in t"is B)n$(e4 and it is eAtreme(y "ard ! r air7ra!t t see y ).
Se-"#(!&1 9 #/%e$
Se7 ndary B)n$(e is *ery simi(ar t rain ! rest. #r (i!i7 $r 8t"4 8"ere s)n(i$"t penetrates t t"e B)n$(e !( r4 typi!ies t"is type ! ! rest. S)7" $r 8t" "appens main(y a( n$ ri*er ban5s4 n B)n$(e !rin$es4 and 8"ere man "as 7(eared rain ! rest. '"en aband ned4 tan$(ed masses ! *e$etati n 6)i75(y re7(aim t"ese 7)(ti*ated areas. Y ) 7an !ten !ind 7)(ti*ated ! d p(ants am n$ t"is *e$etati n.
Se*ie.e&/&ee# Se!$"#!% !#( M"#$""# F"&e$t$

."e 7"ara7teristi7s ! t"e Ameri7an and A!ri7an semie*er$reen seas na( ! rests 7 rresp nd 8it" t" se ! t"e Asian m ns n ! rests. ."ese 7"ara7teristi7s are-
."eir trees !a(( int t8 st ries ! tree strata. ." se in t"e )pper st ry a*era$e 1& t 29 metersJ t" se in t"e ( 8er st ry a*era$e 7 t 1% meters. ."e diameter ! t"e trees a*era$es =.; meter. ."eir (ea*es !a(( d)rin$ a seas na( dr )$"t.
-A7ept ! r t"e sa$ 4 nipa4 and 7 7 n)t pa(ms4 t"e same edib(e p(ants $r 8 in t"ese areas as in t"e tr pi7a( rain ! rests.
Y ) !ind t"ese ! rests in p rti ns ! 1 ()mbia and Vene3)e(a and t"e Ama3 n basin in S )t" Ameri7aJ in p rti ns ! s )t"east 7 asta( :enya4 .an3ania4 and M 3ambi6)e in A!ri7aJ in N rt"eastern India4 m)7" ! /)rma4 ."ai(and4 Ind 7"ina4 ?a*a4 and parts ! t"er Ind nesian is(ands in Asia.
T&"pi-!% S-& + !#( Th"&# F"&e$t$

."e 7"ie! 7"ara7teristi7s ! tr pi7a( s7r)b and t" rn ! rests are-
."ere is a de!inite dry seas n. .rees are (ea!(ess d)rin$ t"e dry seas n. ."e $r )nd is bare eA7ept ! r a !e8 t)!ted p(ants in b)n7"esJ $rasses are )n7 mm n. #(ants 8it" t" rns pred minate. Fires 77)r !re6)ent(y.
Y ) !ind tr pi7a( s7r)b and t" rn ! rests n t"e 8est 7 ast ! MeAi7 4 Y)7atan penins)(a4 Vene3)e(a4 /ra3i(J n t"e n rt"8est 7 ast and 7entra( parts ! A!ri7aJ and in Asia4 in .)r5estan and India. 'it"in t"e tr pi7a( s7r)b and t" rn ! rest areas4 y ) 8i(( !ind it "ard t btain ! d p(ants d)rin$ t"e dry seas n. D)rin$ t"e rainy seas n4 p(ants are 7 nsiderab(y m re ab)ndant.
T&"pi-!% S!.!##!$
+enera( 7"ara7teristi7s ! t"e sa*anna are-
It is ! )nd 8it"in t"e tr pi7a( 3 nes in S )t" Ameri7a and A!ri7a. It ( 5s (i5e a br ad4 $rassy mead 84 8it" trees spa7ed at 8ide inter*a(s. It !re6)ent(y "as red s i(. It $r 8s s7attered trees t"at )s)a((y appear st)nted and $nar(ed (i5e app(e trees. #a(ms a(s 77)r n sa*annas.
Y ) !ind sa*annas in parts ! Vene3)e(a4 /ra3i(4 and t"e +)ianas in S )t" Ameri7a. In A!ri7a4 y ) !ind t"em in t"e s )t"ern Sa"ara En rt"-7entra( 1amer n and +ab n and s )t"ern S)danF4 /enin4 . $ 4 m st ! Ni$eria4 n rt"eastern Caire4 n rt"ern U$anda4 8estern :enya4 part ! Ma(a8i4 part ! .an3ania4 s )t"ern Cimbab8e4 M 3ambi6)e4 and 8estern Mada$as7ar.
S!%t0!te& S0!*p$
Sa(t8ater s8amps are 7 mm n in 7 asta( areas s)bBe7t t tida( !( din$. Man$r *e trees t"ri*e in t"ese s8amps. Man$r *e trees 7an rea7" "ei$"ts ! 12 meters4 and t"eir tan$(ed r ts are an bsta7(e t m *ement. Visibi(ity in t"is type ! s8amp is p r4 and m *ement is eAtreme(y di!!i7)(t. S metimes4 streams t"at y ) 7an ra!t ! rm 7"anne(s4 b)t y ) )s)a((y m)st tra*e( n ! t t"r )$" t"is s8amp. Y ) !ind sa(t8ater s8amps in 'est A!ri7a4 Mada$as7ar4 Ma(aysia4 t"e #a7i!i7 is(ands4 1entra( and S )t" Ameri7a4 and at t"e m )t" ! t"e +an$es Ri*er in India. ."e s8amps at t"e m )t"s ! t"e 0rin 7 and Ama3 n ri*ers and ri*ers ! +)yana 7 nsist ! m)d and trees t"at !!er (itt(e s"ade. .ides in sa(t8ater s8amps 7an *ary as m)7" as 12 meters. -*eryt"in$ in a sa(t8ater s8amp may appear " sti(e t y )4 !r m (ee7"es and inse7ts t 7r 7 di(es and 7aimans. A* id t"e dan$er )s anima(s in t"is s8amp. A* id t"is s8amp a(t $et"er i! y ) 7an. I! t"ere are 8ater 7"anne(s t"r )$" it4 y ) may be ab(e t )se a ra!t t es7ape.
F&e$h0!te& S0!*p$
Y ) !ind !res"8ater s8amps in ( 8-(yin$ in(and areas. ."eir 7"ara7teristi7s are masses ! t" rny )nder$r 8t"4 reeds4 $rasses4 and 77asi na( s" rt pa(ms t"at red)7e *isibi(ity and ma5e tra*e( di!!i7)(t. ."ere are !ten is(ands t"at d t t"ese s8amps4 a(( 8in$ y ) t $et )t ! t"e 8ater. 'i(d(i!e is ab)ndant in t"ese s8amps.
TRAV L T.ROU/. 2UN/L AR AS

'it" pra7ti7e4 m *ement t"r )$" t"i75 )nder$r 8t" and B)n$(e 7an be d ne e!!i7ient(y. A(8ays 8ear ( n$ s(ee*es t a* id 7)ts and s7rat7"es. . m *e easi(y4 y ) m)st de*e( p KB)n$(e eye4K t"at is4 y ) s" )(d n t 7 n7entrate n t"e pattern ! b)s"es and trees t y )r immediate !r nt. Y ) m)st ! 7)s n t"e B)n$(e !)rt"er )t and !ind nat)ra( brea5s in t"e ! (ia$e. L 5 through t"e B)n$(e4 n t at it. St p and st p d 8n 77asi na((y t ( 5 a( n$ t"e B)n$(e !( r. ."is a7ti n may re*ea( $ame trai(s t"at y ) 7an ! (( 8. Stay a(ert and m *e s( 8(y and steadi(y t"r )$" dense ! rest r B)n$(e. St p peri di7a((y t (isten and ta5e y )r bearin$s. Use a ma7"ete t 7)t t"r )$" dense *e$etati n4 b)t d n t 7)t )nne7essari(y r y ) 8i(( 6)i75(y 8ear y )rse(! )t. I! )sin$ a ma7"ete4 str 5e )p8ard 8"en 7)ttin$ *ines t red)7e n ise be7a)se s )nd 7arries ( n$ distan7es in t"e B)n$(e. Use a sti75 t part t"e *e$etati n. Usin$ a sti75 8i(( a(s "e(p dis( d$e bitin$ ants4 spiders4 r sna5es. D" #"t $rasp at br)s" r *ines 8"en 7(imbin$ s( pesJ t"ey may "a*e irritatin$ spines r s"arp t" rns. Many B)n$(e and ! rest anima(s ! (( 8 $ame trai(s. ."ese trai(s 8ind and 7r ss4 b)t !re6)ent(y (ead t 8ater r 7(earin$s. Use t"ese trai(s i! t"ey (ead in y )r desired dire7ti n ! tra*e(. In many 7 )ntries4 e(e7tri7 and te(ep" ne (ines r)n ! r mi(es t"r )$" sparse(y in"abited areas. Us)a((y4 t"e ri$"t- !-8ay is 7(ear en )$" t a(( 8 easy tra*e(. '"en tra*e(in$ a( n$ t"ese (ines4 be 7are!)( as y ) appr a7" trans! rmer and re(ay stati ns. In enemy territ ry4 t"ey may be $)arded. TRAVEL TIPS #inp int y )r initia( ( 7ati n as a77)rate(y as p ssib(e t determine a $enera( (ine ! tra*e( t sa!ety. I! y ) d n t "a*e a 7 mpass4 )se a !ie(d-eApedient dire7ti n !indin$ met" d.
.a5e st 75 ! 8ater s)pp(ies and e6)ipment.
M *e in ne dire7ti n4 b)t n t ne7essari(y in a strai$"t (ine. A* id bsta7(es. In enemy territ ry4 ta5e ad*anta$e ! nat)ra( 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment.
M *e sm t"(y t"r )$" t"e B)n$(e. D n t b()nder t"r )$" it sin7e y ) 8i(( $et many 7)ts and s7rat7"es. .)rn y )r s" )(ders4 s"i!t y )r "ips4 bend y )r b dy4 and s" rten r (en$t"en y )r stride as ne7essary t s(ide bet8een t"e )nder$r 8t".
I00 ,IAT CONSI, RATIONS

."ere is (ess (i5e(i" d ! y )r res7)e !r m beneat" a dense B)n$(e 7an py t"an in t"er s)r*i*a( sit)ati ns. Y ) 8i(( pr bab(y "a*e t tra*e( t rea7" sa!ety. I! y ) are t"e *i7tim ! an air7ra!t 7ras"4 t"e m st imp rtant items t ta5e 8it" y ) !r m t"e 7ras" site are a ma7"ete4 a 7 mpass4 a !irst aid 5it4 and a para7")te r t"er materia( ! r )se as m s6)it nettin$ and s"e(ter. .a5e s"e(ter !r m tr pi7a( rain4 s)n4 and inse7ts. Ma(aria-7arryin$ m s6)it es and t"er inse7ts are immediate dan$ers4 s pr te7t y )rse(! a$ainst bites. D n t (ea*e t"e 7ras" area 8it" )t 7are!)((y b(a3in$ r mar5in$ y )r r )te. Use y )r 7 mpass. :n 8 8"at dire7ti n y ) are ta5in$.
In t"e tr pi7s4 e*en t"e sma((est s7rat7" 7an 6)i75(y be7 me dan$er )s(y in!e7ted. #r mpt(y treat any 8 )nd4 n matter " 8 min r.
3AT R PROCUR 0 NT
-*en t" )$" 8ater is ab)ndant in m st tr pi7a( en*ir nments4 y ) may4 as a s)r*i* r4 "a*e tr )b(e !indin$ it. I! y ) d !ind 8ater4 it may n t be sa!e t drin5. S me ! t"e many s )r7es are *ines4 r ts4 pa(m trees4 and 7 ndensati n. Y ) 7an s metimes ! (( 8 anima(s t 8ater. 0!ten y ) 7an $et near(y 7(ear 8ater !r m m)ddy streams r (a5es by di$$in$ a " (e in sandy s i( ab )t 1 meter !r m t"e ban5. 'ater 8i(( seep int t"e " (e. Y ) m)st p)ri!y any 8ater btained in t"is manner.
A#i*!%$ !$ Si/#$ "5 W!te&

Anima(s 7an !ten (ead y ) t 8ater. M st anima(s re6)ire 8ater re$)(ar(y. +ra3in$ anima(s s)7" as deer4 are )s)a((y ne*er !ar !r m 8ater and )s)a((y drin5 at da8n and d)s5. 1 n*er$in$ $ame trai(s !ten (ead t 8ater. 1arni* res Emeat eatersF are n t re(iab(e indi7at rs ! 8ater. ."ey $et m ist)re !r m t"e anima(s t"ey eat and 7an $ 8it" )t 8ater ! r ( n$ peri ds. /irds 7an s metimes a(s (ead y ) t 8ater. +rain eaters4 s)7" as !in7"es and pi$e ns4 are ne*er !ar !r m 8ater. ."ey drin5 at da8n and d)s5. '"en t"ey !(y strai$"t and ( 84 t"ey are "eadin$ ! r 8ater. '"en ret)rnin$ !r m 8ater4 t"ey are !)(( and 8i(( !(y !r m tree t tree4 restin$ !re6)ent(y. D n t re(y n 8ater birds t (ead y ) t 8ater. ."ey !(y ( n$ distan7es 8it" )t st ppin$. 2a85s4 ea$(es4 and t"er birds ! prey $et (i6)ids !r m t"eir *i7timsJ y ) 7ann t )se t"em as a 8ater indi7at r. Inse7ts 7an be $ d indi7at rs ! 8ater4 espe7ia((y bees. /ees se(d m ran$e m re t"an 6 5i( meters !r m t"eir nests r "i*es. ."ey )s)a((y 8i(( "a*e a 8ater s )r7e in t"is ran$e. Ants need 8ater. A 7 ()mn ! ants mar7"in$ )p a tree is $ in$ t a sma(( reser* ir ! trapped 8ater. Y ) !ind s)7" reser* irs e*en in arid areas. M st !(ies stay 8it"in 1== meters ! 8ater4 espe7ia((y t"e -)r pean mas n !(y4 easi(y re7 $ni3ed by its irides7ent $reen b dy. 2)man tra75s 8i(( )s)a((y (ead t a 8e((4 b re " (e4 r s a5. S7r)b r r 75s may 7 *er it t red)7e e*ap rati n. Rep(a7e t"e 7 *er a!ter )se.
W!te& F&"* P%!#t$

#(ants s)7" as *ines4 r ts4 and pa(m trees are $ d s )r7es ! 8ater.
Vines
Vines 8it" r )$" bar5 and s" ts ab )t ; 7entimeters t"i75 7an be a )se!)( s )r7e ! 8ater. Y ) m)st (earn by eAperien7e 8"i7" are t"e 8ater-bearin$ *ines4 be7a)se n t a(( "a*e drin5ab(e 8ater. S me may e*en "a*e a p is n )s sap. ."e p is n )s nes yie(d a sti75y4 mi(5y sap 8"en 7)t. N np is n )s *ines 8i(( $i*e a 7(ear !()id. S me *ines 7a)se a s5in irritati n n 7 nta7tJ t"ere! re (et t"e (i6)id drip int y )r m )t"4 rat"er t"an p)t y )r m )t" t t"e *ine. #re!erab(y4 )se s me type ! 7 ntainer. Use t"e pr 7ed)re des7ribed in 1"apter 6 t btain 8ater !r m a *ine.
Roots
In A)stra(ia4 t"e 8ater tree4 desert a54 and b( d8 d "a*e r ts near t"e s)r!a7e. #ry t"ese r ts )t ! t"e $r )nd and 7)t t"em int %=-7entimeter (en$t"s. Rem *e t"e bar5 and s)75 )t t"e m ist)re4 r s"a*e t"e r t t a p)(p and s6)ee3e it *er y )r m )t".
Pal" Trees
."e b)ri4 7 7 n)t4 and nipa pa(ms a(( 7 ntain a s)$ary !()id t"at is *ery $ d t drin5. . btain t"e (i6)id4 bend a !( 8erin$ sta(5 ! ne ! t"ese pa(ms d 8n8ard4 and 7)t !! its tip. I! y ) 7)t a t"in s(i7e !!
t"e sta(5 e*ery 12 " )rs4 t"e !( 8 8i(( rene84 ma5in$ it p ssib(e t 7 ((e7t )p t a (iter per day. Nipa pa(m s" ts $r 8 !r m t"e base4 s t"at y ) 7an 8 r5 at $r )nd (e*e(. 0n $r 8n trees ! t"er spe7ies4 y ) may "a*e t 7(imb t"em t rea7" a !( 8erin$ sta(5. Mi(5 !r m 7 7 n)ts "as a (ar$e 8ater 7 ntent4 b)t may 7 ntain a str n$ (aAati*e in ripe n)ts. Drin5in$ t m)7" ! t"is mi(5 may 7a)se y ) t ( se m re !()id t"an y ) drin5.
W!te& F&"* C"#(e#$!ti"#

0!ten it re6)ires t m)7" e!! rt t di$ ! r r ts 7 ntainin$ 8ater. It may be easier t (et a p(ant pr d)7e 8ater ! r y ) in t"e ! rm ! 7 ndensati n. .yin$ a 7(ear p(asti7 ba$ ar )nd a $reen (ea!y bran7" 8i(( 7a)se 8ater in t"e (ea*es t e*ap rate and 7 ndense in t"e ba$. #(a7in$ 7)t *e$etati n in a p(asti7 ba$ 8i(( a(s pr d)7e 7 ndensati n. ."is is a s (ar sti(( Esee 1"apter 6F.
'OO,
F d is )s)a((y ab)ndant in a tr pi7a( s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. . btain anima( ! d4 )se t"e pr 7ed)res )t(ined in 1"apter &. In additi n t anima( ! d4 y ) 8i(( "a*e t s)pp(ement y )r diet 8it" edib(e p(ants. ."e best p(a7es t ! ra$e are t"e ban5s ! streams and ri*ers. '"ere*er t"e s)n penetrates t"e B)n$(e4 t"ere 8i(( be a mass ! *e$etati n4 b)t ri*er ban5s may be t"e m st a77essib(e areas. I! y ) are 8ea54 d n t eApend ener$y 7(imbin$ r !e((in$ a tree ! r ! d. ."ere are m re easi(y btained s )r7es ! ! d nearer t"e $r )nd. D n t pi75 m re ! d t"an y ) need. F d sp i(s rapid(y in tr pi7a( 7 nditi ns. Lea*e ! d n t"e $r 8in$ p(ant )nti( y ) need it4 and eat it !res". ."ere are an a(m st )n(imited n)mber ! edib(e p(ants !r m 8"i7" t 7" se. Un(ess y ) 7an p siti*e(y identi!y t"ese p(ants4 it may be sa!er at !irst t be$in 8it" pa(ms4 bamb s4 and 7 mm n !r)its. ."e (ist be( 8 identi!ies s me ! t"e m st 7 mm n ! ds. Detai(ed des7ripti ns and p" t $rap"s are at AppendiA /. TROPICAL @ONE FOOD PLANTS

/ae( !r)it &Aegle marmelos' /amb E*ari )s spe7iesF /anana r p(antain E/usa spe7iesF /i$nay &Antidesma bunius' /read!r)it &Artrocarpus incisa' 1 7 n)t pa(m &1ocos nuci!era' Fis"tai( pa(m &1aryota urens' 2 rseradis" tree &/oringa pterygosperma' L t)s E8elumbo spe7iesF Man$ &/angi!era indica' Mani 7 &/anihot utillissima' Nipa pa(m &8ipa !ruticans' #apaya &1arica papaya' #ersimm n &<iospyros virginiana' Rattan pa(m E1alamus spe7iesF Sa$ pa(m &/etro+ylon sagu' Ster7)(ia &Sterculia !oetida' S)$ar7ane &Saccharum o!!icinarum' S)$ar pa(m &Arenga pinnata' S8eets p &Annona s)uamosa' .ar E1olocasia and Alocasia spe7iesF 'ater (i(y &8ymphaea odorata' 'i(d !i$ E-icus spe7iesF 'i(d ri7e &Ji*ania a)uatica'
Yam E<ioscorea spe7iesF
POISONOUS PLANTS
."e pr p rti n ! p is n )s p(ants in tr pi7a( re$i ns is n $reater t"an in any t"er area ! t"e 8 r(d. 2 8e*er4 it may appear t"at m st p(ants in t"e tr pi7s are p is n )s be7a)se ! t"e $reat density ! p(ant $r 8t" in s me tr pi7a( areas. See AppendiA 1.
CHAPTER 1: - COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL
0ne o! the most di!!icult survival situations is a cold weather scenario. Remember" cold weather is an adversary that can be as dangerous as an enemy soldier. Hvery time you venture into the cold" you are pitting yoursel! against the elements. ith a little knowledge o! the environment" proper plans" and appropriate e)uipment" you can overcome the elements. As you remove one or more o! these !actors" survival becomes increasingly di!!icult. Remember" winter weather is highly variable. :repare yoursel! to adapt to bli**ard conditions even during sunny and clear weather. 1old is a !ar greater threat to survival than it appears. It decreases your ability to think and weakens your will to do anything e+cept to get warm. 1old is an insidious enemy# as it numbs the mind and body" it subdues the will to survive. 1old makes it very easy to !orget your ultimate goal%%to survive.
COL, R /IONS AN, LOCATIONS

1 (d re$i ns in7()de ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 areas and areas immediate(y adB inin$ t"em. Y ) 7an 7(assi!y ab )t 9& per7ent ! t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ereHs t ta( (andmass as a 7 (d re$i n d)e t t"e in!()en7e and eAtent ! air temperat)res. 07ean 7)rrents a!!e7t 7 (d 8eat"er and 7a)se (ar$e areas n rma((y in7()ded in t"e temperate 3 ne t !a(( 8it"in t"e 7 (d re$i ns d)rin$ 8inter peri ds. -(e*ati n a(s "as a mar5ed e!!e7t n de!inin$ 7 (d re$i ns. 'it"in t"e 7 (d 8eat"er re$i ns4 y ) may !a7e t8 types ! 7 (d 8eat"er en*ir nments--8et r dry. :n 8in$ in 8"i7" en*ir nment y )r area ! perati ns !a((s 8i(( a!!e7t p(annin$ and eAe7)ti n ! a 7 (d 8eat"er perati n.
Wet C"%( We!the& E#.i&"#*e#t$

'et 7 (d 8eat"er 7 nditi ns eAist 8"en t"e a*era$e temperat)re in a 29-" )r peri d is -1= de$rees 1 r ab *e. 1"ara7teristi7s ! t"is 7 nditi n are !ree3in$ d)rin$ t"e 7 (der ni$"t " )rs and t"a8in$ d)rin$ t"e day. -*en t" )$" t"e temperat)res are 8armer d)rin$ t"is 7 nditi n4 t"e terrain is )s)a((y *ery s( ppy d)e t s()s" and m)d. Y ) m)st 7 n7entrate n pr te7tin$ y )rse(! !r m t"e 8et $r )nd and !r m !ree3in$ rain r 8et sn 8.
D&1 C"%( We!the& E#.i&"#*e#t$

Dry 7 (d 8eat"er 7 nditi ns eAist 8"en t"e a*era$e temperat)re in a 29-" )r peri d remains be( 8 -1= de$rees 1. -*en t" )$" t"e temperat)res in t"is 7 nditi n are m)7" ( 8er t"an n rma(4 y ) d n t "a*e t 7 ntend 8it" t"e !ree3in$ and t"a8in$. In t"ese 7 nditi ns4 y ) need m re (ayers ! inner 7( t"in$ t
pr te7t y ) !r m temperat)res as ( 8 as -6= de$rees 1. -Atreme(y "a3ard )s 7 nditi ns eAist 8"en 8ind and ( 8 temperat)re 7 mbine.
3IN,C.ILL
'ind7"i(( in7reases t"e "a3ards in 7 (d re$i ns. 'ind7"i(( is t"e e!!e7t ! m *in$ air n eAp sed !(es". F r instan7e4 8it" a 27.&-5p" E1;-5n tF 8ind and a temperat)re ! -1= de$rees 14 t"e e6)i*a(ent 8ind7"i(( temperat)re is -2% de$rees 1. Fi$)re 1;-1 $i*es t"e 8ind7"i(( !a7t rs ! r *ari )s temperat)res and 8ind speeds.
Remember4 e*en 8"en t"ere is n 8ind4 y ) 8i(( 7reate t"e e6)i*a(ent 8ind by s5iin$4 r)nnin$4 bein$ t 8ed n s5is be"ind a *e"i7(e4 8 r5in$ ar )nd air7ra!t t"at pr d)7e 8ind b(asts.
#ASIC PRINCIPL S O' COL, 3 AT. R SURVIVAL

It is m re di!!i7)(t ! r y ) t satis!y y )r basi7 8ater4 ! d4 and s"e(ter needs in a 7 (d en*ir nment t"an in a 8arm en*ir nment. -*en i! y ) "a*e t"e basi7 re6)irements4 y ) m)st a(s "a*e ade6)ate pr te7ti*e 7( t"in$ and t"e 8i(( t s)r*i*e. ."e 8i(( t s)r*i*e is as imp rtant as t"e basi7 needs. ."ere "a*e been in7idents 8"en trained and 8e((-e6)ipped indi*id)a(s "a*e n t s)r*i*ed 7 (d 8eat"er sit)ati ns be7a)se t"ey (a75ed t"e 8i(( t (i*e. 1 n*erse(y4 t"is 8i(( "as s)stained indi*id)a(s (ess 8e((trained and e6)ipped. ."ere are many di!!erent items ! 7 (d 8eat"er e6)ipment and 7( t"in$ iss)ed by t"e U.S. Army t day. Spe7ia(i3ed )nits may "a*e a77ess t ne8er4 (i$"t8ei$"t $ear s)7" as p (ypr py(ene )nder8ear4 +0R-.-D )ter8ear and b ts4 and t"er spe7ia( e6)ipment. Remember4 " 8e*er4 t"e (der $ear 8i(( 5eep y ) 8arm as ( n$ as y ) app(y a !e8 7 (d 8eat"er prin7ip(es. I! t"e ne8er types ! 7( t"in$ are a*ai(ab(e4 )se t"em. I! n t4 t"en y )r 7( t"in$ s" )(d be entire(y 8 (4 8it" t"e p ssib(e eA7epti n ! a 8indbrea5er. Y ) m)st n t n(y "a*e en )$" 7( t"in$ t pr te7t y ) !r m t"e 7 (d4 y ) m)st a(s 5n 8 " 8 t maAimi3e t"e 8armt" y ) $et !r m it. F r eAamp(e4 a(8ays 5eep y )r "ead 7 *ered. Y ) 7an ( se 9= t 9; per7ent ! b dy "eat !r m an )npr te7ted "ead and e*en m re !r m t"e )npr te7ted ne754 8rist4 and an5(es. ."ese areas ! t"e b dy are $ d radiat rs ! "eat and "a*e *ery (itt(e ins)(atin$ !at. ."e brain is *ery s)s7eptib(e t 7 (d and 7an stand t"e (east am )nt ! 7 (in$. /e7a)se t"ere is m)7" b( d 7ir7)(ati n in t"e "ead4 m st ! 8"i7" is n t"e s)r!a7e4 y ) 7an ( se "eat 6)i75(y i! y ) d n t 7 *er y )r "ead. ."ere are ! )r basi7 prin7ip(es t ! (( 8 t 5eep 8arm. An easy 8ay t remember t"ese basi7 prin7ip(es is t )se t"e 8 rd 10LD-1 - :eep 7( t"in$ clean. 0 - A* id overheating. L - 'ear 7( t"es loose and in layers. D - :eep 7( t"in$ dry. 1Aeep clothing clean. ."is prin7ip(e is a(8ays imp rtant ! r sanitati n and 7 m! rt. In 8inter4 it is a(s imp rtant !r m t"e standp int ! 8armt". 1( t"es matted 8it" dirt and $rease ( se m)7" ! t"eir ins)(ati n *a()e. 2eat 7an es7ape m re easi(y !r m t"e b dy t"r )$" t"e 7( t"in$Hs 7r)s"ed r !i((ed )p air p 75ets. 0Avoid overheating. '"en y ) $et t " t4 y ) s8eat and y )r 7( t"in$ abs rbs t"e m ist)re. ."is a!!e7ts y )r 8armt" in t8 8aysM dampness de7reases t"e ins)(ati n 6)a(ity ! 7( t"in$4 and as s8eat e*ap rates4 y )r b dy 7 (s. AdB)st y )r 7( t"in$ s t"at y ) d n t s8eat. D t"is by partia((y penin$ y )r par5a r Ba75et4 by rem *in$ an inner (ayer ! 7( t"in$4 by rem *in$ "ea*y )ter mittens4 r by t"r 8in$ ba75 y )r par5a " d r 7"an$in$ t (i$"ter "ead$ear. ."e "ead and "ands a7t as e!!i7ient "eat dissipaters 8"en *er"eated. Lear your clothing loose and in layers. 'earin$ ti$"t 7( t"in$ and ! t$ear restri7ts b( d 7ir7)(ati n and in*ites 7 (d inB)ry. It a(s de7reases t"e * ()me ! air trapped bet8een t"e (ayers4 red)7in$ its ins)(atin$ *a()e. Se*era( (ayers ! (i$"t8ei$"t 7( t"in$ are better t"an ne e6)a((y t"i75 (ayer ! 7( t"in$4 be7a)se t"e (ayers "a*e dead-air spa7e bet8een t"em. ."e dead-air spa7e pr *ides eAtra ins)(ati n. A(s 4 (ayers ! 7( t"in$ a(( 8 y ) t ta5e !! r add 7( t"in$ (ayers t pre*ent eA7essi*e s8eatin$ r t in7rease 8armt". DAeep clothing dry. In 7 (d temperat)res4 y )r inner (ayers ! 7( t"in$ 7an be7 me 8et !r m s8eat and y )r )ter (ayer4 i! n t 8ater repe((ent4 7an be7 me 8et !r m sn 8 and !r st me(ted by b dy "eat. 'ear 8ater repe((ent )ter 7( t"in$4 i! a*ai(ab(e. It 8i(( s"ed m st ! t"e 8ater 7 ((e7ted !r m me(tin$ sn 8 and !r st. /e! re enterin$ a "eated s"e(ter4 br)s" !! t"e sn 8 and !r st. Despite t"e pre7a)ti ns y ) ta5e4 t"ere 8i(( be times 8"en y ) 7ann t 5eep !r m $ettin$ 8et. At s)7" times4 dryin$ y )r 7( t"in$ may be7 me a maB r pr b(em. 0n t"e mar7"4 "an$ y )r damp mittens and s 75s n y )r r)75sa75. S metimes in !ree3in$ temperat)res4 t"e 8ind and s)n 8i(( dry t"is 7( t"in$. Y ) 7an a(s p(a7e damp s 75s r mittens4 )n! (ded4 near y )r b dy s t"at y )r b dy "eat 7an dry t"em. In a 7ampsite4 "an$ damp 7( t"in$ inside t"e s"e(ter near t"e t p4 )sin$ dryin$ (ines r impr *ised ra75s. Y ) may e*en be ab(e t dry ea7" item by " (din$ it be! re an pen !ire. Dry (eat"er items s( 8(y. I! n t"er means are
a*ai(ab(e ! r dryin$ y )r b ts4 p)t t"em bet8een y )r s(eepin$ ba$ s"e(( and (iner. Y )r b dy "eat 8i(( "e(p t dry t"e (eat"er. A "ea*y4 d 8n-(ined s(eepin$ ba$ is a *a()ab(e pie7e ! s)r*i*a( $ear in 7 (d 8eat"er. -ns)re t"e d 8n remains dry. I! 8et4 it ( ses a ( t ! its ins)(ati n *a()e. I! y ) d n t "a*e a s(eepin$ ba$4 y ) 7an ma5e ne )t ! para7")te 7( t" r simi(ar materia( and nat)ra( dry materia(4 s)7" as (ea*es4 pine need(es4 r m ss. #(a7e t"e dry materia( bet8een t8 (ayers ! t"e materia(. 0t"er imp rtant s)r*i*a( items are a 5ni!eJ 8aterpr ! mat7"es in a 8aterpr ! 7 ntainer4 pre!erab(y ne 8it" a !(int atta7"edJ a d)rab(e 7 mpassJ mapJ 8at7"J 8aterpr ! $r )nd 7( t" and 7 *erJ !(as"(i$"tJ bin 7)(arsJ dar5 $(assesJ !atty emer$en7y ! dsJ ! d $at"erin$ $earJ and si$na(in$ items. Remember4 a 7 (d 8eat"er en*ir nment 7an be *ery "ars". +i*e a $ d dea( ! t" )$"t t se(e7tin$ t"e ri$"t e6)ipment ! r s)r*i*a( in t"e 7 (d. I! )ns)re ! an item y ) "a*e ne*er )sed4 test it in an K *erni$"t ba75yardK en*ir nment be! re *ent)rin$ !)rt"er. 0n7e y ) "a*e se(e7ted items t"at are essentia( ! r y )r s)r*i*a(4 d n t ( se t"em a!ter y ) enter a 7 (d 8eat"er en*ir nment.
.Y/I N
A(t" )$" 8as"in$ y )rse(! may be impra7ti7a( and )n7 m! rtab(e in a 7 (d en*ir nment4 y ) m)st d s . 'as"in$ "e(ps pre*ent s5in ras"es t"at 7an de*e( p int m re seri )s pr b(ems. In s me sit)ati ns4 y ) may be ab(e t ta5e a sn 8 bat". .a5e a "and!)( ! sn 8 and 8as" y )r b dy 8"ere s8eat and m ist)re a77)m)(ate4 s)7" as )nder t"e arms and bet8een t"e (e$s4 and t"en 8ipe y )rse(! dry. I! p ssib(e4 8as" y )r !eet dai(y and p)t n 7(ean4 dry s 75s. 1"an$e y )r )nder8ear at (east t8i7e a 8ee5. I! y ) are )nab(e t 8as" y )r )nder8ear4 ta5e it !!4 s"a5e it4 and (et it air )t ! r an " )r r t8 . I! y ) are )sin$ a pre*i )s(y )sed s"e(ter4 7"e75 y )r b dy and 7( t"in$ ! r (i7e ea7" ni$"t. I! y )r 7( t"in$ "as be7 me in!ested4 )se inse7ti7ide p 8der i! y ) "a*e any. 0t"er8ise4 "an$ y )r 7( t"es in t"e 7 (d4 t"en beat and br)s" t"em. ."is 8i(( "e(p $et rid ! t"e (i7e4 b)t n t t"e e$$s. I! y ) s"a*e4 try t d s be! re $ in$ t bed. ."is 8i(( $i*e y )r s5in a 7"an7e t re7 *er be! re eAp sin$ it t t"e e(ements.
0 ,ICAL ASP CTS

'"en y ) are "ea(t"y4 y )r inner 7 re temperat)re Et rs temperat)reF remains a(m st 7 nstant at %7 de$rees 1 E<&.6 de$rees FF. Sin7e y )r (imbs and "ead "a*e (ess pr te7ti*e b dy tiss)e t"an y )r t rs 4 t"eir temperat)res *ary and may n t rea7" 7 re temperat)re. Y )r b dy "as a 7 ntr ( system t"at (ets it rea7t t temperat)re eAtremes t maintain a temperat)re ba(an7e. ."ere are t"ree main !a7t rs t"at a!!e7t t"is temperat)re ba(an7e--"eat pr d)7ti n4 "eat ( ss4 and e*ap rati n. ."e di!!eren7e bet8een t"e b dyHs 7 re temperat)re and t"e en*ir nmentHs temperat)re $ *erns t"e "eat pr d)7ti n rate. Y )r b dy 7an $et rid ! "eat better t"an it 7an pr d)7e it. S8eatin$ "e(ps t 7 ntr ( t"e "eat ba(an7e. MaAim)m s8eatin$ 8i(( $et rid ! "eat ab )t as !ast as maAim)m eAerti n pr d)7es it. S"i*erin$ 7a)ses t"e b dy t pr d)7e "eat. It a(s 7a)ses !ati$)e t"at4 in t)rn4 (eads t a dr p in b dy temperat)re. Air m *ement ar )nd y )r b dy a!!e7ts "eat ( ss. It "as been 7a(7)(ated t"at a na5ed man eAp sed t sti(( air at r ab )t = de$rees 1 7an maintain a "eat ba(an7e i! "e s"i*ers as "ard as "e 7an. 2 8e*er4 "e 7anHt s"i*er ! re*er. It "as a(s been 7a(7)(ated t"at a man at rest 8earin$ t"e maAim)m ar7ti7 7( t"in$ in a 7 (d en*ir nment 7an 5eep "is interna( "eat ba(an7e d)rin$ temperat)res 8e(( be( 8 !ree3in$. . 8it"stand rea((y 7 (d 7 nditi ns ! r any (en$t" ! time4 " 8e*er4 "e 8i(( "a*e t be7 me a7ti*e r s"i*er.
COL, IN2URI S
."e best 8ay t dea( 8it" inB)ries and si75nesses is t ta5e meas)res t pre*ent t"em !r m "appenin$ in t"e !irst p(a7e. .reat any inB)ry r si75ness t"at 77)rs as s n as p ssib(e t pre*ent it !r m 8 rsenin$. ."e 5n 8(ed$e ! si$ns and sympt ms and t"e )se ! t"e b)ddy system are 7riti7a( in maintainin$ "ea(t". F (( 8in$ are 7 (d inB)ries t"at 7an 77)r.
H1p"the&*i!
2yp t"ermia is t"e ( 8erin$ ! t"e b dy temperat)re at a rate !aster t"an t"e b dy 7an pr d)7e "eat. 1a)ses ! "yp t"ermia may be $enera( eAp s)re r t"e s)dden 8ettin$ ! t"e b dy by !a((in$ int a (a5e r sprayin$ 8it" !)e( r t"er (i6)ids. ."e initia( sympt m is s"i*erin$. ."is s"i*erin$ may pr $ress t t"e p int t"at it is )n7 ntr ((ab(e and inter!eres 8it" an indi*id)a(Hs abi(ity t 7are ! r "imse(!. ."is be$ins 8"en t"e b dyHs 7 re Ere7ta(F temperat)re !a((s t ab )t %;.; de$rees 1 E<6 de$rees FF. '"en t"e 7 re temperat)re rea7"es %; t %2 de$rees 1 E<; t <= de$rees FF4 s()$$is" t"in5in$4 irrati na( reas nin$4 and a !a(se !ee(in$ ! 8armt" may 77)r. 1 re temperat)res ! %2 t %= de$rees 1 E<= t &6 de$rees FF and be( 8 res)(t in m)s7(e ri$idity4 )n7 ns7i )sness4 and bare(y dete7tab(e si$ns ! (i!e. I! t"e *i7timHs 7 re temperat)re !a((s be( 8 2; de$rees 1 E77 de$rees FF4 deat" is a(m st 7ertain. . treat "yp t"ermia4 re8arm t"e entire b dy. I! t"ere are means a*ai(ab(e4 re8arm t"e pers n by !irst immersin$ t"e tr)n5 area n(y in 8arm 8ater ! %7.7 t 9%.% de$rees 1 E1== t 11= de$rees FF. CAUTION Re8armin$ t"e t ta( b dy in a 8arm 8ater bat" s" )(d be d ne n(y in a " spita( en*ir nment be7a)se ! t"e in7reased ris5 ! 7ardia7 arrest and re8armin$ s" 75. 0ne ! t"e 6)i75est 8ays t $et "eat t t"e inner 7 re is t $i*e 8arm 8ater enemas. S)7" an a7ti n4 " 8e*er4 may n t be p ssib(e in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. An t"er met" d is t 8rap t"e *i7tim in a 8armed s(eepin$ ba$ 8it" an t"er pers n 8" is a(ready 8armJ b t" s" )(d be na5ed. CAUTION ."e indi*id)a( p(a7ed in t"e s(eepin$ ba$ 8it" *i7tim 7 )(d a(s be7 me a "yp t"ermia *i7tim i! (e!t in t"e ba$ t ( n$. I! t"e pers n is 7 ns7i )s4 $i*e "im " t4 s8eetened !()ids. 0ne ! t"e best s )r7es ! 7a( ries is " ney r deAtr seJ i! )na*ai(ab(e4 )se s)$ar4 7 7 a4 r a simi(ar s ()b(e s8eetener. CAUTION D n t ! r7e an )n7 ns7i )s pers n t drin5. ."ere are t8 dan$ers in treatin$ "yp t"ermia--re8armin$ t rapid(y and Ka!ter dr p.K Re8armin$ t rapid(y 7an 7a)se t"e *i7tim t "a*e 7ir7)(at ry pr b(ems4 res)(tin$ in "eart !ai()re. A!ter dr p is t"e s"arp b dy 7 re temperat)re dr p t"at 77)rs 8"en ta5in$ t"e *i7tim !r m t"e 8arm 8ater. Its pr bab(e m)se is t"e ret)rn ! pre*i )s(y sta$nant (imb b( d t t"e 7 re Einner t rs F area as re7ir7)(ati n 77)rs. 1 n7entratin$ n 8armin$ t"e 7 re area and stim)(atin$ perip"era( 7ir7)(ati n 8i(( (essen t"e e!!e7ts ! a!ter dr p. Immersin$ t"e t rs in a 8arm bat"4 i! p ssib(e4 is t"e best treatment.
F&"$t+ite
."is inB)ry is t"e res)(t ! !r 3en tiss)es. Li$"t !r stbite in* (*es n(y t"e s5in t"at ta5es n a d)(( 8"itis" pa(( r. Deep !r stbite eAtends t a dept" be( 8 t"e s5in. ."e tiss)es be7 me s (id and imm *ab(e. Y )r !eet4 "ands4 and eAp sed !a7ia( areas are parti7)(ar(y *)(nerab(e t !r stbite. ."e best !r stbite pre*enti n4 8"en y ) are 8it" t"ers4 is t )se t"e b)ddy system. 1"e75 y )r b)ddyHs !a7e !ten and ma5e s)re t"at "e 7"e75s y )rs. I! y ) are a( ne4 peri di7a((y 7 *er y )r n se and ( 8er part ! y )r !a7e 8it" y )r mittened "and. ."e ! (( 8in$ p inters 8i(( aid y ) in 5eepin$ 8arm and pre*entin$ !r stbite 8"en it is eAtreme(y 7 (d r 8"en y ) "a*e (ess t"an ade6)ate 7( t"in$M

-ace. Maintain 7ir7)(ati n by t8it7"in$ and 8rin5(in$ t"e s5in n y )r !a7e ma5in$ !a7es. 'arm 8it" y )r "ands. Hars. 'i$$(e and m *e y )r ears. 'arm 8it" y )r "ands. (ands. M *e y )r "ands inside y )r $( *es. 'arm by p(a7in$ y )r "ands 7( se t y )r b dy. -eet. M *e y )r !eet and 8i$$(e y )r t es inside y )r b ts.
A ( ss ! !ee(in$ in y )r "ands and !eet is a si$n ! !r stbite. I! y ) "a*e ( st !ee(in$ ! r n(y a s" rt time4 t"e !r stbite is pr bab(y (i$"t. 0t"er8ise4 ass)me t"e !r stbite is deep. . re8arm a (i$"t !r stbite4 )se y )r "ands r mittens t 8arm y )r !a7e and ears. #(a7e y )r "ands )nder y )r armpits. #(a7e y )r !eet neAt t y )r b)ddyHs st ma7". A deep !r stbite inB)ry4 i! t"a8ed and re!r 3en4 8i(( 7a)se m re dama$e t"an a n nmedi7a((y trained pers n 7an "and(e. Fi$)re 1;-2 (ists s me d Hs and d nHts re$ardin$ !r stbite.
T&e#-h F""t !#( I**e&$i"# F""t

."ese 7 nditi ns res)(t !r m many " )rs r days ! eAp s)re t 8et r damp 7 nditi ns at a temperat)re B)st ab *e !ree3in$. ."e sympt ms are a sensati n ! pins and need(es4 tin$(in$4 n)mbness4 and t"en pain. ."e s5in 8i(( initia((y appear 8et4 s $$y4 8"ite4 and s"ri*e(ed. As it pr $resses and dama$e appears4 t"e s5in 8i(( ta5e n a red and t"en a b()is" r b(a75 dis7 ( rati n. ."e !eet be7 me 7 (d4 s8 ((en4 and "a*e a 8aAy appearan7e. 'a(5in$ be7 mes di!!i7)(t and t"e !eet !ee( "ea*y and n)mb. ."e ner*es and m)s7(es s)stain t"e main dama$e4 b)t $an$rene 7an 77)r. In eAtreme 7ases4 t"e !(es" dies and it may be7 me ne7essary t "a*e t"e ! t r (e$ amp)tated. ."e best pre*enti n is t 5eep y )r !eet dry. 1arry eAtra s 75s 8it" y ) in a 8aterpr ! pa75et. Y ) 7an dry 8et s 75s a$ainst y )r t rs Eba75 r 7"estF. 'as" y )r !eet and p)t n dry s 75s dai(y.
Deh1(&!ti"#
'"en b)nd(ed )p in many (ayers ! 7( t"in$ d)rin$ 7 (d 8eat"er4 y ) may be )na8are t"at y ) are ( sin$ b dy m ist)re. Y )r "ea*y 7( t"in$ abs rbs t"e m ist)re t"at e*ap rates in t"e air. Y ) m)st drin5 8ater t rep(a7e t"is ( ss ! !()id. Y )r need ! r 8ater is as $reat in a 7 (d en*ir nment as it is in a 8arm en*ir nment E1"apter 1%F. 0ne 8ay t te(( i! y ) are be7 min$ de"ydrated is t 7"e75 t"e 7 ( r ! y )r )rine n sn 8. I! y )r )rine ma5es t"e sn 8 dar5 ye(( 84 y ) are be7 min$ de"ydrated and need t rep(a7e b dy !()ids. I! it ma5es t"e sn 8 (i$"t ye(( 8 t n 7 ( r4 y )r b dy !()ids "a*e a m re n rma( ba(an7e.
C"%( Di &e$i$
-Ap s)re t 7 (d in7reases )rine )tp)t. It a(s de7reases b dy !()ids t"at y ) m)st rep(a7e.
S #+ &#
-Ap sed s5in 7an be7 me s)nb)rned e*en 8"en t"e air temperat)re is be( 8 !ree3in$. ."e s)nHs rays re!(e7t at a(( an$(es !r m sn 84 i7e4 and 8ater4 "ittin$ sensiti*e areas ! s5in--(ips4 n stri(s4 and eye(ids. -Ap s)re t t"e s)n res)(ts in s)nb)rn m re 6)i75(y at "i$" a(tit)des t"an at ( 8 a(tit)des. App(y s)nb)rn 7ream r (ip sa(*e t y )r !a7e 8"en in t"e s)n.
S#"0 B%i#(#e$$
."e re!(e7ti n ! t"e s)nHs )(tra*i (et rays !! a sn 8-7 *ered area 7a)ses t"is 7 nditi n. ."e sympt ms ! sn 8 b(indness are a sensati n ! $rit in t"e eyes4 pain in and *er t"e eyes t"at in7reases 8it" eyeba(( m *ement4 red and teary eyes4 and a "eada7"e t"at intensi!ies 8it" 7 ntin)ed eAp s)re t (i$"t. #r ( n$ed eAp s)re t t"ese rays 7an res)(t in permanent eye dama$e. . treat sn 8 b(indness4 banda$e y )r eyes )nti( t"e sympt ms disappear. Y ) 7an pre*ent sn 8 b(indness by 8earin$ s)n$(asses. I! y ) d nHt "a*e s)n$(asses4 impr *ise. 1)t s(its in a pie7e ! 7ardb ard4 t"in 8 d4 tree bar54 r t"er a*ai(ab(e materia( EFi$)re 1;-%F. #)ttin$ s t )nder y )r eyes 8i(( "e(p red)7e s"ine and $(are.
C"#$tip!ti"#
It is *ery imp rtant t re(ie*e y )rse(! 8"en needed. D n t de(ay be7a)se ! t"e 7 (d 7 nditi n. De(ayin$ re(ie*in$ y )rse(! be7a)se ! t"e 7 (d4 eatin$ de"ydrated ! ds4 drin5in$ t (itt(e (i6)id4 and irre$)(ar eatin$ "abits 7an 7a)se y ) t be7 me 7 nstipated. A(t" )$" n t disab(in$4 7 nstipati n 7an 7a)se s me dis7 m! rt. In7rease y )r !()id inta5e t at (east 2 (iters ab *e y )r n rma( 2 t % (iters dai(y inta5e and4 i! a*ai(ab(e4 eat !r)it and t"er ! ds t"at 8i(( ( sen t"e st (.
I#$e-t Bite$
Inse7t bites 7an be7 me in!e7ted t"r )$" 7 nstant s7rat7"in$. F(ies 7an 7arry *ari )s disease-pr d)7in$ $erms. . pre*ent inse7t bites4 )se inse7t repe((ent4 nettin$4 and 8ear pr per 7( t"in$. See 1"apter 11 ! r in! rmati n n inse7t bites and 1"apter 9 ! r treatment.
S. LT RS
Y )r en*ir nment and t"e e6)ipment y ) 7arry 8it" y ) 8i(( determine t"e type ! s"e(ter y ) 7an b)i(d. Y ) 7an b)i(d s"e(ters in 8 ded areas4 pen 7 )ntry4 and barren areas. ' ded areas )s)a((y pr *ide t"e best ( 7ati n4 8"i(e barren areas "a*e n(y sn 8 as b)i(din$ materia(. ' ded areas pr *ide timber ! r s"e(ter 7 nstr)7ti n4 8 d ! r !ire4 7 n7ea(ment !r m bser*ati n4 and pr te7ti n !r m t"e 8ind. 8ote9 In e+treme cold" do not use metal" such as an aircra!t !uselage" !or shelter. The metal will conduct away !rom the shelter what little heat you can generate. S"e(ters made !r m i7e r sn 8 )s)a((y re6)ire t (s s)7" as i7e aAes r sa8s. Y ) m)st a(s eApend m)7" time and ener$y t b)i(d s)7" a s"e(ter. /e s)re t *enti(ate an en7( sed s"e(ter4 espe7ia((y i! y ) intend t b)i(d a !ire in it. A(8ays b( 75 a s"e(terHs entran7e4 i! p ssib(e4 t 5eep t"e "eat in and t"e 8ind )t. Use a r)75sa75 r sn 8 b( 75. 1 nstr)7t a s"e(ter n (ar$er t"an needed. ."is 8i(( red)7e t"e am )nt ! spa7e t "eat. A !ata( err r in 7 (d 8eat"er s"e(ter 7 nstr)7ti n is ma5in$ t"e s"e(ter s (ar$e t"at it stea(s b dy "eat rat"er t"an sa*in$ it. :eep s"e(ter spa7e sma((.
Ne*er s(eep dire7t(y n t"e $r )nd. Lay d 8n s me pine b )$"s4 $rass4 r t"er ins)(atin$ materia( t 5eep t"e $r )nd !r m abs rbin$ y )r b dy "eat. Ne*er !a(( as(eep 8it" )t t)rnin$ )t y )r st *e r (amp. 1arb n m n Aide p is nin$ 7an res)(t !r m a !ire b)rnin$ in an )n*enti(ated s"e(ter. 1arb n m n Aide is a $reat dan$er. It is 7 ( r(ess and d r(ess. Any time y ) "a*e an pen !(ame4 it may $enerate 7arb n m n Aide. A(8ays 7"e75 y )r *enti(ati n. -*en in a *enti(ated s"e(ter4 in7 mp(ete 7 mb)sti n 7an 7a)se 7arb n m n Aide p is nin$. Us)a((y4 t"ere are n sympt ms. Un7 ns7i )sness and deat" 7an 77)r 8it" )t 8arnin$. S metimes4 " 8e*er4 press)re at t"e temp(es4 b)rnin$ ! t"e eyes4 "eada7"e4 p )ndin$ p)(se4 dr 8siness4 r na)sea may 77)r. ."e ne 7"ara7teristi74 *isib(e si$n ! 7arb n m n Aide p is nin$ is a 7"erry red 7 ( rin$ in t"e tiss)es ! t"e (ips4 m )t"4 and inside ! t"e eye(ids. +et int !res" air at n7e i! y ) "a*e any ! t"ese sympt ms. ."ere are se*era( types ! !ie(d-eApedient s"e(ters y ) 7an 6)i75(y b)i(d r emp( y. Many )se sn 8 ! r ins)(ati n.
S#"0 C!.e She%te&

."e sn 8 7a*e s"e(ter EFi$)re 1;-9F is a m st e!!e7ti*e s"e(ter be7a)se ! t"e ins)(atin$ 6)a(ities ! sn 8. Remember t"at it ta5es time and ener$y t b)i(d and t"at y ) 8i(( $et 8et 8"i(e b)i(din$ it. First4 y ) need t !ind a dri!t ab )t % meters deep int 8"i7" y ) 7an di$. '"i(e b)i(din$ t"is s"e(ter4 5eep t"e r ! ar7"ed ! r stren$t" and t a(( 8 me(ted sn 8 t drain d 8n t"e sides. /)i(d t"e s(eepin$ p(at! rm "i$"er t"an t"e entran7e. Separate t"e s(eepin$ p(at! rm !r m t"e sn 8 7a*eHs 8a((s r di$ a sma(( tren7" bet8een t"e p(at! rm and t"e 8a((. ."is p(at! rm 8i(( pre*ent t"e me(tin$ sn 8 !r m 8ettin$ y ) and y )r e6)ipment. ."is 7 nstr)7ti n is espe7ia((y imp rtant i! y ) "a*e a $ d s )r7e ! "eat in t"e sn 8 7a*e. -ns)re t"e r ! is "i$" en )$" s t"at y ) 7an sit )p n t"e s(eepin$ p(at! rm. /( 75 t"e entran7e 8it" a sn 8 b( 75 r t"er materia( and )se t"e ( 8er entran7e area ! r 7 5in$. ."e 8a((s and 7ei(in$ s" )(d be at (east %= 7entimeters t"i75. Insta(( a *enti(ati n s"a!t. I! y ) d n t "a*e a dri!t (ar$e en )$" t b)i(d a sn 8 7a*e4 y ) 7an ma5e a *ariati n ! it by pi(in$ sn 8 int a m )nd (ar$e en )$" t di$ )t.
S#"0 T&e#-h She%te&

."e idea be"ind t"is s"e(ter EFi$)re 1;-9F is t $et y ) be( 8 t"e sn 8 and 8ind (e*e( and )se t"e sn 8Hs ins)(atin$ 6)a(ities. I! y ) are in an area ! 7 mpa7ted sn 84 7)t sn 8 b( 75s and )se t"em as *er"ead 7 *er. I! n t4 y ) 7an )se a p n7" r t"er materia(. /)i(d n(y ne entran7e and )se a sn 8 b( 75 r r)75sa75 as a d r.
S#"0 B%"-) !#( P!&!-h te She%te&

Use sn 8 b( 75s ! r t"e sides and para7")te materia( ! r *er"ead 7 *er EFi$)re 1;-9F. I! sn 8!a(( is "ea*y4 y ) 8i(( "a*e t 7(ear sn 8 !r m t"e t p at re$)(ar inter*a(s t pre*ent t"e 7 ((apse ! t"e para7")te materia(.
S#"0 H" $e "& I/%""

In 7ertain areas4 t"e nati*es !re6)ent(y )se t"is type ! s"e(ter EFi$)re 1;-9F as ")ntin$ and !is"in$ s"e(ters. ."ey are e!!i7ient s"e(ters b)t re6)ire s me pra7ti7e t ma5e t"em pr per(y. A(s 4 y ) m)st be in an area t"at is s)itab(e ! r 7)ttin$ sn 8 b( 75s and "a*e t"e e6)ipment t 7)t t"em Esn 8 sa8 r 5ni!eF.
Le!#-T" She%te&
1 nstr)7t t"is s"e(ter in t"e same manner as ! r t"er en*ir nmentsJ " 8e*er4 pi(e sn 8 ar )nd t"e sides ! r ins)(ati n EFi$)re 1;-;F.
F!%%e# T&ee She%te&

. b)i(d t"is s"e(ter4 !ind a !a((en tree and di$ )t t"e sn 8 )nderneat" it EFi$)re 1;-6F. ."e sn 8 8i(( n t be deep )nder t"e tree. I! y ) m)st rem *e bran7"es !r m t"e inside4 )se t"em t (ine t"e !( r.
T&ee-Pit She%te&
Di$ sn 8 )t !r m )nder a s)itab(e (ar$e tree. It 8i(( n t be as deep near t"e base ! t"e tree. Use t"e 7)t bran7"es t (ine t"e s"e(ter. Use a $r )nd s"eet as *er"ead 7 *er t pre*ent sn 8 !r m !a((in$ !! t"e tree int t"e s"e(ter. I! b)i(t pr per(y4 y ) 7an "a*e %6=-de$ree *isibi(ity EFi$)re ;-124 1"apter ;F.
4A-M!# Li5e R!5t

."is ra!t is t"e standard *er8ater ra!t n U.S. Air F r7e air7ra!t. Y ) 7an )se it as a s"e(ter. D n t (et (ar$e am )nts ! sn 8 b)i(d )p n t"e *er"ead pr te7ti n. I! p(a7ed in an pen area4 it a(s ser*es as a $ d si$na( t *er"ead air7ra!t.
'IR
Fire is espe7ia((y imp rtant in 7 (d 8eat"er. It n t n(y pr *ides a means t prepare ! d4 b)t a(s t $et 8arm and t me(t sn 8 r i7e ! r 8ater. It a(s pr *ides y ) 8it" a si$ni!i7ant psy7" ( $i7a( b st by ma5in$ y ) !ee( a (itt(e m re se7)re in y )r sit)ati n. Use t"e te7"ni6)es des7ribed in 1"apter 7 t b)i(d and (i$"t y )r !ire. I! y ) are in enemy territ ry4 remember t"at t"e sm 5e4 sme((4 and (i$"t !r m y )r !ire may re*ea( y )r ( 7ati n. Li$"t re!(e7ts !r m s)rr )ndin$ trees r r 75s4 ma5in$ e*en indire7t (i$"t a s )r7e ! dan$er. Sm 5e tends t $ strai$"t )p in 7 (d4 7a(m 8eat"er4 ma5in$ it a bea7 n d)rin$ t"e day4 b)t "e(pin$ t 7 n7ea( t"e sme(( at ni$"t. In 8armer 8eat"er4 espe7ia((y in a 8 ded area4 sm 5e tends t ")$ t"e $r )nd4 ma5in$ it (ess *isib(e in t"e day4 b)t ma5in$ its d r spread. I! y ) are in enemy territ ry4 7)t ( 8 tree b )$"s rat"er t"an t"e entire tree ! r !ire8 d. Fa((en trees are easi(y seen !r m t"e air. A(( 8 d 8i(( b)rn4 b)t s me types ! 8 d 7reate m re sm 5e t"an t"ers. F r instan7e4 7 ni!er )s trees t"at 7 ntain resin and tar 7reate m re and dar5er sm 5e t"an de7id) )s trees. ."ere are !e8 materia(s t )se ! r !)e( in t"e "i$" m )ntain )s re$i ns ! t"e ar7ti7. Y ) may !ind s me $rasses and m ss4 b)t *ery (itt(e. ."e ( 8er t"e e(e*ati n4 t"e m re !)e( a*ai(ab(e. Y ) may !ind s me s7r)b 8i(( 8 and sma((4 st)nted spr)7e trees ab *e t"e tree (ine. 0n sea i7e4 !)e(s are seemin$(y n neAistent. Dri!t8 d r !ats may be t"e n(y !)e(s a*ai(ab(e t a s)r*i* r n t"e barren 7 ast(ines in t"e ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 re$i ns. Ab)ndant !)e(s 8it"in t"e tree (ine are-
Spr)7e trees are 7 mm n in t"e interi r re$i ns. As a 7 ni!er4 spr)7e ma5es a ( t ! sm 5e 8"en b)rned in t"e sprin$ and s)mmer m nt"s. 2 8e*er4 it b)rns a(m st sm 5e-!ree in (ate !a(( and 8inter. ."e tamara75 tree is a(s a 7 ni!er. It is t"e n(y tree ! t"e pine !ami(y t"at ( ses its need(es in t"e !a((. 'it" )t its need(es4 it ( 5s (i5e a dead spr)7e4 b)t it "as many 5n bby b)ds and 7 nes n its bare bran7"es. '"en b)rnin$4 tamara75 8 d ma5es a ( t ! sm 5e and is eA7e((ent ! r si$na(in$ p)rp ses. /ir7" trees are de7id) )s and t"e 8 d b)rns " t and !ast4 as i! s a5ed 8it" i( r 5er sene. M st bir7"es $r 8 near streams and (a5es4 b)t 77asi na((y y ) 8i(( !ind a !e8 n "i$"er $r )nd and a8ay !r m 8ater. 'i(( 8 and a(der $r 8 in ar7ti7 re$i ns4 n rma((y in mars" areas r near (a5es and streams. ."ese 8 ds b)rn " t and !ast 8it" )t m)7" sm 5e.
Dried m ss4 $rass4 and s7r)b 8i(( 8 are t"er materia(s y ) 7an )se ! r !)e(. ."ese are )s)a((y p(enti!)( near streams in t)ndras E pen4 tree(ess p(ainsF. /y b)nd(in$ r t8istin$ $rasses r t"er s7r)b *e$etati n t ! rm a (ar$e4 s (id mass4 y ) 8i(( "a*e a s( 8er b)rnin$4 m re pr d)7ti*e !)e(. I! !)e( r i( is a*ai(ab(e !r m a 8re75ed *e"i7(e r d 8ned air7ra!t4 )se it ! r !)e(. Lea*e t"e !)e( in t"e tan5 ! r st ra$e4 dra8in$ n t"e s)pp(y n(y as y ) need it. 0i( 7 n$ea(s in eAtreme(y 7 (d temperat)res4 t"ere! re4 drain it !r m t"e *e"i7(e r air7ra!t 8"i(e sti(( 8arm i! t"ere is n dan$er ! eAp( si n r !ire. I! y ) "a*e n 7 ntainer4 (et t"e i( drain nt t"e sn 8 r i7e. S7 p )p t"e !)e( as y ) need it. CAUTION
D n t eAp se !(es" t petr (e)m4 i(4 and ()bri7ants in eAtreme(y 7 (d temperat)res. ."e (i6)id state ! t"ese pr d)7ts is de7epti*e in t"at it 7an 7a)se !r stbite. S me p(asti7 pr d)7ts4 s)7" as MR- sp ns4 "e(met *is rs4 *is r " )sin$s4 aid ! am r)bber 8i(( i$nite 6)i75(y !r m a b)rnin$ mat7". ."ey 8i(( a(s b)rn ( n$ en )$" t "e(p start a !ire. F r eAamp(e4 a p(asti7 sp n 8i(( b)rn ! r ab )t 1= min)tes. In 7 (d 8eat"er re$i ns4 t"ere are s me "a3ards in )sin$ !ires4 8"et"er t 5eep 8arm r t 7 5. F r eAamp(e-
Fires "a*e been 5n 8n t b)rn )nder$r )nd4 res)r!a7in$ nearby. ."ere! re4 d n t b)i(d a !ire t 7( se t a s"e(ter. In sn 8 s"e(ters4 eA7essi*e "eat 8i(( me(t t"e ins)(atin$ (ayer ! sn 8 t"at may a(s be y )r 7am )!(a$e. A !ire inside a s"e(ter (a75in$ ade6)ate *enti(ati n 7an res)(t in 7arb n m n Aide p is nin$. A pers n tryin$ t $et 8arm r t dry 7( t"es may be7 me 7are(ess and b)rn r s7 r7" "is 7( t"in$ and e6)ipment. Me(tin$ *er"ead sn 8 may $et y ) 8et4 b)ry y ) and y )r e6)ipment4 and p ssib(y eAtin$)is" y )r !ire.
In $enera(4 a sma(( !ire and s me type ! st *e is t"e best 7 mbinati n ! r 7 5in$ p)rp ses. A " b st *e EFi$)re 1;-7F is parti7)(ar(y s)itab(e t t"e ar7ti7. It is easy t ma5e )t ! a tin 7an4 and it 7 nser*es !)e(. A bed ! " t 7 a(s pr *ides t"e best 7 5in$ "eat. 1 a(s !r m a 7riss7r ss !ire 8i(( sett(e )ni! rm(y. Ma5e t"is type ! !ire by 7riss7r ssin$ t"e !ire8 d. A simp(e 7rane pr pped n a ! r5ed sti75 8i(( " (d a 7 5in$ 7 ntainer *er a !ire.
F r "eatin$ p)rp ses4 a sin$(e 7and(e pr *ides en )$" "eat t 8arm an en7( sed s"e(ter. A sma(( !ire ab )t t"e si3e ! a manHs "and is idea( ! r )se in enemy territ ry. It re6)ires *ery (itt(e !)e(4 yet it $enerates 7 nsiderab(e 8armt" and is " t en )$" t 8arm (i6)ids.
3AT R
."ere are many s )r7es ! 8ater in t"e ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7. Y )r ( 7ati n and t"e seas n ! t"e year 8i(( determine 8"ere and " 8 y ) btain 8ater. 'ater s )r7es in ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 re$i ns are m re sanitary t"an in t"er re$i ns d)e t t"e 7(imati7 and en*ir nmenta( 7 nditi ns. 2 8e*er4 always puri!y t"e 8ater be! re drin5in$ it. D)rin$ t"e s)mmer m nt"s4 t"e best nat)ra( s )r7es ! 8ater are !res"8ater (a5es4 streams4 p nds4 ri*ers4 and sprin$s.
'ater !r m p nds r (a5es may be s(i$"t(y sta$nant4 b)t sti(( )sab(e. R)nnin$ 8ater in streams4 ri*ers4 and b)bb(in$ sprin$s is )s)a((y !res" and s)itab(e ! r drin5in$. ."e br 8nis" s)r!a7e 8ater ! )nd in a t)ndra d)rin$ t"e s)mmer is a $ d s )r7e ! 8ater. 2 8e*er4 y ) may "a*e t !i(ter t"e 8ater be! re p)ri!yin$ it. Y ) 7an me(t !res"8ater i7e and sn 8 ! r 8ater. 1 mp(ete(y me(t b t" be! re p)ttin$ t"em in y )r m )t". .ryin$ t me(t i7e r sn 8 in y )r m )t" ta5es a8ay b dy "eat and may 7a)se interna( 7 (d inB)ries. I! n r near pa75 i7e in t"e sea4 y ) 7an )se (d sea i7e t me(t ! r 8ater. In time4 sea i7e ( ses its sa(inity. Y ) 7an identi!y t"is i7e by its r )nded 7 rners and b()is" 7 ( r. Y ) 7an )se b dy "eat t me(t sn 8. #(a7e t"e sn 8 in a 8ater ba$ and p(a7e t"e ba$ bet8een y )r (ayers ! 7( t"in$. ."is is a s( 8 pr 7ess4 b)t y ) 7an )se it n t"e m *e r 8"en y ) "a*e n !ire. 8ote9 <o not waste !uel to melt ice or snow when drinkable water is available !rom other sources. '"en i7e is a*ai(ab(e4 me(t it4 rat"er t"an sn 8. 0ne 7)p ! i7e yie(ds m re 8ater t"an ne 7)p ! sn 8. I7e a(s ta5es (ess time t me(t. Y ) 7an me(t i7e r sn 8 in a 8ater ba$4 MR- rati n ba$4 tin 7an4 r impr *ised 7 ntainer by p(a7in$ t"e 7 ntainer near a !ire. /e$in 8it" a sma(( am )nt ! i7e r sn 8 in t"e 7 ntainer and4 as it t)rns t 8ater4 add m re i7e r sn 8. An t"er 8ay t me(t i7e r sn 8 is by p)ttin$ it in a ba$ made !r m p r )s materia( and s)spendin$ t"e ba$ near t"e !ire. #(a7e a 7 ntainer )nder t"e ba$ t 7at7" t"e 8ater. D)rin$ 7 (d 8eat"er4 a* id drin5in$ a ( t ! (i6)id be! re $ in$ t bed. 1ra8(in$ )t ! a 8arm s(eepin$ ba$ at ni$"t t re(ie*e y )rse(! means (ess rest and m re eAp s)re t t"e 7 (d. 0n7e y ) "a*e 8ater4 5eep it neAt t y ) t pre*ent re!ree3in$. A(s 4 d n t !i(( y )r 7anteen 7 mp(ete(y. A(( 8in$ t"e 8ater t s( s" ar )nd 8i(( "e(p 5eep it !r m !ree3in$.
'OO,
."ere are se*era( s )r7es ! ! d in t"e ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 re$i ns. ."e type ! ! d--!is"4 anima(4 ! 8(4 r p(ant--and t"e ease in btainin$ it depend n t"e time ! t"e year and y )r ( 7ati n.
Fi$h
D)rin$ t"e s)mmer m nt"s4 y ) 7an easi(y $et !is" and t"er 8ater (i!e !r m 7 asta( 8aters4 streams4 ri*ers4 and (a5es. Use t"e te7"ni6)es des7ribed in 1"apter & t 7at7" !is". ."e N rt" At(anti7 and N rt" #a7i!i7 7 asta( 8aters are ri7" in sea! d. Y ) 7an easi(y !ind 7ra8!is"4 snai(s4 7(ams4 ysters4 and 5in$ 7rab. In areas 8"ere t"ere is a $reat di!!eren7e bet8een t"e "i$" and ( 8 tide 8ater (e*e(s4 y ) 7an easi(y !ind s"e((!is" at ( 8 tide. Di$ in t"e sand n t"e tida( !(ats. L 5 in tida( p (s and n !!s" re ree!s. In areas 8"ere t"ere is a sma(( di!!eren7e bet8een t"e "i$"- and ( 8-tide 8ater (e*e(s4 st rm 8a*es !ten 8as" s"e((!is" nt t"e bea7"es. ."e e$$s ! t"e spiny sea )r7"in t"at (i*es in t"e 8aters ar )nd t"e A(e)tian Is(ands and s )t"ern A(as5a are eA7e((ent ! d. L 5 ! r t"e sea )r7"ins in tida( p (s. /rea5 t"e s"e(( by p(a7in$ it bet8een t8 st nes. ."e e$$s are bri$"t ye(( 8 in 7 ( r. M st n rt"ern !is" and !is" e$$s are edib(e. -A7epti ns are t"e meat ! t"e ar7ti7 s"ar5 and t"e e$$s ! t"e s7)(pins. ."e bi*a(*es4 s)7" as 7(ams and m)sse(s4 are )s)a((y m re pa(atab(e t"an spira(-s"e((ed sea! d4 s)7" as snai(s. WARNING ."e b(a75 m)sse(4 a 7 mm n m (()s5 ! t"e !ar n rt"4 may be p is n )s in any seas n. . Ains s metimes ! )nd in t"e m)sse(Hs tiss)e are as dan$er )s as stry7"nine. ."e sea 7)7)mber is an t"er edib(e sea anima(. Inside its b dy are !i*e ( n$ 8"ite m)s7(es t"at taste m)7" (i5e 7(am meat. In ear(y s)mmer4 sme(t spa8n in t"e bea7" s)r!. S metimes y ) 7an s7 p t"em )p 8it" y )r "ands. Y ) 7an !ten !ind "errin$ e$$s n t"e sea8eed in mids)mmer. :e(p4 t"e ( n$ ribb n(i5e sea8eed4 and t"er sma((er sea8eed t"at $r 8 am n$ !!s" re r 75s are a(s edib(e.
Se! I-e A#i*!%$

Y ) !ind p (ar bears in pra7ti7a((y a(( ar7ti7 7 asta( re$i ns4 b)t rare(y in(and. A* id t"em i! p ssib(e. ."ey are t"e m st dan$er )s ! a(( bears. ."ey are tire(ess4 7(e*er ")nters 8it" $ d si$"t and an eAtra rdinary sense ! sme((. I! y ) m)st 5i(( ne ! r ! d4 appr a7" it 7a)ti )s(y. Aim ! r t"e brainJ a b)((et e(se8"ere 8i(( rare(y 5i(( ne. A(8ays 7 5 p (ar bear meat be! re eatin$ it. CAUTION D n t eat p (ar bear (i*er as it 7 ntains a t Ai7 7 n7entrati n ! *itamin A. -ar(ess sea( meat is s me ! t"e best meat a*ai(ab(e. Y ) need 7 nsiderab(e s5i((4 " 8e*er4 t $et 7( se en )$" t an ear(ess sea( t 5i(( it. In sprin$4 sea(s !ten bas5 n t"e i7e beside t"eir breat"in$ " (es. ."ey raise t"eir "eads ab )t e*ery %= se7 nds4 " 8e*er4 t ( 5 ! r t"eir enemy4 t"e p (ar bear. . appr a7" a sea(4 d as t"e -s5im s d --stay d 8n8ind !r m it4 7a)ti )s(y m *in$ 7( ser 8"i(e it s(eeps. I! it m *es4 st p and imitate its m *ements by (yin$ !(at n t"e i7e4 raisin$ y )r "ead )p and d 8n4 and 8ri$$(in$ y )r b dy s(i$"t(y. Appr a7" t"e sea( 8it" y )r b dy side-8ays t it and y )r arms 7( se t y )r b dy s t"at y ) ( 5 as m)7" (i5e an t"er sea( as p ssib(e. ."e i7e at t"e ed$e ! t"e breat"in$ " (e is )s)a((y sm t" and at an in7(ine4 s t"e (east m *ement ! t"e sea( may 7a)se it t s(ide int t"e 8ater. ."ere! re4 try t $et 8it"in 22 t 9; meters ! t"e sea( and 5i(( it instant(y Eaim ! r t"e brainF. .ry t rea7" t"e sea( be! re it s(ips int t"e 8ater. In 8inter4 a dead sea( 8i(( )s)a((y !( at4 b)t it is di!!i7)(t t retrie*e !r m t"e 8ater. :eep t"e sea( b()bber and s5in !r m 7 min$ int 7 nta7t 8it" any s7rat7" r br 5en s5in y ) may "a*e. Y ) 7 )(d $et Kspe55-!in$er4K t"at is4 a rea7ti n t"at 7a)ses t"e "ands t be7 me bad(y s8 ((en. :eep in mind t"at 8"ere t"ere are sea(s4 t"ere are )s)a((y p (ar bears4 and p (ar bears "a*e sta(5ed and 5i((ed sea( ")nters. Y ) 7an !ind p r7)pines in s )t"ern s)bar7ti7 re$i ns 8"ere t"ere are trees. # r7)pines !eed n bar5J i! y ) !ind tree (imbs stripped bare4 y ) are (i5e(y t !ind p r7)pines in t"e area. #tarmi$ans4 8(s4 1anadian Bays4 $r )se4 and ra*ens are t"e n(y birds t"at remain in t"e ar7ti7 d)rin$ t"e 8inter. ."ey are s7ar7e n rt" ! t"e tree (ine. #tarmi$ans and 8(s are as $ d ! r ! d as any $ame bird. Ra*ens are t t"in t be 8 rt" t"e e!! rt it ta5es t 7at7" t"em. #tarmi$ans4 8"i7" 7"an$e 7 ( r t b(end 8it" t"eir s)rr )ndin$s4 are "ard t sp t. R 75 ptarmi$ans tra*e( in pairs and y ) 7an easi(y appr a7" t"em. 'i(( 8 ptarmi$ans (i*e am n$ 8i(( 8 7()mps in b tt m-(ands. ."ey $at"er in (ar$e !( 75s and y ) 7an easi(y snare t"em. D)rin$ t"e s)mmer m nt"s a(( ar7ti7 birds "a*e a 2- t %-8ee5 m (tin$ peri d d)rin$ 8"i7" t"ey 7ann t !(y and are easy t 7at7". Use ne ! t"e te7"ni6)es des7ribed in 1"apter & t 7at7" t"em. S5in and b)t7"er $ame Esee 1"apter &F 8"i(e it is sti(( 8arm. I! y ) d n t "a*e time t s5in t"e $ame4 at (east rem *e its entrai(s4 m)s5 $(ands4 and $enita(s be! re st rin$. I! time a(( 8s4 7)t t"e meat int )sab(e pie7es and !ree3e ea7" separate(y s t"at y ) 7an )se t"e pie7es as needed. Lea*e t"e !at n a(( anima(s eA7ept sea(s. D)rin$ t"e 8inter4 $ame !ree3es 6)i75(y i! (e!t in t"e pen. D)rin$ t"e s)mmer4 y ) 7an st re it in )nder$r )nd i7e " (es.
P%!#t$
A(t" )$" t)ndras s)pp rt a *ariety ! p(ants d)rin$ t"e 8arm m nt"s4 a(( are sma((4 " 8e*er4 8"en 7 mpared t p(ants in 8armer 7(imates. F r instan7e4 t"e ar7ti7 8i(( 8 and bir7" are s"r)bs rat"er t"an trees. ."e ! (( 8in$ is a (ist ! s me p(ant ! ds ! )nd in ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 re$i ns Esee AppendiA / ! r des7ripti nsF. ARCTIC FOOD PLANTS

Ar7ti7 raspberry and b()eberry Ar7ti7 8i(( 8 /earberry 1ranberry 1r 8berry
Dande(i n -s5im p tat Fire8eed I7e(and m ss Mars" mari$ (d Reindeer m ss R 75 tripe Spatterd 75
."ere are s me p(ants $r 8in$ in ar7ti7 and s)bar7ti7 re$i ns t"at are p is n )s i! eaten Esee AppendiA 1F. Use t"e p(ants t"at y ) 5n 8 are edib(e. '"en in d )bt4 ! (( 8 t"e Uni*ersa( -dibi(ity .est in 1"apter <4 Fi$)re <-;.
TRAV L
As a s)r*i* r r an e*ader in an ar7ti7 r s)bar7ti7 re$i n4 y ) 8i(( !a7e many bsta7(es. Y )r ( 7ati n and t"e time ! t"e year 8i(( determine t"e types ! bsta7(es and t"e in"erent dan$ers. Y ) s" )(d-
A* id tra*e(in$ d)rin$ a b(i33ard. .a5e 7are 8"en 7r ssin$ t"in i7e. Distrib)te y )r 8ei$"t by (yin$ !(at and 7ra8(in$. 1r ss streams 8"en t"e 8ater (e*e( is ( 8est. N rma( !ree3in$ and t"a8in$ a7ti n may 7a)se a stream (e*e( t *ary as m)7" as 2 t 2.; meters per day. ."is *arian7e may 77)r any time d)rin$ t"e day4 dependin$ n t"e distan7e !r m a $(a7ier4 t"e temperat)re4 and t"e terrain. 1 nsider t"is *ariati n in 8ater (e*e( 8"en se(e7tin$ a 7ampsite near a stream. 1 nsider t"e 7(ear ar7ti7 air. It ma5es estimatin$ distan7e di!!i7)(t. Y ) m re !re6)ent(y )nderestimate t"an *erestimate distan7es. D n t tra*e( in K8"ite )tK 7 nditi ns. ."e (a75 ! 7 ntrastin$ 7 ( rs ma5es it imp ssib(e t B)d$e t"e nat)re ! t"e terrain. A(8ays 7r ss a sn 8 brid$e at ri$"t an$(es t t"e bsta7(e it 7r sses. Find t"e str n$est part ! t"e brid$e by p 5in$ a"ead ! y ) 8it" a p (e r i7e aAe. Distrib)te y )r 8ei$"t by 7ra8(in$ r by 8earin$ sn 8s" es r s5is. Ma5e 7amp ear(y s t"at y ) "a*e p(enty ! time t b)i(d a s"e(ter. 1 nsider !r 3en r )n!r 3en ri*ers as a*en)es ! tra*e(. 2 8e*er4 s me ri*ers t"at appear !r 3en may "a*e s !t4 pen areas t"at ma5e tra*e( *ery di!!i7)(t r may n t a(( 8 8a(5in$4 s5iin$4 r s(eddin$. Use sn 8s" es i! y ) are tra*e(in$ *er sn 8-7 *ered terrain. Sn 8 %= r m re 7entimeters deep ma5es tra*e(in$ di!!i7)(t. I! y ) d n t "a*e sn 8s" es4 ma5e a pair )sin$ 8i(( 84 strips ! 7( t"4 (eat"er4 r t"er s)itab(e materia(.
It is a(m st imp ssib(e t tra*e( in deep sn 8 8it" )t sn 8s" es r s5is. .ra*e(in$ by ! t (ea*es a 8e((mar5ed trai( ! r any p)rs)ers t ! (( 8. I! y ) m)st tra*e( in deep sn 84 a* id sn 8-7 *ered streams. ."e sn 84 8"i7" a7ts as an ins)(at r4 may "a*e pre*ented i7e !r m ! rmin$ *er t"e 8ater. In "i((y terrain4 a* id areas 8"ere a*a(an7"es appear p ssib(e. .ra*e( in t"e ear(y m rnin$ in areas 8"ere t"ere is dan$er ! a*a(an7"es. 0n rid$es4 sn 8 $at"ers n t"e (ee side in *er"an$in$ pi(es 7a((ed 7 rni7es. ."ese !ten eAtend !ar )t !r m t"e rid$e and may brea5 ( se i! stepped n.
3 AT. R SI/NS
."ere are se*era( $ d indi7at rs ! 7(imati7 7"an$es.
Wi#(
Y ) 7an determine 8ind dire7ti n by dr ppin$ a !e8 (ea*es r $rass r by 8at7"in$ t"e treet ps. 0n7e y ) determine t"e 8ind dire7ti n4 y ) 7an predi7t t"e type ! 8eat"er t"at is imminent. Rapid(y s"i!tin$ 8inds indi7ate an )nsett(ed atm sp"ere and a (i5e(y 7"an$e in t"e 8eat"er.
C%" ($
1( )ds 7 me in a *ariety ! s"apes and patterns. A $enera( 5n 8(ed$e ! 7( )ds and t"e atm sp"eri7 7 nditi ns t"ey indi7ate 7an "e(p y ) predi7t t"e 8eat"er. See AppendiA + ! r detai(s.
S*")e
Sm 5e risin$ in a t"in *erti7a( 7 ()mn indi7ates !air 8eat"er. L 8 risin$ r K!(attened )tK sm 5e indi7ates st rmy 8eat"er.
Bi&($ !#( I#$e-t$

/irds and inse7ts !(y ( 8er t t"e $r )nd t"an n rma( in "ea*y4 m ist)re-(aden air. S)7" !(i$"t indi7ates t"at rain is (i5e(y. M st inse7t a7ti*ity in7reases be! re a st rm4 b)t bee a7ti*ity in7reases be! re !air 8eat"er.
L"0-P&e$$ &e F&"#t

S( 8-m *in$ r imper7eptib(e 8inds and "ea*y4 ")mid air !ten indi7ate a ( 8-press)re !r nt. S)7" a !r nt pr mises bad 8eat"er t"at 8i(( pr bab(y (in$er ! r se*era( days. Y ) 7an Ksme((K and K"earK t"is !r nt. ."e s()$$is"4 ")mid air ma5es 8i(derness d rs m re pr n )n7ed t"an d)rin$ "i$"-press)re 7 nditi ns. In additi n4 s )nds are s"arper and 7arry !art"er in ( 8-press)re t"an "i$"-press)re 7 nditi ns.
CHAPTER 1< - SEA SURVIVAL
:erhaps the most di!!icult survival situation to be in is sea survival. Short%or long%term survival depends upon rations and e)uipment available and your ingenuity. @ou must be resource!ul to survive. ater covers about K6 percent o! the earth.s sur!ace" with about K; percent being oceans and seas. @ou can assume that you will sometime cross vast e+panses o! water. There is always the chance that the plane or ship you are on will become crippled by such ha*ards as storms" collision" !ire" or war.
T. OP N S A
As a s)r*i* r n t"e pen sea4 y ) 8i(( !a7e 8a*es and 8ind. Y ) may a(s !a7e eAtreme "eat r 7 (d. . 5eep t"ese en*ir nmenta( "a3ards !r m be7 min$ seri )s pr b(ems4 ta5e pre7a)ti nary meas)res as s n as p ssib(e. Use t"e a*ai(ab(e res )r7es t pr te7t y )rse(! !r m t"e e(ements and !r m "eat r eAtreme 7 (d and ")midity. #r te7tin$ y )rse(! !r m t"e e(ements meets n(y ne ! y )r basi7 needs. Y ) m)st a(s be ab(e t btain 8ater and ! d. Satis!yin$ t"ese t"ree basi7 needs 8i(( "e(p pre*ent seri )s p"ysi7a( and psy7" ( $i7a( pr b(ems. 2 8e*er4 y ) m)st 5n 8 " 8 t treat "ea(t" pr b(ems t"at may res)(t !r m y )r sit)ati n.
P&e-! ti"#!&1 Me!$ &e$

Y )r s)r*i*a( at sea depends )p n-
Y )r 5n 8(ed$e ! and abi(ity t )se t"e a*ai(ab(e s)r*i*a( e6)ipment. Y )r spe7ia( s5i((s and abi(ity t app(y t"em t 7 pe 8it" t"e "a3ards y ) !a7e. Y )r 8i(( t (i*e.
'"en y ) b ard a s"ip r air7ra!t4 !ind )t 8"at s)r*i*a( e6)ipment is n b ard4 8"ere it is st 8ed4 and 8"at it 7 ntains. F r instan7e4 " 8 many (i!e preser*ers and (i!eb ats r ra!ts are n b ardI '"ere are t"ey ( 7atedI '"at type ! s)r*i*a( e6)ipment d t"ey "a*eI 2 8 m)7" ! d4 8ater4 and medi7ine d t"ey 7 ntainI 2 8 many pe p(e are t"ey desi$ned t s)pp rtI I! y ) are resp nsib(e ! r t"er pers nne( n b ard4 ma5e s)re y ) 5n 8 8"ere t"ey are and t"ey 5n 8 8"ere y ) are.
D"0# !t Se!
I! y ) are in an air7ra!t t"at $ es d 8n at sea4 ta5e t"e ! (( 8in$ a7ti ns n7e y ) 7(ear t"e air7ra!t. '"et"er y ) are in t"e 8ater r in a ra!t --
+et 7(ear and )p8ind ! t"e air7ra!t as s n as p ssib(e4 b)t stay in t"e *i7inity )nti( t"e air7ra!t sin5s. +et 7(ear ! !)e(-7 *ered 8ater in 7ase t"e !)e( i$nites. .ry t !ind t"er s)r*i* rs.
A sear7" ! r s)r*i* rs )s)a((y ta5es p(a7e ar )nd t"e entire area ! and near t"e 7ras" site. Missin$ pers nne( may be )n7 ns7i )s and !( atin$ ( 8 in t"e 8ater. Fi$)re 16-1 i(()strates res7)e pr 7ed)res.
."e best te7"ni6)e ! r res7)in$ pers nne( !r m t"e 8ater is t t"r 8 t"em a (i!e preser*er atta7"ed t a (ine. An t"er is t send a s8immer Eres7)erF !r m t"e ra!t 8it" a (ine atta7"ed t a !( tati n de*i7e t"at 8i(( s)pp rt t"e res7)erHs 8ei$"t. ."is de*i7e 8i(( "e(p 7 nser*e a res7)erHs ener$y 8"i(e re7 *erin$ t"e s)r*i* r. ."e (east a77eptab(e te7"ni6)e is t send an atta7"ed s8immer 8it" )t !( tati n de*i7es t retrie*e a s)r*i* r. In a(( 7ases4 t"e res7)er 8ears a (i!e preser*er. A res7)er s" )(d n t )nderestimate t"e stren$t" ! a pani7-stri75en pers n in t"e 8ater. A 7are!)( appr a7" 7an pre*ent inB)ry t t"e res7)er.
'"en t"e res7)er appr a7"es a s)r*i* r in tr )b(e !r m be"ind4 t"ere is (itt(e dan$er t"e s)r*i* r 8i(( 5i754 s7rat7"4 r $rab "im. ."e res7)er s8ims t a p int dire7t(y be"ind t"e s)r*i* r and $rasps t"e (i!e preser*erHs ba75strap. ."e res7)er )ses t"e sidestr 5e t dra$ t"e s)r*i* r t t"e ra!t. I! y ) are in t"e 8ater4 ma5e y )r 8ay t a ra!t. I! n ra!ts are a*ai(ab(e4 try t !ind a (ar$e pie7e ! !( atin$ debris t 7(in$ t . Re(aAJ a pers n 8" 5n 8s " 8 t re(aA in 7ean 8ater is in *ery (itt(e dan$er ! dr 8nin$. ."e b dyHs nat)ra( b) yan7y 8i(( 5eep at (east t"e t p ! t"e "ead ab *e 8ater4 b)t s me m *ement is needed t 5eep t"e !a7e ab *e 8ater. F( atin$ n y )r ba75 ta5es t"e (east ener$y. Lie n y )r ba75 in t"e 8ater4 spread y )r arms and (e$s4 and ar7" y )r ba75. /y 7 ntr ((in$ y )r breat"in$ in and )t4 y )r !a7e 8i(( a(8ays be )t ! t"e 8ater and y ) may e*en s(eep in t"is p siti n ! r s" rt peri ds. Y )r "ead 8i(( be partia((y s)bmer$ed4 b)t y )r !a7e 8i(( be ab *e 8ater. I! y ) 7ann t !( at n y )r ba75 r i! t"e sea is t r )$"4 !( at !a7ed 8n in t"e 8ater as s" 8n in Fi$)re 16-2.
."e ! (( 8in$ are t"e best s8immin$ str 5es d)rin$ a s)r*i*a( sit)ati nM

<og paddle. ."is str 5e is eA7e((ent 8"en 7( t"ed r 8earin$ a (i!e Ba75et. A(t" )$" s( 8 in speed4 it re6)ires *ery (itt(e ener$y. ?reaststroke. Use t"is str 5e t s8im )nder8ater4 t"r )$" i( r debris4 r in r )$" seas. It is pr bab(y t"e best str 5e ! r ( n$-ran$e s8immin$M it a(( 8s y ) t 7 nser*e y )r ener$y and maintain a reas nab(e speed. Sidestroke. It is a $ d re(ie! str 5e be7a)se y ) )se n(y ne arm t maintain m ment)m and b) yan7y. ?ackstroke. ."is str 5e is a(s an eA7e((ent re(ie! str 5e. It re(ie*es t"e m)s7(es t"at y ) )se ! r t"er str 5es. Use it i! an )nder8ater eAp( si n is (i5e(y.
I! y ) are in an area 8"ere s)r!a7e i( is b)rnin$-
Dis7ard y )r s" es and b) yant (i!e preser*er. 8ote9 I! you have an unin!lated li!e preserver" keep it.
1 *er y )r n se4 m )t"4 and eyes and 6)i75(y $ )nder8ater. S8im )nder8ater as !ar as p ssib(e be! re s)r!a7in$ t breat"e.
/e! re s)r!a7in$ t breat"e and 8"i(e sti(( )nder8ater4 )se y )r "ands t p)s" b)rnin$ !()id a8ay !r m t"e area 8"ere y ) 8is" t s)r!a7e. 0n7e an area is 7(ear ! b)rnin$ (i6)id4 y ) 7an s)r!a7e and ta5e a !e8 breat"s. .ry t !a7e d 8n8ind be! re in"a(in$. S)bmer$e !eet !irst and 7 ntin)e as ab *e )nti( 7(ear ! t"e !(ames.
I! y ) are in i(-7 *ered 8ater t"at is !ree ! !ire4 " (d y )r "ead "i$" t 5eep t"e i( )t ! y )r eyes. Atta7" y )r (i!e preser*er t y )r 8rist and t"en )se it as a ra!t. I! y ) "a*e a (i!e preser*er4 y ) 7an stay a!( at ! r an inde!inite peri d. In t"is 7ase4 )se t"e K2-L#K b dy p siti nM 2eat -s7apin$ Lessenin$ # st)re E2-L#F. Remain sti(( and ass)me t"e !eta( p siti n t "e(p y ) retain b dy "eat. Y ) ( se ab )t ;= per7ent ! y )r b dy "eat t"r )$" y )r "ead. ."ere! re4 5eep y )r "ead )t ! t"e 8ater. 0t"er areas ! "i$" "eat ( ss are t"e ne754 t"e sides4 and t"e $r in. Fi$)re 16-% i(()strates t"e 2-L# p siti n.
I! y ) are in a ra!t-
1"e75 t"e p"ysi7a( 7 nditi n ! a(( n b ard. +i*e !irst aid i! ne7essary. .a5e seasi75ness pi((s i! a*ai(ab(e. ."e best 8ay t ta5e t"ese pi((s is t p(a7e t"em )nder t"e t n$)e and (et t"em diss (*e. ."ere are a(s s)pp sit ries r inBe7ti ns a$ainst seasi75ness. V mitin$4 8"et"er !r m seasi75ness r t"er 7a)ses4 in7reases t"e dan$er ! de"ydrati n. .ry t sa(*a$e a(( !( atin$ e6)ipment--rati nsJ 7anteens4 t"erm s B)$s4 and t"er 7 ntainersJ 7( t"in$J seat 7)s"i nsJ para7")tesJ and anyt"in$ e(se t"at 8i(( be )se!)( t y ). Se7)re t"e sa(*a$ed items in r t y )r ra!t. Ma5e s)re t"e items "a*e n s"arp ed$es t"at 7an p)n7t)re t"e ra!t. I! t"ere are t"er ra!ts4 (as" t"e ra!ts t $et"er s t"ey are ab )t 7.; meters apart. /e ready t dra8 t"em 7( ser t $et"er i! y ) see r "ear an air7ra!t. It is easier ! r an air7re8 t sp t ra!ts t"at are 7( se t $et"er rat"er t"an s7attered. Remember4 res7)e at sea is a 7 perati*e e!! rt. Use a(( a*ai(ab(e *is)a( r e(e7tr ni7 si$na(in$ de*i7es t si$na( and ma5e 7 nta7t 8it" res7)ers. F r eAamp(e4 raise a !(a$ r re!(e7tin$ materia( n an ar as "i$" as p ssib(e t attra7t attenti n. L 7ate t"e emer$en7y radi and $et it int perati n. 0peratin$ instr)7ti ns are n it. Use t"e emer$en7y trans7ei*er n(y 8"en !riend(y air7ra!t are (i5e(y t be in t"e area.
2a*e t"er si$na(in$ de*i7es ready ! r instant )se. I! y ) are in enemy territ ry4 a* id )sin$ a si$na(in$ de*i7e t"at 8i(( a(ert t"e enemy. 2 8e*er4 i! y )r sit)ati n is desperate4 y ) may "a*e t si$na( t"e enemy ! r res7)e i! y ) are t s)r*i*e.
1"e75 t"e ra!t ! r in!(ati n4 (ea5s4 and p ints ! p ssib(e 7"a!in$. Ma5e s)re t"e main b) yan7y 7"ambers are !irm E8e(( r )ndedF b)t n t *er(y ti$"t EFi$)re 16-9F. 1"e75 in!(ati n re$)(ar(y. Air eApands 8it" "eatJ t"ere! re4 n " t days4 re(ease s me air and add air 8"en t"e 8eat"er 7 (s.
De7 ntaminate t"e ra!t ! a(( !)e(. #etr (e)m 8i(( 8ea5en its s)r!a7es and brea5 d 8n its $()ed B ints.
."r 8 )t t"e sea an7" r4 r impr *ise a dra$ !r m t"e ra!tHs 7ase4 bai(in$ b)75et4 r a r (( ! 7( t"in$. A sea an7" r "e(ps y ) stay 7( se t y )r dit7"in$ site4 ma5in$ it easier ! r sear7"ers t !ind y ) i! y ) "a*e re(ayed y )r ( 7ati n. 'it" )t a sea an7" r4 y )r ra!t may dri!t *er 16= 5i( meters in a day4 ma5in$ it m)7" "arder t !ind y ). Y ) 7an adB)st t"e sea an7" r t a7t as a dra$ t s( 8 d 8n t"e rate ! tra*e( 8it" t"e 7)rrent4 r as a means t tra*e( 8it" t"e 7)rrent. Y ) ma5e t"is adB)stment by penin$ r 7( sin$ t"e sea an7" rHs apeA. '"en pen4 t"e sea an7" r EFi$)re 16-;F a7ts as a dra$ t"at 5eeps y ) in t"e $enera( area. '"en 7( sed4 it ! rms a p 75et ! r t"e 7)rrent t stri5e and pr pe(s t"e ra!t in t"e 7)rrentHs dire7ti n.
Additi na((y4 adB)st t"e sea an7" r s t"at 8"en t"e ra!t is n t"e 8a*eHs 7rest4 t"e sea an7" r is in t"e 8a*eHs tr )$" EFi$)re 16-6F.

'rap t"e sea an7" r r pe 8it" 7( t" t pre*ent its 7"a!in$ t"e ra!t. ."e an7" r a(s "e(ps t 5eep t"e ra!t "eaded int t"e 8ind and 8a*es. In st rmy 8ater4 ri$ t"e spray and 8inds"ie(d at n7e. In a 2=-man ra!t4 5eep t"e 7an py ere7ted at a(( times. :eep y )r ra!t as dry as p ssib(e. :eep it pr per(y ba(an7ed. A(( pers nne( s" )(d stay seated4 t"e "ea*iest ne in t"e 7enter. 1a(m(y 7 nsider a(( aspe7ts ! y )r sit)ati n and determine 8"at y ) and y )r 7 mpani ns m)st d t s)r*i*e. In*ent ry a(( e6)ipment4 ! d4 and 8ater. 'aterpr ! items t"at sa(t 8ater may a!!e7t. ."ese in7()de 7 mpasses4 8at7"es4 seAtant4 mat7"es4 and (i$"ters. Rati n ! d and 8ater. Assi$n a d)ty p siti n t ea7" pers nM ! r eAamp(e4 8ater 7 ((e7t r4 ! d 7 ((e7t r4 ( 5 )t4 radi perat r4 si$na(er4 and 8ater bai(ers. 8ote9 Lookout duty should not e+ceed 3 hours. Aeep in mind and remind others that cooperation is one o! the keys to survival.
:eep a ( $. Re7 rd t"e na*i$at rHs (ast !iA4 t"e time ! dit7"in$4 t"e names and p"ysi7a( 7 nditi n ! pers nne(4 and t"e rati n s7"ed)(e. A(s re7 rd t"e 8inds4 8eat"er4 dire7ti n ! s8e((s4 times ! s)nrise and s)nset4 and t"er na*i$ati na( data. I! y ) are d 8n in )n!riend(y 8aters4 ta5e spe7ia( se7)rity meas)res t a* id dete7ti n. D n t tra*e( in t"e daytime. ."r 8 )t t"e sea an7" r and 8ait ! r ni$"t!a(( be! re padd(in$ r " istin$ sai(. :eep ( 8 in t"e ra!tJ stay 7 *ered 8it" t"e b()e side ! t"e 7am )!(a$e 7( t" )p. /e s)re a passin$ s"ip r air7ra!t is !riend(y r ne)tra( be-! re tryin$ t attra7t its attenti n. I! t"e enemy dete7ts y ) and y ) are 7( se t 7apt)re4 destr y t"e ( $ b 54 radi 4 na*i$ati n e6)ipment4 maps4 si$na(in$ e6)ipment4 and !irearms. ?)mp *erb ard and s)bmer$e i! t"e enemy starts stra!in$. De7ide 8"et"er t stay in p siti n r t tra*e(. As5 y )rse(!4 K2 8 m)7" in! rmati n 8as si$na(ed be! re t"e a77identI Is y )r p siti n 5n 8n t res7)ersI D y ) 5n 8 it y )rse(!I Is t"e 8eat"er !a* rab(e ! r a sear7"I Are t"er s"ips r air7ra!t (i5e(y t pass y )r present p siti nI 2 8 many days s)pp(y ! ! d and 8ater d y ) "a*eIK
C"%( We!the& C"#$i(e&!ti"#$

I! y ) are in a 7 (d 7(imate-
#)t n an antieAp s)re s)it. I! )na*ai(ab(e4 p)t n any eAtra 7( t"in$ a*ai(ab(e. :eep 7( t"es ( se and 7 m! rtab(e. .a5e 7are n t t sna$ t"e ra!t 8it" s" es r s"arp bBe7ts. :eep t"e repair 5it 8"ere y ) 7an readi(y rea7" it. Ri$ a 8indbrea54 spray s"ie(d4 and 7an py. .ry t 5eep t"e !( r ! t"e ra!t dry. 1 *er it 8it" 7an*as r 7( t" ! r ins)(ati n. 2)dd(e 8it" t"ers t 5eep 8arm4 m *in$ en )$" t 5eep t"e b( d 7ir7)(atin$. Spread an eAtra tarpa)(in4 sai(4 r para7")te *er t"e $r )p. +i*e eAtra rati ns4 i! a*ai(ab(e4 t men s)!!erin$ !r m eAp s)re t 7 (d.
."e $reatest pr b(em y ) !a7e 8"en s)bmer$ed in 7 (d 8ater is deat" d)e t "yp t"ermia. '"en y ) are immersed in 7 (d 8ater4 "yp t"ermia 77)rs rapid(y d)e t t"e de7reased ins)(atin$ 6)a(ity ! 8et 7( t"in$ and t"e res)(t ! 8ater disp(a7in$ t"e (ayer ! sti(( air t"at n rma((y s)rr )nds t"e b dy. ."e rate ! "eat eA7"an$e in 8ater is ab )t 2; times $reater t"an it is in air ! t"e same temperat)re. Fi$)re 16-7 (ists (i!e eApe7tan7y times ! r immersi n in 8ater.
Y )r best pr te7ti n a$ainst t"e e!!e7ts ! 7 (d 8ater is t $et int t"e (i!e ra!t4 stay dry4 and ins)(ate y )r b dy !r m t"e 7 (d s)r!a7e ! t"e b tt m ! t"e ra!t. I! t"ese a7ti ns are n t p ssib(e4 8earin$ an antieAp s)re s)it 8i(( eAtend y )r (i!e eApe7tan7y 7 nsiderab(y. Remember4 5eep y )r "ead and ne75 )t ! t"e 8ater and 8e(( ins)(ated !r m t"e 7 (d 8aterHs e!!e7ts 8"en t"e temperat)re is be( 8 1< de$rees 1. 'earin$ (i!e preser*ers in7reases t"e predi7ted s)r*i*a( time as b dy p siti n in t"e 8ater in7reases t"e 7"an7e ! s)r*i*a(.
H"t We!the& C"#$i(e&!ti"#$

I! y ) are in a " t 7(imate-
Ri$ a s)ns"ade r 7an py. Lea*e en )$" spa7e ! r *enti(ati n. 1 *er y )r s5in4 8"ere p ssib(e4 t pr te7t it !r m s)nb)rn. Use s)nb)rn 7ream4 i! a*ai(ab(e4 n a(( eAp sed s5in. Y )r eye(ids4 t"e ba75 ! y )r ears4 and t"e s5in )nder y )r 7"in s)nb)rn easi(y.
R!5t P&"-e( &e$

M st ! t"e ra!ts in t"e U. S. Army and Air F r7e in*ent ries 7an satis!y t"e needs ! r pers na( pr te7ti n4 m de ! tra*e(4 and e*asi n and 7am )!(a$e. 8ote9 ?e!ore boarding any ra!t" remove and tether &attach' your li!e preserver to yoursel! or the ra!t. Hnsure there are no other metallic or sharp ob$ects on your clothing or e)uipment that could damage the ra!t. A!ter boarding the ra!t" don your li!e preserver again. One50an Ra$t ."e ne-man ra!t "as a main 7e(( in!(ati n. I! t"e 102 b tt(e s" )(d ma(!)n7ti n r i! t"e ra!t de*e( ps a (ea54 y ) 7an in!(ate it by m )t". ."e spray s"ie(d a7ts as a s"e(ter !r m t"e 7 (d4 8ind4 and 8ater. In s me 7ases4 t"is s"ie(d ser*es as ins)(ati n. ."e ra!tHs ins)(ated b tt m (imits t"e 7 nd)7ti n ! 7 (d t"ereby pr te7tin$ y ) !r m "yp t"ermia EFi$)re 16-&F.
Y ) 7an tra*e( m re e!!e7ti*e(y by in!(atin$ r de!(atin$ t"e ra!t t ta5e ad*anta$e ! t"e 8ind r 7)rrent. Y ) 7an )se t"e spray s"ie(d as a sai( 8"ite t"e ba((ast b)75ets ser*e t in7rease dra$ in t"e 8ater. Y ) may )se t"e sea an7" r t 7 ntr ( t"e ra!tHs speed and dire7ti n. ."ere are ra!ts de*e( ped ! r )se in ta7ti7a( areas t"at are b(a75. ."ese ra!ts b(end 8it" t"e seaHs ba75$r )nd. Y ) 7an !)rt"er m di!y t"ese ra!ts ! r e*asi n by partia((y de!(atin$ t"em t btain a ( 8er pr !i(e. A (anyard 7 nne7ts t"e ne-man ra!t t a para7")tist Es)r*i* rF (andin$ in t"e 8ater. Y ) Et"e s)r*i* rF in!(ate it )p n (andin$. Y ) d n t s8im t t"e ra!t4 b)t p)(( it t y ) *ia t"e (anyard. ."e ra!t may "it t"e
8ater )pside d 8n4 b)t y ) 7an ri$"t it by appr a7"in$ t"e side t 8"i7" t"e b tt(e is atta7"ed and !(ippin$ t"e ra!t *er. ."e spray s"ie(d m)st be in t"e ra!t t eAp se t"e b ardin$ "and(es. F (( 8 t"e steps )t(ined in t"e n te )nder ra!t pr 7ed)res ab *e 8"en b ardin$ t"e ra!t EFi$)re 16-<F.
I! y ) "a*e an arm inB)ry4 t"e best 8ay t b ard is by t)rnin$ y )r ba75 t t"e sma(( end ! t"e ra!t4 p)s"in$ t"e ra!t )nder y )r b)tt 75s4 and (yin$ ba75. An t"er 8ay t b ard t"e ra!t is t p)s" d 8n n its sma(( end )nti( ne 5nee is inside and (ie ! r8ard EFi$)re 16-1=F.
In r )$" seas4 it may be easier ! r y ) t $rasp t"e sma(( end ! t"e ra!t and4 in a pr ne p siti n4 t 5i75 and p)(( y )rse(! int t"e ra!t. '"en y ) are (yin$ !a7e d 8n in t"e ra!t4 dep( y and adB)st t"e sea an7" r. . sit )pri$"t4 y ) may "a*e t dis7 nne7t ne side ! t"e seat 5it and r (( t t"at side. ."en y ) adB)st t"e spray s"ie(d. ."ere are t8 *ariati ns ! t"e ne-man ra!tJ t"e impr *ed m de( in7 rp rates an in!(atab(e spray s"ie(d and !( r t"at pr *ide additi na( ins)(ati n. ."e spray s"ie(d "e(ps 5eep y ) dry and 8arm in 7 (d 7eans and pr te7ts y ) !r m t"e s)n in t"e " t 7(imates EFi$)re 16-11F.
Se*en-Man Ra!t S me m)(tip(a7e air7ra!t 7arry t"e se*en-man ra!t. It is a 7 mp nent ! t"e s)r*i*a( dr p 5it EFi$)re 1612F. ."is ra!t may in!(ate )pside d 8n and re6)ire y ) t ri$"t t"e ra!t be! re b ardin$. A(8ays 8 r5 !r m t"e b tt(e side t pre*ent inB)ry i! t"e ra!t t)rns *er. Fa7in$ int t"e 8ind4 t"e 8ind pr *ides additi na( "e(p in ri$"tin$ t"e ra!t. Use t"e "and(es n t"e inside b tt m ! t"e ra!t ! r b ardin$ EFi$)re 16-1%F.
Use t"e b ardin$ ramp i! s me ne " (ds d 8n t"e ra!tHs pp site side. I! y ) d nHt "a*e "e(p4 a$ain 8 r5 !r m t"e b tt(e side 8it" t"e 8ind at y )r ba75 t "e(p " (d d 8n t"e ra!t. F (( 8 t"e steps )t(ined in t"e n te )nder ra!t pr 7ed)res ab *e. ."en $rasp an ar( 75 and b ardin$ "and(e4 5i75 y )r (e$s t $et y )r b dy pr ne n t"e 8ater4 and t"en 5i75 and p)(( y )rse(! int t"e ra!t. I! y ) are 8ea5 r inB)red4 y ) may partia((y de!(ate t"e ra!t t ma5e b ardin$ easier EFi$)re 16-19F.
Use t"e "and p)mp t 5eep t"e b) yan7y 7"ambers and 7r ss seat !irm. Ne*er *erin!(ate t"e ra!t. .8enty- r .8enty-Fi*e-Man Ra!ts Y ) may !ind 2=- r 2;-man ra!ts in m)(tip(a7e air7ra!t EFi$)res 16-1; and 16-16F. Y ) 8i(( !ind t"em in a77essib(e areas ! t"e !)se(a$e r in ra!t 7 mpartments. S me may be a)t mati7a((y dep( yed !r m t"e 7 75-pit4 8"i(e t"ers may need man)a( dep( yment. N matter " 8 t"e ra!t (ands in t"e 8ater4 it is ready ! r b ardin$. A (anyard 7 nne7ts t"e a77ess ry 5it t t"e ra!t and y ) retrie*e t"e 5it by "and. Y ) m)st man)a((y in!(ate t"e 7enter 7"amber 8it" t"e "and p)mp. / ard t"e 2=- r 2;-man ra!t !r m t"e air7ra!t4 i! p ssib(e. I! n t4 b ard in t"e ! (( 8in$ mannerM

Appr a7" t"e ( 8er b ardin$ ramp. Rem *e y )r (i!e preser*er and tet"er it t y )rse(! s t"at it trai(s be"ind y ).
+rasp t"e b ardin$ "and(es and 5i75 y )r (e$s t $et y )r b dy int a pr ne p siti n n t"e 8aterHs s)r!a7eJ t"en 5i75 and p)(( )nti( y ) are inside t"e ra!t.
An in7 mp(ete(y in!(ated ra!t 8i(( ma5e b ardin$ easier. Appr a7" t"e interse7ti n ! t"e ra!t and ramp4 $rasp t"e )pper b ardin$ "and(e4 and s8in$ ne (e$ nt t"e 7enter ! t"e ramp4 as in m )ntin$ a " rse EFi$)re 16-17F.
Immediate(y ti$"ten t"e e6)a(i3er 7(amp )p n enterin$ t"e ra!t t pre*ent de!(atin$ t"e entire ra!t in 7ase ! a p)n7t)re EFi$)re 16-1&F.
Use t"e p)mp t 5eep t"ese ra!tsH 7"ambers and 7enter rin$ !irm. ."ey s" )(d be 8e(( r )nded b)t n t *er(y ti$"t.
S!i%i#/ R!5t$
Ra!ts d n t "a*e 5ee(s4 t"ere! re4 y ) 7anHt sai( t"em int t"e 8ind. 2 8e*er4 any ne 7an sai( a ra!t d 8n8ind. Y ) 7an s)77ess!)((y sai( m)(tip(a7e EeA7ept 2=- t 2;-manF ra!ts 1= de$rees !! !r m t"e dire7ti n ! t"e 8ind. D n t try t sai( t"e ra!t )n(ess (and is near. I! y ) de7ide t sai( and t"e 8ind is b( 8in$ t 8ard a desired destinati n4 !)((y in!(ate t"e ra!t4 sit "i$"4 ta5e in t"e sea an7" r4 ri$ a sai(4 and )se an ar as a r)dder. In a m)(tip(a7e EeA7ept 2=- t 2;-manF ra!t4 ere7t a s6)are sai( in t"e b 8 )sin$ t"e ars and t"eir eAtensi ns as t"e mast and 7r ssbar EFi$)re 16-1<F. Y ) may )se a 8aterpr ! tarpa)(in r para7")te materia( ! r t"e sai(. I! t"e ra!t "as n re$)(ar mast s 75et and step4 ere7t t"e mast by tyin$ it se7)re(y t t"e !r nt 7r ss seat )sin$ bra7es. #ad t"e b tt m ! t"e mast t pre*ent it !r m 7"a!in$ r p)n7"in$ a " (e t"r )$" t"e !( r4 8"et"er r n t t"ere is a s 75et. ."e "ee( ! a s" e4 8it" t"e t e 8ed$ed )nder t"e seat4 ma5es a $ d impr *ised mast step. D n t se7)re t"e 7 mers ! t"e ( 8er ed$e ! t"e sai(. 2 (d t"e (ines atta7"ed t t"e 7 mers 8it" y )r "ands s t"at a $)st ! 8ind 8i(( n t rip t"e sai(4 brea5 t"e mast4 r 7apsi3e t"e ra!t.
.a5e e*ery pre7a)ti n t pre*ent t"e ra!t !r m t)rnin$ *er. In r )$" 8eat"er4 5eep t"e sea an7" r a8ay !r m t"e b 8. 2a*e t"e passen$ers sit ( 8 in t"e ra!t4 8it" t"eir 8ei$"t distrib)ted t " (d t"e )p8ind side d 8n. . pre*ent !a((in$ )t4 t"ey s" )(d a(s a* id sittin$ n t"e sides ! t"e ra!t r standin$ )p. A* id s)dden m *ements 8it" )t 8arnin$ t"e t"er passen$ers. '"en t"e sea an7" r is n t in )se4 tie it t t"e ra!t and st 8 it in s)7" a manner t"at it 8i(( " (d immediate(y i! t"e ra!t 7apsi3es.
W!te&
'ater is y )r m st imp rtant need. 'it" it a( ne4 y ) 7an (i*e ! r ten days r ( n$er4 dependin$ n y )r 8i(( t (i*e. '"en drin5in$ 8ater4 m isten y )r (ips4 t n$)e4 and t"r at be! re s8a(( 8in$. Short 3ater Rations '"en y ) "a*e a (imited 8ater s)pp(y and y ) 7anHt rep(a7e it by 7"emi7a( r me7"ani7a( means4 )se t"e 8ater e!!i7ient(y. #r te7t !res"8ater s)pp(ies !r m sea8ater 7 ntaminati n. :eep y )r b dy 8e(( s"aded4 b t" !r m *er"ead s)n and !r m re!(e7ti n !! t"e sea s)r!a7e. A(( 8 *enti(ati n ! airJ dampen y )r 7( t"es d)rin$ t"e " ttest part ! t"e day. D n t eAert y )rse(!. Re(aA and s(eep 8"en p ssib(e. FiA y )r dai(y 8ater rati n a!ter 7 nsiderin$ t"e am )nt ! 8ater y ) "a*e4 t"e )tp)t ! s (ar sti((s and desa(tin$ 5it4 and t"e n)mber and p"ysi7a( 7 nditi n ! y )r party. I! y ) d nHt "a*e 8ater4 d nHt eat. I! y )r 8ater rati n is t8 (iters r m re per day4 eat any part ! y )r rati n r any additi na( ! d t"at y ) may 7at7"4 s)7" as birds4 !is"4 s"rimp. ."e (i!e ra!tHs m ti n and anAiety may 7a)se na)sea. I! y ) eat 8"en na)seated4 y ) may ( se y )r ! d immediate(y. I! na)seated4 rest and re(aA as m)7" as y ) 7an4 and ta5e n(y 8ater.
. red)7e y )r ( ss ! 8ater t"r )$" perspirati n4 s a5 y )r 7( t"es in t"e sea and 8rin$ t"em )t be! re p)ttin$ t"em n a$ain. D nHt *erd t"is d)rin$ " t days 8"en n 7an py r s)n s"ie(d is a*ai(ab(e. ."is is a trade- !! bet8een 7 (in$ and sa(t8ater b i(s and ras"es t"at 8i(( res)(t. /e 7are!)( n t t $et t"e b tt m ! t"e ra!t 8et. 'at7" t"e 7( )ds and be ready ! r any 7"an7e ! s" 8ers. :eep t"e tarpa)(in "andy ! r 7at7"in$ 8ater. I! it is en7r)sted 8it" dried sa(t4 8as" it in sea8ater. N rma((y4 a sma(( am )nt ! sea8ater miAed 8it" rain 8i(( "ard(y be n ti7eab(e and 8i(( n t 7a)se any p"ysi7a( rea7ti n. In r )$" seas y ) 7ann t $et )n7 ntaminated !res" 8ater. At ni$"t4 se7)re t"e tarpa)(in (i5e a s)ns"ade4 and t)rn )p its ed$es t 7 ((e7t de8. It is a(s p ssib(e t 7 ((e7t de8 a( n$ t"e sides ! t"e ra!t )sin$ a sp n$e r 7( t". '"en it rains4 drin5 as m)7" as y ) 7an " (d. Solar Still '"en s (ar sti((s are a*ai(ab(e4 read t"e instr)7ti ns and set t"em )p immediate(y. Use as many sti((s as p ssib(e4 dependin$ n t"e n)mber ! men in t"e ra!t and t"e am )nt ! s)n(i$"t a*ai(ab(e. Se7)re s (ar sti((s t t"e ra!t 8it" 7are. ."is type ! s (ar sti(( n(y 8 r5s n !(at4 7a(m seas. ,esalting *its '"en desa(tin$ 5its are a*ai(ab(e in additi n t s (ar sti((s4 )se t"em n(y ! r immediate 8ater needs r d)rin$ ( n$ *er7ast peri ds 8"en y ) 7ann t )se s (ar sti((s. In any e*ent4 5eep desa(tin$ 5its and emer$en7y 8ater st res ! r peri ds 8"en y ) 7ann t )se s (ar sti((s r 7at7" rain8ater. 3ater 'ro" 'ish Drin5 t"e a6)e )s !()id ! )nd a( n$ t"e spine and in t"e eyes ! (ar$e !is". 1are!)((y 7)t t"e !is" in "a(! t $et t"e !()id a( n$ t"e spine and s)75 t"e eye. I! y ) are s s" rt ! 8ater t"at y ) need t d t"is4 t"en (" #"t drin5 any ! t"e t"er b dy !()ids. ."ese t"er !()ids are ri7" in pr tein and !at and 8i(( )se )p m re ! y )r reser*e 8ater in di$esti n t"an t"ey s)pp(y. Sea Ice In ar7ti7 8aters4 )se (d sea i7e ! r 8ater. ."is i7e is b()is"4 "as r )nded 7 mers4 and sp(inters easi(y. It is near(y !ree ! sa(t. Ne8 i7e is $ray4 mi(5y4 "ard4 and sa(ty. 'ater !r m i7eber$s is !res"4 b)t i7eber$s are dan$er )s t appr a7". Use t"em as a s )r7e ! 8ater n(y in emer$en7ies. REMEMBERD D" #"t drin5 sea8ater. D" #"t drin5 )rine. D" #"t drin5 a(7 " (. D" #"t sm 5e. D" #"t eat4 )n(ess 8ater is a*ai(ab(e. S(eep and rest are t"e best 8ays ! end)rin$ peri ds ! red)7ed 8ater and ! d inta5e. 2 8e*er4 ma5e s)re t"at y ) "a*e en )$" s"ade 8"en nappin$ d)rin$ t"e day. I! t"e sea is r )$"4 tie y )rse(! t t"e ra!t4 7( se any 7 *er4 and ride )t t"e st rm as best y ) 7an. Rela+ is t"e 5ey 8 rd--at (east try t re(aA.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

In t"e pen sea4 !is" 8i(( be t"e main ! d s )r7e. ."ere are s me p is n )s and dan$er )s 7ean !is"4 b)t4 in $enera(4 8"en )t ! si$"t ! (and4 !is" are sa!e t eat. Nearer t"e s" re t"ere are !is" t"at are b t" dan$er )s and p is n )s t eat. ."ere are s me !is"4 s)7" as t"e red snapper and barra7)da4 t"at are n rma((y edib(e b)t p is n )s 8"en ta5en !r m t"e 8aters ! at ((s and ree!s. F(yin$ !is" 8i(( e*en B)mp int y )r ra!tL 'ish '"en !is"in$4 d n t "and(e t"e !is"in$ (ine 8it" bare "ands and ne*er 8rap it ar )nd y )r "ands r tie it t a (i!e ra!t. ."e sa(t t"at ad"eres t it 7an ma5e it a s"arp 7)ttin$ ed$e4 an ed$e dan$er )s b t" t t"e ra!t and y )r "ands. 'ear $( *es4 i! t"ey are a*ai(ab(e4 r )se a 7( t" t "and(e !is" and t a* id inB)ry !r m s"arp !ins and $i(( 7 *ers. In 8arm re$i ns4 $)t and b(eed !is" immediate(y a!ter 7at7"in$ t"em. 1)t !is" t"at y ) d n t eat immediate(y int t"in4 narr 8 strips and "an$ t"em t dry. A 8e((-dried !is" stays edib(e ! r se*era( days.
Fis" n t 7(eaned and dried may sp i( in "a(! a day. Fis" 8it" dar5 meat are *ery pr ne t de7 mp siti n. I! y ) d n t eat t"em a(( immediate(y4 d n t eat any ! t"e (e!t *ers. Use t"e (e!t *ers ! r bait. Ne*er eat !is" t"at "a*e pa(e4 s"iny $i((s4 s)n5en eyes4 !(abby s5in and !(es"4 r an )np(easant d r. + d !is" s" 8 t"e pp site 7"ara7teristi7s. Sea !is" "a*e a sa(t8ater r 7(ean !is"y d r. D n t 7 n!)se ee(s 8it" sea sna5es t"at "a*e an b*i )s(y s7a(y b dy and str n$(y 7 mpressed4 padd(es"aped tai(. / t" ee(s and sea sna5es are edib(e4 b)t y ) m)st "and(e t"e (atter 8it" 7are be7a)se ! t"eir p is n )s bites. ."e "eart4 b( d4 intestina( 8a((4 and (i*er ! m st !is" are edib(e. 1 5 t"e intestines. A(s edib(e are t"e part(y di$ested sma((er !is" t"at y ) may !ind in t"e st ma7"s ! (ar$e !is". In additi n4 sea t)rt(es are edib(e. S"ar5 meat is a $ d s )r7e ! ! d 8"et"er ra84 dried4 r 7 5ed. S"ar5 meat sp i(s *ery rapid(y d)e t t"e "i$" 7 n7entrati n ! )rea in t"e b( d4 t"ere! re4 b(eed it immediate(y and s a5 it in se*era( 7"an$es ! 8ater. #e p(e pre!er s me s"ar5 spe7ies *er t"ers. 1 nsider t"em a(( edib(e eA7ept t"e +reen(and s"ar5 8" se !(es" 7 ntains "i$" 6)antities ! *itamin A. D n t eat t"e (i*ers4 d)e t "i$" *itamin A 7 ntent. 'ishing Aids Y ) 7an )se di!!erent materia(s t ma5e !is"in$ aids as des7ribed in t"e ! (( 8in$ para$rap"sM
-ishing line. Use pie7es ! tarpa)(in r 7an*as. Unra*e( t"e t"reads and tie t"em t $et"er in s" rt (en$t"s in $r )ps ! t"ree r m re t"reads. S" e(a7es and para7")te s)spensi n (ine a(s 8 r5 8e((. -ish hooks. N s)r*i* r at sea s" )(d be 8it" )t !is"in$ e6)ipment b)t i! y ) are4 impr *ise " 5s as s" 8n in 1"apter &. -ish lures. Y ) 7an !as"i n ()res by atta7"in$ a d )b(e " 5 t any s"iny pie7e ! meta(. >rapple. Use $rapp(es t " 5 sea8eed. Y ) may s"a5e 7rabs4 s"rimp4 r sma(( !is" )t ! t"e sea8eed. ."ese y ) may eat r )se ! r bait. Y ) may eat sea8eed itse(!4 b)t n(y 8"en y ) "a*e p(enty ! drin5in$ 8ater. Impr *ise $rapp(es !r m 8 d. Use a "ea*y pie7e ! 8 d as t"e main s"a!t4 and (as" t"ree sma((er pie7es t t"e s"a!t as $rapp(es. ?ait. Y ) 7an )se sma(( !is" as bait ! r (ar$er nes. S7 p t"e sma(( !is" )p 8it" a net. I! y ) d nHt "a*e a net4 ma5e ne !r m 7( t" ! s me type. 2 (d t"e net )nder t"e 8ater and s7 p )p8ard. Use a(( t"e $)ts !r m birds and !is" ! r bait. '"en )sin$ bait4 try t 5eep it m *in$ in t"e 8ater t $i*e it t"e appearan7e ! bein$ a(i*e.
.elp$ul 'ishing .ints Y )r !is"in$ s" )(d be s)77ess!)( i! y ) remember t"e ! (( 8in$ imp rtant "intsM

/e eAtreme(y 7are!)( 8it" !is" t"at "a*e teet" and spines. 1)t a (ar$e !is" ( se rat"er t"an ris5 7apsi3in$ t"e ra!t. .ry t 7at7" sma(( rat"er t"an (ar$e !is". D n t p)n7t)re y )r ra!t 8it" " 5s r t"er s"arp instr)ments. D n t !is" 8"en (ar$e s"ar5s are in t"e area. 'at7" ! r s7" (s ! !is"J try t m *e 7( se t t"ese s7" (s. Fis" at ni$"t )sin$ a (i$"t. ."e (i$"t attra7ts !is". In t"e daytime4 s"ade attra7ts s me !is". Y ) may !ind t"em )nder y )r ra!t. Impr *ise a spear by tyin$ a 5ni!e t an ar b(ade. ."is spear 7an "e(p y ) 7at7" (ar$er !is"4 b)t y ) m)st $et t"em int t"e ra!t 6)i75(y r t"ey 8i(( s(ip !! t"e b(ade. A(s 4 tie t"e 5ni!e *ery se7)re(y r y ) may ( se it. A(8ays ta5e 7are ! y )r !is"in$ e6)ipment. Dry y )r !is"in$ (ines4 7(ean and s"arpen t"e " 5s4 and d n t a(( 8 t"e " 5s t sti75 int t"e !is"in$ (ines.
#irds As stated in 1"apter &4 a(( birds are edib(e. -at any birds y ) 7an 7at7". S metimes birds may (and n y )r ra!t4 b)t )s)a((y t"ey are 7a)ti )s. Y ) may be ab(e t attra7t s me birds by t 8in$ a bri$"t pie7e ! meta( be"ind t"e ra!t. ."is 8i(( brin$ t"e bird 8it"in s" tin$ ran$e4 pr *ided y ) "a*e a !irearm.
I! a bird (ands 8it"in y )r rea7"4 y ) may be ab(e t 7at7" it. I! t"e birds d n t (and 7( se en )$" r (and n t"e t"er end ! t"e ra!t4 y ) may be ab(e t 7at7" t"em 8it" a bird n se. /ait t"e 7enter ! t"e n se and 8ait ! r t"e bird t (and. '"en t"e birdHs !eet are in t"e 7enter ! t"e n se4 p)(( it ti$"t. Use a(( parts ! t"e bird. Use t"e !eat"ers ! r ins)(ati n4 t"e entrai(s and !eet ! r bait4 and s n. Use y )r ima$inati n.
Me(i-!% P&"+%e*$ A$$"-i!te( With Se! S &.i.!%

At sea4 y ) may be7 me seasi754 $et sa(t8ater s res4 r !a7e s me ! t"e same medi7a( pr b(ems t"at 77)r n (and4 s)7" as de"ydrati n r s)nb)rn. ."ese pr b(ems 7an be7 me 7riti7a( i! (e!t )ntreated. Seasic-ness Seasi75ness is t"e na)sea and * mitin$ 7a)sed by t"e m ti n ! t"e ra!t. It 7an res)(t in-
-Atreme !()id ( ss and eA"a)sti n. L ss ! t"e 8i(( t s)r*i*e. 0t"ers be7 min$ seasi75. Attra7ti n ! s"ar5s t t"e ra!t. Un7(ean 7 nditi ns.
. treat seasi75ness-
'as" b t" t"e patient and t"e ra!t t rem *e t"e si$"t and d r ! * mit. :eep t"e patient !r m eatin$ ! d )nti( "is na)sea is $ ne. 2a*e t"e patient (ie d 8n and rest. +i*e t"e patient seasi75ness pi((s i! a*ai(ab(e. I! t"e patient is )nab(e t ta5e t"e pi((s ra((y4 insert t"em re7ta((y ! r abs rpti n by t"e b dy. 8ote9 Some survivors have said that erecting a canopy or using the hori*on as a !ocal point helped overcome seasickness. 0thers have said that swimming alongside the ra!t !or short periods helped" but e+treme care must be taken i! swimming.
Salt%ater Sores ."ese s res res)(t !r m a brea5 in s5in eAp sed t sa(t8ater ! r an eAtended peri d. ."e s res may ! rm s7abs and p)s. D n t pen r drain. F()s" t"e s res 8it" !res" 8ater4 i! a*ai(ab(e4 and a(( 8 t dry. App(y an antisepti74 i! a*ai(ab(e. Immersi n R t4 Fr stbite4 and 2yp t"ermia ."ese pr b(ems are simi(ar t t" se en7 )ntered in 7 (d 8eat"er en*ir nments. Sympt ms and treatment are t"e same as 7 *ered in 1"apter 1;. /(indnessG2eada7"e I! !(ame4 sm 5e4 r t"er 7 ntaminants $et in t"e eyes4 !()s" t"em immediate(y 8it" sa(t 8ater4 t"en 8it" !res" 8ater4 i! a*ai(ab(e. App(y intment4 i! a*ai(ab(e. /anda$e b t" eyes 1& t 29 " )rs4 r ( n$er i! dama$e is se*ere. I! t"e $(are !r m t"e s5y and 8ater 7a)ses y )r eyes t be7 me b( ds" t and in!(amed4 banda$e t"em (i$"t(y. .ry t pre*ent t"is pr b(em by 8earin$ s)n$(asses. Impr *ise s)n$(asses i! ne7essary. 1 nstipati n ."is 7 nditi n is a 7 mm n pr b(em n a ra!t. D n t ta5e a (aAati*e4 as t"is 8i(( 7a)se !)rt"er de"ydrati n. -Aer7ise as m)7" as p ssib(e and drin5 an ade6)ate am )nt ! 8ater4 i! a*ai(ab(e. Di!!i7)(t Urinati n ."is pr b(em is n t )n)s)a( and is d)e main(y t de"ydrati n. It is best n t t treat it4 as it 7 )(d 7a)se !)rt"er de"ydrati n. S)nb)rn
S)nb)rn is a seri )s pr b(em in sea s)r*i*a(. .ry t pre*ent s)nb)rn by stayin$ in s"ade and 5eepin$ y )r "ead and s5in 7 *ered. Use 7ream r 1"ap Sti75 !r m y )r !irst aid 5it. Remember4 re!(e7ti n !r m t"e 8ater a(s 7a)ses s)nb)rn.
Sh!&)$
'"et"er y ) are in t"e 8ater r in a b at r ra!t4 y ) may see many types ! sea (i!e ar )nd y ). S me may be m re dan$er )s t"an t"ers. +enera((y4 s"ar5s are t"e $reatest dan$er t y ). 0t"er anima(s s)7" as 8"a(es4 p rp ises4 and stin$rays may ( 5 dan$er )s4 b)t rea((y p se (itt(e t"reat in t"e pen sea. 0! t"e many ")ndreds ! s"ar5 spe7ies4 n(y ab )t 2= spe7ies are 5n 8n t atta75 man. ."e m st dan$er )s are t"e $reat 8"ite s"ar54 t"e "ammer"ead4 t"e ma5 4 and t"e ti$er s"ar5. 0t"er s"ar5s 5n 8n t atta75 man in7()de t"e $ray4 b()e4 (em n4 sand4 n)rse4 b)((4 and 7eani7 8"ite tip s"ar5s. 1 nsider any s"ar5 ( n$er t"an 1 meter dan$er )s. ."ere are s"ar5s in a(( 7eans and seas ! t"e 8 r(d. '"i(e many (i*e and !eed in t"e dept"s ! t"e sea4 t"ers ")nt near t"e s)r!a7e. ."e s"ar5s (i*in$ near t"e s)r!a7e are t"e nes y ) 8i(( m st (i5e(y see. ."eir d rsa( !ins !re6)ent(y pr Be7t ab *e t"e 8ater. S"ar5s in t"e tr pi7a( and s)btr pi7a( seas are !ar m re a$$ressi*e t"an t" se in temperate 8aters. A(( s"ar5s are basi7a((y eatin$ ma7"ines. ."eir n rma( diet is (i*e anima(s ! any type4 and t"ey 8i(( stri5e at inB)red r "e(p(ess anima(s. Si$"t4 sme((4 r s )nd may $)ide t"em t t"eir prey. S"ar5s "a*e an a7)te sense ! sme(( and t"e sme(( ! b( d in t"e 8ater eA7ites t"em. ."ey are a(s *ery sensiti*e t any abn rma( *ibrati ns in t"e 8ater. ."e str)$$(es ! a 8 )nded anima( r s8immer4 )nder8ater eAp( si ns4 r e*en a !is" str)$$(in$ n a !is"(ine 8i(( attra7t a s"ar5. S"ar5s 7an bite !r m a(m st any p siti nJ t"ey d n t "a*e t t)rn n t"eir side t bite. ."e Ba8s ! s me ! t"e (ar$er s"ar5s are s !ar ! r8ard t"at t"ey 7an bite !( atin$ bBe7ts easi(y 8it" )t t8istin$ t t"e side. S"ar5s may ")nt a( ne4 b)t m st rep rts ! atta75s 7ite m re t"an ne s"ar5 present. ."e sma((er s"ar5s tend t tra*e( in s7" (s and atta75 in mass. '"ene*er ne ! t"e s"ar5s !inds a *i7tim4 t"e t"er s"ar5s 8i(( 6)i75(y B in it. S"ar5s 8i(( eat a 8 )nded s"ar5 as 6)i75(y as t"eir prey. S"ar5s !eed at a(( " )rs ! t"e day and ni$"t. M st rep rted s"ar5 7 nta7ts and atta75s 8ere d)rin$ day(i$"t4 and many ! t"ese "a*e been in t"e (ate a!tern n. S me ! t"e meas)res t"at y ) 7an ta5e t pr te7t y )rse(! a$ainst s"ar5s 8"en y ) are in t"e 8ater are-
Stay with other swimmers. A $r )p 7an maintain a %6=-de$ree 8at7". A $r )p 7an eit"er !ri$"ten r !i$"t !! s"ar5s better t"an ne man. Always watch !or sharks. :eep a(( y )r 7( t"in$ n4 t in7()de y )r s" es. 2ist ri7a((y4 s"ar5s "a*e atta75ed t"e )n7( t"ed men in $r )ps !irst4 main(y in t"e !eet. 1( t"in$ a(s pr te7ts a$ainst abrasi ns s" )(d t"e s"ar5 br)s" a$ainst y ). Avoid urinating. I! y ) m)st4 n(y d s in sma(( am )nts. Let it dissipate bet8een dis7"ar$es. I! y ) m)st de!e7ate4 d s in sma(( am )nts and t"r 8 it as !ar a8ay !r m y ) as p ssib(e. D t"e same i! y ) m)st * mit.
I! a s"ar5 atta75 is imminent 8"i(e y ) are in t"e 8ater4 sp(as" and ye(( B)st en )$" t 5eep t"e s"ar5 at bay. S metimes ye((in$ )nder8ater r s(appin$ t"e 8ater repeated(y 8i(( s7are t"e s"ar5 a8ay. 1 nser*e y )r stren$t" ! r !i$"tin$ in 7ase t"e s"ar5 atta75s. I! atta75ed4 5i75 and stri5e t"e s"ar5. 2it t"e s"ar5 n t"e $i((s r eyes i! p ssib(e. I! y ) "it t"e s"ar5 n t"e n se4 y ) may inB)re y )r "and i! it $(an7es !! and "its its teet". '"en y ) are in a ra!t and see s"ar5s-
D n t !is". I! y ) "a*e " 5ed a !is"4 (et it $ . D n t 7(ean !is" in t"e 8ater. D n t t"r 8 $arba$e *erb ard. D n t (et y )r arms4 (e$s4 r e6)ipment "an$ in t"e 8ater. :eep 6)iet and d n t m *e ar )nd.
/)ry a(( dead as s ni$"t.
n as p ssib(e. I! t"ere are many s"ar5s in t"e area4 7 nd)7t t"e b)ria( at
'"en y ) are in a ra!t and a s"ar5 atta75 is imminent4 "it t"e s"ar5 8it" anyt"in$ y ) "a*e4 eA7ept y )r "ands. Y ) 8i(( d m re dama$e t y )r "ands t"an t"e s"ar5. I! y ) stri5e 8it" an ar4 be 7are!)( n t t ( se r brea5 it.
Dete-ti#/ L!#(
Y ) s" )(d 8at7" 7are!)((y ! r any si$ns ! (and. ."ere are many indi7at rs t"at (and is near. A !iAed 7)m)()s 7( )d in a 7(ear s5y r in a s5y 8"ere a(( t"er 7( )ds are m *in$ !ten " *ers *er r s(i$"t(y d 8n8ind !r m an is(and. In t"e tr pi7s4 t"e re!(e7ti n ! s)n(i$"t !r m s"a(( 8 (a$ ns r s"e(*es ! 7 ra( ree!s !ten 7a)ses a $reenis" tint in t"e s5y. In t"e ar7ti74 (i$"t-7 ( red re!(e7ti ns n 7( )ds !ten indi7ate i7e !ie(ds r sn 8-7 *ered (and. ."ese re!(e7ti ns are 6)ite di!!erent !r m t"e dar5 $ray nes 7a)sed by pen 8ater. Deep 8ater is dar5 $reen r dar5 b()e. Li$"ter 7 ( r indi7ates s"a(( 8 8ater4 8"i7" may mean (and is near. At ni$"t4 r in ! $4 mist4 r rain4 y ) may dete7t (and by d rs and s )nds. ."e m)sty d r ! man$r *e s8amps and m)d !(ats 7arry a ( n$ 8ay. Y ) "ear t"e r ar ! s)r! ( n$ be! re y ) see t"e s)r!. ."e 7 ntin)ed 7ries ! seabirds 7 min$ !r m ne dire7ti n indi7ate t"eir r stin$ p(a7e n nearby (and. ."ere )s)a((y are m re birds near (and t"an *er t"e pen sea. ."e dire7ti n !r m 8"i7" !( 75s !(y at da8n and t 8"i7" t"ey !(y at d)s5 may indi7ate t"e dire7ti n ! (and. D)rin$ t"e day4 birds are sear7"in$ ! r ! d and t"e dire7ti n ! !(i$"t "as n si$ni!i7an7e. Mira$es 77)r at any (atit)de4 b)t t"ey are m re (i5e(y in t"e tr pi7s4 espe7ia((y d)rin$ t"e midd(e ! t"e day. /e 7are!)( n t t mista5e a mira$e ! r nearby (and. A mira$e disappears r its appearan7e and e(e*ati n 7"an$e 8"en *ie8ed !r m s(i$"t(y di!!erent "ei$"ts. Y ) may be ab(e t dete7t (and by t"e pattern ! t"e 8a*es Ere!ra7tedF as t"ey appr a7" (and EFi$)re 162=F. /y tra*e(in$ 8it" t"e 8a*es and para((e( t t"e s(i$"t(y t)rb)(ent area mar5ed KDK n t"e i(()strati n4 y ) s" )(d rea7" (and.
R!5ti#/ "& Be!-hi#/ Te-h#i, e$

0n7e y ) "a*e ! )nd (and4 y ) m)st $et as" re sa!e(y. . ra!t as" re4 y ) 7an )s)a((y )se t"e ne-man ra!t 8it" )t dan$er. 2 8e*er4 $ in$ as" re in a str n$ s)r! is dan$er )s. .a5e y )r time. Se(e7t y )r (andin$ p int 7are!)((y. .ry n t t (and 8"en t"e s)n is ( 8 and strai$"t in !r nt ! y ). .ry t (and n t"e (ee side ! an is(and r n a p int ! (and B)ttin$ )t int t"e 8ater. :eep y )r eyes pen ! r $aps in t"e
s)r! (ine4 and "ead ! r t"em. A* id 7 ra( ree!s and r 75y 7(i!!s. ."ere are n 7 ra( ree!s near t"e m )t"s ! !res"8ater streams. A* id rip 7)rrents r str n$ tida( 7)rrents t"at may 7arry y ) !ar )t t sea. -it"er si$na( as" re ! r "e(p r sai( ar )nd and ( 5 ! r a s( pin$ bea7" 8"ere t"e s)r! is $ent(e. I! y ) "a*e t $ t"r )$" t"e s)r! t rea7" s" re4 ta5e d 8n t"e mast. :eep y )r 7( t"es and s" es n t a* id se*ere 7)ts. AdB)st and in!(ate y )r (i!e *est. .rai( t"e sea an7" r *er t"e stem )sin$ as m)7" (ine as y ) "a*e. Use t"e ars r padd(es and 7 nstant(y adB)st t"e sea an7" r t 5eep a strain n t"e an7" r (ine. ."ese a7ti ns 8i(( 5eep t"e ra!t p inted t 8ard s" re and pre*ent t"e sea !r m t"r 8in$ t"e stern ar )nd and 7apsi3in$ y ). Use t"e ars r padd(es t "e(p ride in n t"e sea8ard side ! a (ar$e 8a*e. ."e s)r! may be irre$)(ar and *e( 7ity may *ary4 s m di!y y )r pr 7ed)re as 7 nditi ns demand. A $ d met" d ! $ettin$ t"r )$" t"e s)r! is t "a*e "a(! t"e men sit n ne side ! t"e ra!t4 "a(! n t"e t"er4 !a7in$ a8ay !r m ea7" t"er. '"en a "ea*y sea bears d 8n4 "a(! s" )(d r 8 Ep)((F t 8ard t"e sea )nti( t"e 7rest passesJ t"en t"e t"er "a(! s" )(d r 8 Ep)((F t 8ard t"e s" re )nti( t"e neAt "ea*y sea 7 mes a( n$. A$ainst a str n$ 8ind and "ea*y s)r!4 t"e ra!t m)st "a*e a(( p ssib(e speed t pass rapid(y t"r )$" t"e n7 min$ 7rest t a* id bein$ t)rned br adside r t"r 8n end *er end. I! p ssib(e4 a* id meetin$ a (ar$e 8a*e at t"e m ment it brea5s. I! in a medi)m s)r! 8it" n 8ind r !!s" re 8ind4 5eep t"e ra!t !r m passin$ *er a 8a*e s rapid(y t"at it dr ps s)dden(y a!ter t ppin$ t"e 7rest. I! t"e ra!t t)rns *er in t"e s)r!4 try t $rab " (d ! it and ride it in. As t"e ra!t nears t"e bea7"4 ride in n t"e 7rest ! a (ar$e 8a*e. #add(e r r 8 "ard and ride in t t"e bea7" as !ar as y ) 7an. D n t B)mp )t ! t"e ra!t )nti( it "as $r )nded4 t"en 6)i75(y $et )t and bea7" it. I! y ) "a*e a 7" i7e4 d n t (and at ni$"t. I! y ) "a*e reas n t be(ie*e t"at pe p(e (i*e n t"e s" re4 (ay a8ay !r m t"e bea7"4 si$na(4 and 8ait ! r t"e in"abitants t 7 me )t and brin$ y ) in. I! y ) en7 )nter sea i7e4 (and n(y n (ar$e4 stab(e !( es. A* id i7eber$s t"at may 7apsi3e and sma(( !( es r t" se b*i )s(y disinte$ratin$. Use ars and "ands t 5eep t"e ra!t !r m r)bbin$ n t"e ed$e ! t"e i7e. .a5e t"e ra!t )t ! t"e 8ater and st re it 8e(( ba75 !r m t"e !( eHs ed$e. Y ) may be ab(e t )se it ! r s"e(ter. :eep t"e ra!t in!(ated and ready ! r )se. Any !( e may brea5 )p 8it" )t 8arnin$.
S0i**i#/ A$h"&e
I! ra!tin$ as" re is n t p ssib(e and y ) "a*e t s8im4 8ear y )r s" es and at (east ne t"i75ness ! 7( t"in$. Use t"e sidestr 5e r breaststr 5e t 7 nser*e stren$t". I! t"e s)r! is m derate4 ride in n t"e ba75 ! a sma(( 8a*e by s8immin$ ! r8ard 8it" it. Di*e t a s"a(( 8 dept" t end t"e ride B)st be! re t"e 8a*e brea5s. In "i$" s)r!4 s8im t 8ard s" re in t"e tr )$" bet8een 8a*es. '"en t"e sea8ard 8a*e appr a7"es4 !a7e it and s)bmer$e. A!ter it passes4 8 r5 t 8ard s" re in t"e neAt tr )$". I! 7a)$"t in t"e )ndert 8 ! a (ar$e 8a*e4 p)s" !! t"e b tt m r s8im t t"e s)r!a7e and pr 7eed t 8ard s" re as ab *e. I! y ) m)st (and n a r 75y s" re4 ( 5 ! r a p(a7e 8"ere t"e 8a*es r)s" )p nt t"e r 75s. A* id p(a7es 8"ere t"e 8a*es eAp( de 8it" a "i$"4 8"ite spray. S8im s( 8(y 8"en ma5in$ y )r appr a7". Y ) 8i(( need y )r stren$t" t " (d n t t"e r 75s. Y ) s" )(d be !)((y 7( t"ed and 8ear s" es t red)7e inB)ry. A!ter se(e7tin$ y )r (andin$ p int4 ad*an7e be"ind a (ar$e 8a*e int t"e brea5ers. Fa7e t 8ard s" re and ta5e a sittin$ p siti n 8it" y )r !eet in !r nt4 6= t <= 7entimeters E2 r % !eetF ( 8er t"an y )r "ead. ."is p siti n 8i(( (et y )r !eet abs rb t"e s" 75 8"en y ) (and r stri5e s)b-mer$ed b )(ders r ree!s. I! y ) d n t rea7" s" re be"ind t"e 8a*e y ) pi75ed4 s8im 8it" y )r "ands n(y. As t"e neAt 8a*e appr a7"es4 ta5e a sittin$ p siti n 8it" y )r !eet ! r8ard. Repeat t"e pr 7ed)re )nti( y ) (and. 'ater is 6)ieter in t"e (ee ! a "ea*y $r 8t" ! sea8eed. .a5e ad*anta$e ! s)7" $r 8t". D n t s8im t"r )$" t"e sea8eedJ 7ra8( *er t"e t p by $raspin$ t"e *e$etati n 8it" *er"and m *ements. 1r ss a r 75y r 7 ra( ree! as y ) 8 )(d (and n a r 75y s" re. :eep y )r !eet 7( se t $et"er and y )r 5nees s(i$"t(y bent in a re(aAed sittin$ p st)re t 7)s"i n t"e b( 8s a$ainst t"e 7 ra(.
Pi-) p "& Re$- e
0n si$"tin$ res7)e 7ra!t appr a7"in$ ! r pi75)p Eb at4 s"ip4 7 n*enti na( air7ra!t4 r "e(i7 pterF4 6)i75(y 7(ear any (ines E!is"in$ (ines4 desa(tin$ 5it (inesF r t"er $ear t"at 7 )(d 7a)se entan$(ement d)rin$ res7)e. Se7)re a(( ( se items in t"e ra!t. .a5e d 8n 7an pies and sai(s t ens)re a sa!er pi75)p. A!ter se7)rin$ a(( items4 p)t n y )r "e(met4 i! a*ai(ab(e. F)((y in!(ate y )r (i!e preser*er. Remain in t"e ra!t4 )n(ess t"er8ise instr)7ted4 and rem *e a(( e6)ipment eA7ept t"e preser*ers. I! p ssib(e4 y ) 8i(( re7ei*e "e(p !r m res7)e pers nne( ( 8ered int t"e 8ater. Remember4 ! (( 8 a(( instr)7ti ns $i*en by t"e res7)e pers nne(. I! t"e "e(i7 pter re7 *ery is )nassisted4 d t"e ! (( 8in$ be! re pi75)pM

Se7)re a(( t"e ( se e6)ipment in t"e ra!t4 a77ess ry ba$4 r in p 75ets. Dep( y t"e sea an7" r4 stabi(ity ba$s4 and a77ess ry ba$. #artia((y de!(ate t"e ra!t and !i(( it 8it" 8ater. Unsnap t"e s)r*i*a( 5it 7 ntainer !r m t"e para7")te "arness. +rasp t"e ra!t "and" (d and r (( )t ! t"e ra!t. A(( 8 t"e re7 *ery de*i7e r t"e 7ab(e t $r )nd )t n t"e 8aterHs s)r!a7e. Maintain t"e "and" (d )nti( t"e re7 *ery de*i7e is in y )r t"er "and. M )nt t"e re7 *ery de*i7e4 a* idin$ entan$(ement 8it" t"e ra!t. Si$na( t"e " ist perat r ! r pi75)p.
S AS.OR S
Sear7" p(anes r s"ips d n t a(8ays sp t a dri!tin$ ra!t r s8immer. Y ) may "a*e t (and a( n$ t"e 7 ast be! re bein$ res7)ed. S)r*i*in$ a( n$ t"e seas" re is di!!erent !r m pen sea s)r*i*a(. F d and 8ater are m re ab)ndant and s"e(ter is b*i )s(y easier t ( 7ate and 7 nstr)7t. I! y ) are in !riend(y territ ry and de7ide t tra*e(4 it is better t m *e a( n$ t"e 7 ast t"an t $ in(and. D n t (ea*e t"e 7 ast eA7ept t a* id bsta7(es Es8amps and 7(i!!sF r )n(ess y ) !ind a trai( t"at y ) 5n 8 (eads t ")man "abitati n. In time ! 8ar4 remember t"at t"e enemy patr (s m st 7 ast(ines. ."ese patr (s may 7a)se pr b(ems ! r y ) i! y ) (and n a " sti(e s" re. Y ) 8i(( "a*e eAtreme(y (imited tra*e( pti ns in t"is sit)ati n. A* id a(( 7 nta7t 8it" t"er ")mans4 and ma5e e*ery e!! rt t 7 *er a(( tra75s y ) (ea*e n t"e s" re.
Spe-i!% He!%th H!z!&($

1 ra(4 p is n )s and a$$ressi*e !is"4 7r 7 di(es4 sea )r7"ins4 sea bis7)its4 sp n$es4 anem nes4 and tides and )ndert 8 p se spe7ia( "ea(t" "a3ards. Coral 1 ra(4 dead r a(i*e4 7an in!(i7t pain!)( 7)ts. ."ere are ")ndreds ! 8ater "a3ards t"at 7an 7a)se deep p)n7t)re 8 )nds4 se*ere b(eedin$4 and t"e dan$er ! in!e7ti n. 1(ean a(( 7 ra( 7)ts t" r )$"(y. D n t )se i dine t disin!e7t any 7 ra( 7)ts. S me 7 ra( p (yps !eed n i dine and may $r 8 inside y )r !(es" i! y ) )se i dine. Poisonous 'ish Many ree! !is" "a*e t Ai7 !(es". F r s me spe7ies4 t"e !(es" is a(8ays p is n )s4 ! r t"er spe7ies4 n(y at 7ertain times ! t"e year. ."e p is ns are present in a(( parts ! t"e !is"4 b)t espe7ia((y in t"e (i*er4 intestines4 and e$$s. Fis" t Ains are 8ater s ()b(e--n am )nt ! 7 5in$ 8i(( ne)tra(i3e t"em. ."ey are taste(ess4 t"ere! re t"e standard edibi(ity tests are )se-(ess. /irds are (east s)s7eptib(e t t"e p is ns. ."ere! re4 d n t t"in5 t"at be7a)se a bird 7an eat a !is"4 it is a sa!e spe7ies ! r y ) t eat. ."e t Ains 8i(( pr d)7e a n)mbness ! t"e (ips4 t n$)e4 t es4 and tips ! t"e !in$ers4 se*ere it7"in$4 and a 7(ear re*ersa( ! temperat)re sensati ns. 1 (d items appear " t and " t items 7 (d. ."ere 8i(( pr bab(y a(s be na)sea4 * mitin$4 ( ss ! spee7"4 di33iness4 and a para(ysis t"at e*ent)a((y brin$s deat". In additi n t !is" 8it" p is n )s !(es"4 t"ere are t" se t"at are dan$er )s t t )7". Many stin$rays "a*e a p is n )s barb in t"eir tai(. ."ere are a(s spe7ies t"at 7an de(i*er an e(e7tri7 s" 75. S me ree! !is"4 s)7" as st ne!is" and t ad!is"4 "a*e *en m )s spines t"at 7an 7a)se *ery pain!)( a(t" )$" se(d m !ata( inB)ries. ."e *en m !r m t"ese spines 7a)ses a b)rnin$ sensati n r e*en an a$ ni3in$ pain t"at is )t
! pr p rti n t t"e apparent se*erity ! t"e 8 )nd. ?e((y!is"4 8"i(e n t )s)a((y !ata(4 7an in!(i7t a *ery pain!)( stin$ i! it t )7"es y ) 8it" its tenta7(es. See 1"apter 11 and AppendiA F ! r detai(s n parti7)(ar(y dan$er )s !is" ! t"e sea and seas" re. Aggressi(e 'ish Y ) s" )(d a(s a* id s me !er 7i )s !is". ."e b (d and in6)isiti*e barra7)da "as atta75ed men 8earin$ s"iny bBe7ts. It may 7"ar$e (i$"ts r s"iny bBe7ts at ni$"t. ."e sea bass4 8"i7" 7an $r 8 t 1.7 meters4 is an t"er !is" t a* id. ."e m ray ee(4 8"i7" "as many s"arp teet" and $r 8s t 1.; meters4 7an a(s be a$$ressi*e i! dist)rbed. Sea Sna-es Sea sna5es are *en m )s and s metimes ! )nd in mid 7ean. ."ey are )n(i5e(y t bite )n(ess pr * 5ed. A."i( t"em. Crocodiles 1r 7 di(es in"abit tr pi7a( sa(t8ater bays and man$r *e-b rdered est)aries and ran$e )p t 6; 5i( meters int t"e pen sea. Fe8 remain near in"abited areas. Y ) 7 mm n(y !ind 7r 7 di(es in t"e rem te areas ! t"e -ast Indies and S )t"east Asia. 1 nsider spe7imens *er 1 meter ( n$ dan$er )s4 espe7ia((y !ema(es $)ardin$ t"eir nests. 1r 7 di(e meat is an eA7e((ent s )r7e ! ! d 8"en a*ai(ab(e. Sea Urchins& Sea #iscuits& Sponges& and Ane"ones ."ese anima(s 7an 7a)se eAtreme4 t" )$" se(d m !ata(4 pain. Us)a((y ! )nd in tr pi7a( s"a(( 8 8ater near 7 ra( ! rmati ns4 sea )r7"ins resemb(e sma((4 r )nd p r7)pines. I! stepped n4 t"ey s(ip !ine need(es ! (ime r si(i7a int t"e s5in4 8"ere t"ey brea5 !! and !ester. I! p ssib(e4 rem *e t"e spines and treat t"e inB)ry ! r in!e7ti n. ."e t"er anima(s menti ned in!(i7t inB)ry simi(ar(y. Tides and Underto% ."ese are an t"er "a3ard t 7 ntend 8it". I! 7a)$"t in a (ar$e 8a*eHs )ndert 84 p)s" !! t"e b tt m r s8im t t"e s)r!a7e and pr 7eed s" re8ard in a tr )$" bet8een 8a*es. D n t !i$"t a$ainst t"e p)(( ! t"e )ndert 8. S8im 8it" it r perpendi7)(ar t it )nti( it ( ses stren$t"4 t"en s8im ! r s" re.
F""(
0btainin$ ! d a( n$ a seas" re s" )(d n t present a pr b(em. ."ere are many types ! sea8eed and t"er p(ants y ) 7an easi(y !ind and eat. See 1"apter < and AppendiA / ! r a dis7)ssi n ! t"ese p(ants. ."ere is a $reat *ariety ! anima( (i!e t"at 7an s)pp(y y )r need ! r ! d in t"is type ! s)r*i*a( sit)ati n. 0ollus-s M)sse(s4 (impets4 7(ams4 sea snai(s4 7t p)ses4 s6)ids4 and sea s()$s are a(( edib(e. S"e((!is" 8i(( )s)a((y s)pp(y m st ! t"e pr tein eaten by 7 asta( s)r*i* rs. A* id t"e b()e-rin$ed 7t p)s and 7 ne s"e((s Edes7ribed in 1"apter 11 and AppendiA FF. A(s be8are ! Kred tidesK t"at ma5e m (()s5s p is n )s. App(y t"e edibi(ity test n ea7" spe7ies be! re eatin$. 3or"s 1 asta( 8 rms are $enera((y edib(e4 b)t it is better t )se t"em ! r !is" bait. A* id brist(e 8 rms t"at ( 5 (i5e !)33y 7aterpi((ars. A(s a* id t)be8 rms t"at "a*e s"arp-ed$ed t)bes. Arr 88 rms4 a(ias amp"i A)s4 are n t tr)e 8 rms. Y ) !ind t"em in t"e sand and are eA7e((ent eit"er !res" r dried. Cra6s& Lo6sters& and #arnacles ."ese anima(s are se(d m dan$er )s t man and are an eA7e((ent ! d s )r7e. ."e pin7ers ! (ar$er 7rabs r ( bsters 7an 7r)s" a manHs !in$er. Many spe7ies "a*e spines n t"eir s"e((s4 ma5in$ it pre!erab(e t 8ear $( *es 8"en 7at7"in$ t"em. /arna7(es 7an 7a)se s7rapes r 7)ts and are di!!i7)(t t deta7" !r m t"eir an7" r4 b)t t"e (ar$er spe7ies are an eA7e((ent ! d s )r7e. Sea Urchins ."ese are 7 mm n and 7an 7a)se pain!)( inB)ries 8"en stepped n r t )7"ed. ."ey are a(s a $ d s )r7e ! ! d. 2and(e t"em 8it" $( *es4 and rem *e a(( spines. Sea Cucu"6ers ."is anima( is an imp rtant ! d s )r7e in t"e Ind -#a7i!i7 re$i ns. Use t"em 8" (e a!ter e*is7erati n r rem *e t"e !i*e m)s7)(ar strips t"at r)n t"e (en$t" ! its b dy. -at t"em sm 5ed4 pi75(ed4 r 7 5ed.
CHAPTER 1= - EBPEDIENT WATER CROSSINGS
In a survival situation" you may have to cross a water obstacle. It may be in the !orm o! a river" a stream" a lake" a bog" )uicksand" )uagmire" or muskeg. Hven in the desert" !lash !loods occur" making streams an obstacle. hatever it is" you need to know how to cross it sa!ely.
RIV RS AN, STR A0S

Y ) 7an app(y a(m st e*ery des7ripti n t ri*ers and streams. ."ey may be s"a(( 8 r deep4 s( 8 r !ast m *in$4 narr 8 r 8ide. /e! re y ) try t 7r ss a ri*er r stream4 de*e( p a $ d p(an. Y )r !irst step is t ( 5 ! r a "i$" p(a7e !r m 8"i7" y ) 7an $et a $ d *ie8 ! t"e ri*er r stream. Fr m t"is p(a7e4 y ) 7an ( 5 ! r a p(a7e t 7r ss. I! t"ere is n "i$" p(a7e4 7(imb a tree. + d 7r ssin$ ( 7ati ns in7()de-
A (e*e( stret7" 8"ere it brea5s int se*era( 7"anne(s. .8 r t"ree narr 8 7"anne(s are )s)a((y easier t 7r ss t"an a 8ide ri*er. A s"a(( 8 ban5 r sandbar. I! p ssib(e4 se(e7t a p int )pstream !r m t"e ban5 r sandbar s t"at t"e 7)rrent 8i(( 7arry y ) t it i! y ) ( se y )r ! tin$. A 7 )rse a7r ss t"e ri*er t"at (eads d 8nstream s t"at y ) 8i(( 7r ss t"e 7)rrent at ab )t a 9;de$ree an$(e.
."e ! (( 8in$ areas p ssess p tentia( "a3ardsJ a* id t"em4 i! p ssib(eM

0bstacles on the opposite side o! the river that might hinder your travel. .ry t se(e7t t"e sp t !r m 8"i7" tra*e( 8i(( be t"e sa!est and easiest. A ledge o! rocks that crosses the river. ."is !ten indi7ates dan$er )s rapids r 7any ns. A deep or rapid water!all or a deep channel. Ne*er try t ! rd a stream dire7t(y ab *e r e*en 7( se t s)7" "a3ards. Rocky places. Y ) may s)stain seri )s inB)ries !r m s(ippin$ r !a((in$ n r 75s. Us)a((y4 s)bmer$ed r 75s are *ery s(i754 ma5in$ ba(an7e eAtreme(y di!!i7)(t. An 77asi na( r 75 t"at brea5s t"e 7)rrent4 " 8e*er4 may "e(p y ). An estuary o! a river. An est)ary is n rma((y 8ide4 "as str n$ 7)rrents4 and is s)bBe7t t tides. ."ese tides 7an in!()en7e s me ri*ers many 5i( meters !r m t"eir m )t"s. + ba75 )pstream t an easier 7r ssin$ site. Hddies. An eddy 7an pr d)7e a p 8er!)( ba758ard p)(( d 8nstream ! t"e bstr)7ti n 7a)sin$ t"e eddy and p)(( y ) )nder t"e s)r!a7e.
."e dept" ! a ! rdab(e ri*er r stream is n deterrent i! y ) 7an 5eep y )r ! tin$. In !a7t4 deep 8ater s metimes r)ns m re s( 8(y and is t"ere! re sa!er t"an !ast-m *in$ s"a(( 8 8ater. Y ) 7an a(8ays dry y )r 7( t"es (ater4 r i! ne7essary4 y ) 7an ma5e a ra!t t 7arry y )r 7( t"in$ and e6)ipment a7r ss t"e ri*er.
Y ) m)st n t try t s8im r 8ade a7r ss a stream r ri*er 8"en t"e 8ater is at *ery ( 8 temperat)res. ."is s8im 7 )(d be !ata(. .ry t ma5e a ra!t ! s me type. 'ade a7r ss i! y ) 7an $et n(y y )r !eet 8et. Dry t"em *i$ r )s(y as s n as y ) rea7" t"e t"er ban5.
RAPI,S
I! ne7essary4 y ) 7an sa!e(y 7r ss a deep4 s8i!t ri*er r rapids. . s8im a7r ss a deep4 s8i!t ri*er4 s8im 8it" t"e 7)rrent4 ne*er !i$"t it. .ry t 5eep y )r b dy " ri3 nta( t t"e 8ater. ."is 8i(( red)7e t"e dan$er ! bein$ p)((ed )nder. In !ast4 s"a(( 8 rapids4 (ie n y )r ba754 !eet p intin$ d 8nstream4 !innin$ y )r "ands a( n$side y )r "ips. ."is a7ti n 8i(( in7rease b) yan7y and "e(p y ) steer a8ay !r m bsta7(es. :eep y )r !eet )p t a* id $ettin$ t"em br)ised r 7a)$"t by r 75s. In deep rapids4 (ie n y )r st ma7"4 "ead d 8nstream4 an$(in$ t 8ard t"e s" re 8"ene*er y ) 7an. 'at7" ! r bsta7(es and be 7are!)( ! ba758ater eddies and 7 n*er$in$ 7)rrents4 as t"ey !ten 7 ntain dan$er )s s8ir(s. 1 n*er$in$ 7)rrents 77)r 8"ere ne8 8ater7 )rses enter t"e ri*er r 8"ere 8ater "as been di*erted ar )nd (ar$e bsta7(es s)7" as sma(( is(ands. . ! rd a s8i!t4 trea7"er )s stream4 app(y t"e ! (( 8in$ stepsM

Rem *e y )r pants and s"irt t (essen t"e 8aterHs p)(( n y ). :eep y )r ! t$ear n t pr te7t y )r !eet and an5(es !r m r 75s. It 8i(( a(s pr *ide y ) 8it" !irmer ! tin$. .ie y )r pants and t"er arti7(es t t"e t p ! y )r r)75sa75 r in a b)nd(e4 i! y ) "a*e n pa75. ."is 8ay4 i! y ) "a*e t re(ease y )r e6)ipment4 a(( y )r arti7(es 8i(( be t $et"er. It is easier t !ind ne (ar$e pa75 t"an t !ind se*era( sma(( items. 1arry y )r pa75 8e(( )p n y )r s" )(ders and be s)re y ) 7an easi(y rem *e it4 i! ne7essary. N t bein$ ab(e t $et a pa75 !! 6)i75(y en )$" 7an dra$ e*en t"e str n$est s8immers )nder.
Find a str n$ p (e ab )t 7.; 7entimeters in diameter and 2.1 t 2.9 meters ( n$ t "e(p y ) ! rd t"e stream. +rasp t"e p (e and p(ant it !irm(y n y )r )pstream side t brea5 t"e 7)rrent. #(ant y )r !eet !irm(y 8it" ea7" step4 and m *e t"e p (e ! r8ard a (itt(e d 8nstream !r m its pre*i )s p siti n4 b)t sti(( )pstream !r m y ). 'it" y )r neAt step4 p(a7e y )r ! t be( 8 t"e p (e. :eep t"e p (e 8e(( s(anted s t"at t"e ! r7e ! t"e 7)rrent 5eeps t"e p (e a$ainst y )r s" )(der EFi$)re 17-1F.
1r ss t"e stream s t"at y ) 8i(( 7r ss t"e d 8nstream 7)rrent at a 9;-de$ree an$(e.
Usin$ t"is met" d4 y ) 7an sa!e(y 7r ss 7)rrents )s)a((y t str n$ ! r ne pers n t stand a$ainst. D n t 7 n7ern y )rse(! ab )t y )r pa75Hs 8ei$"t4 as t"e 8ei$"t 8i(( "e(p rat"er t"an "inder y ) in ! rdin$ t"e stream. I! t"ere are t"er pe p(e 8it" y )4 7r ss t"e stream t $et"er. -ns)re t"at e*ery ne "as prepared t"eir pa75 and 7( t"in$ as )t(ined ab *e. # siti n t"e "ea*iest pers n n t"e d 8nstream end ! t"e p (e and t"e (i$"test n t"e )pstream end. In )sin$ t"is met" d4 t"e )pstream pers n brea5s t"e 7)rrent4 and t" se be( 8 7an m *e 8it" re(ati*e ease in t"e eddy ! rmed by t"e )pstream pers n. I! t"e )pstream
pers n $ets temp rari(y s8ept !! "is !eet4 t"e t"ers 7an " (d steady 8"i(e "e re$ains "is ! 17-2F.
tin$ EFi$)re
I! y ) "a*e t"ree r m re pe p(e and a r pe a*ai(ab(e4 y ) 7an )se t"e te7"ni6)e s" 8n in Fi$)re 17-% t 7r ss t"e stream. ."e (en$t" ! t"e r pe m)st be t"ree times t"e 8idt" ! t"e stream.
RA'TS
I! y ) "a*e t8 p n7" s4 y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t a br)s" ra!t r an A)stra(ian p n7" ra!t. 'it" eit"er ! t"ese ra!ts4 y ) 7an sa!e(y !( at y )r e6)ipment a7r ss a s( 8-m *in$ stream r ri*er.
B& $h R!5t
."e br)s" ra!t4 i! pr per(y 7 nstr)7ted4 8i(( s)pp rt ab )t 11; 5i( $rams. . 7 nstr)7t it4 )se p n7" s4 !res" $reen br)s"4 t8 sma(( sap(in$s4 and r pe r *ine as ! (( 8s EFi$)re 17-9FM

#)s" t"e " d ! ea7" p n7" t t"e inner side and ti$"t(y tie !! t"e ne75s )sin$ t"e dra8strin$s. Atta7" t"e r pes r *ines at t"e 7 rner and side $r mmets ! ea7" p n7" . Ma5e s)re t"ey are ( n$ en )$" t 7r ss t and tie 8it" t"e t"ers atta7"ed at t"e pp site 7 rner r side. Spread ne p n7" n t"e $r )nd 8it" t"e inner side )p. #i(e !res"4 $reen br)s" En t"i75 bran7"esF n t"e p n7" )nti( t"e br)s" sta75 is ab )t 9; 7entimeters "i$". #)(( t"e dra8strin$ )p t"r )$" t"e 7enter ! t"e br)s" sta75. Ma5e an D-!rame !r m t8 sma(( sap(in$s and p(a7e it n t p ! t"e br)s" sta75. .ie t"e D-!rame se7)re(y in p(a7e 8it" t"e p n7" dra8strin$.
#i(e an t"er 9; 7entimeters ! br)s" n t p ! t"e D-!rame4 t"en 7 mpress t"e br)s" s(i$"t(y. #)(( t"e p n7" sides )p ar )nd t"e br)s" and4 )sin$ t"e r pes r *ines atta7"ed t t"e 7 mer r side $r mmets4 tie t"em dia$ na((y !r m 7 mer t 7 rner and !r m side t side. Spread t"e se7 nd p n7" 4 inner side )p4 neAt t t"e br)s" b)nd(e. R (( t"e br)s" b)nd(e nt t"e se7 nd p n7" s t"at t"e tied side is d 8n. .ie t"e se7 nd p n7" ar )nd t"e br)s" b)nd(e in t"e same manner as y ) tied t"e !irst p n7" ar )nd t"e br)s". #(a7e it in t"e 8ater 8it" t"e tied side ! t"e se7 nd p n7" !a7in$ )p.
A $t&!%i!# P"#-h" R!5t

I! y ) d n t "a*e time t $at"er br)s" ! r a br)s" ra!t4 y ) 7an ma5e an A)stra(ian p n7" ra!t. ."is ra!t4 a(t" )$" m re 8aterpr ! t"an t"e p n7" br)s" ra!t4 8i(( n(y !( at ab )t %; 5i( $rams ! e6)ipment. . 7 nstr)7t t"is ra!t4 )se t8 p n7" s4 t8 r)75sa75s4 t8 1.2-meter p (es r bran7"es4 and r pes4 *ines4 b t(a7es4 r 7 mparab(e materia( as ! (( 8s EFi$)re 17-;FM

#)s" t"e " d ! ea7" p n7" t t"e inner side and ti$"t(y tie !! t"e ne75s )sin$ t"e dra8strin$s. Spread ne p n7" n t"e $r )nd 8it" t"e inner side )p. #(a7e and 7enter t"e t8 1.2-meter p (es n t"e p n7" ab )t 9; 7entimeters apart. #(a7e y )r r)75sa75s r pa75s r t"er e6)ipment bet8een t"e p (es. A(s p(a7e t"er items t"at y ) 8ant t 5eep dry bet8een t"e p (es. Snap t"e p n7" sides t $et"er. Use y )r b)ddyHs "e(p t 7 mp(ete t"e ra!t. 2 (d t"e snapped p rti n ! t"e p n7" in t"e air and r (( it ti$"t(y d 8n t t"e e6)ipment. Ma5e s)re y ) r (( t"e !)(( 8idt" ! t"e p n7" . .8ist t"e ends ! t"e r (( t ! rm pi$tai(s in pp site dire7ti ns. F (d t"e pi$tai(s *er t"e b)nd(e and tie t"em se7)re(y in p(a7e )sin$ r pes4 b t(a7es4 r *ines. Spread t"e se7 nd p n7" n t"e $r )nd4 inner side )p. I! y ) need m re b) yan7y4 p(a7e s me !res" $reen br)s" n t"is p n7" . #(a7e t"e e6)ipment b)nd(e4 tied side d 8n4 n t"e 7enter ! t"e se7 nd p n7" . 'rap t"e se7 nd p n7" ar )nd t"e e6)ipment b)nd(e ! (( 8in$ t"e same pr 7ed)re y ) )sed ! r 8rappin$ t"e e6)ipment in t"e !irst p n7" . .ie r pes4 b t(a7es4 *ines4 r t"er bindin$ materia( ar )nd t"e ra!t ab )t %= 7entimeters !r m t"e end ! ea7" pi$tai(. #(a7e and se7)re 8eap ns n t p ! t"e ra!t.
.ie ne end ! a r pe t an empty 7anteen and t"e t"er end t t"e ra!t. ."is 8i(( "e(p y ) t t 8 t"e ra!t.
P"#-h" D"# t R!5t

An t"er type ! ra!t is t"e p n7" d n)t ra!t. It ta5es m re time t 7 nstr)7t t"an t"e br)s" ra!t r A)stra(ian p n7" ra!t4 b)t it is e!!e7ti*e. . 7 nstr)7t it4 )se ne p n7" 4 sma(( sap(in$s4 8i(( 8 r *ines4 and r pe4 b t(a7es4 r t"er bindin$ materia( EFi$)re 17-6F as ! (( 8sM

Ma5e a !rame8 r5 7ir7(e by p(a7in$ se*era( sta5es in t"e $r )nd t"at r )$"(y )t(ine an inner and )ter 7ir7(e. Usin$ y )n$ sap(in$s4 8i(( 84 r *ines4 7 nstr)7t a d n)t rin$ 8it"in t"e 7ir7(es ! sta5es. 'rap se*era( pie7es ! 7 rda$e ar )nd t"e d n)t rin$ ab )t %= t 6= 7entimeters apart and tie t"em se7)re(y. #)s" t"e p n7" Hs " d t t"e inner side and ti$"t(y tie !! t"e ne75 )sin$ t"e dra8strin$. #(a7e t"e p n7" n t"e $r )nd4 inner side )p. #(a7e t"e d n)t rin$ n t"e 7enter ! t"e p n7" . 'rap t"e p n7" )p and *er t"e d n)t rin$ and tie !! ea7" $r mmet n t"e p n7" t t"e rin$. .ie ne end ! a r pe t an empty 7anteen and t"e t"er end t t"e ra!t. ."is r pe 8i(( "e(p y ) t t 8 t"e ra!t.
'"en (a)n7"in$ any ! t"e ab *e ra!ts4 ta5e 7are n t t p)n7t)re r tear it by dra$$in$ it n t"e $r )nd. /e! re y ) start t 7r ss t"e ri*er r stream4 (et t"e ra!t (ay n t"e 8ater a !e8 min)tes t ens)re t"at it !( ats.
I! t"e ri*er is t deep t ! rd4 p)s" t"e ra!t in !r nt ! y ) 8"i(e y ) are s8immin$. ."e desi$n ! t"e ab *e ra!ts d es n t a(( 8 t"em t 7arry a pers nHs !)(( b dy 8ei$"t. Use t"em as a !( at t $et y ) and y )r e6)ipment sa!e(y a7r ss t"e ri*er r stream. /e s)re t 7"e75 t"e 8ater temperat)re be! re tryin$ t 7r ss a ri*er r 8ater bsta7(e. I! t"e 8ater is eAtreme(y 7 (d and y ) are )nab(e t !ind a s"a(( 8 ! rdin$ p(a7e in t"e ri*er4 d n t try t ! rd it. De*ise t"er means ! r 7r ssin$. F r instan7e4 y ) mi$"t impr *ise a brid$e by !e((in$ a tree *er t"e ri*er. 0r y ) mi$"t b)i(d a ra!t (ar$e en )$" t 7arry y ) and y )r e6)ipment. F r t"is4 " 8e*er4 y ) 8i(( need an aAe4 a 5ni!e4 a r pe r *ines4 and time.
L"/ R!5t
Y ) 7an ma5e a ra!t )sin$ any dry4 dead4 standin$ trees ! r ( $s. 2 8e*er4 spr)7e trees ! )nd in p (ar and s)bp (ar re$i ns ma5e t"e best ra!ts. A simp(e met" d ! r ma5in$ a ra!t is t )se press)re bars (as"ed se7)re(y at ea7" end ! t"e ra!t t " (d t"e ( $s t $et"er EFi$)re 17-7F.
'LOTATION , VIC S
I! t"e 8ater is 8arm en )$" ! r s8immin$ and y ) d n t "a*e t"e time r materia(s t 7 nstr)7t ne ! t"e p n7" -type ra!ts4 y ) 7an )se *ari )s !( tati n de*i7es t ne$ tiate t"e 8ater bsta7(e. S me items y ) 7an )se ! r !( tati n de*i7es are-
Trousers. :n t ea7" tr )ser (e$ at t"e b tt m and 7( se t"e !(y. 'it" b t" "ands4 $rasp t"e 8aistband at t"e sides and s8in$ t"e tr )sers in t"e air t trap air in ea7" (e$. >)i75(y press t"e sides ! t"e 8aistband t $et"er and " (d it )nder8ater s t"at t"e air 8i(( n t es7ape. Y ) n 8 "a*e 8ater 8in$s t 5eep y ) a!( at as y ) 7r ss t"e b dy ! 8ater. 8ote9 et the trousers be!ore in!lating to trap the air better @ou may have to rein!late the trousers several times when crossing a large body o! water.
Hmpty containers. Las" t $et"er "er empty $as 7ans4 8ater B)$s4 amm 7ans4 b Aes4 r t"er items t"at 8i(( trap r " (d air. Use t"em as 8ater 8in$s. Use t"is type ! !( tati n de*i7e n(y in a s( 8-m *in$ ri*er r stream. :lastic bags and ponchos. Fi(( t8 r m re p(asti7 ba$s 8it" air and se7)re t"em t $et"er at t"e penin$. Use y )r p n7" and r (( $reen *e$etati n ti$"t(y inside it s t"at y ) "a*e a r (( at (east 2= 7entimeters in diameter. .ie t"e ends ! t"e r (( se7)re(y. Y ) 7an 8ear it ar )nd y )r 8aist r a7r ss ne s" )(der and )nder t"e pp site arm.
Logs. Use a stranded dri!t ( $ i! ne is a*ai(ab(e4 r !ind a ( $ near t"e 8ater t )se as a !( at. /e s)re t test t"e ( $ be! re startin$ t 7r ss. S me tree ( $s4 pa(m ! r eAamp(e4 8i(( sin5 e*en 8"en t"e 8 d is dead. An t"er met" d is t tie t8 ( $s ab )t 6= 7entimeters apart. Sit bet8een t"e ( $s 8it" y )r ba75 a$ainst ne and y )r (e$s *er t"e t"er EFi$)re 17-&F.
1attails. +at"er sta(5s ! 7attai(s and tie t"em in a b)nd(e 2; 7entimeters r m re in diameter. ."e many air 7e((s in ea7" sta(5 7a)se a sta(5 t !( at )nti( it r ts. .est t"e 7attai( b)nd(e t be s)re it 8i(( s)pp rt y )r 8ei$"t be! re tryin$ t 7r ss a b dy ! 8ater.
."ere are many t"er !( tati n de*i7es t"at y ) 7an de*ise by )sin$ s me ima$inati n. ?)st ma5e s)re t test t"e de*i7e be! re tryin$ t )se it.
OT. R 3AT R O#STACL S

0t"er 8ater bsta7(es t"at y ) may !a7e are b $s4 6)a$mire4 m)s5e$4 r 6)i75sand. D n t try t 8a(5 a7r ss t"ese. .ryin$ t (i!t y )r !eet 8"i(e standin$ )pri$"t 8i(( ma5e y ) sin5 deeper. .ry t bypass t"ese bsta7(es. I! y ) are )nab(e t bypass t"em4 y ) may be ab(e t brid$e t"em )sin$ ( $s4 bran7"es4 r ! (ia$e. A 8ay t 7r ss a b $ is t (ie !a7e d 8n4 8it" y )r arms and (e$s spread. Use a !( tati n de*i7e r ! rm p 75ets ! air in y )r 7( t"in$. S8im r p)(( y )r 8ay a7r ss m *in$ s( 8(y and tryin$ t 5eep y )r b dy " ri3 nta(. In s8amps4 t"e areas t"at "a*e *e$etati n are )s)a((y !irm en )$" t s)pp rt y )r 8ei$"t. 2 8e*er4 *e$etati n 8i(( )s)a((y n t be present in pen m)d r 8ater areas. I! y ) are an a*era$e s8immer4 " 8e*er4 y ) s" )(d "a*e n pr b(em s8immin$4 7ra8(in$4 r p)((in$ y )r 8ay t"r )$" mi(es ! b $ r s8amp. >)i75sand is a miAt)re ! sand and 8ater t"at ! rms a s"i!tin$ mass. It yie(ds easi(y t press)re and s)75s d 8n and en$)(!s bBe7ts restin$ n its s)r!a7e. It *aries in dept" and is )s)a((y ( 7a(i3ed. >)i75sand 7 mm n(y 77)rs n !(at s" res4 in si(t-7" 5ed ri*ers 8it" s"i!tin$ 8ater7 )rses4 and near t"e m )t"s ! (ar$e ri*ers. I! y ) are )n7ertain 8"et"er a sandy area is 6)i75sand4 t ss a sma(( st ne n it. ."e st ne 8i(( sin5 in 6)i75sand. A(t" )$" 6)i75sand "as m re s)7ti n t"an m)d r m)754 y ) 7an 7r ss it B)st as y ) 8 )(d 7r ss a b $. Lie !a7e d 8n4 spread y )r arms and (e$s4 and m *e s( 8(y a7r ss.
V / TATION O#STACL S
S me 8ater areas y ) m)st 7r ss may "a*e )nder8ater and !( atin$ p(ants t"at 8i(( ma5e s8immin$ di!!i7)(t. 2 8e*er4 y ) 7an s8im t"r )$" re(ati*e(y dense *e$etati n i! y ) remain 7a(m and d n t t"ras" ab )t. Stay as near t"e s)r!a7e as p ssib(e and )se t"e breaststr 5e 8it" s"a(( 8 (e$ and arm m ti n. Rem *e t"e p(ants ar )nd y ) as y ) 8 )(d 7( t"in$. '"en y ) $et tired4 !( at r s8im n y )r ba75 )nti( y ) "a*e rested en )$" t 7 ntin)e 8it" t"e breaststr 5e. ."e man$r *e s8amp is an t"er type ! bsta7(e t"at 77)rs a( n$ tr pi7a( 7 ast(ines. Man$r *e trees r s"r)bs t"r 8 )t many pr p r ts t"at ! rm dense masses. . $et t"r )$" a man$r *e s8amp4 8ait ! r ( 8 tide. I! y ) are n t"e in(and side4 ( 5 ! r a narr 8 $r *e ! trees and 8 r5 y )r 8ay sea8ard t"r )$" t"ese. Y ) 7an a(s try t !ind t"e bed ! a 8ater8ay r 7ree5 t"r )$" t"e trees and ! (( 8 it t t"e sea. I! y ) are n t"e sea8ard side4 8 r5 in(and a( n$ streams r 7"anne(s. /e n t"e ( 5 )t ! r 7r 7 di(es t"at y ) !ind a( n$ 7"anne(s and in s"a(( 8 8ater. I! t"ere are any near y )4 (ea*e t"e 8ater and s7ramb(e *er t"e man$r *e r ts. '"i(e 7r ssin$ a man$r *e s8amp4 it is p ssib(e t $at"er ! d !r m tida( p (s r tree r ts. . 7r ss a (ar$e s8amp area4 7 nstr)7t s me type ! ra!t.
CHAPTER 1> - FIELD-EBPEDIENT DIRECTION FINDING
In a survival situation" you will be e+tremely !ortunate i! you happen to have a map and compass. I! you do have these two pieces o! e)uipment" you will most likely be able to move toward help. I! you are not pro!icient in using a map and compass" you must take the steps to gain this skill. There are several methods by which you can determine direction by using the sun and the stars. These methods" however" will give you only a general direction. @ou can come up with a more nearly true direction i! you know the terrain o! the territory or country. @ou must learn all you can about the terrain o! the country or territory to which you or your unit may be sent" especially any prominent !eatures or landmarks. This knowledge o! the terrain together with using the methods e+plained below will let you come up with !airly true directions to help you navigate.
USIN/ T. SUN AN, S.A,O3S

."e eart"Hs re(ati ns"ip t t"e s)n 7an "e(p y ) t determine dire7ti n n eart". ."e s)n a(8ays rises in t"e east and sets in t"e 8est4 b)t n t eAa7t(y d)e east r d)e 8est. ."ere is a(s s me seas na( *ariati n. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere4 t"e s)n 8i(( be d)e s )t" 8"en at its "i$"est p int in t"e s5y4 r 8"en an bBe7t 7asts n appre7iab(e s"ad 8. In t"e s )t"ern "emisp"ere4 t"is same n nday s)n 8i(( mar5 d)e n rt". In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere4 s"ad 8s 8i(( m *e 7( 758ise. S"ad 8s 8i(( m *e 7 )nter7( 758ise in t"e s )t"ern "emisp"ere. 'it" pra7ti7e4 y ) 7an )se s"ad 8s t determine b t" dire7ti n and time ! day. ."e s"ad 8 met" ds )sed ! r dire7ti n !indin$ are t"e s"ad 8-tip and 8at7" met" ds.
Sh!("0-Tip Meth"($
In t"e !irst s"ad 8-tip met" d4 !ind a strai$"t sti75 1 meter ( n$4 and a (e*e( sp t !ree ! br)s" n 8"i7" t"e sti75 8i(( 7ast a de!inite s"ad 8. ."is met" d is simp(e and a77)rate and 7 nsists ! ! )r stepsM
Step 2. #(a7e t"e sti75 r bran7" int t"e $r )nd at a (e*e( sp t 8"ere it 8i(( 7ast a distin7ti*e s"ad 8. Mar5 t"e s"ad 8Hs tip 8it" a st ne4 t8i$4 r t"er means. ."is !irst s"ad 8 mar5 is a(8ays 8est--e.e&10he&e n eart". Step 3. 'ait 1= t 1; min)tes )nti( t"e s"ad 8 tip m *es a !e8 7entimeters. Mar5 t"e s"ad 8 tipHs ne8 p siti n in t"e same 8ay as t"e !irst. Step 4. Dra8 a strai$"t (ine t"r )$" t"e t8 mar5s t btain an appr Aimate east-8est (ine. Step 5. Stand 8it" t"e !irst mar5 E8estF t y )r (e!t and t"e se7 nd mar5 t y )r ri$"t--y ) are n 8 !a7in$ n rt". ."is !a7t is tr)e e.e&10he&e n eart".
An a(ternate met" d is m re a77)rate b)t re6)ires m re time. Set )p y )r s"ad 8 sti75 and mar5 t"e !irst s"ad 8 in t"e m rnin$. Use a pie7e ! strin$ t dra8 a 7(ean ar7 t"r )$" t"is mar5 and ar )nd t"e sti75. At midday4 t"e s"ad 8 8i(( s"rin5 and disappear. In t"e a!tern n4 it 8i(( (en$t"en a$ain and at t"e p int 8"ere it t )7"es t"e ar74 ma5e a se7 nd mar5. Dra8 a (ine t"r )$" t"e t8 mar5s t $et an a77)rate east-8est (ine Esee Fi$)re 1&-1F.
The W!t-h Meth"(

Y ) 7an a(s determine dire7ti n )sin$ a 7 mm n r ana( $ 8at7"-- ne t"at "as "ands. ."e dire7ti n 8i(( be a77)rate i! y ) are )sin$ tr)e ( 7a( time4 8it" )t any 7"an$es ! r day(i$"t sa*in$s time. Remember4 t"e !)rt"er y ) are !r m t"e e6)at r4 t"e m re a77)rate t"is met" d 8i(( be. I! y ) n(y "a*e a di$ita( 8at7"4 y ) 7an *er7 me t"is bsta7(e. >)i75(y dra8 a 8at7" n a 7ir7(e ! paper 8it" t"e 7 rre7t time n it and )se it t determine y )r dire7ti n at t"at time. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere4 " (d t"e 8at7" " ri3 nta( and p int t"e " )r "and at t"e s)n. /ise7t t"e an$(e bet8een t"e " )r "and and t"e 12 H7( 75 mar5 t $et t"e n rt"-s )t" (ine EFi$)re 1&-2F. I! t"ere is any d )bt as t 8"i7" end ! t"e (ine is n rt"4 remember t"at t"e s)n rises in t"e east4 sets in t"e 8est4 and is d)e s )t" at n n. ."e s)n is in t"e east be! re n n and in t"e 8est a!ter n n.
8ote9 I! your watch is set on daylight savings time" use the midway point between the hour hand and 2 o.clock to determine the north%south line.
In t"e s )t"ern "emisp"ere4 p int t"e 8at7"Hs 12 H7( 75 mar5 t 8ard t"e s)n and a midp int "a(!8ay bet8een 12 and t"e " )r "and 8i(( $i*e y ) t"e n rt"-s )t" (ine EFi$)re 1&-2F.
USIN/ T. 0OON
/e7a)se t"e m n "as n (i$"t ! its 8n4 8e 7an n(y see it 8"en it re!(e7ts t"e s)nHs (i$"t. As it rbits t"e eart" n its 2&-day 7ir7)it4 t"e s"ape ! t"e re!(e7ted (i$"t *aries a77 rdin$ t its p siti n. 'e say t"ere is a ne8 m n r n m n 8"en it is n t"e pp site side ! t"e eart" !r m t"e s)n. ."en4 as it m *es a8ay !r m t"e eart"Hs s"ad 84 it be$ins t re!(e7t (i$"t !r m its ri$"t side and 8aAes t be7 me a !)(( m n be! re 8anin$4 r ( sin$ s"ape4 t appear as a s(i*er n t"e (e!t side. Y ) 7an )se t"is in! rmati n t identi!y dire7ti n. I! t"e m n rises be! re t"e s)n "as set4 t"e i(()minated side 8i(( be t"e 8est. I! t"e m n rises a!ter midni$"t4 t"e i(()minated side 8i(( be t"e east. ."is b*i )s dis7 *ery pr *ides )s 8it" a r )$" east-8est re!eren7e d)rin$ t"e ni$"t.
USIN/ T. STARS
Y )r ( 7ati n in t"e N rt"ern r S )t"ern 2emisp"ere determines 8"i7" 7 nste((ati n y ) )se t determine y )r n rt" r s )t" dire7ti n.
The N"&the&# S)1

."e main 7 nste((ati ns t (earn are t"e Ursa MaB r4 a(s 5n 8n as t"e /i$ Dipper r t"e #( 84 and 1assi peia EFi$)re 1&-%F. Neit"er ! t"ese 7 nste((ati ns e*er sets. ."ey are a(8ays *isib(e n a 7(ear ni$"t. Use t"em t ( 7ate # (aris4 a(s 5n 8n as t"e p (estar r t"e N rt" Star. ."e N rt" Star ! rms part ! t"e Litt(e Dipper "and(e and 7an be 7 n!)sed 8it" t"e /i$ Dipper. #re*ent 7 n!)si n by )sin$ b t" t"e /i$ Dipper and 1assi peia t $et"er. ."e /i$ Dipper and 1assi peia are a(8ays dire7t(y pp site ea7". t"er and r tate 7 )nter7( 758ise ar )nd # (aris4 8it" # (aris in t"e 7enter. ."e /i$ Dipper is a se*en star 7 nste((ati n in t"e s"ape ! a dipper. ."e t8 stars ! rmin$ t"e )ter (ip ! t"is dipper are t"e Kp inter starsK be7a)se t"ey p int t t"e N rt" Star. Menta((y dra8 a (ine !r m t"e )ter b tt m star t t"e )ter t p star ! t"e /i$ DipperHs b)75et. -Atend t"is (ine ab )t !i*e times t"e distan7e bet8een t"e p inter stars. Y ) 8i(( !ind t"e N rt" Star a( n$ t"is (ine.
1assi peia "as !i*e stars t"at ! rm a s"ape (i5e a K'K n its side. ."e N rt" Star is strai$"t )t !r m 1assi peiaHs 7enter star. A!ter ( 7atin$ t"e N rt" Star4 ( 7ate t"e N rt" # (e r tr)e n rt" by dra8in$ an ima$inary (ine dire7t(y t t"e eart".
The S" the&# S)1

/e7a)se t"ere is n star bri$"t en )$" t be easi(y re7 $ni3ed near t"e s )t" 7e(estia( p (e4 a 7 nste((ati n 5n 8n as t"e S )t"ern 1r ss is )sed as a si$np st t t"e S )t" EFi$)re 1&-9F. ."e S )t"ern 1r ss r 1r)A "as !i*e stars. Its ! )r bri$"test stars ! rm a 7r ss t"at ti(ts t ne side. ."e t8 stars t"at ma5e )p t"e 7r ssHs ( n$ aAis are t"e p inter stars. . determine s )t"4 ima$ine a distan7e !i*e times t"e distan7e bet8een ."ese stars and t"e p int 8"ere t"is ima$inary (ine ends is in t"e $enera( dire7ti n ! s )t". L 5 d 8n t t"e " ri3 n !r m t"is ima$inary p int and se(e7t a (andmar5 t steer by. In a stati7 s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 y ) 7an !iA t"is ( 7ati n in day(i$"t i! y ) dri*e sta5es in t"e $r )nd at ni$"t t p int t"e 8ay.
0A*IN/ I0PROVIS , CO0PASS S

Y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t impr *ised 7 mpasses )sin$ a pie7e ! !err )s meta( t"at 7an be need(e s"aped r a !(at d )b(e-ed$ed ra3 r b(ade and a pie7e ! n nmeta((i7 strin$ r ( n$ "air !r m 8"i7" t s)spend it. Y ) 7an ma$neti3e r p (ari3e t"e meta( by s( 8(y str 5in$ it in ne dire7ti n n a pie7e ! si(5 r 7are!)((y t"r )$" y )r "air )sin$ de(iberate str 5es. Y ) 7an a(s p (ari3e meta( by str 5in$ it repeated(y at ne end 8it" a ma$net. A(8ays r)b in ne dire7ti n n(y. I! y ) "a*e a battery and s me e(e7tri7 8ire4 y ) 7an p (ari3e t"e meta( e(e7tri7a((y. ."e 8ire s" )(d be ins)(ated. I! n t ins)(ated4 8rap t"e meta( bBe7t in a sin$(e4 t"in strip ! paper t pre*ent 7 nta7t. ."e battery m)st be a minim)m ! 2 * (ts. F rm a 7 i( 8it" t"e e(e7tri7 8ire and t )7" its ends t t"e batteryHs termina(s. Repeated(y insert ne end ! t"e meta( bBe7t in and )t ! t"e 7 i(. ."e need(e 8i(( be7 me an e(e7tr ma$net. '"en s)spended !r m a pie7e ! n nmeta((i7 strin$4 r !( ated n a sma(( pie7e ! 8 d in 8ater4 it 8i(( a(i$n itse(! 8it" a n rt"-s )t" (ine. Y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t a m re e(ab rate impr *ised 7 mpass )sin$ a se8in$ need(e r t"in meta((i7 bBe7t4 a n nmeta((i7 7 ntainer E! r eAamp(e4 a p(asti7 dip 7 ntainerF4 its (id 8it" t"e 7enter 7)t )t and 8aterpr !ed4 and t"e si(*er tip !r m a pen. . 7 nstr)7t t"is 7 mpass4 ta5e an rdinary se8in$ need(e and brea5 in "a(!. 0ne "a(! 8i(( ! rm y )r dire7ti n p inter and t"e t"er 8i(( a7t as t"e pi* t p int. #)s" t"e p rti n )sed as t"e pi* t p int t"r )$" t"e b tt m 7enter ! y )r 7 ntainerJ t"is p rti n s" )(d be !()s" n t"e b tt m and n t inter!ere 8it" t"e (id. Atta7" t"e 7enter ! t"e t"er p rti n Et"e p interF ! t"e need(e n t"e penHs si(*er tip )sin$ $()e4 tree sap4 r me(ted p(asti7. Ma$neti3e ne end ! t"e p inter and rest it n t"e pi* t p int.
OT. R 0 ANS O' , T R0ININ/ ,IR CTION

."e (d sayin$ ab )t )sin$ m ss n a tree t indi7ate n rt" is n t a77)rate be7a)se m ss $r 8s 7 mp(ete(y ar )nd s me trees. A7t)a((y4 $r 8t" is m re ()s" n t"e side ! t"e tree !a7in$ t"e s )t" in t"e N rt"ern 2emisp"ere and *i7e *ersa in t"e S )t"ern 2emisp"ere. I! t"ere are se*era( !e((ed trees ar )nd ! r 7 mparis n4 ( 5 at t"e st)mps. +r 8t" is m re *i$ r )s n t"e side t 8ard t"e e6)at r and t"e tree $r 8t" rin$s 8i(( be m re 8ide(y spa7ed. 0n t"e t"er "and4 t"e tree $r 8t" rin$s 8i(( be 7( ser t $et"er n t"e side t 8ard t"e p (es. 'ind dire7ti n may be "e(p!)( in s me instan7es 8"ere t"ere are pre*ai(in$ dire7ti ns and y ) 5n 8 8"at t"ey are. Re7 $ni3in$ t"e di!!eren7es bet8een *e$etati n and m ist)re patterns n n rt"- and s )t"-!a7in$ s( pes 7an aid in determinin$ dire7ti n. In t"e n rt"ern "emisp"ere4 n rt"-!a7in$ s( pes re7ei*e (ess s)n t"an
s )t"-!a7in$ s( pes and are t"ere! re 7 (er and damper. In t"e s)mmer4 n rt"-!a7in$ s( pes retain pat7"es ! sn 8. In t"e 8inter4 t"e trees and pen areas n s )t"-!a7in$ s( pes are t"e !irst t ( se t"eir sn 84 and $r )nd sn 8pa75 is s"a(( 8er.
CHAPTER 1? - SIGNALING TECHNICUES
0ne o! your !irst concerns when you !ind yoursel! in a survival situation is to communicate with your !riends or allies. >enerally" communication is the giving and receiving o! in!ormation. As a survivor" you must get your rescuer.s attention !irst" and second" send a message your rescuer understands. Some attention%getters are man%made geometric patterns such as straight lines" circles" triangles" or L.s displayed in uninhabited areas# a large !ire or !lash o! light# a large" bright ob$ect moving slowly# or contrast" whether !rom color or shadows. The type o! signal used will depend on your environment and the enemy situation.
APPLICATION
I! in a n n7 mbat sit)ati n4 y ) need t !ind t"e (ar$est a*ai(ab(e 7(ear and !(at area on the highest possible terrain. Use as b*i )s a si$na( as y ) 7an 7reate. 0n t"e t"er "and4 y ) 8i(( "a*e t be m re dis7reet in 7 mbat sit)ati ns. Y ) d n t 8ant t si$na( and attra7t t"e enemy. #i75 an area t"at is *isib(e !r m t"e air4 b)t ens)re t"ere are "idin$ p(a7es nearby. .ry t "a*e a "i(( r t"er bBe7t bet8een t"e si$na( site and t"e enemy t mas5 y )r si$na( !r m t"e enemy. #er! rm a t" r )$" re7 nnaissan7e ! t"e area t ens)re t"ere are n enemy ! r7es nearby. '"ate*er si$na(in$ te7"ni6)e r de*i7e y ) p(an t )se4 5n 8 " 8 t )se it and be ready t p)t it int perati n n s" rt n ti7e. I! p ssib(e4 a* id )sin$ si$na(s r si$na(in$ te7"ni6)es t"at 7an p"ysi7a((y endan$er y ). :eep in mind t"at si$na(s t y )r 5&ie#($ may a(ert t"e enemy ! y )r presen7e and ( 7ati n. /e! re si$na(in$4 7are!)((y 8ei$" y )r res7)e 7"an7es by 5&ie#($ a$ainst t"e dan$er ! 7apt)re by t"e enemy. A radi is pr bab(y t"e s)rest and 6)i75est 8ay t (et t"ers 5n 8 8"ere y ) are and t (et y ) re7ei*e t"eir messa$es. /e7 me !ami(iar 8it" t"e radi s in y )r )nit. Learn " 8 t perate t"em and " 8 t send and re7ei*e messa$es. Y ) 8i(( !ind des7ripti ns ! t"er si$na(in$ te7"ni6)es4 de*i7es4 and arti7(es y ) 7an )se. Learn " 8 t )se t"em. ."in5 ! 8ays in 8"i7" y ) 7an adapt r 7"an$e t"em ! r di!!erent en*ir nments. #ra7ti7e )sin$ t"ese si$na(in$ te7"ni6)es4 de*i7es4 and arti7(es be! re y ) need t"em. #(anned4 prearran$ed si$na(in$ te7"ni6)es may impr *e y )r 7"an7e ! res7)e.
0 ANS 'OR SI/NALIN/

."ere are t8 main 8ays t $et attenti n r t 7 mm)ni7ate--*is)a( and a)di . ."e means y ) )se 8i(( depend n y )r sit)ati n and t"e materia( y ) "a*e a*ai(ab(e. '"ate*er t"e means4 a(8ays "a*e *is)a( and a)di si$na(s ready ! r )se.
Vi$ !% Si/#!%$
."ese si$na(s are materia(s r e6)ipment y ) )se t ma5e y )r presen7e 5n 8n t res7)ers. 'ire
D)rin$ dar5ness4 !ire is t"e m st e!!e7ti*e *is)a( means ! r si$na(in$. /)i(d t"ree !ires in a trian$(e Et"e internati na( distress si$na(F r in a strai$"t (ine 8it" ab )t 2; meters bet8een t"e !ires. /)i(d t"em as s n as time and t"e sit)ati n permit and pr te7t t"em )nti( y ) need t"em. I! y ) are a( ne4 maintainin$ t"ree !ires may be di!!i7)(t. I! s 4 maintain ne si$na( !ire. '"en 7 nstr)7tin$ si$na( !ires4 7 nsider y )r $e $rap"i7 ( 7ati n. I! in a B)n$(e4 !ind a nat)ra( 7(earin$ r t"e ed$e ! a stream 8"ere y ) 7an b)i(d !ires t"at t"e B)n$(e ! (ia$e 8i(( n t "ide. Y ) may e*en "a*e t 7(ear an area. I! in a sn 8-7 *ered area4 y ) may "a*e t 7(ear t"e $r )nd ! sn 8 r ma5e a p(at! rm n 8"i7" t b)i(d t"e !ire s t"at me(tin$ sn 8 8i(( n t eAtin$)is" it. A b)rnin$ tree Etree t r7"F is an t"er 8ay t attra7t attenti n EFi$)re 1<-1F. Y ) 7an set pit7"-bearin$ trees a!ire4 e*en 8"en $reen. Y ) 7an $et t"er types ! trees t b)rn by p(a7in$ dry 8 d in t"e ( 8er bran7"es and i$nitin$ it s t"at t"e !(ames !(are )p and i$nite t"e ! (ia$e. /e! re t"e primary tree is 7 ns)med4 7)t and add m re sma(( $reen trees t t"e !ire t pr d)7e m re sm 5e. A(8ays se(e7t an is (ated tree s t"at y ) d n t start a ! rest !ire and endan$er y )rse(!.
S"o-e D)rin$ day(i$"t4 b)i(d a sm 5e $enerat r and )se sm 5e t $ain attenti n EFi$)re 1<-2F. ."e internati na( distress si$na( is t"ree 7 ()mns ! sm 5e. .ry t 7reate a 7 ( r ! sm 5e t"at 7 ntrasts 8it" t"e ba75$r )ndJ dar5 sm 5e a$ainst a (i$"t ba75$r )nd and *i7e *ersa. I! y ) pra7ti7a((y sm t"er a (ar$e !ire 8it" $reen (ea*es4 m ss4 r a (itt(e 8ater4 t"e !ire 8i(( pr d)7e 8"ite sm 5e. I! y ) add r)bber r i(s a5ed ra$s t a !ire4 y ) 8i(( $et b(a75 sm 5e.
In a desert en*ir nment4 sm 5e "an$s 7( se t t"e $r )nd4 b)t a pi( t 7an sp t it in pen desert terrain. Sm 5e si$na(s are e!!e7ti*e n(y n 7 mparati*e(y 7a(m4 7(ear days. 2i$" 8inds4 rain4 r sn 8 disperse sm 5e4 (essenin$ its 7"an7es ! bein$ seen. S"o-e /renades I! y ) "a*e sm 5e $renades 8it" y )4 )se t"em in t"e same pattern as des7ribed ! r !ires. :eep t"em dry s t"at t"ey 8i(( 8 r5 8"en y ) need t"em. .a5e 7are n t t i$nite t"e *e$etati n in t"e area 8"en y ) )se t"em. Pen 'lares ."ese !(ares are part ! an a*iat rHs s)r*i*a( *est. ."e de*i7e 7 nsists ! a pen-s"aped $)n 8it" a !(are atta7"ed by a ny( n 7 rd. '"en !ired4 t"e pen !(are s )nds (i5e a pist ( s" t and !ires t"e !(are ab )t 1;= meters "i$". It is ab )t % 7entimeters in diameter. . "a*e t"e pen !(are ready ! r immediate )se4 ta5e it )t ! its 8rapper4 atta7" t"e !(are4 (ea*e t"e $)n )n7 75ed4 and 8ear it n a 7 rd r 7"ain ar )nd y )r ne75. /e ready t !ire it in !r nt ! sear7" air7ra!t and be ready 8it" a se7 ndary si$na(. A(s 4 be ready t ta5e 7 *er in 7ase t"e pi( t mista5es t"e !(are ! r enemy !ire. Tracer A""unition Y ) may )se ri!(e r pist ( tra7er amm)niti n t si$na( sear7" air7ra!t. D" #"t !ire t"e amm)niti n in !r nt ! t"e air7ra!t. As 8it" pen !(ares4 be ready t ta5e 7 *er i! t"e pi( t mista5es y )r tra7ers ! r enemy !ire. Star Clusters Red is t"e internati na( distress 7 ( rJ t"ere! re4 )se a red star 7()ster 8"ene*er p ssib(e. Any 7 ( r4 " 8e*er4 8i(( (et y )r res7)ers 5n 8 8"ere y ) are. Star 7()sters rea7" a "ei$"t ! 2== t 21; meters4 b)rn an a*era$e ! 6 t 1= se7 nds4 and des7end at a rate ! 19 meters per se7 nd. Star Parachute 'lares
."ese !(ares rea7" a "ei$"t ! 2== t 21; meters and des7end at a rate ! 2.1 meters per se7 nd. ."e M126 EredF b)rns ab )t ;= se7 nds and t"e M127 E8"iteF ab )t 2; se7 nds. At ni$"t y ) 7an see t"ese !(ares at 9& t ;6 5i( meters. 0irrors or Shiny O6+ects 0n a s)nny day4 a mirr r is y )r best si$na(in$ de*i7e. I! y ) d nHt "a*e a mirr r4 p (is" y )r 7anteen 7)p4 y )r be(t b)75(e4 r a simi(ar bBe7t t"at 8i(( re!(e7t t"e s)nHs rays. Dire7t t"e !(as"es in ne area s t"at t"ey are se7)re !r m enemy bser*ati n. #ra7ti7e )sin$ a mirr r r s"iny bBe7t ! r si$na(in$ now# d n t 8ait )nti( y ) need it. I! y ) "a*e an M:-% si$na( mirr r4 ! (( 8 t"e instr)7ti ns n its ba75 EFi$)re 1<-%F.
'ear t"e si$na( mirr r n a 7 rd r 7"ain ar )nd y )r ne75 s t"at it is ready ! r immediate )se. 2 8e*er4 be s)re t"e $(ass side is a$ainst y )r b dy s t"at it 8i(( n t !(as"J t"e enemy 7an see t"e !(as". CAUTION D n t !(as" a si$na( mirr r rapid(y be7a)se a pi( t may mista5e t"e !(as"es ! r enemy !ire. D n t dire7t t"e beam in t"e air7ra!tHs 7 75pit ! r m re t"an a !e8 se7 nds as it may b(ind t"e pi( t. 2a3e4 $r )nd ! $4 and mira$es may ma5e it "ard ! r a pi( t t sp t si$na(s !r m a !(as"in$ bBe7t. S 4 i! p ssib(e4 $et t t"e "i$"est p int in y )r area 8"en si$na(in$. I! y ) 7anHt determine t"e air7ra!tHs ( 7ati n4 !(as" y )r si$na( in t"e dire7ti n ! t"e air7ra!t n ise. 8ote9 :ilots have reported seeing mirror !lashes up to 27; kilometers away under ideal conditions. Fi$)res 1<-9 and 1<-; s" 8 met" ds ! aimin$ a si$na( mirr r ! r si$na(in$.
'lashlight or Stro6e Light At ni$"t y ) 7an )se a !(as"(i$"t r a str be (i$"t t send an S0S t an air7ra!t. '"en )sin$ a str be (i$"t4 ta5e 7are t pre*ent t"e pi( t !r m mista5in$ it ! r in7 min$ $r )nd !ire. ."e str be (i$"t !(as"es 6= times per min)te. S me str be (i$"ts "a*e in!rared 7 *ers and (enses. /()e !(as" 7 ((imat rs are a(s a*ai(ab(e ! r str be (i$"ts. VS5:; Panel D)rin$ day(i$"t y ) 7an )se a VS-17 pane( t si$na(. #(a7e t"e ran$e side )p as it is easier t see !r m t"e air t"an t"e *i (et side. F(as"in$ t"e pane( 8i(( ma5e it easier ! r t"e air7re8 t sp t. Y ) 7an )se any bri$"t ran$e r *i (et 7( t" as a s)bstit)te ! r t"e VS-17. Clothing Spreadin$ 7( t"in$ n t"e $r )nd r in t"e t p ! a tree is an t"er 8ay t si$na(. Se(e7t arti7(es 8" se 7 ( r 8i(( 7 ntrast 8it" t"e nat)ra( s)rr )ndin$s. Arran$e t"em in a (ar$e $e metri7 pattern t ma5e t"em m re (i5e(y t attra7t attenti n. Natural 0aterial I! y ) (a75 t"er means4 y ) 7an )se nat)ra( materia(s t ! rm a symb ( r messa$e t"at 7an be seen !r m t"e air. /)i(d m )nds t"at 7ast s"ad 8sJ y ) 7an )se br)s"4 ! (ia$e ! any type4 r 75s4 r sn 8 b( 75s. In sn 8-7 *ered areas4 tramp t"e sn 8 t ! rm (etters r symb (s and !i(( t"e depressi n 8it" 7 ntrastin$ materia( Et8i$s r bran7"esF. In sand4 )se b )(ders4 *e$etati n4 r sea8eed t ! rm a symb ( r messa$e. In br)s"-7 *ered areas4 7)t )t patterns in t"e *e$etati n r sear t"e $r )nd. In t)ndra4 di$ tren7"es r t)rn t"e s d )pside d 8n. In any terrain4 )se 7 ntrastin$ materia(s t"at 8i(( ma5e t"e symb (s *isib(e t t"e air7re8s. Sea ,ye 0ar-ers
A(( Army air7ra!t in* (*ed in perati ns near r *er 8ater 8i(( n rma((y 7arry a 8ater s)r*i*a( 5it t"at 7 ntains sea dye mar5ers. I! y ) are in a 8ater s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 )se sea dye mar5ers d)rin$ day(i$"t t indi7ate y )r ( 7ati n. ."ese sp ts ! dye stay 7 nspi7) )s ! r ab )t % " )rs4 eA7ept in *ery r )$" seas. Use t"em n(y i! y ) are in a !riend(y area. :eep t"e mar5ers 8rapped )nti( y ) are ready t )se t"em. Use t"em n(y 8"en y ) "ear r si$"t an air7ra!t. Sea dye mar5ers are a(s *ery e!!e7ti*e n sn 87 *ered $r )ndJ )se t"em t 8rite distress 7 de (etters.
A (i" Si/#!%$
Radi s4 8"ist(es4 and $)ns" ts are s me ! t"e met" ds y ) 7an )se t si$na( y )r presen7e t res7)ers. Radio !uip"ent ."e ANG#R1-<= s)r*i*a( radi is a part ! t"e Army a*iat rHs s)r*i*a( *est. ."e ANG#R1-112 8i(( e*ent)a((y rep(a7e t"e ANG#R1-<=. / t" radi s 7an transmit eit"er t ne r * i7e. Any t"er type ! Army radi 7an d t"e same. ."e ran$es ! t"e di!!erent radi s *ary dependin$ n t"e a(tit)de ! t"e re7ei*in$ air7ra!t4 terrain4 *e$etati n density4 8eat"er4 battery stren$t"4 type ! radi 4 and inter!eren7e. . btain maAim)m per! rman7e !r m radi s4 )se t"e ! (( 8in$ pr 7ed)resM

.ry t transmit n(y in 7(ear4 )n bstr)7ted terrain. Sin7e radi s are (ine- !-si$"t 7 mm)ni7ati ns de*i7es4 any terrain bet8een t"e radi and t"e re7ei*er 8i(( b( 75 t"e si$na(. :eep t"e antenna at ri$"t an$(es t t"e res7)in$ air7ra!t. ."ere is n si$na( !r m t"e tip ! t"e antenna. I! t"e radi "as t ne 7apabi(ity4 p(a7e it )pri$"t n a !(at4 e(e*ated s)r!a7e s t"at y ) 7an per! rm t"er s)r*i*a( tas5s. Ne*er (et t"e antenna t )7" y )r 7( t"in$4 b dy4 ! (ia$e4 r t"e $r )nd. S)7" 7 nta7t $reat(y red)7es t"e ran$e ! t"e si$na(. 1 nser*e battery p 8er. .)rn t"e radi !! 8"en y ) are n t )sin$ it. D n t transmit r re7ei*e 7 nstant(y. In " sti(e territ ry4 5eep transmissi ns s" rt t a* id enemy radi dire7ti n !indin$. In 7 (d 8eat"er4 5eep t"e battery inside y )r 7( t"in$ 8"en n t )sin$ t"e radi . 1 (d 6)i75(y drains t"e batteryHs p 8er. D n t eAp se t"e battery t eAtreme "eat s)7" as desert s)n. 2i$" "eat may 7a)se t"e battery t eAp( de. .ry t 5eep t"e radi and battery as dry as p ssib(e4 as 8ater may destr y t"e 7ir7)itry.
3histles '"ist(es pr *ide an eA7e((ent 8ay ! r 7( se )p si$na(in$. In s me d 7)mented 7ases4 t"ey "a*e been "eard )p t 1.6 5i( meters a8ay. Man)!a7t)red 8"ist(es "a*e m re ran$e t"an a ")man 8"ist(e. +)ns" ts In s me sit)ati ns y ) 7an )se !irearms ! r si$na(in$. ."ree s" ts !ired at distin7t inter*a(s )s)a((y indi7ate a distress si$na(. D n t )se t"is te7"ni6)e in enemy territ ry. ."e enemy 8i(( s)re(y 7 me t in*esti$ate s" ts.
CO, S AN, SI/NALS

N 8 t"at y ) 5n 8 " 8 t (et pe p(e 5n 8 8"ere y ) are4 y ) need t 5n 8 " 8 t $i*e t"em m re in! rmati n. It is easier t ! rm ne symb ( t"an t spe(( )t an entire messa$e. ."ere! re4 (earn t"e 7 des and symb (s t"at a(( air7ra!t pi( ts )nderstand.
SOS
Y ) 7an )se (i$"ts r !(a$s t send an S0S--t"ree d ts4 t"ree das"es4 t"ree d ts. ."e S0S is t"e internati na((y re7 $ni3ed distress si$na( in radi M rse 7 de. A d t is a s" rt4 s"arp p)(seJ a das" is a ( n$er p)(se. :eep repeatin$ t"e si$na(. '"en )sin$ !(a$s4 " (d !(a$s n t"e (e!t side ! r das"es and n t"e ri$"t side ! r d ts.
G&" #(-t"-Ai& E*e&/e#-1 C"(e

."is 7 de EFi$)re 1<-6F is a7t)a((y !i*e de!inite4 meanin$!)( symb (s. Ma5e t"ese symb (s a minim)m ! 1 meter 8ide and 6 meters ( n$. I! y ) ma5e t"em (ar$er4 5eep t"e same 1M 6 rati . -ns)re t"e si$na( 7 ntrasts $reat(y 8it" t"e $r )nd it is n. #(a7e it in an pen area easi(y sp tted !r m t"e air.
B"(1 Si/#!%$
'"en an air7ra!t is 7( se en )$" ! r t"e pi( t t see y ) 7(ear(y4 )se b dy m *ements r p siti ns EFi$)re 1<-7F t 7 n*ey a messa$e.
P!#e% Si/#!%$
I! y ) "a*e a (i!e ra!t 7 *er r sai(4 r a s)itab(e s)bstit)te4 )se t"e symb (s s" 8n in Fi$)re 1<-& t 7 n*ey a messa$e.
Ai&-&!5t A-)#"0%e(/*e#t$
0n7e t"e pi( t ! a !iAed-8in$ air7ra!t "as si$"ted y )4 "e 8i(( n rma((y indi7ate "e "as seen y ) by !(yin$ ( 84 m *in$ t"e p(ane4 and !(as"in$ (i$"ts as s" 8n in Fi$)re 1<-<. /e ready t re(ay t"er messa$es t t"e pi( t n7e "e a75n 8(ed$es t"at "e re7ei*ed and )nderst d y )r !irst messa$e. Use a radi 4 i! p ssib(e4 t re(ay !)rt"er messa$es. I! n radi is a*ai(ab(e4 )se t"e 7 des 7 *ered in t"e pre*i )s para$rap"s.
AIRCRA'T V CTORIN/ PROC ,UR S

I! y ) 7an 7 nta7t a !riend(y air7ra!t 8it" a radi 4 $)ide t"e pi( t t y )r ( 7ati n. Use t"e ! (( 8in$ $enera( ! rmat t $)ide t"e pi( tM

Mayday4 Mayday. 1a(( si$n Ei! anyF. Name. L 7ati n. N)mber ! s)r*i* rs. A*ai(ab(e (andin$ sites. Any remar5s s)7" as medi7a( aid r t"er spe7i!i7 types ! "e(p needed immediate(y.
Simp(y be7a)se y ) "a*e made 7 nta7t 8it" res7)ers d es n t mean y ) are sa!e. F (( 8 instr)7ti ns and 7 ntin)e t )se s )nd s)r*i*a( and e*asi n te7"ni6)es )nti( y ) are a7t)a((y res7)ed.
CHAPTER 4A - SURVIVAL MOVEMENT IN HOSTILE AREAS
The =rescue at any cost= philosophy o! previous con!licts is not likely to be possible in !uture con!licts. 0ur potential adversaries have made great progress in air de!ense measures and radio direction !inding &R<-' techni)ues. e must assume that U.S. military !orces trapped behind enemy lines in !uture con!licts may not e+perience )uick recovery by !riendly elements. Soldiers may have to move !or e+tended times and distances to places less threatening to the recovery !orces. The soldier will not likely know the type o! recovery to e+pect. Hach situation and the available resources determine the type o! recovery possible. Since no one can be absolutely sure until the recovery e!!ort begins" soldiers !acing a potential cuto!! !rom !riendly !orces should be !amiliar with all the possible types o! recovery" their related problems" and their responsibilities to the recovery e!!ort. :reparation and training can improve the chances o! success.
P.AS S O' PLANNIN/

#reparati n is a re6)irement ! r a(( missi ns. '"en p(annin$4 y ) m)st 7 nsider " 8 t a* id 7apt)re and ret)rn t y )r )nit. 1 ntin$en7y p(ans m)st be prepared in 7 nB)n7ti n 8it" )nit standin$ peratin$ pr 7ed)res ES0#sF. 1 )rses ! a7ti n y ) r y )r )nit 8i(( ta5e m)st a(s be 7 nsidered.
C"#ti#/e#-1 P%!# "5 A-ti"# ECPAF

Inte((i$en7e se7ti ns 7an "e(p prepare pers nne( ! r 7 ntin$en7y a7ti ns t"r )$" in! rmati n s)pp(ied in area st)dies4 S-R- Es)r*i*a(4 e*asi n4 resistan7e4 and es7apeF 7 ntin$en7y $)ides4 t"reat brie!in$s4 7)rrent inte((i$en7e rep rts4 and 7)rrent 7 nta7t and a)t"enti7ati n pr 7ed)res. #re-missi n preparati n in7()des t"e 7 mp(eti n ! a 1#A. ."e st)dy and resear7" needed t de*e( p t"e 1#A 8i(( ma5e y ) a8are ! t"e 7)rrent sit)ati n in y )r missi n area. Y )r 1#A 8i(( (et re7 *ery ! r7es 5n 8 y )r pr bab(e a7ti ns s" )(d y ) "a*e t m *e t a* id 7apt)re. Start preparin$ e*en be! re pre-missi n p(annin$. Many parts ! t"e 1#A are S0# ! r y )r )nit. In7()de t"e 1#A in y )r trainin$. #(annin$ starts in y )r dai(y trainin$. ."e 1#A is y )r entire p(an ! r y )r ret)rn t !riend(y 7 ntr (. It 7 nsists ! !i*e para$rap"s 8ritten in t"e perati n rder ! rmat. Y ) 7an ta5e m st ! para$rap" 14 Sit)ati n4 8it" y ) n t"e missi n. AppendiA 2 7 ntains t"e 1#A ! rmat. It a(s indi7ates 8"at p rti n ! t"e 1#A y ) 7an ta5e 8it" y ). A 7 mpre"ensi*e 1#A is a *a()ab(e asset t t"e s (dier trapped be"ind enemy (ines 8" m)st try t a* id 7apt)re. . 7 mp(ete para$rap" 14 5n 8 y )r )nitHs assi$ned area r 7 n7entrate n p tentia( missi n areas ! t"e 8 r(d. Many pen r 7( sed s )r7es 7 ntain t"e in! rmati n y ) need t 7 mp(ete a 1#A. 0pen s )r7es may in7()de ne8spapers4 ma$a3ines4 7 )ntry r area "andb 5s4 area st)dies4 te(e*isi n4 radi 4 pers ns !ami(iar 8it" t"e area4 and (ibraries. 1( sed s )r7es may in7()de area st)dies4 area assessments4 S-R- 7 ntin$en7y $)ides4 *ari )s 7(assi!ied !ie(d man)a(s4 and inte((i$en7e rep rts. #repare y )r 1#A in t"ree p"ases. D)rin$ y )r n rma( trainin$4 prepare para$rap" 14 Sit)ati n. #repare para$rap"s 24 %4 94 and ; d)rin$ y )r pre-missi n p(annin$. A!ter dep( yment int an area4 7 ntin)a((y )pdate y )r 1#A based n missi n 7"an$es and inte((i$en7e )pdates.
."e 1#A is a $)ide. Y ) may add r de(ete 7ertain p rti ns based n t"e missi n. ."e 1#A may be a re7 *ery ! r7eHs n(y means ! determinin$ y )r ( 7ati n and intenti ns a!ter y ) start t m *e. It is an essentia( t ( ! r y )r s)r*i*a( and ret)rn t !riend(y 7 ntr (.
St!#(i#/ Ope&!ti#/ P&"-e( &e$

Unit S0#s are *a()ab(e t (s y )r )nit "as t"at 8i(( "e(p y )r p(annin$. '"en !a7ed 8it" a dan$er )s sit)ati n re6)irin$ immediate a7ti n4 it is n t t"e time t dis7)ss pti nsJ it is t"e time t a7t. Many ! t"e te7"ni6)es )sed d)rin$ sma(( )nit m *ement 7an be 7arried *er t !it re6)irements ! r m *in$ and ret)rnin$ t !riend(y 7 ntr (. Items !r m t"e S0# s" )(d in7()de4 b)t are n t (imited t -
M *ement team si3e Et"ree t ! )r pers ns per teamF. .eam 7 mm)ni7ati ns Ete7"ni7a( and n nte7"ni7a(F. -ssentia( e6)ipment. A7ti ns at dan$er areas. Si$na(in$ te7"ni6)es. Immediate a7ti n dri((s. Lin5)p pr 7ed)res. 2e(i7 pter re7 *ery de*i7es and pr 7ed)res. Se7)rity pr 7ed)res d)rin$ m *ement and at "ide sites. Ra((y p ints.
Re"earsa(s 8 r5 e!!e7ti*e(y ! r rein! r7in$ t"ese S0# s5i((s and a(s pr *ide pp rt)nities ! r e*a()ati n and impr *ement.
N"ti5i-!ti"# t" M".e !#( A."i( C!pt &e

An is (ated )nit "as se*era( $enera( 7 )rses ! a7ti n it 7an ta5e t a* id t"e 7apt)re ! t"e $r )p r indi*id)a(s. ."ese 7 )rses ! a7ti n are n t 7 )rses t"e 7 mmander 7an 7" se instead ! "is ri$ina( missi n. 2e 7ann t arbitrari(y aband n t"e assi$ned missi n. Rat"er4 "e may ad pt t"ese 7 )rses ! a7ti n a!ter 7 mp(etin$ "is missi n 8"en "is )nit 7ann t 7 mp(ete its assi$ned missi n Ebe7a)se ! 7 mbat p 8er ( ssesF r 8"en "e re7ei*es rders t eAtra7t "is )nit !r m its 7)rrent p siti n. I! s)7" a7ti ns are n t p ssib(e4 t"e 7 mmander may de7ide t "a*e t"e )nit try t m *e t a* id 7apt)re and ret)rn t !riend(y 7 ntr (. In eit"er 7ase4 as ( n$ as t"ere is 7 mm)ni7ati n 8it" "i$"er "ead6)arters4 t"at "ead6)arters 8i(( ma5e t"e de7isi n. I! t"e )nit 7 mmander ( ses 7 nta7t 8it" "i$"er "ead6)arters4 "e m)st ma5e t"e de7isi n t m *e r 8ait. 2e bases "is de7isi n n many !a7t rs4 in7()din$ t"e missi n4 rati ns and amm)niti n n "and4 7as)a(ties4 t"e 7"an7e ! re(ie! by !riend(y ! r7es4 and t"e ta7ti7a( sit)ati n. ."e 7 mmander ! an is (ated )nit !a7es t"er 6)esti ns. '"at 7 )rse ! a7ti n 8i(( in!(i7t maAim)m dama$e n t"e enemyI '"at 7 )rse ! a7ti n 8i(( assist in 7 mp(etin$ t"e "i$"er "ead6)artersH *era(( missi nI M *ement teams 7 nd)7t t"e eAe7)ti n p rti n ! t"e p(an 8"en n ti!ied by "i$"er "ead6)arters r4 i! t"ere is n 7 nta7t 8it" "i$"er "ead6)arters4 8"en t"e "i$"est ran5in$ s)r*i* r de7ides t"at t"e sit)ati n re6)ires t"e )nit t try t es7ape 7apt)re r destr)7ti n. M *ement team (eaders re7ei*e t"eir n ti!i7ati n t"r )$" prebrie!ed si$na(s. 0n7e t"e si$na( t try t a* id 7apt)re is $i*en4 it m)st be passed rapid(y t a(( pers nne(. N ti!y "i$"er "ead6)arters4 i! p ssib(e. I! )nab(e t 7 mm)ni7ate 8it" "i$"er "ead6)arters4 (eaders m)st re7 $ni3e t"at r$ani3ed resistan7e "as ended4 and t"at r$ani3ati na( 7 ntr ( "as 7eased. 1 mmand and 7 ntr ( is n 8 at t"e m *ement team r indi*id)a( (e*e( and is ret)rned t "i$"er r$ani3ati na( 7 ntr ( n(y a!ter rea7"in$ !riend(y (ines.
9 CUTION
Up n n ti!i7ati n t a* id 7apt)re4 a(( m *ement team members 8i(( try t (in5 )p at t"e initia( m *ement p int. ."is p int is 8"ere team members ra((y and a7t)a((y be$in t"eir m *ement. .entati*e(y se(e7t t"e initia( m *ement p int d)rin$ y )r p(annin$ p"ase t"r )$" a map re7 n. 0n7e n t"e $r )nd4 t"e team
*eri!ies t"is ( 7ati n r se(e7ts a better ne. A(( team members m)st 5n 8 its ( 7ati n. ."e initia( m *ement p int s" )(d be easy t ( 7ate and 77)py ! r a minim)m am )nt ! time. 0n7e t"e team "as ra((ied at t"e initia( m *ement p int4 it m)st-
+i*e !irst aid. In*ent ry its e6)ipment Ede7ide 8"at t aband n4 destr y4 r ta5e a( n$F. App(y 7am )!(a$e. Ma5e s)re e*ery ne 5n 8s t"e tentati*e "ide ( 7ati ns. -ns)re e*ery ne 5n 8s t"e primary and a(ternate r )tes and ra((y p ints en r )te t t"e "ide ( 7ati ns. A(8ays maintain se7)rity. Sp(it t"e team int sma((er e(ements. ."e idea( e(ement s" )(d "a*e t8 t t"ree membersJ " 8e*er4 it 7 )(d in7()de m re dependin$ n team e6)ipment and eAperien7e.
."e m *ement p rti n ! ret)rnin$ t !riend(y 7 ntr ( is t"e m st dan$er )s as y ) are n 8 m st *)(nerab(e. It is )s)a((y better t m *e at ni$"t be7a)se ! t"e 7 n7ea(ment dar5ness !!ers. -A7epti ns t s)7" m *ement 8 )(d be 8"en m *in$ t"r )$" "a3ard )s terrain r dense *e$etati n E! r eAamp(e4 B)n$(e r m )ntain )s terrainF. '"en m *in$4 a* id t"e ! (( 8in$ e*en i! it ta5es m re time and ener$y t bypassM

0bsta7(es and barriers. R ads and trai(s. In"abited areas. 'ater8ays and brid$es. Nat)ra( (ines ! dri!t. Man-made str)7t)res. A(( 7i*i(ian and mi(itary pers nne(.
M *ement in enemy-"e(d territ ry is a *ery s( 8 and de(iberate pr 7ess. ."e s( 8er y ) m *e and t"e m re 7are!)( y ) are4 t"e better. Y )r best se7)rity 8i(( be )sin$ y )r senses. Use y )r eyes and ears t dete7t pe p(e be! re t"ey dete7t y ). Ma5e !re6)ent (istenin$ "a(ts. In day(i$"t4 bser*e a se7ti n ! y )r r )te be! re y ) m *e a( n$ it. ."e distan7e y ) tra*e( be! re y ) "ide 8i(( depend n t"e enemy sit)ati n4 y )r "ea(t"4 t"e terrain4 t"e a*ai(abi(ity ! 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment ! r "idin$4 and t"e am )nt ! dar5ness (e!t. 0n7e y ) "a*e m *ed int t"e area in 8"i7" y ) 8ant t "ide E"ide areaF4 se(e7t a "ide site. :eep t"e ! (( 8in$ ! rm)(a in mind 8"en se(e7tin$ a "ide siteM /LISS. / - /(ends in 8it" t"e s)rr )ndin$s. L - L 8 in si(" )ette. I - Irre$)(ar in s"ape. S - Sma(( in si3e. S - Se7()ded. A* id t"e )se ! eAistin$ b)i(din$s r s"e(ters. Us)a((y4 y )r best pti n 8i(( be t 7ra8( int t"e t"i75est *e$etati n y ) 7an !ind. 1 nstr)7t any type ! s"e(ter 8it"in t"e "ide area n(y in 7 (d 8eat"er and desert en*ir nments. I! y ) b)i(d a s"e(ter4 ! (( 8 t"e /LISS ! rm)(a.
Hi(e Site A-ti.itie$

A!ter y ) "a*e ( 7ated y )r "ide site4 d n t m *e strai$"t int it. Use a b)tt n " 5 r t"er de7epti*e te7"ni6)e t m *e t a p siti n )tside ! t"e "ide site. 1 nd)7t a (istenin$ "a(t be! re m *in$ indi*id)a((y int t"e "ide site. /e 7are!)( n t t dist)rb r 7)t any *e$etati n. 0n7e y ) "a*e 77)pied t"e "ide site4 (imit y )r a7ti*ities t maintainin$ se7)rity4 restin$4 7am )!(a$in$4 and p(annin$ y )r neAt m *es.
Maintain y )r se7)rity t"r )$" *is)a( s7annin$ and (istenin$. Up n dete7ti n ! t"e enemy4 t"e se7)rity pers nne( a(ert a(( pers nne(4 e*en i! t"e teamHs p(an is t stay "idden and n t m *e )p n si$"tin$ t"e enemy. .a5e t"is a7ti n s t"at e*ery ne is a8are ! t"e dan$er and ready t rea7t. I! any team member (ea*es t"e team4 $i*e "im a !i*e-p int 7 ntin$en7y p(an. .a5e s)7" steps espe7ia((y 8"en a re7 n team r a 8 r5 party is )t ! t"e " (e-)p r "ide site. It is eAtreme(y imp rtant t stay "ea(t"y and a(ert 8"en tryin$ t a* id 7apt)re. .a5e e*ery pp rt)nity t rest4 b)t d n t sa7ri!i7e se7)rity. R tate se7)rity s t"at a(( members ! y )r m *ement team 7an rest. .reat a(( inB)ries4 n matter " 8 min r. L ss ! y )r "ea(t" 8i(( mean ( ss ! y )r abi(ity t 7 ntin)e t a* id 7apt)re. 1am )!(a$e is an imp rtant aspe7t ! b t" m *in$ and se7)rin$ a "ide site. A(8ays )se a b)ddy system t ens)re t"at 7am )!(a$e is 7 mp(ete. -ns)re t"at team members b(end 8it" t"e "ide site. Use nat)ra( r man-made materia(s. I! y ) add any additi na( 7am )!(a$e materia( t t"e "ide site4 d n t 7)t *e$etati n in t"e immediate area. #(an y )r neAt a7ti ns 8"i(e at t"e "ide site. Start y )r p(annin$ pr 7ess immediate(y )p n 77)pyin$ t"e "ide site. In! rm a(( team members ! t"eir 7)rrent ( 7ati n and desi$nate an a(ternate "ide site ( 7ati n. 0n7e t"is is d ne4 start p(annin$ ! r t"e teamHs neAt m *ement. #(annin$ t"e teamHs m *ement be$ins 8it" a map re7 n. 1" se t"e neAt "ide area !irst. ."en 7" se a primary and an a(ternate r )te t t"e "ide area. In 7" sin$ t"e r )tes4 d n t )se strai$"t (ines. Use ne r t8 radi7a( 7"an$es in dire7ti n. #i75 t"e r )tes t"at !!er t"e best 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment4 t"e !e8est bsta7(es4 and t"e (east (i5e(i" d ! 7 nta7t 8it" ")mans. ."ere s" )(d be ( 7ati ns a( n$ t"e r )te 8"ere t"e team 7an $et 8ater. . aid team na*i$ati n4 )se a3im)t"s4 distan7es4 7"e75p ints r steerin$ mar5s4 and 7 rrid rs. #(an ra((y p ints and rende3* )s p ints at inter*a(s a( n$ t"e r )te. 0t"er p(annin$ 7 nsiderati ns may !a(( )nder 8"at t"e team a(ready "as in t"e team S0#. -Aamp(es are immediate a7ti n dri((s4 a7ti ns n si$"tin$ t"e enemy4 and "and-and-arm si$na(s. 0n7e p(annin$ is 7 mp(ete4 ens)re e*ery ne 5n 8s and mem ri3es t"e entire p(an. ."e team members s" )(d 5n 8 t"e distan7es and a3im)t"s ! r t"e entire r )te t t"e neAt "ide area. ."ey s" )(d st)dy t"e map and 5n 8 t"e *ari )s terrain t"ey 8i(( be m *in$ a7r ss s t"at t"ey 7an m *e 8it" )t )sin$ t"e map. D n t 77)py a "ide site ! r m re t"an 29 " )rs. In m st sit)ati ns4 "ide d)rin$ t"e day and m *e at ni$"t. Limit y )r a7ti ns in t"e "ide site t t" se dis7)ssed ab *e. 0n7e in t"e "ide site4 restri7t a(( m *ement t (ess t"an 9; 7entimeters ab *e t"e $r )nd. D n t b)i(d !ires r prepare ! d. Sm 5e and ! d d rs 8i(( re*ea( y )r ( 7ati n. /e! re (ea*in$ t"e "ide site4 steri(i3e it t pre*ent tra75in$.
H"%e-Up A&e!$
A!ter m *in$ and "idin$ ! r se*era( days4 )s)a((y t"ree r ! )r4 y ) r t"e m *ement team 8i(( "a*e t m *e int a " (e-)p area. ."is is an area 8"ere y ) 7an rest4 re7)perate4 and $et and prepare ! d. 1" se an area near a 8ater s )r7e. Y ) t"en "a*e a p(a7e t $et 8ater4 t p(a7e !is"in$ de*i7es4 and t trap $ame. Sin7e 8ater8ays are a (ine ! 7 mm)ni7ati n4 ( 7ate y )r "ide site 8e(( a8ay !r m t"e 8ater. ."e " (e-)p area s" )(d !!er p(enty ! 7 *er and 7 n7ea(ment ! r m *ement in and ar )nd t"e area. A(8ays maintain se7)rity 8"i(e in t"e " (e-)p area. A(8ays man t"e " (e-)p area. A7ti ns in t"e " (e-)p area are t"e same as in "ide site4 eA7ept t"at y ) 7an m *e a8ay !r m t"e " (e-)p area t $et and prepare ! d. A7ti ns in t"e " (e-)p area in7()de-
Se(e7tin$ and 77)pyin$ t"e neAt "ide site Eremember y ) are sti(( in a dan$er )s sit)ati nJ t"is is n t a !riend(y areaF. Re7 nn iterin$ t"e area ! r res )r7es and p tentia( 7 n7ea(ed m *ement r )tes t t"e a(ternate "ide site. +at"erin$ ! d En)ts4 berries4 *e$etab(esF. '"en m *in$ ar )nd t"e area ! r ! d4 maintain se7)rity and a* id (ea*in$ tra75s r t"er si$ns. '"en settin$ traps and snares4 5eep t"em 8e((7am )!(a$ed and in areas 8"ere pe p(e are n t (i5e(y t dis7 *er t"em. Remember4 t"e ( 7a( p p)(ati n s metimes "ea*i(y tra*e(s trai(s near 8ater s )r7es.
+ettin$ 8ater !r m s )r7es 8it"in t"e "ide area. /e 7are!)( n t t (ea*e tra75s ! si$ns a( n$ t"e ban5s ! 8ater s )r7es 8"en $ettin$ 8ater. M *in$ n "ard r 75s r ( $s a( n$ t"e ban5s t $et 8ater 8i(( red)7e t"e si$ns y ) (ea*e. Settin$ 7(andestine !is"in$ de*i7es4 s)7" as sta5e )ts4 be( 8 t"e s)r!a7e ! t"e 8ater t a* id dete7ti n. L 7atin$ a !ire site 8e(( a8ay !r m t"e "ide site. Use t"is site t prepare ! d r b i( 8ater. 1am )!(a$e and steri(i3e t"e !ire site a!ter ea7" )se. /e 7are!)( t"at sm 5e and (i$"t !r m t"e !ire d es n t 7 mpr mise t"e " (e-)p area.
'"i(e in t"e " (e-)p area4 se7)rity is sti(( y )r primary 7 n7ern. Desi$nate team members t per! rm spe7i!i7 tas5s. . (imit m *ement ar )nd t"e area4 y ) may "a*e a t8 -man team per! rm m re t"an ne tas5. F r eAamp(e4 t"e team $ettin$ 8ater 7 )(d a(s set t"e !is"in$ de*i7es. D n t 77)py t"e " (e)p area ( n$er t"an 72 " )rs.
R TURN TO 'RI N,LY CONTROL

-stab(is"in$ 7 nta7t 8it" !riend(y (ines r patr (s is t"e m st 7r)7ia( part ! m *ement and ret)rn t !riend(y 7 ntr (. A(( y )r patien7e4 p(annin$4 and "ards"ips 8i(( be in *ain i! y ) d n t eAer7ise 7a)ti n 8"en 7 nta7tin$ !riend(y !r nt(ine ! r7es. Friend(y patr (s "a*e 5i((ed pers nne( peratin$ be"ind enemy (ines be7a)se t"ey did n t ma5e 7 nta7t pr per(y. M st ! t"e 7as)a(ties 7 )(d "a*e been a* ided i! 7a)ti n "ad been eAer7ised and a !e8 simp(e pr 7ed)res ! (( 8ed. ."e n rma( tenden7y is t t"r 8 7a)ti n t t"e 8inds 8"en in si$"t ! !riend(y ! r7es. Y ) m)st *er7 me t"is tenden7y and )nderstand t"at (in5)p is a *ery sensiti*e sit)ati n.
B"&(e& C&"$$i#/$
I! y ) "a*e made y )r 8ay t a !riend(y r ne)tra( 7 )ntry4 )se t"e ! (( 8in$ pr 7ed)res t 7r ss t"e b rder and (in5 )p 8it" !riend(y ! r7es n t"e t"er sideM

077)py a "ide site n t"e near side ! t"e b rder and send a team )t t re7 nn iter t"e p tentia( 7r ssin$ site. S)r*ei( t"e 7r ssin$ site ! r at (east 29 " )rs4 dependin$ n t"e enemy sit)ati n. Ma5e a s5et7" ! t"e site4 ta5in$ n te ! terrain4 bsta7(es4 $)ard r )tines and r tati ns4 and any sens r de*i7es r trip 8ires. 0n7e t"e re7 n is 7 mp(ete4 t"e team m *es t t"e "ide site4 brie!s t"e rest ! t"e team4 and p(ans t 7r ss t"e b rder at ni$"t. A!ter 7r ssin$ t"e b rder4 set )p a "ide site n t"e !ar side ! t"e b rder and try t ( 7ate !riend(y p siti ns. D n t re*ea( y )r presen7e. Dependin$ n t"e si3e ! y )r m *ement team4 "a*e t8 men s)r*ei( t"e p tentia( (in5)p site 8it" !riend(y ! r7es )nti( satis!ied t"at t"e pers nne( are indeed !riend(y. Ma5e 7 nta7t 8it" t"e !riend(y ! r7es d)rin$ day(i$"t. #ers nne( 7" sen t ma5e 7 nta7t s" )(d be )narmed4 "a*e n e6)ipment4 and "a*e p siti*e identi!i7ati n readi(y a*ai(ab(e. ."e pers n 8" a7t)a((y ma5es t"e (in5)p s" )(d be s me ne 8" ( 5s (east (i5e t"e enemy. D)rin$ t"e a7t)a( 7 nta7t4 "a*e n(y ne pers n ma5e t"e 7 nta7t. ."e t"er pers n pr *ides t"e se7)rity and bser*es t"e (in5)p area !r m a sa!e distan7e. ."e bser*er s" )(d be !ar en )$" a8ay s t"at "e 7an 8arn t"e rest ! t"e m *ement team i! s met"in$ $ es 8r n$. 'ait )nti( t"e party "e is 7 nta7tin$ ( 5s in "is dire7ti n s t"at "e d es n t s)rprise t"e 7 nta7t. 2e stands )p !r m be"ind 7 *er4 8it" "ands *er"ead and states t"at "e is an Ameri7an. A!ter t"is4 "e ! (( 8s any instr)7ti ns $i*en "im. 2e a* ids ans8erin$ any ta7ti7a( 6)esti ns and d es n t $i*e any indi7ati n t"at t"ere are t"er team members. Re*ea( t"at t"ere are t"er pers nne( 8it" "im n(y a!ter *eri!yin$ "is identity and satis!yin$ "imse(! "e "as made 7 nta7t 8it" !riend(y ! r7es.
Lan$)a$e pr b(ems r di!!i7)(ties 7 n!irmin$ identities may arise. ."e m *ement team s" )(d maintain se7)rity4 be patient4 and "a*e a 7 ntin$en7y p(an.
8ote9 I! you are moving to a neutral country" you are surrendering to that power and become a detained person.
Li#) p !t the FEBAGFLOT

I! 7a)$"t bet8een !riend(y and enemy ! r7es and t"ere is "ea*y !i$"tin$ in t"e area4 y ) may 7" se t "ide and (et t"e !riend(y (ines pass *er y ). I! *err)n by !riend(y ! r7es4 y ) may try t (in5 )p !r m t"eir rear d)rin$ day(i$"t " )rs. I! *err)n by enemy ! r7es4 y ) may m *e !)rt"er t t"e enemy rear4 try t m *e t t"e ! r8ard ed$e ! t"e batt(e area EF-/AFG! r8ard (ine ! 8n tr ps EFL0.F d)rin$ a ()(( in t"e !i$"tin$4 r m *e t an t"er area a( n$ t"e !r nt. ."e a7t)a( (in5)p 8i(( be d ne as ! r (in5)p d)rin$ a b rder 7r ssin$. ."e n(y di!!eren7e is t"at y ) m)st be m re 7are!)( n t"e initia( 7 nta7t. Fr nt(ine pers nne( are m re (i5e(y t s" t !irst and as5 6)esti ns (ater4 espe7ia((y in areas ! "ea*y !i$"tin$. Y ) s" )(d be near r be"ind 7 *er be! re tryin$ t ma5e 7 nta7t.
Li#) p With F&ie#(%1 P!t&"%$

I! !riend(y (ines are a 7ir7)(ar perimeter r an is (ated 7amp4 ! r eAamp(e4 any dire7ti n y ) appr a7" !r m 8i(( be 7 nsidered enemy territ ry. Y ) d n t "a*e t"e pti n ! m *in$ be"ind t"e (ines and tryin$ t (in5 )p. ."is m *e ma5es t"e (in5)p eAtreme(y dan$er )s. 0ne pti n y ) "a*e is t p(a7e t"e perimeter )nder bser*ati n and 8ait ! r a !riend(y patr ( t m *e )t in y )r dire7ti n4 pr *idin$ a 7"an7e ! r a (in5)p. Y ) may a(s 77)py a p siti n )tside ! t"e perimeter and 7a(( )t t $et t"e attenti n ! t"e !riend(y ! r7es. Idea((y4 disp(ay anyt"in$ t"at is 8"ite 8"i(e ma5in$ 7 nta7t. I! n t"in$ e(se is a*ai(ab(e4 )se any arti7(e ! 7( t"in$. ."e idea is t dra8 attenti n 8"i(e stayin$ be"ind 7 *er. 0n7e y ) "a*e dra8n attenti n t y )r si$na( and 7a((ed )t4 ! (( 8 instr)7ti ns $i*en t y ). /e 7 nstant(y n t"e a(ert ! r !riend(y patr (s be7a)se t"ese pr *ide a means ! r ret)rn t !riend(y 7 ntr (. Find a 7 n7ea(ed p siti n t"at a(( 8s y ) maAim)m *is)a( 7 *era$e ! t"e area. .ry t mem ri3e e*ery terrain !eat)re s t"at4 i! ne7essary4 y ) 7an in!i(trate t !riend(y p siti ns )nder t"e 7 *er ! dar5ness. Remember4 tryin$ t in!i(trate in dar5ness is eAtreme(y dan$er )s. /e7a)se ! t"e missi ns ! 7 mbat and re7 n patr (s and 8"ere t"ey are peratin$4 ma5in$ 7 nta7t 7an be dan$er )s. I! y ) de7ide n t t ma5e 7 nta7t4 y ) 7an bser*e t"eir r )te and appr a7" !riend(y (ines at ab )t t"e same ( 7ati n. S)7" bser*ati n 8i(( enab(e y ) t a* id mines and b by traps. 0n7e y ) "a*e sp tted a patr (4 remain in p siti n and4 i! p ssib(e4 a(( 8 t"e patr ( t m *e t 8ard y ). '"en t"e patr ( is 2; t ;= meters !r m y )r p siti n4 si$na( t"em and 7a(( )t a $reetin$ t"at is 7(ear(y and )nmista5ab(y ! Ameri7an ri$in. I! y ) "a*e n t"in$ 8"ite4 an arti7(e ! 7( t"in$ 8i(( s)!!i7e t dra8 attenti n. I! t"e distan7e is $reater t"an ;= meters4 a re7 n patr ( may a* id 7 nta7t and bypass y )r p siti n. I! t"e distan7e is (ess t"an 2; meters4 a patr ( member may rea7t instant(y by !irin$ a !ata( s" t. It is 7r)7ia(4 at t"e time ! 7 nta7t4 t"at t"ere is en )$" (i$"t ! r t"e patr ( t identi!y y ) as an Ameri7an. '"ate*er (in5)p te7"ni6)e y ) de7ide t )se4 )se eAtreme 7a)ti n. Fr m t"e perspe7ti*e ! t"e !riend(y patr ( r !riend(y pers nne( 77)pyin$ a perimeter4 y ) are " sti(e )nti( t"ey ma5e p siti*e identi!i7ati n.
CHAPTER 41 - CAMOUFLAGE
In a survival situation" especially in a hostile environment" you may !ind it necessary to camou!lage yoursel!" your e)uipment" and your movement. It may mean the di!!erence between survival and capture by the enemy. 1amou!lage and movement techni)ues" such as stalking" will also help you get animals or game !or !ood using primitive weapons and skills.
P RSONAL CA0OU'LA/
'"en 7am )!(a$in$ y )rse(!4 7 nsider t"at 7ertain s"apes are parti7)(ar t ")mans. ."e enemy 8i(( ( 5 ! r t"ese s"apes. ."e s"ape ! a "at4 "e(met4 r b(a75 b ts 7an $i*e y ) a8ay. -*en anima(s 5n 8 and r)n !r m t"e s"ape ! a ")man si(" )ette. /rea5 )p y )r )t(ine by p(a7in$ sma(( am )nts ! *e$etati n !r m t"e s)rr )ndin$ area in y )r )ni! rm4 e6)ipment4 and "ead$ear. .ry t red)7e any s"ine !r m s5in r e6)ipment. /(end in 8it" t"e s)rr )ndin$ 7 ( rs and sim)(ate t"e teAt)re ! y )r s)rr )ndin$s.
Sh!pe !#( O t%i#e

1"an$e t"e )t(ine ! 8eap ns and e6)ipment by tyin$ *e$etati n r strips ! 7( t" nt t"em. Ma5e s)re t"e added 7am )!(a$e d es n t "inder t"e e6)ipmentHs perati n. '"en "idin$4 7 *er y )rse(! and y )r e6)ipment 8it" (ea*es4 $rass4 r t"er ( 7a( debris. 1 n7ea( any si$na(in$ de*i7es y ) "a*e prepared4 b)t 5eep t"em ready ! r )se.
C"%"& !#( Te3t &e

-a7" area ! t"e 8 r(d and ea7" 7(imati7 7 nditi n Ear7ti7G8inter4 temperateGB)n$(e4 r s8ampGdesertF "as 7 ( r patterns and teAt)res t"at are nat)ra( ! r t"at area. '"i(e 7 ( r is se(!-eAp(anat ry4 teAt)re de!ines t"e s)r!a7e 7"ara7teristi7s ! s met"in$ 8"en ( 5in$ at it. F r eAamp(e4 s)r!a7e teAt)res may be sm t"4 r )$"4 r 75y4 (ea!y4 r many t"er p ssib(e 7 mbinati ns. Use 7 ( r and teAt)re t $et"er t 7am )!(a$e y )rse(! e!!e7ti*e(y. It ma5es (itt(e sense t 7 *er y )rse(! 8it" dead4 br 8n *e$etati n in t"e midd(e ! a (ar$e $rassy !ie(d. Simi(ar(y4 it 8 )(d be )se(ess t 7am )!(a$e y )rse(! 8it" $reen $rass in t"e midd(e ! a desert r r 75y area. . "ide and 7am )!(a$e m *ement in any spe7i!i7 area ! t"e 8 r(d4 y ) m)st ta5e n t"e 7 ( r and teAt)re ! t"e immediate s)rr )ndin$s. Use nat)ra( r man-made materia(s t 7am )!(a$e y )rse(!. 1am )!(a$e paint4 7"ar7 a( !r m b)rned paper r 8 d4 m)d4 $rass4 (ea*es4 strips ! 7( t" r b)r(ap4 pine b )$"s4 and 7am )!(a$ed )ni! rms are a !e8 eAamp(es. 1 *er a(( areas ! eAp sed s5in4 in7()din$ !a7e4 "ands4 ne754 and ears. Use 7am )!(a$e paint4 7"ar7 a(4 r m)d t 7am )!(a$e y )rse(!. 1 *er 8it" a dar5er 7 ( r areas t"at sti75 )t m re and 7at7" m re (i$"t E! re"ead4 n se4 7"ee5b nes4 7"in4 and earsF. 1 *er t"er areas4 parti7)(ar(y re7essed r s"aded areas Ear )nd t"e eyes and )nder t"e 7"inF4 8it" (i$"ter 7 ( rs. /e s)re t )se an irre$)(ar pattern. Atta7"
*e$etati n !r m t"e area r strips ! 7( t" ! t"e pr per 7 ( r t 7( t"in$ and e6)ipment. I! y ) )se *e$etati n4 rep(a7e it as it 8i(ts. As y ) m *e t"r )$" an area4 be a(ert t t"e 7 ( r 7"an$es and m di!y y )r 7am )!(a$e 7 ( rs as ne7essary. Fi$)re 21-1 $i*es a $enera( idea ! " 8 t app(y 7am )!(a$e ! r *ari )s areas and 7(imates. Use appr priate 7 ( rs ! r y )r s)rr )ndin$s. ."e b( t7"es r s(as"es 8i(( "e(p t sim)(ate teAt)re.
Shi#e
As s5in $ets i(y4 it be7 mes s"iny. -6)ipment 8it" 8 rn !! paint is a(s s"iny. -*en painted bBe7ts4 i! sm t"4 may s"ine. +(ass bBe7ts s)7" as mirr rs4 $(asses4 bin 7)(ars4 and te(es7 pes s"ine. Y ) m)st 7 *er t"ese $(ass bBe7ts 8"en n t in )se. Anyt"in$ t"at s"ines a)t mati7a((y attra7ts attenti n and 8i(( $i*e a8ay y )r ( 7ati n. '"ene*er p ssib(e4 8as" i(y s5in and reapp(y 7am )!(a$e. S5in i( 8i(( 8as" !! 7am )!(a$e4 s reapp(y it !re6)ent(y. I! y ) m)st 8ear $(asses4 7am )!(a$e t"em by app(yin$ a t"in (ayer ! d)st t t"e )tside ! t"e (enses. ."is (ayer ! d)st 8i(( red)7e t"e re!(e7ti n ! (i$"t. 1 *er s"iny sp ts n e6)ipment by paintin$4 7 *erin$ 8it" m)d4 r 8rappin$ 8it" 7( t" r tape. #ay parti7)(ar attenti n t 7 *erin$ b t eye(ets4 b)75(es n e6)ipment4 8at7"es and Be8e(ry4 3ippers4 and )ni! rm insi$nia. 1arry a si$na( mirr r in its desi$ned p )7" r in a p 75et 8it" t"e mirr r p rti n !a7in$ y )r b dy.
Sh!("0
'"en "idin$ r tra*e(in$4 stay in t"e deepest part ! t"e s"ad 8s. ."e )ter ed$es ! t"e s"ad 8s are (i$"ter and t"e deeper parts are dar5er. Remember4 i! y ) are in an area 8"ere t"ere is p(enty ! *e$etati n4 5eep as m)7" *e$etati n bet8een y ) and a p tentia( enemy as p ssib(e. ."is a7ti n 8i(( ma5e it *ery "ard ! r t"e enemy t see y ) as t"e *e$etati n 8i(( partia((y mas5 y ) !r m "is *ie8. F r7in$ an enemy t ( 5 t"r )$" many (ayers ! mas5in$ *e$etati n 8i(( !ati$)e "is eyes *ery 6)i75(y. '"en tra*e(in$4 espe7ia((y in b)i(t-)p areas at ni$"t4 be a8are ! 8"ere y ) 7ast y )r s"ad 8. It may eAtend )t ar )nd t"e 7 mer ! a b)i(din$ and $i*e a8ay y )r p siti n. A(s 4 i! y ) are in a dar5 s"ad 8 and t"ere is a (i$"t s )r7e t ne side4 an enemy n t"e t"er side 7an see y )r si(" )ette a$ainst t"e (i$"t.
M".e*e#t
M *ement4 espe7ia((y !ast m *ement4 attra7ts attenti n. I! at a(( p ssib(e4 a* id m *ement in t"e presen7e ! an enemy. I! 7apt)re appears imminent in y )r present ( 7ati n and y ) m)st m *e4 m *e a8ay s( 8(y4 ma5in$ as (itt(e n ise as p ssib(e. /y m *in$ s( 8(y in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 y ) de7rease t"e 7"an7e ! dete7ti n and 7 nser*e ener$y t"at y ) may need ! r ( n$-term s)r*i*a( r ( n$-distan7e e*asi n. '"en m *in$ past bsta7(es4 a* id $ in$ *er t"em. I! y ) m)st 7(imb *er an bsta7(e4 5eep y )r b dy (e*e( 8it" its t p t a* id si(" )ettin$ y )rse(!. D n t si(" )ette y )rse(! a$ainst t"e s5y(ine 8"en
7r ssin$ "i((s r rid$es. '"en y ) are m *in$4 y ) 8i(( "a*e di!!i7)(ty dete7tin$ t"e m *ement ! t"ers. St p !re6)ent(y4 (isten4 and ( 5 ar )nd s( 8(y t dete7t si$ns ! " sti(e m *ement.
N"i$e
N ise attra7ts attenti n4 espe7ia((y i! t"ere is a se6)en7e ! ( )d n ises s)7" as se*era( snappin$ t8i$s. I! p ssib(e4 a* id ma5in$ any n ise at a((. S( 8 d 8n y )r pa7e as m)7" as ne7essary t a* id ma5in$ n ise 8"en m *in$ ar )nd r a8ay !r m p ssib(e t"reats. Use ba75$r )nd n ises t 7 *er t"e n ise ! y )r m *ement. S )nds ! air7ra!t4 tr)75s4 $enerat rs4 str n$ 8inds4 and pe p(e ta(5in$ 8i(( 7 *er s me r a(( t"e s )nds pr d)7ed by y )r m *ement. Rain 8i(( mas5 a ( t ! m *ement n ise4 b)t it a(s red)7es y )r abi(ity t dete7t p tentia( enemy n ise.
S-e#t
'"et"er ")ntin$ anima(s r a* idin$ t"e enemy4 it is a(8ays 8ise t 7am )!(a$e t"e s7ent ass 7iated 8it" ")mans. Start by 8as"in$ y )rse(! and y )r 7( t"es 8it" )t )sin$ s ap. ."is 8as"in$ met" d rem *es s ap and b dy d rs. A* idin$ str n$ sme((in$ ! ds4 s)7" as $ar(i74 "e(ps red)7e b dy d rs. D n t )se t ba77 pr d)7ts4 7andy4 $)m4 r 7 smeti7s. Y ) 7an )se ar mati7 "erbs r p(ants t 8as" y )rse(! and y )r 7( t"in$4 t r)b n y )r b dy and 7( t"in$4 r t 7"e8 n t 7am )!(a$e y )r breat". #ine need(es4 mint4 r any simi(ar ar mati7 p(ant 8i(( "e(p 7am )!(a$e y )r s7ent !r m b t" anima(s and ")mans. Standin$ in sm 5e !r m a !ire 7an "e(p mas5 y )r s7ent !r m anima(s. '"i(e anima(s are a!raid ! !res" sm 5e !r m a !ire4 (der sm 5e s7ents are n rma( sme((s a!ter ! rest !ires and d n t s7are t"em. '"i(e tra*e(in$4 )se y )r sense ! sme(( t "e(p y ) !ind r a* id ")mans. #ay attenti n t sme((s ass 7iated 8it" ")mans4 s)7" as !ire4 7i$arettes4 $as (ine4 i(4 s ap4 and ! d. S)7" sme((s may a(ert y ) t t"eir presen7e ( n$ be! re y ) 7an see r "ear t"em4 dependin$ n 8ind speed and dire7ti n. N te t"e 8indHs dire7ti n and4 8"en p ssib(e4 appr a7" !r m r s5irt ar )nd n t"e d 8n8ind side 8"en nearin$ ")mans r anima(s.
0 T.O,S O' STAL*IN/

S metimes y ) need t m *e4 )ndete7ted4 t r !r m a ( 7ati n. Y ) need m re t"an B)st 7am )!(a$e t ma5e t"ese m *es s)77ess!)((y. ."e abi(ity t sta(5 r m *e 8it" )t ma5in$ any s)dden 6)i75 m *ement r ( )d n ise is essentia( t a* idin$ dete7ti n. Y ) m)st pra7ti7e sta(5in$ i! it is t be e!!e7ti*e. Use t"e ! (( 8in$ te7"ni6)es 8"en pra7ti7in$.
Up&i/ht St!%)i#/
.a5e steps ab )t "a(! y )r n rma( stride 8"en sta(5in$ in t"e )pri$"t p siti n. S)7" strides "e(p y ) t maintain y )r ba(an7e. Y ) s" )(d be ab(e t st p at any p int in t"at m *ement and " (d t"at p siti n as ( n$ as ne7essary. 1)r( t"e t es )p )t ! t"e 8ay 8"en steppin$ d 8n s t"e )tside ed$e ! t"e ba(( ! t"e ! t t )7"es t"e $r )nd. Fee( ! r sti75s and t8i$s t"at may snap 8"en y ) p(a7e y )r 8ei$"t n t"em. I! y ) start t step n ne4 (i!t y )r ! t and m *e it. A!ter ma5in$ 7 nta7t 8it" t"e )tside ed$e ! t"e ba(( ! y )r ! t4 r (( t t"e inside ba(( ! y )r ! t4 p(a7e y )r "ee( d 8n4 ! (( 8ed by y )r t es. ."en $rad)a((y s"i!t y )r 8ei$"t ! r8ard t t"e !r nt ! t. Li!t t"e ba75 ! t t ab )t 5nee "ei$"t and start t"e pr 7ess *er a$ain. :eep y )r "ands and arms 7( se t y )r b dy and a* id 8a*in$ t"em ab )t r "ittin$ *e$etati n. '"en m *in$ in a 7r )7"4 y ) $ain eAtra s)pp rt by p(a7in$ y )r "ands n y )r 5nees. 0ne step )s)a((y ta5es 1 min)te t 7 mp(ete4 b)t t"e time it ta5es 8i(( depend n t"e sit)ati n.
C&!0%i#/
1ra8( n y )r "ands and 5nees 8"en t"e *e$etati n is t ( 8 t a(( 8 y ) t 8a(5 )pri$"t 8it" )t bein$ seen. M *e ne (imb at a time and be s)re t set it d 8n s !t(y4 !ee(in$ ! r anyt"in$ t"at may snap and ma5e n ise. /e 7are!)( t"at y )r t es and "ee(s d n t 7at7" n *e$etati n.
P&"#e St!%)i#/
. sta(5 in t"e pr ne p siti n4 y ) d a ( 84 m di!ied p)s"-)p n y )r "ands and t es4 m *in$ y )rse(! ! r8ard s(i$"t(y4 and t"en ( 8erin$ y )rse(! a$ain s( 8(y. A* id dra$$in$ and s7rapin$ a( n$ t"e $r )nd as t"is ma5es eA7essi*e n ise and (ea*es (ar$e trai(s ! r tra75ers t ! (( 8.
A#i*!% St!%)i#/
/e! re sta(5in$ an anima(4 se(e7t t"e best r )te. I! t"e anima( is m *in$4 y ) 8i(( need an inter7eptin$ r )te. #i75 a r )te t"at p)ts bBe7ts bet8een y ) and t"e anima( t 7 n7ea( y )r m *ement !r m it. /y p siti nin$ y )rse(! in t"is 8ay4 y ) 8i(( be ab(e t m *e !aster4 )nti( y ) pass t"at bBe7t. S me bBe7ts4 s)7" as (ar$e r 75s and trees4 may t ta((y 7 n7ea( y )4 and t"ers4 s)7" as sma(( b)s"es and $rass4 may n(y partia((y 7 n7ea( y ). #i75 t"e r )te t"at !!ers t"e best 7 n7ea(ment and re6)ires t"e (east am )nt ! e!! rt. :eep y )r eyes n t"e anima( and st p 8"en it ( 5s y )r 8ay r t)rns its ears y )r 8ay4 espe7ia((y i! it s)spe7ts y )r presen7e. As y ) $et 7( se4 s6)int y )r eyes s(i$"t(y t 7 n7ea( b t" t"e (i$"t-dar5 7 ntrast ! t"e 8"ites ! t"e eyes and any s"ine !r m y )r eyes. :eep y )r m )t" 7( sed s t"at t"e anima( d es n t see t"e 8"iteness r s"ine ! y )r teet".
CHAPTER 44 - CONTACT WITH PEOPLE
Some o! the best and most !re)uently given advice" when dealing with local peoples" is !or the survivor to accept" respect" and adapt to their ways. Thus" =when in Rome" do as the Romans do.= This is e+cellent advice" but there are several considerations involved in putting this advice into practice.
CONTACT 3IT. LOCAL P OPL

Y ) m)st $i*e seri )s 7 nsiderati n t dea(in$ 8it" t"e ( 7a( pe p(e. D t"ey "a*e a primiti*e 7)(t)reI Are t"ey !armers4 !is"ermen4 !riend(y pe p(e4 r enemyI As a s)r*i* r4 K7r ss-7)(t)ra( 7 mm)ni7ati nK 7an *ary radi7a((y !r m area t area and !r m pe p(e t pe p(e. It may mean intera7ti n 8it" pe p(e ! an eAtreme(y primiti*e 7)(t)re r 7 nta7t 8it" pe p(e 8" "a*e a re(ati*e(y m dem 7)(t)re. A 7)(t)re is identi!ied by standards ! be"a*i r t"at its members 7 nsider pr per and a77eptab(e b)t may r may n t 7 n! rm t y )r idea ! 8"at is pr per. N matter 8" t"ese pe p(e are4 y ) 7an eApe7t t"ey 8i(( "a*e (a8s4 s 7ia( and e7 n mi7 *a()es4 and p (iti7a( and re(i$i )s be(ie!s t"at may be radi7a((y di!!erent !r m y )rs. /e! re dep( yin$ int y )r area ! perati ns4 st)dy t"ese di!!erent 7)(t)ra( aspe7ts. #ri r st)dy and preparati n 8i(( "e(p y ) ma5e r a* id 7 nta7t i! y ) "a*e t dea( 8it" t"e ( 7a( p p)(ati n. #e p(e 8i(( be !riend(y4 )n!riend(y4 r t"ey 8i(( 7" se t i$n re y ). ."eir attit)de may be )n5n 8n. I! t"e pe p(e are 5n 8n t be !riend(y4 try t 5eep t"em !riend(y t"r )$" y )r 7 )rtesy and respe7t ! r t"eir re(i$i n4 p (iti7s4 s 7ia( 7)st ms4 "abits4 and a(( t"er aspe7ts ! t"eir 7)(t)re. I! t"e pe p(e are 5n 8n t be enemies r are )n5n 8ns4 ma5e e*ery e!! rt t a* id any 7 nta7t and (ea*e n si$n ! y )r presen7e. A basi7 5n 8(ed$e ! t"e dai(y "abits ! t"e ( 7a( pe p(e 8i(( be essentia( in t"is attempt. I! a!ter 7are!)( bser*ati n y ) determine t"at an )n5n 8n pe p(e are !riend(y4 y ) may 7 nta7t t"em i! y ) abs ()te(y need t"eir "e(p. Us)a((y4 y ) "a*e (itt(e t !ear and m)7" t $ain !r m 7a)ti )s and respe7t!)( 7 nta7t 8it" ( 7a( pe p(e ! !riend(y r ne)tra( 7 )ntries. I! y ) be7 me !ami(iar 8it" t"e ( 7a( 7)st ms4 disp(ay 7 mm n de7en7y4 and m st imp rtant4 s" 8 respe7t ! r t"eir 7)st ms4 y ) s" )(d be ab(e t a* id tr )b(e and p ssib(y $ain needed "e(p. . ma5e 7 nta7t4 8ait )nti( n(y ne pers n is near and4 i! p ssib(e4 (et t"at pers n ma5e t"e initia( appr a7". M st pe p(e 8i(( be 8i((in$ t "e(p a s)r*i* r 8" appears t be in need. 2 8e*er4 ( 7a( p (iti7a( attit)des4 instr)7ti n4 r pr pa$anda e!! rts may 7"an$e t"e attit)des ! t"er8ise !riend(y pe p(e. 1 n*erse(y4 in )n!riend(y 7 )ntries4 many pe p(e4 espe7ia((y in rem te areas4 may !ee( anim sity t 8ard t"eir p (iti7ians and may be m re !riend(y t 8ard a s)r*i* r. ."e 5ey t s)77ess!)( 7 nta7t 8it" ( 7a( pe p(es is t be !riend(y4 7 )rte )s4 and patient. Disp(ayin$ !ear4 s" 8in$ 8eap ns4 and ma5in$ s)dden r t"reatenin$ m *ements 7an 7a)se a ( 7a( pers n t !ear y ). S)7" a7ti ns 7an pr mpt a " sti(e resp nse. '"en attemptin$ a 7 nta7t4 smi(e as !ten as y ) 7an. Many ( 7a( pe p(es are s"y and seem )nappr a7"ab(e4 r t"ey may i$n re y ). Appr a7" t"em s( 8(y and d n t r)s" y )r 7 nta7t.
T. SURVIVOR<S # .AVIOR
Use sa(t4 t ba77 4 si(*er m ney4 and simi(ar items dis7reet(y 8"en tradin$ 8it" ( 7a( pe p(e. #aper m ney is 8e((-5n 8n 8 r(d8ide. D n t *erpayJ it may (ead t embarrassment and e*en dan$er. A(8ays treat pe p(e 8it" respe7t. D n t b)((y t"em r (a)$" at t"em. Usin$ si$n (an$)a$e r a7tin$ )t needs r 6)esti ns 7an be *ery e!!e7ti*e. Many pe p(e are )sed t s)7" (an$)a$e and 7 mm)ni7ate )sin$ n n*erba( si$n (an$)a$e. .ry t (earn a !e8 8 rds and p"rases ! t"e ( 7a( (an$)a$e in and ar )nd y )r p tentia( area ! perati ns. .ryin$ t spea5 s me neHs (an$)a$e is ne ! t"e best 8ays t s" 8 respe7t ! r "is 7)(t)re. Sin7e -n$(is" is 8ide(y )sed4 s me ! t"e ( 7a( pe p(e may )nderstand a !e8 8 rds ! -n$(is". S me areas may be tab . ."ey ran$e !r m re(i$i )s r sa7red p(a7es t diseased r dan$er areas. In s me areas4 7ertain anima(s m)st n t be 5i((ed. Learn t"e r)(es and ! (( 8 t"em. 'at7" and (earn as m)7" as p ssib(e. S)7" a7ti ns 8i(( "e(p t stren$t"en re(ati ns and pr *ide ne8 5n 8(ed$e and s5i((s t"at may be *ery imp rtant (ater. See5 ad*i7e n ( 7a( "a3ards and !ind )t !r m !riend(y pe p(e 8"ere t"e " sti(e pe p(e are. A(8ays remember t"at pe p(e !re6)ent(y insist t"at t"er pe p(es are " sti(e4 simp(y be7a)se t"ey d n t )nderstand di!!erent 7)(t)res and distant pe p(es. ."e pe p(e t"ey 7an )s)a((y tr)st are t"eir immediate nei$"b rs--m)7" t"e same as in )r 8n nei$"b r" d. Fre6)ent(y4 ( 7a( pe p(e4 (i5e )rse(*es4 8i(( s)!!er !r m 7 nta$i )s diseases. /)i(d a separate s"e(ter4 i! p ssib(e4 and a* id p"ysi7a( 7 nta7t 8it" )t $i*in$ t"e impressi n ! d in$ s . #ers na((y prepare y )r ! d and drin54 i! y ) 7an d s 8it" )t $i*in$ !!ense. Fre6)ent(y4 t"e ( 7a( pe p(e 8i(( a77ept t"e )se ! Kpers na( r re(i$i )s 7)st mK as an eAp(anati n ! r is (ati nist be"a*i r. /arter4 r tradin$4 is 7 mm n in m re primiti*e s 7ieties. 2ard 7 in is )s)a((y $ d4 8"et"er ! r its eA7"an$e *a()e r as Be8e(ry r trin5ets. In is (ated areas4 mat7"es4 t ba77 4 sa(t4 ra3 r b(ades4 empty 7 ntainers4 r 7( t" may be 8 rt" m re t"an any ! rm ! m ney. /e *ery 7a)ti )s 8"en t )7"in$ pe p(e. Many pe p(e 7 nsider Kt )7"in$K tab and s)7" a7ti ns may be dan$er )s. A* id seA)a( 7 nta7t. 2 spita(ity am n$ s me pe p(e is s)7" a str n$ 7)(t)ra( trait t"at t"ey may seri )s(y red)7e t"eir 8n s)pp(ies t !eed a stran$er. A77ept 8"at t"ey !!er and s"are it e6)a((y 8it" a(( present. -at in t"e same 8ay t"ey eat and4 m st imp rtant4 try t eat a(( t"ey !!er. I! y ) ma5e any pr mises4 5eep t"em. Respe7t pers na( pr perty and ( 7a( 7)st ms and manners4 e*en i! t"ey seem dd. Ma5e s me 5ind ! payment ! r ! d4 s)pp(ies4 and s ! rt". Respe7t pri*a7y. D n t enter a " )se )n(ess in*ited.
C.AN/ S TO POLITICAL ALL /IANC

In t dayHs 8 r(d ! !ast-pa7ed internati na( p (iti7s4 p (iti7a( attit)des and 7 mmitments 8it"in nati ns are s)bBe7t t rapid 7"an$e. ."e p p)(ati n ! many 7 )ntries4 espe7ia((y p (iti7a((y " sti(e 7 )ntries4 m)st n t be 7 nsidered !riend(y B)st be7a)se t"ey d n t dem nstrate pen " sti(ity. Un(ess brie!ed t t"e 7 ntraryJ a* id a(( 7 nta7t 8it" s)7" pe p(e.
CHAPTER 47 - SURVIVAL IN MAN-MADE HA@ARDS
8uclear" chemical" and biological weapons have become potential realities on any modern battle!ield. Recent e+perience in A!ghanistan" 1ambodia" and other areas o! con!lict has proved the use o! chemical and biological weapons &such as mycoto+ins'. The war!ighting doctrine o! the 8AT0 and arsaw :act nations addresses the use o! both nuclear and chemical weapons. The potential use o! these weapons intensi!ies the problems o! survival because o! the serious dangers posed by either radioactive !allout or contamination produced by persistent biological or chemical agents. @ou must use special precautions i! you e+pect to survive in these man%made ha*ards. I! you are sub$ected to any o! the e!!ects o! nuclear" chemical" or biological war!are" the survival procedures recommended in this chapter may save your li!e. This chapter presents some background in!ormation on each type o! ha*ard so that you may better understand the true nature o! the ha*ard. Awareness o! the ha*ards" knowledge o! this chapter" and application o! common sense should keep you alive.
T. NUCL AR NVIRON0 NT
#repare y )rse(! t s)r*i*e in a n)7(ear en*ir nment. :n 8 " 8 t rea7t t a n)7(ear "a3ard.
E55e-t$ "5 N -%e!& We!p"#$

."e e!!e7ts ! n)7(ear 8eap ns are 7(assi!ied as eit"er initia( r resid)a(. Initia( e!!e7ts 77)r in t"e immediate area ! t"e eAp( si n and are "a3ard )s in t"e !irst min)te a!ter t"e eAp( si n. Resid)a( e!!e7ts 7an (ast ! r days r years and 7a)se deat". ."e prin7ipa( initia( e!!e7ts are b(ast and radiati n. #last De!ined as t"e brie! and rapid m *ement ! air a8ay !r m t"e eAp( si nHs 7enter and t"e press)re a77 mpanyin$ t"is m *ement. Str n$ 8inds a77 mpany t"e b(ast. /(ast ")r(s debris and pers nne(4 7 ((apses ()n$s4 r)pt)res eardr)ms4 7 ((apses str)7t)res and p siti ns4 and 7a)ses immediate deat" r inB)ry 8it" its 7r)s"in$ e!!e7t. Ther"al Radiation ."e "eat and (i$"t radiati n a n)7(ear eAp( si nHs !ireba(( emits. Li$"t radiati n 7 nsists ! b t" *isib(e (i$"t and )(tra*i (et and in!rared (i$"t. ."erma( radiati n pr d)7es eAtensi*e !ires4 s5in b)rns4 and !(as" b(indness. Nuclear Radiation N)7(ear radiati n brea5s d 8n int t8 7ate$ ries-initia( radiati n and resid)a( radiati n. Initia( n)7(ear radiati n 7 nsists ! intense $amma rays and ne)tr ns pr d)7ed d)rin$ t"e !irst min)te a!ter t"e eAp( si n. ."is radiati n 7a)ses eAtensi*e dama$e t 7e((s t"r )$" )t t"e b dy. Radiati n dama$e may 7a)se "eada7"es4 na)sea4 * mitin$4 diarr"ea4 and e*en deat"4 dependin$ n t"e radiati n d se re7ei*ed. ."e maB r pr b(em in pr te7tin$ y )rse(! a$ainst t"e initia( radiati nHs e!!e7ts is t"at y )
may "a*e re7ei*ed a (et"a( r in7apa7itatin$ d se be! re ta5in$ any pr te7ti*e a7ti n. #ers nne( eAp sed t (et"a( am )nts ! initia( radiati n may 8e(( "a*e been 5i((ed r !ata((y inB)red by b(ast r t"erma( radiati n. Resid)a( radiati n 7 nsists ! a(( radiati n pr d)7ed a!ter ne min)te !r m t"e eAp( si n. It "as m re e!!e7t n y ) t"an initia( radiati n. A dis7)ssi n ! resid)a( radiati n ta5es p(a7e in a s)bse6)ent para$rap".
T1pe$ "5 N -%e!& B &$t$

."ere are t"ree types ! n)7(ear b)rsts--airb)rst4 s)r!a7e b)rst4 and s)bs)r!a7e b)rst. ."e type ! b)rst dire7t(y a!!e7ts y )r 7"an7es ! s)r*i*a(. A s)bs)r!a7e b)rst 77)rs 7 mp(ete(y )nder$r )nd r )nder8ater. Its e!!e7ts remain beneat" t"e s)r!a7e r in t"e immediate area 8"ere t"e s)r!a7e 7 ((apses int a 7rater *er t"e b)rstHs ( 7ati n. S)bs)r!a7e b)rsts 7a)se y ) (itt(e r n radi a7ti*e "a3ard )n(ess y ) enter t"e immediate area ! t"e 7rater. N !)rt"er dis7)ssi n ! t"is type ! b)rst 8i(( ta5e p(a7e. An airb)rst 77)rs in t"e air ab *e its intended tar$et. ."e airb)rst pr *ides t"e maAim)m radiati n e!!e7t n t"e tar$et and is4 t"ere! re4 m st dan$er )s t y ) in terms ! immediate n)7(ear e!!e7ts. A s)r!a7e b)rst 77)rs n t"e $r )nd r 8ater s)r!a7e. Lar$e am )nts ! !a(( )t res)(t4 8it" seri )s ( n$term e!!e7ts ! r y ). ."is type ! b)rst is y )r greatest n)7(ear "a3ard.
N -%e!& I#H &ie$

M st inB)ries in t"e n)7(ear en*ir nment res)(t !r m t"e initia( n)7(ear e!!e7ts ! t"e det nati n. ."ese inB)ries are 7(assed as b(ast4 t"erma(4 r radiati n inB)ries. F)rt"er radiati n inB)ries may 77)r i! y ) d n t ta5e pr per pre7a)ti ns a$ainst !a(( )t. Indi*id)a(s in t"e area near a n)7(ear eAp( si n 8i(( pr bab(y s)!!er a 7 mbinati n ! a(( t"ree types ! inB)ries. #last In+uries /(ast inB)ries pr d)7ed by n)7(ear 8eap ns are simi(ar t t" se 7a)sed by 7 n*enti na( "i$"-eAp( si*e 8eap ns. /(ast *erpress)re 7an pr d)7e 7 ((apsed ()n$s and r)pt)red interna( r$ans. #r Be7ti(e 8 )nds 77)r as t"e eAp( si nHs ! r7e ")r(s debris at y ). Lar$e pie7es ! debris stri5in$ y ) 8i(( 7a)se !ra7t)red (imbs r massi*e interna( inB)ries. /(ast *er-press)re may t"r 8 y ) ( n$ distan7es4 and y ) 8i(( s)!!er se*ere inB)ry )p n impa7t 8it" t"e $r )nd r t"er bBe7ts. S)bstantia( 7 *er and distan7e !r m t"e eAp( si n are t"e best pr te7ti n a$ainst b(ast inB)ry. 1 *er b(ast inB)ry 8 )nds as s n as p ssib(e t pre*ent t"e entry ! radi a7ti*e d)st parti7(es. Ther"al In+uries ."e "eat and (i$"t t"e n)7(ear !ireba(( emits 7a)ses t"erma( inB)ries. First-4 se7 nd-4 r t"ird-de$ree b)rns may res)(t. F(as" b(indness a(s 77)rs. ."is b(indness may be permanent r temp rary dependin$ n t"e de$ree ! eAp s)re ! t"e eyes. S)bstantia( 7 *er and distan7e !r m t"e eAp( si n 7an pre*ent t"erma( inB)ries. 1( t"in$ 8i(( pr *ide si$ni!i7ant pr te7ti n a$ainst t"erma( inB)ries. 1 *er as m)7" eAp sed s5in as p ssib(e be! re a n)7(ear eAp( si n. First aid ! r t"erma( inB)ries is t"e same as !irst aid ! r b)rns. 1 *er pen b)rns Ese7 nd- r t"ird-de$reeF t pre*ent t"e entry ! radi a7ti*e parti7(es. 'as" a(( b)rns be! re 7 *erin$. Radiation In+uries Ne)tr ns4 $amma radiati n4 a(p"a radiati n4 and beta radiati n 7a)se radiati n inB)ries. Ne)tr ns are "i$"-speed4 eAtreme(y penetratin$ parti7(es t"at a7t)a((y smas" 7e((s 8it"in y )r b dy. +amma radiati n is simi(ar t D rays and is a(s a "i$"(y penetratin$ radiati n. D)rin$ t"e initia( !ireba(( sta$e ! a n)7(ear det nati n4 initia( $amma radiati n and ne)tr ns are t"e m st seri )s t"reat. /eta and a(p"a radiati n are radi a7ti*e parti7(es n rma((y ass 7iated 8it" radi a7ti*e d)st !r m !a(( )t. ."ey are s" rt-ran$e parti7(es and y ) 7an easi(y pr te7t y )rse(! a$ainst t"em i! y ) ta5e pre7a)ti ns. See ?odily Reactions to Radiation" be( 84 ! r t"e sympt ms ! radiati n inB)ries.
Re$i( !% R!(i!ti"#
Resid)a( radiati n is a(( radiati n emitted a!ter 1 min)te !r m t"e instant ! t"e n)7(ear eAp( si n. Resid)a( radiati n 7 nsists ! ind)7ed radiati n and !a(( )t. Induced Radiation It des7ribes a re(ati*e(y sma((4 intense(y radi a7ti*e area dire7t(y )nderneat" t"e n)7(ear 8eap nHs !ireba((. ."e irradiated eart" in t"is area 8i(( remain "i$"(y radi a7ti*e ! r an eAtreme(y ( n$ time. Y ) s" )(d n t tra*e( int an area ! ind)7ed radiati n. 'allout Fa(( )t 7 nsists ! radi a7ti*e s i( and 8ater parti7(es4 as 8e(( as 8eap n !ra$ments. D)rin$ a s)r!a7e det nati n4 r i! an airb)rstHs n)7(ear !ireba(( t )7"es t"e $r )nd4 (ar$e am )nts ! s i( and 8ater are *ap ri3ed a( n$ 8it" t"e b mbHs !ra$ments4 and ! r7ed )p8ard t a(tit)des ! 2;4=== meters r m re. '"en t"ese *ap ri3ed 7 ntents 7 (4 t"ey 7an ! rm m re t"an 2== di!!erent radi a7ti*e pr d)7ts. ."e *ap ri3ed b mb 7 ntents 7 ndense int tiny radi a7ti*e parti7(es t"at t"e 8ind 7arries and t"ey !a(( ba75 t eart" as radi a7ti*e d)st. Fa(( )t parti7(es emit a(p"a4 beta4 and $amma radiati n. A(p"a and beta radiati n are re(ati*e(y easy t 7 )ntera7t4 and resid)a( $amma radiati n is m)7" (ess intense t"an t"e $amma radiati n emitted d)rin$ t"e !irst min)te a!ter t"e eAp( si n. Fa(( )t is y )r m st si$ni!i7ant radiati n "a3ard4 pr *ided y ) "a*e n t re7ei*ed a (et"a( radiati n d se !r m t"e initia( radiati n.
B"(i%1 Re!-ti"#$ t" R!(i!ti"#

."e e!!e7ts ! radiati n n t"e ")man b dy 7an be br ad(y 7(assed as eit"er 7"r ni7 r a7)te. 1"r ni7 e!!e7ts are t" se t"at 77)r s me years a!ter eAp s)re t radiati n. -Aamp(es are 7an7er and $eneti7 de!e7ts. 1"r ni7 e!!e7ts are ! min r 7 n7ern ins !ar as t"ey a!!e7t y )r immediate s)r*i*a( in a radi a7ti*e en*ir nment. 0n t"e t"er "and4 a7)te e!!e7ts are ! primary imp rtan7e t y )r s)r*i*a(. S me a7)te e!!e7ts 77)r 8it"in " )rs a!ter eAp s)re t radiati n. ."ese e!!e7ts res)(t !r m t"e radiati nHs dire7t p"ysi7a( dama$e t tiss)e. Radiati n si75ness and beta b)rns are eAamp(es ! a7)te e!!e7ts. Radiati n si75ness sympt ms in7()de na)sea4 diarr"ea4 * mitin$4 !ati$)e4 8ea5ness4 and ( ss ! "air. #enetratin$ beta rays 7a)se radiati n b)rnsJ t"e 8 )nds are simi(ar t !ire b)rns. Reco(ery Capa6ility ."e eAtent ! b dy dama$e depends main(y n t"e part ! t"e b dy eAp sed t radiati n and " 8 ( n$ it 8as eAp sed4 as 8e(( as its abi(ity t re7 *er. ."e brain and 5idneys "a*e (itt(e re7 *ery 7apabi(ity. 0t"er parts Es5in and b ne marr 8F "a*e a $reat abi(ity t re7 *er !r m dama$e. Us)a((y4 a d se ! 6== 7enti$rams E7$ysF t t"e entire b dy 8i(( res)(t in a(m st 7ertain deat". I! n(y y )r "ands re7ei*ed t"is same d se4 y )r *era(( "ea(t" 8 )(d n t s)!!er m)7"4 a(t" )$" y )r "ands 8 )(d s)!!er se*ere dama$e. 4ternal and Internal .azards An eAterna( r an interna( "a3ard 7an 7a)se b dy dama$e. 2i$"(y penetratin$ $amma radiati n r t"e (ess penetratin$ beta radiati n t"at 7a)ses b)rns 7an 7a)se eAterna( dama$e. ."e entry ! a(p"a r beta radiati n-emittin$ parti7(es int t"e b dy 7an 7a)se interna( dama$e. ."e eAterna( "a3ard pr d)7es *era(( irradiati n and beta b)rns. ."e interna( "a3ard res)(ts in irradiati n ! 7riti7a( r$ans s)7" as t"e $astr intestina( tra7t4 t"yr id $(and4 and b ne. A *ery sma(( am )nt ! radi a7ti*e materia( 7an 7a)se eAtreme dama$e t t"ese and t"er interna( r$ans. ."e interna( "a3ard 7an enter t"e b dy eit"er t"r )$" 7 ns)mpti n ! 7 ntaminated 8ater r ! d r by abs rpti n t"r )$" 7)ts r abrasi ns. Materia( t"at enters t"e b dy t"r )$" breat"in$ presents n(y a min r "a3ard. Y ) 7an $reat(y red)7e t"e interna( radiati n "a3ard by )sin$ $ d pers na( "y$iene and 7are!)((y de7 ntaminatin$ y )r ! d and 8ater. Sy"pto"s ."e sympt ms ! radiati n inB)ries in7()de na)sea4 diarr"ea4 and * mitin$. ."e se*erity ! t"ese sympt ms is d)e t t"e eAtreme sensiti*ity ! t"e $astr intestina( tra7t t radiati n. ."e se*erity ! t"e sympt ms and t"e speed ! nset a!ter eAp s)re are $ d indi7at rs ! t"e de$ree ! radiati n dama$e. ."e $astr intestina( dama$e 7an 7 me !r m eit"er t"e eAterna( r t"e interna( radiati n "a3ard.
C" #te&*e!$ &e$ A/!i#$t Pe#et&!ti#/ E3te&#!% R!(i!ti"#

:n 8(ed$e ! t"e radiati n "a3ards dis7)ssed ear(ier is eAtreme(y imp rtant in s)r*i*in$ in a !a(( )t area. It is a(s 7riti7a( t 5n 8 " 8 t pr te7t y )rse(! !r m t"e m st dan$er )s ! rm ! resid)a( radiati n-penetratin$ eAterna( radiati n.
."e means y ) 7an )se t pr te7t y )rse(! !r m penetratin$ eAterna( radiati n are time4 distan7e4 and s"ie(din$. Y ) 7an red)7e t"e (e*e( ! radiati n and "e(p in7rease y )r 7"an7e ! s)r*i*a( by 7 ntr ((in$ t"e d)rati n ! eAp s)re. Y ) 7an a(s $et as !ar a8ay !r m t"e radiati n s )r7e as p ssib(e. Fina((y y ) 7an p(a7e s me radiati n-abs rbin$ r s"ie(din$ materia( bet8een y ) and t"e radiati n. Ti"e .ime is imp rtant t y )4 as t"e s)r*i* r4 in t8 8ays. First4 radiati n d sa$es are 7)m)(ati*e. ."e ( n$er y ) are eAp sed t a radi a7ti*e s )r7e4 t"e $reater t"e d se y ) 8i(( re7ei*e. 0b*i )s(y4 spend as (itt(e time in a radi a7ti*e area as p ssib(e. Se7 nd4 radi a7ti*ity de7reases r de7ays *er time. ."is 7 n7ept is 5n 8n as radi a7ti*e hal!%li!e. .")s4 a radi a7ti*e e(ement de7ays r ( ses "a(! ! its radi a7ti*ity 8it"in a 7ertain time. ."e r)(e ! t")mb ! r radi a7ti*ity de7ay is t"at it de7reases in intensity by a !a7t r ! ten ! r e*ery se*en! (d in7rease in time ! (( 8in$ t"e pea5 radiati n (e*e(. F r eAamp(e4 i! a n)7(ear !a(( )t area "ad a maAim)m radiati n rate ! 2== 7$ys per " )r 8"en !a(( )t is 7 mp(ete4 t"is rate 8 )(d !a(( t 2= 7$ys per " )r a!ter 7 " )rsJ it 8 )(d !a(( sti(( !)rt"er t 2 7$ys per " )r a!ter 9< " )rs. -*en an )ntrained bser*er 7an see t"at t"e $reatest "a3ard !r m !a(( )t 77)rs immediate(y a!ter det nati n4 and t"at t"e "a3ard de7reases 6)i75(y *er a re(ati*e(y s" rt time. As a s)r*i* r4 try t a* id !a(( )t areas )nti( t"e radi a7ti*ity de7ays t sa!e (e*e(s. I! y ) 7an a* id !a(( )t areas ( n$ en )$" ! r m st ! t"e radi a7ti*ity t de7ay4 y ) en"an7e y )r 7"an7e ! s)r*i*a(. ,istance Distan7e pr *ides *ery e!!e7ti*e pr te7ti n a$ainst penetratin$ $amma radiati n be7a)se radiati n intensity de7reases by t"e s6)are ! t"e distan7e !r m t"e s )r7e. F r eAamp(e4 i! eAp sed t 14=== 7$ys ! radiati n standin$ %= 7entimeters !r m t"e s )r7e4 at 6= 7entimeters4 y ) 8 )(d n(y re7ei*e 2;= 7$ys. .")s4 8"en y ) d )b(e t"e distan7e4 radiati n de7reases t E=.;F2 r =.2; t"e am )nt. '"i(e t"is ! rm)(a is *a(id ! r 7 n7entrated s )r7es ! radiati n in sma(( areas4 it be7 mes m re 7 mp(i7ated ! r (ar$e areas ! radiati n s)7" as !a(( )t areas. Shielding S"ie(din$ is t"e m st imp rtant met" d ! pr te7ti n !r m penetratin$ radiati n. 0! t"e t"ree 7 )ntermeas)res a$ainst penetratin$ radiati n4 s"ie(din$ pr *ides t"e $reatest pr te7ti n and is t"e easiest t )se )nder s)r*i*a( 7 nditi ns. ."ere! re4 it is t"e m st desirab(e met" d. I! s"ie(din$ is n t p ssib(e4 )se t"e t"er t8 met" ds t t"e maAim)m eAtent pra7ti7a(. S"ie(din$ a7t)a((y 8 r5s by abs rbin$ r 8ea5enin$ t"e penetratin$ radiati n4 t"ereby red)7in$ t"e am )nt ! radiati n rea7"in$ y )r b dy. ."e denser t"e materia(4 t"e better t"e s"ie(din$ e!!e7t. Lead4 ir n4 7 n7rete4 and 8ater are $ d eAamp(es ! s"ie(din$ materia(s. Special 0edical Aspects ."e presen7e ! !a(( )t materia( in y )r area re6)ires s(i$"t 7"an$es in !irst aid pr 7ed)res. Y ) m)st 7 *er a(( 8 )nds t pre*ent 7 ntaminati n and t"e entry ! radi a7ti*e parti7(es. Y ) m)st !irst 8as" b)rns ! beta radiati n4 t"en treat t"em as rdinary b)rns. .a5e eAtra meas)res t pre*ent in!e7ti n. Y )r b dy 8i(( be eAtreme(y sensiti*e t in!e7ti ns d)e t 7"an$es in y )r b( d 7"emistry. #ay 7( se attenti n t t"e pre*enti n ! 7 (ds r respirat ry in!e7ti ns. Ri$ r )s(y pra7ti7e pers na( "y$iene t pre*ent in!e7ti ns. 1 *er y )r eyes 8it" impr *ised $ $$(es t pre*ent t"e entry ! parti7(es.
She%te&
As stated ear(ier4 t"e s"ie(din$ materia(Hs e!!e7ti*eness depends n its t"i75ness and density. An amp(e t"i75ness ! s"ie(din$ materia( 8i(( red)7e t"e (e*e( ! radiati n t ne$(i$ib(e am )nts. ."e primary reas n ! r !indin$ and b)i(din$ a s"e(ter is t $et pr te7ti n a$ainst t"e "i$"-intensity radiati n (e*e(s ! ear(y $amma !a(( )t as !ast as p ssib(e. Fi*e min)tes t ( 7ate t"e s"e(ter is a $ d $)ide. Speed in !indin$ s"e(ter is abs ()te(y essentia(. 'it" )t s"e(ter4 t"e d sa$e re7ei*ed in t"e !irst !e8 " )rs 8i(( eA7eed t"at re7ei*ed d)rin$ t"e rest ! a 8ee5 in a 7 ntaminated area. ."e d sa$e re7ei*ed in t"is !irst 8ee5 8i(( eA7eed t"e d sa$e a77)m)(ated d)rin$ t"e rest ! a (i!etime spent in t"e same 7 ntaminated area. Shielding 0aterials ."e t"i75ness re6)ired t 8ea5en $amma radiati n !r m !a(( )t is !ar (ess t"an t"at needed t s"ie(d a$ainst initia( $amma radiati n. Fa(( )t radiati n "as (ess ener$y t"an a n)7(ear det nati nHs initia( radiati n. F r !a(( )t radiati n4 a re(ati*e(y sma(( am )nt ! s"ie(din$ materia( 7an pr *ide ade6)ate
pr te7ti n. Fi$)re 2%-1 $i*es an idea ! t"e t"i75ness ! *ari )s materia(s needed t red)7e resid)a( $amma radiati n transmissi n by ;= per7ent.
."e prin7ip(e ! hal!%value layer thickness is )se!)( in )nderstandin$ t"e abs rpti n ! $amma radiati n by *ari )s materia(s. A77 rdin$ t t"is prin7ip(e4 i! ; 7entimeters ! bri75 red)7e t"e $amma radiati n (e*e( by ne-"a(!4 addin$ an t"er ; 7entimeters ! bri75 Ean t"er "a(!-*a()e (ayerF 8i(( red)7e t"e intensity by an t"er "a(!4 name(y4 t ne-! )rt" t"e ri$ina( am )nt. Fi!teen 7entimeters 8i(( red)7e $amma radiati n !a(( )t (e*e(s t ne-ei$"t" its ri$ina( am )nt4 2= 7entimeters t ne-siAteent"4 and s n. .")s4 a s"e(ter pr te7ted by 1 meter ! dirt 8 )(d red)7e a radiati n intensity ! 14=== 7$ys per " )r n t"e )tside t ab )t =.; 7$y per " )r inside t"e s"e(ter. Natural Shelters .errain t"at pr *ides nat)ra( s"ie(din$ and easy s"e(ter 7 nstr)7ti n is t"e idea( ( 7ati n ! r an emer$en7y s"e(ter. + d eAamp(es are dit7"es4 ra*ines4 r 75y )t7r ppin$4 "i((s4 and ri*er ban5s. In (e*e( areas 8it" )t nat)ra( pr te7ti n4 di$ a !i$"tin$ p siti n r s(it tren7". Trenches '"en di$$in$ a tren7"4 8 r5 !r m inside t"e tren7" as s n as it is (ar$e en )$" t 7 *er part ! y )r b dy t"ereby n t eAp sin$ a(( y )r b dy t radiati n. In pen 7 )ntry4 try t di$ t"e tren7" !r m a pr ne p siti n4 sta75in$ t"e dirt 7are!)((y and e*en(y ar )nd t"e tren7". 0n (e*e( $r )nd4 pi(e t"e dirt ar )nd y )r b dy ! r additi na( s"ie(din$. Dependin$ )p n s i( 7 nditi ns4 s"e(ter 7 nstr)7ti n time 8i(( *ary !r m a !e8 min)tes t a !e8 " )rs. I! y ) di$ as 6)i75(y as p ssib(e4 y ) 8i(( red)7e t"e d sa$e y ) re7ei*e. Other Shelters '"i(e an )nder$r )nd s"e(ter 7 *ered by 1 meter r m re ! eart" pr *ides t"e best pr te7ti n a$ainst !a(( )t radiati n4 t"e ! (( 8in$ )n 77)pied str)7t)res Ein rder (istedF !!er t"e neAt best pr te7ti nM

1a*es and t)nne(s 7 *ered by m re t"an 1 meter ! eart". St rm r st ra$e 7e((ars. 1)(*erts. /asements r 7e((ars ! aband ned b)i(din$s. Aband ned b)i(din$s made ! st ne r m)d.
Roo$s It is n t mandat ry t"at y ) b)i(d a r ! n y )r s"e(ter. /)i(d ne n(y i! t"e materia(s are readi(y a*ai(ab(e 8it" n(y a brie! eAp s)re t )tside 7 ntaminati n. I! b)i(din$ a r ! 8 )(d re6)ire eAtended eAp s)re t penetratin$ radiati n4 it 8 )(d be 8iser t (ea*e t"e s"e(ter r !(ess. A r !Hs s (e !)n7ti n is t red)7e radiati n !r m t"e !a(( )t s )r7e t y )r b dy. Un(ess y ) )se a t"i75 r !4 a r ! pr *ides *ery (itt(e s"ie(din$.
Y ) 7an 7 nstr)7t a simp(e r ! !r m a p n7" an7" red d 8n 8it" dirt4 r 75s4 r t"er re!)se !r m y )r s"e(ter. Y ) 7an rem *e (ar$e parti7(es ! dirt and debris !r m t"e t p ! t"e p n7" by beatin$ it !! !r m t"e inside at !re6)ent inter*a(s. ."is 7 *er 8i(( n t !!er s"ie(din$ !r m t"e radi a7ti*e parti7(es dep sited n t"e s)r!a7e4 b)t it 8i(( in7rease t"e distan7e !r m t"e !a(( )t s )r7e and 5eep t"e s"e(ter area !r m !)rt"er 7 ntaminati n. S"e(ter Site Se(e7ti n and #reparati n . red)7e y )r eAp s)re time and t"ereby red)7e t"e d sa$e re7ei*ed4 remember t"e ! (( 8in$ !a7t rs 8"en se(e7tin$ and settin$ )p a s"e(terM

'"ere p ssib(e4 see5 a 7r)de4 eAistin$ s"e(ter t"at y ) 7an impr *e. I! n ne is a*ai(ab(e4 di$ a tren7". Di$ t"e s"e(ter deep en )$" t $et $ d pr te7ti n4 t"en en(ar$e it as re6)ired ! r 7 m! rt. 1 *er t"e t p ! t"e !i$"tin$ p siti n r tren7" 8it" any readi(y a*ai(ab(e materia( and a t"i75 (ayer ! eart"4 i! y ) 7an d s 8it" )t (ea*in$ t"e s"e(ter. '"i(e a r ! and 7am )!(a$e are b t" desirab(e4 it is pr bab(y sa!er t d 8it" )t t"em t"an t eAp se y )rse(! t radiati n )tside y )r !i$"tin$ p siti n. '"i(e b)i(din$ y )r s"e(ter4 5eep a(( parts ! y )r b dy 7 *ered 8it" 7( t"in$ t pr te7t it a$ainst beta b)rns. 1(ean t"e s"e(ter site ! any s)r!a7e dep sit )sin$ a bran7" r t"er bBe7t t"at y ) 7an dis7ard. D t"is 7(eanin$ t rem *e 7 ntaminated materia(s !r m t"e area y ) 8i(( 77)py. ."e 7(eaned area s" )(d eAtend at (east 1.; meters bey nd y )r s"e(terHs area. De7 ntaminate any materia(s y ) brin$ int t"e s"e(ter. ."ese materia(s in7()de $rass r ! (ia$e t"at y ) )se as ins)(ati n r beddin$4 and y )r )ter 7( t"in$ Eespe7ia((y ! t$earF. I! t"e 8eat"er permits and y ) "a*e "ea*i(y 7 ntaminated )ter 7( t"in$4 y ) may 8ant t rem *e it and b)ry it )nder a ! t ! eart" at t"e end ! y )r s"e(ter. Y ) may retrie*e it (ater Ea!ter t"e radi a7ti*ity de7aysF 8"en (ea*in$ t"e s"e(ter. I! t"e 7( t"in$ is dry4 y ) may de7 ntaminate it by beatin$ r s"a5in$ it )tside t"e s"e(terHs entran7e t rem *e t"e radi a7ti*e d)st. Y ) may )se any b dy ! 8ater4 e*en t" )$" 7 ntaminated4 t rid materia(s ! eA7ess !a(( )t parti7(es. Simp(y dip t"e materia( int t"e 8ater and s"a5e it t $et rid ! t"e eA7ess 8ater. D n t 8rin$ it )t4 t"is a7ti n 8i(( trap t"e parti7(es. I! at a(( p ssib(e and 8it" )t (ea*in$ t"e s"e(ter4 8as" y )r b dy t" r )$"(y 8it" s ap and 8ater4 e*en i! t"e 8ater n "and may be 7 ntaminated. ."is 8as"in$ 8i(( rem *e m st ! t"e "arm!)( radi a7ti*e parti7(es t"at are (i5e(y t 7a)se beta b)rns r t"er dama$e. I! 8ater is n t a*ai(ab(e4 8ipe y )r !a7e and any t"er eAp sed s5in s)r!a7e t rem *e 7 ntaminated d)st and dirt. Y ) may 8ipe y )r !a7e 8it" a 7(ean pie7e ! 7( t" r a "and!)( ! )n7 ntaminated dirt. Y ) $et t"is )n7 ntaminated dirt by s7rapin$ !! t"e t p !e8 in7"es ! s i( and )sin$ t"e K7(eanK dirt. Up n 7 mp(etin$ t"e s"e(ter4 (ie d 8n4 5eep 8arm4 and s(eep and rest as m)7" as p ssib(e 8"i(e in t"e s"e(ter. '"en n t restin$4 5eep b)sy by p(annin$ !)t)re a7ti ns4 st)dyin$ y )r maps4 r ma5in$ t"e s"e(ter m re 7 m! rtab(e and e!!e7ti*e. D nHt pani7 i! y ) eAperien7e na)sea and sympt ms ! radiati n si75ness. Y )r main dan$er !r m radiati n si75ness is in!e7ti n. ."ere is n !irst aid ! r t"is si75ness. Restin$4 drin5in$ !()ids4 ta5in$ any medi7ine t"at pre*ents * mitin$4 maintainin$ y )r ! d inta5e4 and pre*entin$ additi na( eAp s)re 8i(( "e(p a* id in!e7ti n and aid re7 *ery. -*en sma(( d ses ! radiati n 7an 7a)se t"ese sympt ms 8"i7" may disappear in a s" rt time.
4posure Ti"eta6le ."e ! (( 8in$ timetab(e pr *ides y ) 8it" t"e in! rmati n needed t a* id re7ei*in$ seri )s d sa$e and sti(( (et y ) 7 pe 8it" s)r*i*a( pr b(emsM

1 mp(ete is (ati n !r m 9 t 6 days ! (( 8in$ de(i*ery ! t"e (ast 8eap n. A *ery brie! eAp s)re t pr 7)re 8ater n t"e t"ird day is permissib(e4 b)t eAp s)re s" )(d n t eA7eed %= min)tes.
0ne eAp s)re ! n t m re t"an %= min)tes n t"e se*ent" day. 0ne eAp s)re ! n t m re t"an 1 " )r n t"e ei$"t" day. -Ap s)re ! 2 t 9 " )rs !r m t"e nint" day t"r )$" t"e t8e(!t" day. N rma( perati n4 ! (( 8ed by rest in a pr te7ted s"e(ter4 !r m t"e t"irteent" day n. In a(( instan7es4 ma5e y )r eAp s)res as brie! as p ssib(e. 1 nsider n(y mandat ry re6)irements as *a(id reas ns ! r eAp s)re. De7 ntaminate at e*ery st p.
."e times $i*en ab *e are 7 nser*ati*e. I! ! r7ed t m *e a!ter t"e !irst r se7 nd day4 y ) may d s 4 Ma5e s)re t"at t"e eAp s)re is n ( n$er t"an abs ()te(y ne7essary.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t

In a !a(( )t-7 ntaminated area4 a*ai(ab(e 8ater s )r7es may be 7 ntaminated. I! y ) 8ait at (east 9& " )rs be! re drin5in$ any 8ater t a(( 8 ! r radi a7ti*e de7ay t ta5e p(a7e and se(e7t t"e sa!est p ssib(e 8ater s )r7e4 y ) 8i(( $reat(y red)7e t"e dan$er ! in$estin$ "arm!)( am )nts ! radi a7ti*ity. A(t" )$" many !a7t rs E8ind dire7ti n4 rain!a((4 sedimentF 8i(( in!()en7e y )r 7" i7e in se(e7tin$ 8ater s )r7es4 7 nsider t"e ! (( 8in$ $)ide(ines. Sa$est 3ater Sources 'ater !r m sprin$s4 8e((s4 r t"er )nder$r )nd s )r7es t"at )nder$ nat)ra( !i(trati n 8i(( be y )r sa!est s )r7e. Any 8ater ! )nd in t"e pipes r 7 ntainers ! aband ned " )ses r st res 8i(( a(s be !ree !r m radi a7ti*e parti7(es. ."is 8ater 8i(( be sa!e t drin54 a(t" )$" y ) 8i(( "a*e t ta5e pre7a)ti ns a$ainst ba7teria in t"e 8ater. Sn 8 ta5en !r m 1; r m re 7entimeters be( 8 t"e s)r!a7e d)rin$ t"e !a(( )t is a(s a sa!e s )r7e ! 8ater. Strea"s and Ri(ers 'ater !r m streams and ri*ers 8i(( be re(ati*e(y !ree !r m !a(( )t 8it"in se*era( days a!ter t"e (ast n)7(ear eAp( si n be7a)se ! di()ti n. I! at a(( p ssib(e4 !i(ter s)7" 8ater be! re drin5in$ t $et rid ! radi a7ti*e parti7(es. ."e best !i(trati n met" d is t di$ sediment " (es r seepa$e basins a( n$ t"e side ! a 8ater s )r7e. ."e 8ater 8i(( seep (atera((y int t"e " (e t"r )$" t"e inter*enin$ s i( t"at a7ts as a !i(terin$ a$ent and rem *es t"e 7 ntaminated !a(( )t parti7(es t"at sett(ed n t"e ri$ina( b dy ! 8ater. ."is met" d 7an rem *e )p t << per7ent ! t"e radi a7ti*ity in 8ater. Y ) m)st 7 *er t"e " (e in s me 8ay in rder t pre*ent !)rt"er 7 ntaminati n. See Fi$)re 6-< ! r an eAamp(e ! a 8ater !i(ter. Standing 3ater 'ater !r m (a5es4 p (s4 p nds4 and t"er standin$ s )r7es is (i5e(y t be "ea*i(y 7 ntaminated4 t" )$" m st ! t"e "ea*ier4 ( n$-(i*ed radi a7ti*e is t pes 8i(( sett(e t t"e b tt m. Use t"e sett(in$ te7"ni6)e t p)ri!y t"is 8ater. First4 !i(( a b)75et r t"er deep 7 ntainer t"ree-! )rt"s !)(( 8it" 7 ntaminated 8ater. ."en ta5e dirt !r m a dept" ! 1= r m re 7entimeters be( 8 t"e $r )nd s)r!a7e and stir it int t"e 8ater. Use ab )t 2.; 7entimeters ! dirt ! r e*ery 1= 7entimeters ! 8ater. Stir t"e 8ater )nti( y ) see m st dirt parti7(es s)spended in t"e 8ater. Let t"e miAt)re sett(e ! r at (east 6 " )rs. ."e sett(in$ dirt parti7(es 8i(( 7arry m st ! t"e s)spended !a(( )t parti7(es t t"e b tt m and 7 *er t"em. Y ) 7an t"en dip )t t"e 7(ear 8ater. #)ri!y t"is 8ater )sin$ a !i(trati n de*i7e. Additional Precautions As an additi na( pre7a)ti n a$ainst disease4 treat a(( 8ater 8it" 8ater p)ri!i7ati n tab(ets !r m y )r s)r*i*a( 5it r b i( it.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

A(t" )$" it is a seri )s pr b(em t btain edib(e ! d in a radiati n-7 ntaminated area4 it is n t imp ssib(e t s (*e. Y ) need t ! (( 8 a !e8 spe7ia( pr 7ed)res in se(e7tin$ and preparin$ rati ns and ( 7a( ! ds ! r )se. Sin7e se7)re pa75a$in$ pr te7ts y )r 7 mbat rati ns4 t"ey 8i(( be per!e7t(y sa!e ! r )se. S)pp(ement y )r rati ns 8it" any ! d y ) 7an !ind n trips )tside y )r s"e(ter. M st pr 7essed ! ds y ) may !ind in aband ned b)i(din$s are sa!e ! r )se a!ter de7 ntaminatin$ t"em. ."ese in7()de 7anned and pa75a$ed ! ds a!ter rem *in$ t"e 7 ntainers r 8rappers r 8as"in$ t"em !ree ! !a(( )t
parti7(es. ."ese pr 7essed ! ds a(s in7()de ! d st red in any 7( sed 7 ntainer and ! d st red in pr te7ted areas Es)7" as 7e((arsF4 i! y ) 8as" t"em be! re eatin$. 'as" a(( ! d 7 ntainers r 8rappers be! re "and(in$ t"em t pre*ent !)rt"er 7 ntaminati n. I! (itt(e r n pr 7essed ! d is a*ai(ab(e in y )r area4 y ) may "a*e t s)pp(ement y )r diet 8it" ( 7a( ! d s )r7es. L 7a( ! d s )r7es are anima(s and p(ants. Ani"als as a 'ood Source Ass)me t"at a(( anima(s4 re$ard(ess ! t"eir "abitat r (i*in$ 7 nditi ns4 8ere eAp sed t radiati n. ."e e!!e7ts ! radiati n n anima(s are simi(ar t t" se n ")mans. .")s4 m st ! t"e 8i(d anima(s (i*in$ in a !a(( )t area are (i5e(y t be7 me si75 r die !r m radiati n d)rin$ t"e !irst m nt" a!ter t"e n)7(ear eAp( si n. -*en t" )$" anima(s may n t be !ree !r m "arm!)( radi a7ti*e materia(s4 y ) 7an and m)st )se t"em in s)r*i*a( 7 nditi ns as a ! d s )r7e i! t"er ! ds are n t a*ai(ab(e. 'it" 7are!)( preparati n and by ! (( 8in$ se*era( imp rtant prin7ip(es4 anima(s 7an be sa!e ! d s )r7es. First4 d n t eat an anima( t"at appears t be si75. It may "a*e de*e( ped a ba7teria( in!e7ti n as a res)(t ! radiati n p is nin$. 1 ntaminated meat4 e*en i! t" r )$"(y 7 5ed4 7 )(d 7a)se se*ere i((ness r deat" i! eaten. 1are!)((y s5in a(( anima(s t pre*ent any radi a7ti*e parti7(es n t"e s5in r !)r !r m enterin$ t"e b dy. D n t eat meat 7( se t t"e b nes and B ints as an anima(Hs s5e(et n 7 ntains *er <= per7ent ! t"e radi a7ti*ity. ."e remainin$ anima( m)s7(e tiss)e4 " 8e*er4 8i(( be sa!e t eat. /e! re 7 5in$ it4 7)t t"e meat a8ay !r m t"e b ne4 (ea*in$ at (east a %-mi((imeter t"i75ness ! meat n t"e b ne. Dis7ard a(( interna( r$ans E"eart4 (i*er4 and 5idneysF sin7e t"ey tend t 7 n7entrate beta and $amma radi a7ti*ity. 1 5 a(( meat )nti( it is *ery 8e(( d ne. . be s)re t"e meat is 8e(( d ne4 7)t it int (ess t"an 1%mi((imeter-t"i75 pie7es be! re 7 5in$. S)7" 7)ts 8i(( a(s red)7e 7 5in$ time and sa*e !)e(. ."e eAtent ! 7 ntaminati n in !is" and a6)ati7 anima(s 8i(( be m)7" $reater t"an t"at ! (and anima(s. ."is is a(s tr)e ! r 8ater p(ants4 espe7ia((y in 7 asta( areas. Use a6)ati7 ! d s )r7es n(y in 7 nditi ns ! eAtreme emer$en7y. A(( e$$s4 e*en i! (aid d)rin$ t"e peri d ! !a(( )t4 8i(( be sa!e t eat. 1 mp(ete(y a* id mi(5 !r m any anima(s in a !a(( )t area be7a)se anima(s abs rb (ar$e am )nts ! radi a7ti*ity !r m t"e p(ants t"ey eat. Plants as a 'ood Source #(ant 7 ntaminati n 77)rs by t"e a77)m)(ati n ! !a(( )t n t"eir )ter s)r!a7es r by abs rpti n ! radi a7ti*e e(ements t"r )$" t"eir r ts. Y )r !irst 7" i7e ! p(ant ! d s" )(d be *e$etab(es s)7" as p tat es4 t)rnips4 7arr ts4 and t"er p(ants 8" se edib(e p rti n $r 8s )nder$r )nd. ."ese are t"e sa!est t eat n7e y ) s7r)b t"em and rem *e t"eir s5ins. Se7 nd in rder ! pre!eren7e are t" se p(ants 8it" edib(e parts t"at y ) 7an de7 ntaminate by 8as"in$ and pee(in$ t"eir )ter s)r!a7es. -Aamp(es are bananas4 app(es4 t mat es4 pri75(y pears4 and t"er s)7" !r)its and *e$etab(es. Any sm t"-s5inned *e$etab(e4 !r)it4 r p(ant t"at y ) 7ann t easi(y pee( r e!!e7ti*e(y de7 ntaminate by 8as"in$ 8i(( be y )r t"ird 7" i7e ! emer$en7y ! d. ."e e!!e7ti*eness ! de7 ntaminati n by s7r)bbin$ is in*erse(y pr p rti na( t t"e r )$"ness ! t"e !r)itHs s)r!a7e. Sm t"-s)r!a7ed !r)its "a*e ( st <= per7ent ! t"eir 7 ntaminati n a!ter 8as"in$4 8"i(e 8as"in$ r )$"-s)r!a7ed p(ants rem *es n(y ab )t ;= per7ent ! t"e 7 ntaminati n. Y ) eat r )$"-s)r!a7ed p(ants Es)7" as (ett)7eF n(y as a (ast res rt be7a)se y ) 7ann t e!!e7ti*e(y de7 ntaminate t"em by pee(in$ r 8as"in$. 0t"er di!!i7)(t ! ds t de7 ntaminate by 8as"in$ 8it" 8ater in7()de dried !r)its E!i$s4 pr)nes4 pea7"es4 apri7 ts4 pearsF and s ya beans. In $enera(4 y ) 7an )se any p(ant ! d t"at is ready ! r "ar*est i! y ) 7an e!!e7ti*e(y de7 ntaminate it. +r 8in$ p(ants4 " 8e*er4 7an abs rb s me radi a7ti*e materia(s t"r )$" t"eir (ea*es as 8e(( as !r m t"e s i(4 espe7ia((y i! rains "a*e 77)rred d)rin$ r a!ter t"e !a(( )t peri d. A* id )sin$ t"ese p(ants ! r ! d eA7ept in an emer$en7y.
#IOLO/ICAL NVIRON0 NTS

."e )se ! bi ( $i7a( a$ents is rea(. #repare y )rse(! ! r s)r*i*a( by bein$ pr !i7ient in t"e tas5s identi!ied in y )r S (dierHs Man)a(s ! 1 mm n .as5s ESM1.sF. :n 8 8"at t d t pr te7t y )rse(! a$ainst t"ese a$ents.
Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$ !#( E55e-t$
/i ( $i7a( a$ents are mi7r r$anisms t"at 7an 7a)se disease am n$ pers nne(4 anima(s4 r p(ants. ."ey 7an a(s 7a)se t"e deteri rati n ! materia(. ."ese a$ents !a(( int t8 br ad 7ate$ ries-pat" $ens E)s)a((y 7a((ed $ermsF and t Ains. #at" $ens are (i*in$ mi7r r$anisms t"at 7a)se (et"a( r in7apa7itatin$ diseases. /a7teria4 ri75ettsiae4 !)n$i4 and *ir)ses are in7()ded in t"e pat" $ens. . Ains are p is ns t"at p(ants4 anima(s4 r mi7r r$anisms pr d)7e nat)ra((y. # ssib(e bi ( $i7a( 8ar-!are t Ains in7()de a *ariety ! ne)r t Ai7 Ea!!e7tin$ t"e 7entra( ner* )s systemF and 7yt t Ai7 E7a)sin$ 7e(( deat"F 7 mp )nds. /er"s +erms are (i*in$ r$anisms. S me nati ns "a*e )sed t"em in t"e past as 8eap ns. 0n(y a !e8 $erms 7an start an in!e7ti n4 espe7ia((y i! in"a(ed int t"e ()n$s. /e7a)se $erms are s sma(( and 8ei$" s (itt(e4 t"e 8ind 7an spread t"em *er $reat distan7esJ t"ey 7an a(s enter )n!i(tered r n nairti$"t p(a7es. /)i(din$s and b)n5ers 7an trap t"em t")s 7a)sin$ a "i$"er 7 n7entrati n. +erms d n t a!!e7t t"e b dy immediate(y. ."ey m)st m)(tip(y inside t"e b dy and *er7 me t"e b dyHs de!enses--a pr 7ess 7a((ed t"e in7)bati n peri d. In7)bati n peri ds *ary !r m se*era( " )rs t se*era( m nt"s4 dependin$ n t"e $erm. M st $erms m)st (i*e 8it"in an t"er (i*in$ r$anism E" stF4 s)7" as y )r b dy4 t s)r*i*e and $r 8. 'eat"er 7 nditi ns s)7" as 8ind4 rain4 7 (d4 and s)n(i$"t rapid(y 5i(( $erms. S me $erms 7an ! rm pr te7ti*e s"e((s4 r sp res4 t a(( 8 s)r*i*a( )tside t"e " st. Sp re-pr d)7in$ a$ents are a ( n$-term "a3ard y ) m)st ne)tra(i3e by de7 ntaminatin$ in!e7ted areas r pers nne(. F rt)nate(y4 m st (i*e a$ents are n t sp re-pr d)7in$. ."ese a$ents m)st !ind a " st 8it"in r )$"(y a day ! t"eir de(i*ery r t"ey die. +erms "a*e t"ree basi7 r )tes ! entry int y )r b dyM t"r )$" t"e respirat ry tra7t4 t"r )$" a brea5 in t"e s5in4 and t"r )$" t"e di$esti*e tra7t. Sympt ms ! in!e7ti n *ary a77 rdin$ t t"e disease. To4ins . Ains are s)bstan7es t"at p(ants4 anima(s4 r $erms pr d)7e nat)ra((y. ."ese t Ains are 8"at a7t)a((y "arm man4 n t ba7teria. / t)(in4 8"i7" pr d)7es b t)(ism4 is an eAamp(e. M dern s7ien7e "as a(( 8ed (ar$e-s7a(e pr d)7ti n ! t"ese t Ains 8it" )t t"e )se ! t"e $erm t"at pr d)7es t"e t Ain. . Ains may pr d)7e e!!e7ts simi(ar t t" se ! 7"emi7a( a$ents. . Ai7 *i7tims may n t4 " 8e*er4 resp nd t !irst aid meas)res )sed a$ainst 7"emi7a( a$ents. . Ains enter t"e b dy in t"e same manner as $erms. 2 8e*er4 s me t Ains4 )n(i5e $erms4 7an penetrate )nbr 5en s5in. Sympt ms appear a(m st immediate(y4 sin7e t"ere is n in7)bati n peri d. Many t Ains are eAtreme(y (et"a(4 e*en in *ery sma(( d ses. Sympt ms may in7()de any ! t"e ! (( 8in$M

Di33iness. Menta( 7 n!)si n. /()rred r d )b(e *isi n. N)mbness r tin$(in$ ! s5in. #ara(ysis. 1 n*)(si ns. Ras"es r b(isters. 1 )$"in$. Fe*er. A7"in$ m)s7(es. .iredness. Na)sea4 * mitin$4 andG r diarr"ea. /(eedin$ !r m b dy penin$s. /( d in )rine4 st (4 r sa(i*a. S" 75. Deat".
Dete-ti"# "5 Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$

/i ( $i7a( a$ents are4 by nat)re4 di!!i7)(t t dete7t. Y ) 7ann t dete7t t"em by any ! t"e !i*e p"ysi7a( senses. 0!ten4 t"e !irst si$n ! a bi ( $i7a( a$ent 8i(( be sympt ms ! t"e *i7tims eAp sed t t"e a$ent.
Y )r best 7"an7e ! dete7tin$ bi ( $i7a( a$ents be! re t"ey 7an a!!e7t y ) is t re7 $ni3e t"eir means ! de(i*ery. ."e t"ree main means ! de(i*ery are-
?ursting%type munitions. ."ese may be b mbs r pr Be7ti(es 8" se b)rst 7a)ses *ery (itt(e dama$e. ."e b)rst 8i(( pr d)7e a sma(( 7( )d ! (i6)id r p 8der in t"e immediate impa7t area. ."is 7( )d 8i(( disperse e*ent)a((yJ t"e rate ! dispersi n depends n terrain and 8eat"er 7 nditi ns. Spray tanks or generators. Air7ra!t r *e"i7(e spray tan5s r $r )nd-(e*e( aer s ( $enerat rs pr d)7e an aer s ( 7( )d ! bi ( $i7a( a$ents. Vectors. Inse7ts s)7" as m s6)it es4 !(eas4 (i7e4 and ti75s de(i*er pat" $ens. Lar$e in!estati ns ! t"ese inse7ts may indi7ate t"e )se ! bi ( $i7a( a$ents.
An t"er si$n ! a p ssib(e bi ( $i7a( atta75 is t"e presen7e ! )n)s)a( s)bstan7es n t"e $r )nd r n *e$etati n4 r si75-( 5in$ p(ants4 7r ps4 r anima(s.
I#5% e#-e "5 We!the& !#( Te&&!i#

Y )r 5n 8(ed$e ! " 8 8eat"er and terrain a!!e7t t"e a$ents 7an "e(p y ) a* id 7 ntaminati n by bi ( $i7a( a$ents. MaB r 8eat"er !a7t rs t"at a!!e7t bi ( $i7a( a$ents are s)n(i$"t4 8ind4 and pre7ipitati n. Aer s ( sprays 8i(( tend t 7 n7entrate in ( 8 areas ! terrain4 simi(ar t ear(y m rnin$ mist. S)n(i$"t 7 ntains *isib(e and )(tra*i (et s (ar radiati n t"at rapid(y 5i((s m st $erms )sed as bi ( $i7a( a$ents. 2 8e*er4 nat)ra( r man-made 7 *er may pr te7t s me a$ents !r m s)n(i$"t. 0t"er man-made m)tant strains ! $erms may be resistant t s)n(i$"t. 2i$" 8ind speeds in7rease t"e dispersi n ! bi ( $i7a( a$ents4 di()te t"eir 7 n7entrati n4 and de"ydrate t"em. ."e !)rt"er d 8n8ind t"e a$ent tra*e(s4 t"e (ess e!!e7ti*e it be7 mes d)e t di()ti n and deat" ! t"e pat" $ens. 2 8e*er4 t"e d 8n8ind "a3ard area ! t"e bi ( $i7a( a$ent is si$ni!i7ant and y ) 7ann t i$n re it. #re7ipitati n in t"e ! rm ! m derate t "ea*y rain tends t 8as" bi ( $i7a( a$ents )t ! t"e air4 red)7in$ d 8n8ind "a3ard areas. 2 8e*er4 t"e a$ents may sti(( be *ery e!!e7ti*e 8"ere t"ey 8ere dep sited n t"e $r )nd.
P&"te-ti"# A/!i#$t Bi"%"/i-!% A/e#t$

'"i(e y ) m)st maintain a "ea(t"y respe7t ! r bi ( $i7a( a$ents4 t"ere is n reas n ! r y ) t pani7. Y ) 7an red)7e y )r s)s7eptibi(ity t bi ( $i7a( a$ents by maintainin$ 7)rrent imm)ni3ati ns4 a* idin$ 7 ntaminated areas4 and 7 ntr ((in$ r dents and pests. Y ) m)st a(s )se pr per !irst aid meas)res in t"e treatment ! 8 )nds and n(y sa!e r pr per(y de7 ntaminated s )r7es ! ! d and 8ater. Y ) m)st ens)re t"at y ) $et en )$" s(eep t pre*ent a r)n-d 8n 7 nditi n. Y ) m)st a(8ays )se pr per !ie(d sanitati n pr 7ed)res. Ass)min$ y ) d n t "a*e a pr te7ti*e mas54 a(8ays try t 5eep y )r !a7e 7 *ered 8it" s me type ! 7( t" t pr te7t y )rse(! a$ainst bi ( $i7a( a$ent aer s (s. D)st may 7 ntain bi ( $i7a( a$entsJ 8ear s me type ! mas5 8"en d)st is in t"e air. Y )r )ni! rm and $( *es 8i(( pr te7t y ) a$ainst bites !r m *e7t rs Em s6)it es and ti75sF t"at 7arry diseases. 1 mp(ete(y b)tt n y )r 7( t"in$ and t)75 y )r tr )sers ti$"t(y int y )r b ts. 'ear a 7"emi7a( pr te7ti*e *er$arment4 i! a*ai(ab(e4 as it pr *ides better pr te7ti n t"an n rma( 7( t"in$. 1 *erin$ y )r s5in 8i(( a(s red)7e t"e 7"an7e ! t"e a$ent enterin$ y )r b dy t"r )$" 7)ts r s7rat7"es. A(8ays pra7ti7e "i$" standards ! pers na( "y$iene and sanitati n t "e(p pre*ent t"e spread ! *e7t rs. /at"e 8it" s ap and 8ater 8"ene*er p ssib(e. Use $ermi7ida( s ap4 i! a*ai(ab(e. 'as" y )r "air and b dy t" r )$"(y4 and 7(ean )nder y )r !in$ernai(s. 1(ean teet"4 $)ms4 t n$)e4 and t"e r ! ! y )r m )t" !re6)ent(y. 'as" y )r 7( t"in$ in " t4 s apy 8ater i! y ) 7an. I! y ) 7ann t 8as" y )r 7( t"in$4 (ay it )t in an area ! bri$"t s)n(i$"t and a(( 8 t"e (i$"t t 5i(( t"e mi7r r$anisms. A!ter a t Ain atta754 de7 ntaminate y )rse(! as i! ! r a 7"emi7a( atta75 )sin$ t"e M2;&A2 5it Ei! a*ai(ab(eF r by 8as"in$ 8it" s ap and 8ater.
She%te&
Y ) 7an b)i(d eApedient s"e(ters )nder bi ( $i7a( 7 ntaminati n 7 nditi ns )sin$ t"e same te7"ni6)es des7ribed in 1"apter ;. 2 8e*er4 y ) m)st ma5e s(i$"t 7"an$es t red)7e t"e 7"an7e ! bi ( $i7a( 7 ntaminati n. D n t b)i(d y )r s"e(ter in depressi ns in t"e $r )nd. Aer s ( sprays tend t 7 n7entrate in t"ese depressi ns. A* id b)i(din$ y )r s"e(ter in areas ! *e$etati n4 as *e$etati n pr *ides s"ade and s me de$ree ! pr te7ti n t bi ( $i7a( a$ents. A* id )sin$ *e$etati n in 7 nstr)7tin$ y )r s"e(ter. #(a7e y )r s"e(terHs entran7e at a <=-de$ree an$(e t t"e pre*ai(in$ 8inds. S)7" p(a7ement 8i(( (imit t"e entry ! airb rne a$ents and pre*ent air sta$nati n in y )r s"e(ter. A(8ays 5eep y )r s"e(ter 7(ean.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t

'ater pr 7)rement )nder bi ( $i7a( 7 nditi ns is di!!i7)(t b)t n t imp ssib(e. '"ene*er p ssib(e4 try t )se 8ater t"at "as been in a sea(ed 7 ntainer. Y ) 7an ass)me t"at t"e 8ater inside t"e sea(ed 7 ntainer is n t 7 ntaminated. 'as" t"e 8ater 7 ntainer t" r )$"(y 8it" s ap and 8ater r b i( it ! r at (east 1= min)tes be! re brea5in$ t"e sea(. I! 8ater in sea(ed 7 ntainers is n t a*ai(ab(e4 y )r neAt 7" i7e4 only under emergency conditions" is 8ater !r m sprin$s. A$ain4 b i( t"e 8ater ! r at (east 1= min)tes be! re drin5in$. :eep t"e 8ater 7 *ered 8"i(e b i(in$ t pre*ent 7 ntaminati n by airb rne pat" $ens. Y )r last choice" only in an e+treme emergency" is t )se standin$ 8ater. Ve7t rs and $erms 7an s)r*i*e easi(y in sta$nant 8ater. / i( t"is 8ater as ( n$ as pra7ti7a( t 5i(( a(( r$anisms. Fi(ter t"is 8ater t"r )$" a 7( t" t rem *e t"e dead *e7t rs. Use 8ater p)ri!i7ati n tab(ets in a(( 7ases.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

F d pr 7)rement4 (i5e 8ater pr 7)rement4 is n t imp ssib(e4 b)t y ) m)st ta5e spe7ia( pre7a)ti ns. Y )r 7 mbat rati ns are sea(ed4 and y ) 7an ass)me t"ey are n t 7 ntaminated. Y ) 7an a(s ass)me t"at sea(ed 7 ntainers r pa75a$es ! pr 7essed ! d are sa!e. . ens)re sa!ety4 de7 ntaminate a(( ! d 7 ntainers by 8as"in$ 8it" s ap and 8ater r by b i(in$ t"e 7 ntainer in 8ater ! r 1= min)tes. @ou consider supplementing your rations with local plants or animals only in e+treme emergencies. N matter 8"at y ) d t prepare t"e ! d4 t"ere is n $)arantee t"at 7 5in$ 8i(( 5i(( a(( t"e bi ( $i7a( a$ents. Use ( 7a( ! d n(y in (i!e r deat" sit)ati ns. Remember4 y ) 7an s)r*i*e ! r a ( n$ time 8it" )t ! d4 espe7ia((y i! t"e ! d y ) eat may 5i(( y )L I! y ) m)st )se ( 7a( ! d4 se(e7t n(y "ea(t"y-( 5in$ p(ants and anima(s. D n t se(e7t 5n 8n 7arriers ! *e7t rs s)7" as rats r t"er *ermin. Se(e7t and prepare p(ants as y ) 8 )(d in radi a7ti*e areas. #repare anima(s as y ) d p(ants. A(8ays )se $( *es and pr te7ti*e 7( t"in$ 8"en "and(in$ anima(s r p(ants. 1 5 a(( p(ant and anima( ! d by b i(in$ n(y. / i( a(( ! d ! r at (east 1= min)tes t 5i(( a(( pat" $ens. D n t try t !ry4 ba5e4 r r ast ( 7a( ! d. ."ere is n $)arantee t"at a(( in!e7ted p rti ns "a*e rea7"ed t"e re6)ired temperat)re t 5i(( a(( pat" $ens. D n t eat ra8 ! d.
C. 0ICAL NVIRON0 NTS

1"emi7a( a$ent 8ar!are is rea(. It 7an 7reate eAtreme pr b(ems in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 b)t y ) 7an *er7 me t"e pr b(ems 8it" t"e pr per e6)ipment4 5n 8(ed$e4 and trainin$. As a s)r*i* r4 y )r !irst (ine ! de!ense a$ainst 7"emi7a( a$ents is y )r pr !i7ien7y in indi*id)a( n)7(ear4 bi ( $i7a(4 and 7"emi7a( EN/1F trainin$4 t in7()de d nnin$ and 8earin$ t"e pr te7ti*e mas5 and *er$arment4 pers na( de7 ntaminati n4 re7 $niti n ! 7"emi7a( a$ent sympt ms4 and indi*id)a( !irst aid ! r 7"emi7a( a$ent 7 ntaminati n. ."e SM1.s 7 *er t"ese s)bBe7ts. I! y ) are n t pr !i7ient in t"ese s5i((s4 y ) 8i(( "a*e (itt(e 7"an7e ! s)r*i*in$ a 7"emi7a( en*ir nment. ."e s)bBe7t matter 7 *ered be( 8 is n t a s)bstit)te ! r any ! t"e indi*id)a( tas5s in 8"i7" y ) m)st be pr !i7ient. ."e SM1.s address t"e *ari )s 7"emi7a( a$ents4 t"eir e!!e7ts4 and !irst aid ! r t"ese a$ents. ."e ! (( 8in$ in! rmati n is pr *ided )nder t"e ass)mpti n t"at y ) are pr !i7ient in t"e )se ! 7"emi7a( pr te7ti*e e6)ipment and 5n 8 t"e sympt ms ! *ari )s 7"emi7a( a$ents.
Dete-ti"# "5 Che*i-!% A/e#t$

."e best met" d ! r dete7tin$ 7"emi7a( a$ents is t"e )se ! a 7"emi7a( a$ent dete7t r. I! y ) "a*e ne4 )se it. 2 8e*er4 in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 y ) 8i(( m st (i5e(y "a*e t re(y s (e(y n t"e )se ! a(( ! y )r p"ysi7a( senses. Y ) m)st be a(ert and ab(e t dete7t any 7()es indi7atin$ t"e )se ! 7"emi7a( 8ar!are. +enera( indi7at rs ! t"e presen7e ! 7"emi7a( a$ents are tears4 di!!i7)(t breat"in$4 7" 5in$4 it7"in$4 7 )$"in$4 and di33iness. 'it" a$ents t"at are *ery "ard t dete7t4 y ) m)st 8at7" ! r sympt ms in !e(( 8 s)r*i* rs. Y )r s)rr )ndin$s 8i(( pr *ide *a()ab(e 7()es t t"e presen7e ! 7"emi7a( a$entsJ ! r eAamp(e4 dead anima(s4 si75 pe p(e4 r pe p(e and anima(s disp(ayin$ abn rma( be"a*i r. Y )r sense ! sme(( may a(ert y ) t s me 7"emi7a( a$ents4 b)t m st 8i(( be d r(ess. ."e d r ! ne8(y 7)t $rass r "ay may indi7ate t"e presen7e ! 7" 5in$ a$ents. A sme(( ! a(m nds may indi7ate b( d a$ents. Si$"t 8i(( "e(p y ) dete7t 7"emi7a( a$ents. M st 7"emi7a( a$ents in t"e s (id r (i6)id state "a*e s me 7 ( r. In t"e *ap r state4 y ) 7an see s me 7"emi7a( a$ents as a mist r t"in ! $ immediate(y a!ter t"e b mb r s"e(( b)rsts. /y bser*in$ ! r sympt ms in t"ers and by bser*in$ de(i*ery means4 y ) may be ab(e t "a*e s me 8arnin$ ! 7"emi7a( a$ents. M)stard $as in t"e (i6)id state 8i(( appear as i(y pat7"es n (ea*es r n b)i(din$s. ."e s )nd ! enemy m)niti ns 8i(( $i*e s me 7()e t t"e presen7e ! 7"emi7a( 8eap ns. M)!!(ed s"e(( r b mb det nati ns are a $ d indi7at r. Irritati n in t"e n se r eyes r n t"e s5in is an )r$ent 8arnin$ t pr te7t y )r b dy !r m 7"emi7a( a$ents. Additi na((y4 a stran$e taste in ! d4 8ater4 r 7i$arettes may ser*e as a 8arnin$ t"at t"ey "a*e been 7 ntaminated.
P&"te-ti"# A/!i#$t Che*i-!% A/e#t$

As a s)r*i* r4 a(8ays )se t"e ! (( 8in$ $enera( steps4 in t"e rder (isted4 t pr te7t y )rse(! !r m a 7"emi7a( atta75M

Use pr te7ti*e e6)ipment. +i*e 6)i75 and 7 rre7t se(!-aid 8"en 7 ntaminated. A* id areas 8"ere 7"emi7a( a$ents eAist. De7 ntaminate y )r e6)ipment and b dy as s n as p ssib(e.
Y )r pr te7ti*e mas5 and *er$arment are t"e 5ey t y )r s)r*i*a(. 'it" )t t"ese4 y ) stand *ery (itt(e 7"an7e ! s)r*i*a(. Y ) m)st ta5e 7are ! t"ese items and pr te7t t"em !r m dama$e. Y ) m)st pra7ti7e and 5n 8 7 rre7t se(!-aid pr 7ed)res be! re eAp s)re t 7"emi7a( a$ents. ."e dete7ti n ! 7"emi7a( a$ents and t"e a* idan7e ! 7 ntaminated areas is eAtreme(y imp rtant t y )r s)r*i*a(. Use 8"ate*er dete7ti n 5its may be a*ai(ab(e t "e(p in dete7ti n. Sin7e y ) are in a s)r*i*a( sit)ati n4 a* id 7 ntaminated areas at a(( 7 sts. Y ) 7an eApe7t n "e(p s" )(d y ) be7 me 7 ntaminated. I! y ) d be7 me 7 ntaminated4 de7 ntaminate y )rse(! as s n as p ssib(e )sin$ pr per pr 7ed)res.
She%te&
I! y ) !ind y )rse(! in a 7 ntaminated area4 try t m *e )t ! t"e area as !ast as p ssib(e. .ra*e( 7r ss8ind r )p8ind t red)7e t"e time spent in t"e d 8n8ind "a3ard area. I! y ) 7ann t (ea*e t"e area immediate(y and "a*e t b)i(d a s"e(ter4 )se n rma( s"e(ter 7 nstr)7ti n te7"ni6)es4 8it" a !e8 7"an$es. /)i(d t"e s"e(ter in a 7(earin$4 a8ay !r m a(( *e$etati n. Rem *e a(( t ps i( in t"e area ! t"e s"e(ter t de7 ntaminate t"e area. :eep t"e s"e(terHs entran7e 7( sed and riented at a <=-de$ree an$(e t t"e pre*ai(in$ 8ind. D n t b)i(d a !ire )sin$ 7 ntaminated 8 d--t"e sm 5e 8i(( be t Ai7. Use eAtreme 7a)ti n 8"en enterin$ y )r s"e(ter s t"at y ) 8i(( n t brin$ 7 ntaminati n inside.
W!te& P&"- &e*e#t
As 8it" bi ( $i7a( and n)7(ear en*ir nments4 $ettin$ 8ater in a 7"emi7a( en*ir nment is di!!i7)(t. 0b*i )s(y4 8ater in sea(ed 7 ntainers is y )r best and sa!est s )r7e. Y ) m)st pr te7t t"is 8ater as m)7" as p ssib(e. /e s)re t de7 ntaminate t"e 7 ntainers be! re penin$. I! y ) 7ann t $et 8ater in sea(ed 7 ntainers4 try t $et it !r m a 7( sed s )r7e s)7" as )nder$r )nd 8ater pipes. Y ) may )se rain8ater r sn 8 i! t"ere is n e*iden7e ! 7 ntaminati n. Use 8ater !r m s( 8-m *in$ streams4 i! ne7essary4 b)t a(8ays 7"e75 !irst ! r si$ns ! 7 ntaminati n4 and a(8ays !i(ter t"e 8ater as des7ribed )nder n)7(ear 7 nditi ns. Si$ns ! 8ater s )r7e 7 ntaminati n are ! rei$n d rs s)7" as $ar(i74 m)stard4 $erani)m4 r bitter a(m ndsJ i(y sp ts n t"e s)r!a7e ! t"e 8ater r nearbyJ and t"e presen7e ! dead !is" r anima(s. I! t"ese si$ns are present4 d n t )se t"e 8ater. A(8ays b i( r p)ri!y t"e 8ater t pre*ent ba7teri ( $i7a( in!e7ti n.
F""( P&"- &e*e#t

It is eAtreme(y di!!i7)(t t eat 8"i(e in a 7 ntaminated area. Y ) 8i(( "a*e t brea5 t"e sea( n y )r pr te7ti*e mas5 t eat. I! y ) eat4 !ind an area in 8"i7" y ) 7an sa!e(y )nmas5. ."e sa!est s )r7e ! ! d is y )r sea(ed 7 mbat rati ns. F d in sea(ed 7ans r b tt(es 8i(( a(s be sa!e. De7 ntaminate a(( sea(ed ! d 7 ntainers be! re penin$4 t"er8ise y ) 8i(( 7 ntaminate t"e ! d. I! y ) m)st s)pp(ement y )r 7 mbat rati ns 8it" ( 7a( p(ants r anima(s4 do not )se p(ants !r m 7 ntaminated areas r anima(s t"at appear t be si75. '"en "and(in$ p(ants r anima(s4 a(8ays )se pr te7ti*e $( *es and 7( t"in$.

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FM 21-76

US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

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