TRAINING REPORT

CONTENTS

RANE Profile RANE EVL Profile Processes in REVL Major Domestic Customers Major Overseas Customers Introduction to Product Production Sequence Im ortant o!servations "ool nomenclature

RANE PROFILE
RANE was founded in 1929 as Rane Private Ltd., trading in Automobiles establis%ed Parts. for In 1959 EN INE !AL!E" L#$ was manufa&turing Internal 'ombustion engine

valves. Rane EVL is a (art of )** &rores Rane grou( of &om(anies. #%e &om(an+ &ommen&ed manufa&turing of valves on 1959 in &ollaboration wit% ,arnboroug% Engineering 'om(an+, -. /19590191)2. #%e first e3(ort order to 4standard engine valves ltd5 on 1967, w%i&% was distinguis%ed tra&8 re&ord of RE!L. In 1972 RE!L, &ommen&ed first medi&al (lant in 1

9+derabad. In 1979 RE!L &ommen&ed s%o( ) at '%ennai (lant. In 199) RE!L &reated its own R:$ fa&ilit+ in '%ennai. #%e main (rodu&t range of Rane Engine !alves are valves, valves guides, 'ams%afts, #a((ets. RE!L is t%e leading manufa&turer of Engine !alves and !alve #rain &om(onents in India. !alves are being e3(orted t%roug%out t%e globe. #%e I"; 9**1 &ertifi&ated from R<#-!, erman+ s%ows t%e effe&tive =ualit+ s+stem being (ra&ti&ed. 9ere RE!L %ave average mont%l+ sales of 11 la&s in t%ree mar8et se&tors. average In t%is 1 la&s goes to ;E se&tor, 2 la&s (er da+ is 5)***. ,oreign e3&%ange ea&% goes to bot% re(la&ement se&tor and e3(ort se&tor. #%e (rodu&tion earned during 2**202**) is Rs. 29).11 million. As at t%e end of >ar&% 2**), t%e total number of em(lo+ees stands at 1?62. RANE (lant 1 is lo&ated in '%ennai its main (rodu&t is engine valves, t%e annual &a(a&it+ is about 9 >illion and total area in "=.mts is about 565**. @uild u( area is about 1776*. RE!L total mar8et s%are in India is about 6* A. In 1997 t%e name of t%e &om(an+ %as been &%anged to Rane engine valves after t%e merger of E'L. Rane is ra(idl+ e3(anding its businesses and o(erations. <it% t%e in&rease in number and siBe of &om(anies, lo&ations and em(lo+ees and &%anges in rules, regulations and laws governing business enter(rises, t%ere is a need to formaliBe t%e Et%i&al "tandards of be%avior a((li&able to all Rane >anagers.

RANE Group: />adras2 Limited

"teering : "us(ension "+stems RANE @ra8es Linings Limited @rea8 Linings, $is& Pads, 'om(osite @ra8e @lo&8s, and 'lut&% fa&ings. #R< RANE o&&u(ant Restraints Limited "eat @elt "+stems RANE Naste&% Limited Energ+ Absorbing "teering 'olumns ASSOCIATE COMPANIES: .ar >obile Limited /.>L2 Automotive !alves. Large $iesel !alves for lo&omotive a((li&ation RANE Engine !alves Limited !alves, !alve 'ran8s%afts C>A RANE >ar8eting Limited $istribution 'om(an+ for auto &om(onents. RANE Policy 4<e will &om(l+ full+ wit% all laws governing our o(erations and &ondu&t our affairs in a&&ordan&e wit% t%e %ig%est et%i&al and legal standards5. 'om(lian&e wit% t%is (oli&+ means not onl+ observing t%e law but also &ondu&ting t%e &om(an+Ds business at all its lo&ations in su&% a manner as to ensure t%at RANE is re&ogniBed as an et%i&al, law abiding &or(orate &itiBen. #%e s(irit of t%is (oli&+ demands t%at t%e &om(an+ 3 uides, 'ams%afts, #a((ets, 'om(ressor engines : defense

maintains a %ig% degree of integrit+ in its intera&tions wit% all its &onstituents, &ustomers, em(lo+ees, s%are%olders, su((liers et&.

RANE GROUP PROFILE

Rane Group

1. Rane Engine !alve Limited

!alves, valve

uide,

&ams%afts, #a((ets, 2. Rane />adras2 Limited ). Rane @ra8e Linings Limited &om(ressor &ran8s%afts "teering : sus(ension "+stem @ra8e linings, $is8 (ads, and &om(osite bra8e blo&8s, ?. Rane #R< steering s+stems limited 5. #R< Rane o&&u(ant Restraints Limited 6. Rane Naste&% Limited "eat belt s+stems Energ+ Absorbing "teering 'olumns. &lut&% faring. Power steering s+stems

RANE ENGINE VALVES LIMITED PLANT DETAILS:

 Plant 1 at Aland%ur, '%ennai Plant 2 at 9+derabad Plant ) at '%ennai Plant ? at 9+derabad Plant 5 at tiru&%+ MISSION & VALUE: Provide su(erior (rodu&ts and servi&es to our &ustomers and maintain >ar8et leaders%i(. Evolve as an institution t%at serves t%e best interests off all sta8e%olders. Pursue e3&ellen&e t%roug% #otal Eualit+ >anagement. Ensure t%e %ig%est standards of et%i&s and integrit+ in all our a&tions. VISION: <e will ensure t%e %ig%est standards of business et%i&s and integrit+ in all our a&tions. <e believe t%is to be vital to t%e su&&ess of t%e RANE enter(rise. <e en&ourage ever+ em(lo+ee to s%are t%is value. UALIT! POLIC!: RE!L is &ommitted to deliver su(erior &ustomer value b+ &ontinuousl+ im(roving its (ro&esses and s+stems t%roug% &ross0fun&tional management and em(lo+ee involvement.

O"#ECTIVES OF REVL:

4#%e &or(orate obFe&tive of RE!L is 4#o maintain t%e leaders%i( (osition in India in bot% ;E> and after0mar8et se&tors and o be&ome a #E> 'om(an+ and emerge as a maFor (la+er in t%e International mar8et su((l+ing (rodu&ts and servi&es of outstanding =ualit+5. UALIT! CERTIFICATION: 'ertified to E" 9*** G I"; 9**1 b+ R<#-!, Hero <arrant+ in t%e last five +ears ,ive times winner of t%e 4@est !endor Award5 from >aruti -d+og Lt. National Award for Eualit+ from t%e Automotive 'om(onents, >anufa&turesD Asso&iation of India. SCOPE: #%e term I&om(an+D, refers to all &om(anies in t%e RANE rou(, its subsidiaries and Foint ventures at all lo&ations. #%e term ImanagersD &overs all em(lo+ees from erman+

Assistant >anager u(wards. All managers will &om(l+ wit% t%e standards des&ribed %erein as an integral (art of t%e terms and &onditions of em(lo+ment wit% t%e &om(an+. An infra&tion of an+ of t%ese standards, will t%erefore, be &onsidered as volatile of t%ose terms and &onditions. Im(li&it in t%ese standards is t%e e3(e&tation t%at all managers will &onsider t%e larger interests of t%e grou( and a((ro(riate business information and e3(erien&es will be s%ared to s+nergiBe resour&es. Re$pon$i%ili&ie$ o' e(ery 'unc&ional )ea*:

All fun&tional %eads s%ould ta8e reasonable ste(s to ensure t%at managers in t%eir de(artment are ,amiliar wit% and understand t%e Et%i&al "tandards of @e%avior E3(e&ted of t%em. En&ouraged to %ave fran8 and o(en dis&ussions on issues relating to 'om(lian&es wit% t%e standards. PROCESS IN RANE EVL #%e item of manufa&ture is inlet and e3%aust valves for I' Engines. All four0stro8e engines are fitted wit% valves. All two0 stro8e engines do not %ave valves but t%e+ are fitted wit% (orts. #%e (ur(ose of inlet valves is to allow t%e entr+ of t%e fuel to t%e &ombustion &%amber and t%e e3%aust valves allows t%e e3%aust gases from t%e &ombustion &%amber role in im(roving t%e fuel effi&ien&+ of t%e engine and it is a &riti&al (at%. #%e flow &%art indi&ates t%e general se=uen&e of o(erations in t%e manufa&ture of a valve. #%e raw material is re&eived in long base of around ?***mm long. @ar &ut off and grinding on diameter -(setting and forging 9eat treatment Roug% grinding

>a&%ine li8e turning "(e&ial (ro&ess li8e &%rome0(lating tuff triding et& final grinding

 REVL IS:

Pa&8ing $is(at&%

A &ustomer0driven &om(an+. <it% )5 +ears of e3(erien&e in valve manufa&turing <ide range of (rodu&ts 9as te&%nolog+ suitable for bat&% (rodu&tion >anagement team &ommitted to "otal #ualit$ Mana%ement &"#M' 9as =ualit+ s+stem &onforming to I"; 9*** s+stem ,o&us on &ontinuous im(rovement. <illing to ma8e investments to meet individual

&ustomer needs.

MA#OR DOMESTIC CUSTOMERS: L>L @aFaF Auto Limited 'ummins India Ei&%er>otors Enfield India Es&orts 9+undai >otors ,iat India "im(son 9ero 9onda >otors 9industan PowerPlus L : # Co%n $eere 9industan>otor

 .ine&ti& Engineering #ata 'ummins As%o8 Le+land >a%indra : >a%indra #el&o >aruti-d+og /"uBu8i2 #!">otors "waraF>aBda Jama%a >otors MA#OR OVERSEAS CUSTOMERS: $E-#H, ER>ANJ

'A"E NE< 9;LLAN$, -. LI"#ER PE##ER, -. PER.IN", -. EL IN <;RL$ #RA$E, -" >"I >;#;R", ER>ANJ

NA";N, A-"#RALIA PRE'I"I;N PAR#", -" #;R.A>AN, IRAN #R<, '9INA >ANLEJ PER,;R>AN'E, -"

REVL PLAN" 1 2 ) ? PRODUCT !alves !alves uides #a((ets !alves 'ams%afts 'ran8s%afts LOCATION '%ennai 9+derabad Ponneri, '%ennai 9+derabad

In&ro*uc&ion Engine valves are made mainl+ from austenite /210?N and 210?)N2 and martensite /EN52 and EN17$2 materials. #%ese materials are blended wit% a fair amount of &%romium and mol+bdenum.

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Fi+,: Deu&- inle& (al(e. /a&c)e* por&ion i$ &)e $&elli&e *epo$i& #%e valve under stud+ is t%e DEUT0 inle& (al(e. As (er t%e &ustomer re=uirement, a re&ess %ad to be ma&%ined in t%e valve seat region to de(osit STELLITE( #%e (arent material of t%e valve is martensiti& EN052 material. #%e EN052 material is &olour0&oded in o3ford blue. "tellite is %arder t%an t%e allo+ steel valve material. 9en&e t%e de(osition of stellite in t%e valve seat region in&reases t%e %ardness and strengt% of t%e valve seat during &ontinuous o(eration inside an I' engine. #%e stellite used in t%e P#A welding (ro&ess is of grade I,D. #%e &om(osition of grade I,D stellite is mentioned furt%er in t%e re(ort. #%e &ustomer s(e&ifi&ation re=uired t%e valve fa&e t%i&8ness to be at a minimum of 1.2mm. #%is s(e&ifi&ation was mainl+ to ensure t%at t%e stellite &oating on t%e valve seat does not eat into t%e valve fa&e. Ai1 o' Pro2ec&: #o (rove #9$, ,a&ing, Re&ess turning o(eration for t%e $eutB inlet valve &an be (erformed in single 'N' >K'. #%e &onventional met%od and t%e modified met%od of o(eration are mentioned furt%er in t%e re(ort.

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)i% *+

Plan: Identifi&ation of >K' "tud+ of drawing. #o stud+ t%e &urrent tooling : modifi&ations needed for &ombined ma&%ining. Arrange for t%e tooling re=uired Arrange t%e &o0ordinate drawing. #o write 'N' (rogramme for t%e #9$, ,,, Re&ess o(eration. 'ondu&tion of (ilot trial. #o establis% t%e (ro&ess. #o establis% standard o(erating (ro&edure. Ac&ion$ carrie* ou& 'or pilo& Trial: >K' IdentifiedL 'N' 2?21 >odified floating Nose wit% ;uter diameter 25mm : lengt% 27 mm, bore diameter 9mm ta8en. "tem &ollet 7.6mm 'N' &ollet Inserts usedL "N>A 12*?*7 /#9$, ,,2 $N> redu&e ma&%ining &ost2. #ool %olders G P""NL 2*2*812/"N>A2 : P$CNR 2*2*.15/$N> 2 15*6*? /Re&ess2 /later re(la&ed b+ a #N>A16*?*7 insert to

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 As (er t%e &o0ordinate drawing, Programme %as been written for t%e (ro(osed 9ead diameter turning, fa&ing in t%e tool 1 : Re&ess in t%e se&ond tool. 9* Nos. %ave been (ro&essed su&&essfull+. >K' 2279 G 'N' was modified for t%e above set of o(erations. #%e tailsto&8 base : !0blo&8 movement %ave been &orre&ted. New tool %olders %ave been fi3ed : &%e&8ed for idle running. 'oolant motor 0 not wor8ing G &orre&ted. >anual Loading : ma&%ining tried. Programming done for >K' 2279 : tried. #%e (rofile found to be o8 'N' >K' 2279 was (rogrammed wit% &odes from 'N' >K' 2?21. Cob &%u&8 was re(la&ed to a&&ommodate t%e $eutB (attern. Position of tool %older P$CNR 2*2*.15 was altered to fa&ilitate Recess turning o(eration. #ool %older P$CNR 2*2*.15 is angled towards t%e forged (attern to utiliBe t%e available 16mm &learan&e to ma&%ine t%e re&ess. Profile of ma&%ined valves were &%e&8ed and found to be ;.. Re&ess run0out was measured in sam(les ma&%ined t%roug% t%e &onventional met%od and t%roug% modified 'N' met%od. #%e modified 'N' met%od (roved to be more ideal as t%e run0out values t%roug% t%is met%od was well wit%in t%e limits. A bul8 lot of ?***Nos. %ad been (ro&essed su&&essfull+. #%ese valves were followed till t%e final stage in ,I$. Em(lo+ing t%e modified re&ess met%od redu&ed t%e reFe&tion (er&entage due to seat melt. #%e reFe&tion (er&entage from t%e &onventional met%od was 9.)A w%en &om(ared to 1.?A after em(lo+ing t%e modified re&ess met%od.

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Con(en&ional Pro*uc&ion Se3uence #%e se=uen&e of (rodu&tion of t%e $eutB inlet valve is as followsL ,ar stora%e ,ar cut-off ,ar %rindin% Electric u settin% )or%in% )or%e ins ection Strai%.tenin% / Annealin% S.ot !lastin% )ace finis.in% 0ead diametric turnin% Recess turnin% P"A de osition &stellite %rade 1)2 de osition in t3o la$ers after re.eatin% at a!out 456-/556 C( stellite de osition at a!out 7556 C in lasma state' Ins ection of de osit 0ead diametric turnin% * Seat diametric turnin% / Pre-0eatin% 0ardenin% "em erin% Strai%.tenin% * S.o ins ection for radius run-out and stem run-out "urn .ead diameter8 face and co $ turn in t3o cuts 9et end C.amfer )inis. end / Induction .ardenin% end / C.ec: .ardness ;roove and reduce stem end t.rou%. %rindin% Crac: detection C.rome flas. Polis. nec: radius and seat ;rind seat Polis. stem )inis. end *

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Ins ect for seat crac: <ltrasonic testin% )inal ins ection Product audit

orosit$ in all valves

Modified Production Sequence ,a&e finis%, %ead dia turning and re&ess turning are (erformed in t%e same 'N' >K' 2279. #%is is done to redu&e reFe&tion rate, &+&le time and im(rove (rodu&tivit+. Initiall+, t%ere was no radius of 1R in t%e re&ess area. 'onventional t+(e of ma&%ining was done to (erform #9$, ,, and Re&ess turning o(erations. #%ese t%ree o(erations were (erformed se(aratel+. @+ modif+ing t%e (rodu&tion se=uen&e, t%e radius of re&ess was mentioned in drawing and all t%ree o(erations were (erformed in a single 'N' ma&%ine. Pro*uc&ion Se3uence: "ar S&ora+e: #%e allo+ steel bars are re&eived from t%e su((liers and stored in t%e stores. #%e (arent material of t%e valve is martensiti& EN052 material. #%e EN052 material is &olour0&oded in o3ford blue. #%e bars are usuall+ su((lied in t%e form of ver+ long rods /about ?2**mm2, w%i&% are t%en &ut to an a((ro3imate lengt% before forging. "ar cu&4o'': #%e rods are &ut to an a((ro3imate lengt% of about 26)mm before u(setting. Allowan&es are given before &ut0off to (rovide ma&%ining allowan&es. "ar Grin*in+: After t%e bars are &ut, t%e ends of t%e bar are made to undergo fa&e grinding to ensure flat surfa&es at bot% fa&es of t%e bar. #%ese flat surfa&es (la+ a vital role during u(setting in s(reading t%e %eat uniforml+ along t%e lengt% of t%e bar. After grinding t%e ends of t%e bar. #%e edges are &%amfered in a roug% manner. Up$e&&in+: #%e bars t%en undergo t%e ele&tri& u(setting (ro&ess w%erein t%e bars are (la&ed in an 15

u(setting >K' and ele&tri&al resistan&e is made to (ass t%roug% one of its ends. ,eed is given at t%e ot%er end. #%is &auses t%e to( end of t%e bar to deform into a molten bulb. #%is bulb formation is due to t%e %eat generated due to ele&tri&al resistan&e (assing t%roug% t%e u((er end of t%e bar. #%ere are indentions on t%e anvil to ensure t%at t%e bar does not bend during u(setting. #%e ele&tri&al resistan&e raises t%e tem(erature to about 91*M ' to 1*1*M'. #%e indentions in t%e anvil deform over a (eriod of time due to re(eated u(setting. For+in+: Immediatel+ after u(setting, w%en t%e bulb is still in t%e molten form it is made to undergo dro( forging. iven t%e re=uirements of t%e (attern, t%e toleran&es are given in t%e &avit+ of t%e die to (rovide a re&ess formation. #%e forging o(eration for t%e (attern is done under a load of )25 tonnes. After forging t%e valve sam(les are ins(e&ted for an+ form of deformation t%at mig%t %ave o&&urred during u(setting or forging. S&rai+)&enin+ ,: #%e first straig%tening o(eration is (erformed on valves, w%i&% suffer from stem run0out. "tem run0out &an be &orre&ted b+ allowing t%e bent stem to be wor8ed u(on b+ a trio of rollers. #%ese rollers straig%ten t%e stem wit%out affe&ting t%e (%+si&al (ro(erties of t%e stem. Annealin+: After forge ins(e&tion and straig%tening, t%e valves are made to undergo t%e annealing (ro&ess. Annealing is one of t%e most im(ortant widel+ used o(erations in t%e %eat treatment of steel. #%e (ur(ose of annealing is to soften t%e steel, im(rove ma&%inabilit+, in&rease toug%ness and %ardness, relieve internal stresses, and refine grain siBe and to (re(are t%e steel for subse=uent %eat treatment. Passing t%e valves t%roug% t%e annealing (ro&ess Bone does t%is. #%e a&tual (ro&ess Bone about 2.1 metres long. #%e valves are raised to a tem(erature of about 1**M ' to 9**M ', de(ending on t%e nature of t%e material. #%e o(erator &an manuall+ &ontrol t%e tem(erature wit%in t%e Bone. #%e o(erator &an also &ontrol t%e s(eed of t%e bed t%roug% t%e annealing Bone. -nder normal &ir&umstan&es, t%e valves are made to (ass t%roug% t%e Bone in one %our. Immediatel+ at t%e e3it of t%e annealing Bone, t%e valves are &ooled 16

using a blast of &old air. #%e &old air is &reated b+ means of a &entrifugal blower. #%is &ooling of t%e valves %el(s in redu&ing t%e tem(erature of t%e valves &onsiderabl+ so t%at t%e o(erator &an manuall+ unload t%e valves from t%e moving bed. S)o& "la$&in+: "%ot blasting is done after annealing to &lean t%e valves. #%is &leaning involves t%e removal of (%+si&al forms of s&ales atta&%ed to t%e surfa&e of t%e valves. It also (rovides a ver+ aest%eti& a((earan&e to t%e valve. #%is (ro&ess also %el(s in in&reasing t%e %ardness of t%e material of t%e valve. #%e s%ot0blasting &%amber is a &ubi&le &%amber into w%i&% about )** valves &an be loaded for one o(eration. #%e valves are t%en blasted onto ea&% ot%er and simultaneousl+ a blast of tin+ metal balls is dire&ted at t%e valves. "(%eri&al steel s%ots used0 s2)* grade0?5* !9N /52 8gKbed2. #%is &leans t%e valves are annealing and t%e blast of t%ese tin+ metal balls in&reases t%e %ardness of t%e material of t%e valve. CNC Mac)inin+: After s%ot blasting, 'N' ma&%ining is done to t%e valves. #wo inserts namel+ SNMA/*5=5> and DNM;/4575= are used to (erform t%ree o(erations in t%e same CNC M?C No(**>@. Face Fini$)in+: #%is o(eration is done using t%e SNMA/*5=5> insert &lam(ed b+ a PSSNL*5*5A/* tool %older /2*32* dimensions2. #%e valves were loaded into t%e &%ute of t%e 'N' >K' and were (neumati&all+ loaded into t%e Fob0&%u&8. 'ooling fluid is used during t%is o(eration ensure smoot% o(eration and longer tool life. /ea* Dia1e&er Turnin+: #%e #9$ o(eration is done using t%e SNMA/*5=5> insert. It is (erformed immediatel+ after t%e valve fa&ing o(eration. #%e #9$ o(eration is a ver+ a((ro3imate turning o(eration, as t%e final turning o(eration will be (erformed onl+ after t%e de(osition of stellite. Rece$$ Turnin+: #%e re&ess turning o(eration is (erformed using t%e DNM;/4575= insert &lam(ed b+ a PDBNR*5*5A/4 tool %older /2*32* dimensions2. $uring t%e re&ess turning o(eration, t%e use of a PDBNR*5*5A/4 tool %older %aving 1632* dimensions was suggested, but t%e 2*32* tool %older was used after

17

(roviding ade=uate relief for t%e ma3imum utiliBation of t%e available 17mm &learan&e between t%e Fob &%u&8 and t%e valve %ead. Note: ".e a!ove C o erations 3ere erformed in t.e same CNC M?C No(**>@( Durin% furt.er mac.inin%8 t.e DNM;/4575= insert 3as re laced !$ a "NMA/75=5> insert to reduce mac.inin% cost( ".e follo3in% information 3as o!tained from t.e CNC M?C( 1. 2. ). ?. 5. 6. 1. '+&le timeL 29.22 se&ondsKvalve No. ;f valvesK%ourL 114 !alvesK%our No. ;f valvesKs%iftL about 400 >a&%ining #imeL 19.06 se&ondsKvalve "N>A #ool lifeL 110 Nos.Kedge #N>A #ool lifeL 0 Nos.Kedge $N> #ool lifeL 1 0 Nos.Kedge

Fi+ 5: Propo$e* CNC Opera&in+ Se3uence

18

 PTA Proce$$: #%e a&ron+m P#A stands for PLASMA "RAN)ER ARC. #%is (ro&ess is done to de(osit stellite on t%e valve %ead in t%e re&ess. #%e de(osition ta8es (la&e under (lasma state, w%i&% %a((ens to be t%e fourt% state of e3isten&e. "tellite is available in t%e form of a (owder. iven below is t%e &om(osition of stellite. #%e stellite used is t%e P#A welding (ro&ess is grade I,D. #%e following &om(osition is t%e (er&entage b+ weig%t of t%e &onstituents of stellite. 1. 2. ). ?. 5. 6. 1. 7. 'arbonL 1.5A to2A '%romiumL 2)A to 21A #ungsten /<2L 1*.5A to 1).5A "ili&onL >a3. 1.5A Ni&8elL 2*.5A to 2?.5A Iron /,e2L >a3. )A >anganeseL >a3. *.6A 'obaltL Rest

Ar& welding is e3tensivel+ em(lo+ed. 9ere t%e sour&e of %eat is an ar&. #%e ar& &olumn is generated between an anode, w%i&% is t%e (ositive (ole of $' (ower su((l+, and t%e &at%ode, t%e negative (ole. <%en t%ese two &ondu&tors of an ele&tri& &ir&uit are broug%t toget%er and se(arated for a small distan&e /2 to ?mm2 su&% t%at t%e &urrent &ontinues to flow t%roug% a (at% of ioniBed (arti&les /gaseous medium2, &alled (lasma, an ele&tri& ar& is formed. #%is ioniBed gas &olumn a&ts as a %ig% resistan&e &ondu&tor t%at enables more ions to flow from t%e anode to t%e &at%ode. 9eat is generated as t%e ions stri8e t%e &at%ode. #%is ion t%eor+ does not of &ourse e3(lain t%e ar& &olumn. Ele&tri&al energ+ is &onverted into %eat energ+. A((ro3imatel+ 18<% of ele&tri&it+ will &reate 25* &alories /1*** C2, t%e tem(erature at t%e &enter of t%e ar& being 6***M' to 1***M'. #%e tem(erature of t%e ar&, of &ourse de(ends u(on t%e t+(e of ele&trodes between w%i&% it is stru&8. #%e %eat of t%e ar& raises t%e tem(erature of t%e (arent material, w%i&% is melted forming a (ool of molten metal. #%e blast of t%e ar& for&es t%e molten metal out of t%e (ool, t%us forming a small de(ression in t%e (arent metal, around w%i&% t%e molten metal is (iled u(. #%is is 8nown as t%e arc crater. #%e distan&e t%roug% t%e &enter of t%e ar& from t%e ti( of t%e ele&trode to t%e bottom of t%e ar& &rater is termed as arc len%t.. #%e ar& lengt% is 19

a vital variable in a welding (ro&ess and s%ould be ) to ? mm. an im(ortant reason for t%is is t%at t%e globules of molten ele&trode metal in t%e (ro&ess of de(osition s%ould %ave t%e smallest (ossible &%an&e of &oming in &onta&t wit% t%e ambient air and s%ould absorb as little o3+gen from it as (ossible be&ause o3+gen %as an adverse effe&t on t%e me&%ani&al (ro(erties of t%e weld metal. $ilution fa&tor of t%e P#A is ver+ less 5A w%en &om(are wit% 2*025A t+(i&all+ obtained w%en %ard fa&ing b+ > A<, #I . #%e stellite (owder is melted at a tem(erature above 6***M ' and t%en de(osited in t%e re&ess (ortion in two la+ers. #o (revent &ra&8s on t%e surfa&e of t%e valve, t%e valves are (re0%eated to about 1**M ' to 15*M '. t%e noBBle of t%e P#A ma&%ine generates a (ilot ar& at all times to ioniBe t%e surroundings around t%e valve bed. #%is ioniBation of t%e surroundings ta8es (la&e mainl+ to maintain an inert atmos(%ere around t%e bed. #%e (re0 %eated valve is (la&ed on t%e bed of t%e P#A welding ma&%ine. #%e bed rotates during de(osition of stellite. #%e rotation of t%e bed is to ensure t%an t%e stellite is de(osited uniforml+ in t%e re&ess (ortion. #%e stellite de(osited in t%e re&ess forms a bead. #%e e3&ess stellite from t%e bead formation will be removed during furt%er ma&%ining of t%e valve %ead. #%e advantage of using P#A welding over t%e normal #I welding is t%e s%a(e of t%e ar& generated. #I welding generated a &oni&al ar& w%ereas t%e P#A welding generates a &+lindri&al ar&. After t%e P#A (ro&ess is over, t%e valves are ins(e&ted for blow%oles. 'ross0 se&tional anal+sis is also done to randoml+ sele&ted sam(les to as&ertain if t%e stellite %as flowed into t%e valve fa&e. #%e anal+sis &an also %el( in ensuring t%at t%e minimum 1.2mm fa&e t%i&8ness is maintained uniforml+ all0around t%e fa&e of t%e valve. After t%e P#A de(osition, t%e sam(les were ta8en to t%e laborator+ w%ere alarming levels of in&lusions were found in t%e (arent material of t%e valve in a (arti&ular bat&%. $ue to alarming levels of in&lusions in t%e (arent material of t%e valve, t%e ris8 of failure of t%e &om(onent during o(eration arises to a large e3tent. 9en&e t%e material su((lier was &onta&ted to ensure t%e deliver+ of flaw0less (arent materials. It was also found t%at, during de(osition of stellite, t%e (arent material was getting melted at t%e interfa&e due to t%e %ig% tem(eratures subFe&ted u(on t%e (arent material during stellite de(osition.

20

9en&e immediate &orre&tive measures were ta8en to ensure t%at t%e valve land t%i&8ness at t%e re&ess remains t%e same after stellite de(osition to avoid an+ (ossibilit+ of t%e stellite rea&%ing t%e surfa&e of t%e valve fa&e. #%e following were t%e (arameters observed from t%e P#A (ro&ess. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. $e(osit weig%t G 1*.)gramsKvalve /a!era"e of #urning $evi&e s(eed G *.2* RP> Plasma gas flow rate G 2.5 LP> Prote&tion gas flow rate G 12 LP> Powder gas flow rate G 1.5 LP> nos.2

/ea* Dia1e&ric Turnin+: After &om(leting t%e P#A welding (ro&ess, t%e &leared sam(les are t%en turned to rea&% t%e re=uired %ead diameter. $uring t%e turning o(eration, t%e insert ma+ be for&ed to remove some of t%e stellite, w%i&% %as been de(osited along t%e (eri(%er+ of t%e valve %ead. "tellite, being %arder t%an t%e (arent material of t%e valve, t%e insert to be used s%ould be able to wit%stand t%e loading w%ile ma&%ining stellite. #%e "N>A12*?*7 insert is used for t%is o(eration. Alt%oug% t%e tool life was long during t%e earlier #9$ (ro&ess, t%e tool0life is bound to de&rease as it is for&ed to ma&%ine t%e %arder stellite &oating on t%e (eri(%er+ of t%e valve fa&e. Turn Sea&: After ins(e&ting and &%e&8ing t%e dimension of t%e valve %ead diameter, t%e valve seat is ma&%ined to remove t%e bead formation and t%e e3&ess stellite. "tellite, being %arder t%an t%e (arent material of t%e valve, t%e insert to be used s%ould be able to wit%stand t%e loading w%ile ma&%ining stellite. Pre4/ea&in+: After (ost0P#A ma&%ining, t%e valves are sent for 9eating. #%is re=uires t%e valves to be loaded in a tra+ and immersing t%e tra+ in a (it0 furna&e. #%e valves are suddenl+ subFe&ted to e3treme tem(erature in t%e range of 1***M' to 12**M'. #%e (itG furna&e %as a lid w%i&% seals t%e (it firml+. @ut during t%e initial 2* minutes of (la&ing of t%e valve0 tra+ in t%e (it, t%e lid is left (artiall+ o(en. #%is is to allow t%e smo8e formed during sudden %eating of t%e valves, out of t%e (it ot%erwise s&ales will be formed on t%e surfa&e of t%e valves. ;n&e t%e smo8e

21

sto(s, t%e lid is firml+ begins to rise stee(l+.

s%ut

and

t%e

tem(erature

/ar*enin+: #%e (ro&ess of %ardening is a((lied to materials and &om(onents intended for s(e&ial %eav+0 dut+ servi&e as well as to all (arts made of allo+ steel. #%e (ur(ose of %ardening wit% subse=uent tem(ering is to im(rove strengt%, elasti&it+, and toug%ness and to develo( %ig% %ardness to resist wear. #%e (ro&ess &onsists of %eating t%e material to a %ig% tem(erature above t%e &riti&al (oint, %olding at t%is tem(erature for a &onsiderable (eriod and t%en =uen&%ing in water oil or in a molten salt bat%. #%e tem(erature of t%e (it0furna&e %eating &oil is maintained at about 1***M' to 12**M'. After smo8e sto(s, t%e lid is firml+ s%ut, &ausing t%e tem(erature wit%in t%e (it0furna&e to rise stee(l+. #%e tem(erature of t%e valves too rises due to t%is. ;n&e t%e tem(eratures of t%e valves rea&% t%e tem(eratures of t%e %eating &oils, an indi&ator is illuminated on t%e o(eratorsD (anel. @+ t%is time /usuall+ about 15 to 9* minutes2, t%e valves and t%e tra+ &arr+ing t%em will be glowing0%ot. #%is %a((ens as t%e tem(erature of t%e valves and t%e tra+ is around 1***M'. #%e valves are removed from t%e (it0furna&e and immediatel+ immersed into an oil0bat% to undergo uenc)in+. #%e oil is stored in an o(en oil0bat% at about 9*M'. <ater lines are (assed t%roug% t%e oil0 bat% to maintain t%e tem(erature. As soon as t%e vales are removed along wit% t%e tra+, t%e+ are immersed in t%is bat%. 'are needs to be ta8en w%ile immersing t%e tra+ into t%e oil0bat%. #%e oil being (etroleum0based, t%e red0%ot valves and t%e valve tra+s &ause t%e oil to burn instantaneousl+. #%is %a((ens onl+ till t%e valves are &om(letel+ immersed in t%e oil. ;n&e t%e valves are &ooled to a &onsiderable tem(erature, t%e+ are removed from t%e oil. #%e valves are t%en unloaded and t%en sent for tem(ering. Te1perin+: After %ardening and oil =uen&%ing, t%e valves are made to undergo t%e tem(ering (ro&ess. <%en a valve is ta8en out of t%e =uen&%ing medium, as alread+ stated, it is %ard, brittle and will %ave severe une=uall+ distributed internal stresses besides ot%er unfavourable &%ara&teristi&s. In general, tem(ering restores du&tilit+ and redu&es %ardness and results in some de&rease in %ardness. #%e (rimar+ 22

obFe&tives of tem(ering are to stabiliBe t%e stru&ture of t%e metal, to redu&e internal stresses (rodu&ed during (revious %eating, to redu&e some of t%e %ardness (rodu&ed during %ardening and to in&rease t%e du&tilit+ of t%e metal and to give t%e material of t%e valve rig%t stru&tural &ondition &ombined wit% toug%ness and s%o&80resistan&e. #%e tem(ering treatment re=uires re%eating of t%e valve after %ardening to tem(eratures below &riti&al (oint, %olding it for &onsiderable time, and allows it to &ool slowl+. It is desirable t%at t%e tem(erature of t%e valve s%all be maintained for not less t%an ? to 5 minutes for ea&% millimetre of t%e se&tion. #%e e3a&t tem(erature at w%i&% tem(ering s%ould be &arried out de(ends on t%e (ur(ose of t%e valve and valve material. !alves usuall+ undergo 0i%.-"em erature "em erin%. 9ig%0tem(erature tem(ering is done in t%e range of 5**M' to 65*M'. At t%ese tem(eratures internal stresses are almost &om(letel+ eliminated. 9ig%0tem(erature tem(ering im(arts %ig% du&tilit+ to (arts, +et (ermits t%em to retain ade=uate %ardness. Passing t%e valves t%roug% t%e tem(ering Bone in&reases t%e tem(erature of t%e valves. #%is (ro&ess is ver+ similar to annealing e3&e(t t%at it is (erformed after annealing and %ardening (ro&esses. #%e a&tual tem(ering Bone is about 19**mm long. #%e valves are raised to a tem(erature of about 6**M ' to 65*M ', t%e (res&ribed tem(erature for t%e $eutB inlet valve. #%e o(erator &an manuall+ &ontrol t%e tem(erature wit%in t%e Bone. #%e o(erator &an also &ontrol t%e s(eed of t%e bed t%roug% t%e Bone. -nder normal &ir&umstan&es, t%e valves are made to (ass t%roug% t%e Bone in one %our. #%e valves are made to (ass t%roug% t%e tem(ering Bone in 9* minutes. As t%e valves enter t%e tem(ering Bone, it &an be observed t%at t%e oil &oating on t%e valve obtained due to =uen&%ing, begins to eva(orate be&ause of t%e e3tremes of tem(erature. Immediatel+ at t%e e3it of t%e tem(ering Bone, t%e valves are &ooled using a blast of &old air. #%e &old air is &reated b+ means of a &entrifugal blower. #%is &ooling of t%e valves %el(s in redu&ing t%e tem(erature of t%e valves &onsiderabl+ so t%at t%e o(erator &an manuall+ unload t%e valves from t%e moving bed. #%e moving bed &an also dro( t%e valves in trolle+ if one is (la&ed at t%e end of t%e bed.

23

 S&rai+)&enin+ 6: #%is is done to &orre&t an+ forms of run0out a valve ma+ %ave suffered during an+ of t%e (revious o(erations. S)op In$pec&ion: #%e valves are ta8en to t%e s%o( and are &%e&8ed for radius run0out. In&ase of run0out, t%e valves are &orre&ted and sent along wit% t%e ot%er valves for furt%er ma&%ining. Radius run0out is t%e run0out formed at t%e Fun&tion of t%e valve stem and valve %ead. Rou+) Cen&erle$$ , & 6: #%is is a roug% &enterless o(eration w%ere t%e stem siBe will be redu&ed and t%e stem run0out will be &ontrolled. Turn )ea* *ia1e&er7 'acin+ an* copy &urn: $uring t%is o(eration, t%e valves undergo furt%er ma&%ining. An "N>A insert and a #N>A insert will (erform t%e valve %ead diametri& turning and fa&ing o(eration. #%e turn %ead dia and fa&ing will be &arried out in a 'N' t%roug% stem %olding and &o(+ turn is done in anot%er 'N' >K' &lam(ing of t%e %ead. After t%is, anot%er tool (erforms &o(+ turning, w%i&% is t%e turning o(eration (erformed on t%e ne&8 region of t%e valve. #%e e3&ess material from t%e ne&8 region of t%e valve is removed during t%is o(eration. 8e& en*: In t%is (ro&ess, t%e ro&8er arm end of t%e valve undergoes roug% grinding. #%is o(eration is (erformed to remove t%e e3&ess material from t%e ro&8er arm end : maintain t%e overall lengt% of t%e valve. C)a1'er: After wet0end, t%e ro&8er arm end is &%amfered. #%is &%amfer is one of t%e finis%ing o(erations for t%e $eutB inlet valve and t%e &%amfer (la+s a vital role during indu&tion %ardening. Fini$) En*: Now t%e valve is again grinding. #%is is anot%er grinding (erformed on t%e valve. #%e lengt% graduall+ redu&es to %el( in t%e Fob t%e entire se=uen&e of ma&%ining. made to undergo o(eration being of t%e stem is inde3ing during

In*uc&ion /ar*enin+: In t%is (ro&ess, a %ig% fre=uen&+ &urrent is (assed t%roug% a &o((er indu&tor blo&8, 24

w%i&% a&ts as a (rimar+ &oil of a transformer. #%e blo&8 is (la&ed around but does not tou&% t%e surfa&es to be %ardened. #%e %eating effe&t is due to t%e indu&ted edd+ &urrent and %+steresis loss in t%e surfa&e material. #%e %ardening tem(erature is about 15*M' to 16*M' for *.5(er&ent &arbon steel and 19*M' to 7**M' for allo+ steel. #%e %eated areas are t%en =uen&%ed immediatel+ in &ooling oil. @ot% automati& and manual %and &ontrol &an be em(lo+ed. A de(t% of &ase of a((ro3imatel+ )mm is obtained in about 5 se&onds. Alt%oug% t%e e=ui(ment &ost is ver+ %ig%, it is (ra&tised b+ t%e advantages of t%e (ro&ess used, w%i&% in&lude fast o(eration, freedom from s&aling, &lean o(eration, little tenden&+ for distortion, no manual %andling of %ot (arts and low treating &ost.

Fi+ 9: Cro$$4$ec&ional (ie: o' 'ini$)e* (al(e in*uc&ion )ar*enin+. /ar*ne$$ Te$&: #%e %ardness of t%e semi0finis%ed valves is &%e&8ed for using t%e @rinell %ardness test. #%e %ardness is &%e&8ed in at least two se(arate (oints e3&luding t%e valve fa&e.

25

Cen&erle$$ Fini$) ,: #%e stem siBe, &+lindri&it+ and run0out are ta8en &are off in t%is o(eration. Groo(e an* re*uce $&e1 en*: #%e turning o(eration for t%e grooves in t%e valve stem are (erformed in t%is stage. #%e grooves are t%en &%amfered at t%e edges to (revent at sort of stress &on&entration at t%ese edges during o(eration in I' engines. After grooving, t%e lengt% of t%e stem is redu&ed again t%roug% grinding. #%is o(eration is (erformed manuall+ b+ moving t%e ta((et0end of t%e valve along t%e sides of an abrasive grinding stone. De&ec& Crac;$: After t%e stem lengt% is redu&ed, t%e valves undergo t%oroug% ins(e&tion for &ra&8 dete&tion. !alves wit% an+ form of &ra&8s are reFe&ted to ad%ere to =ualit+ standards. Cen&erle$$ Fini$) 6: #%is is (erformed again after groove turning. #%e finis%ing o(eration of t%e valve stem is (erformed in t%is o(eration. C)ro1e Fla$): Now t%e valves are sent for &%rome flas%. #%is o(eration is a sub0&ontra&ted o(eration w%erein t%e valves are sent to a &ontra&t dealer w%o will (erform t%e &%rome flas% o(eration. #%is o(eration is basi&all+ done to give t%e valves a &%rome finis% in t%e stem region. #%e valves are immersed in an ele&trol+ti& bat% w%ere onl+ t%e valve stem is e3(osed to t%e ele&trol+te. <%en &urrent is (assed t%roug% t%e ele&trol+ti& bat%, ele&trol+sis ta8es (la&e and in t%e (ro&ess t%e valve stem is given a &%rome finis%. Fini$) en* Cen&erle$$: t%e stem siBe is ta8en &are off in t%is o(eration. ,inis% end grinding is (erformed on t%e valve ta((et end to obtain t%e final stem lengt%. Poli$) nec; ra*iu$ an* $ea&: #%e ne&8 region and t%e seat region of t%e valve are (olis%ed. Grin* Sea&: -nder normal wor8ing &onditions of an I' engine, t%e valve seat seals t%e &ombustion &%amber during t%e &om(ression and (ower stro8es. #o ensure am(le sealing, t%e valve seat %as to be uniforml+ flat. #%e flatness of t%e valve seat &an be a&%ieved 26

onl+ t%roug% grinding. #%e abrasive grinding stone used in t%is o(eration is different from t%e abrasive stones used in t%e ot%er grinding (ro&esses. #%ese stones em(lo+ in&lined grinding surfa&e to grind t%e seat region. 'utting oil is s(ra+ed over t%e &onta&t surfa&e to (revent an+ form of deformation during grinding. In$pec&ion 'or $ea& crac;: #%e valves are now &%e&8ed for seat blow%oles and &ra&8s. #%is is done in t%e ins(e&tion de(artment. #%e entire bat&% is &%e&8ed for seat damage. ;n&e t%e valves are ins(e&ted, t%e+ are sent for ultrasoni& testing. Ul&ra$onic &e$&in+: -ltrasoni& waves are used to dete&t surfa&e and internal faults su&% as &ra&8s, &avities, (resen&e of foreign obFe&ts et& in t%e valves. In ultrasoni& flaw dete&tion, t%e fre=uen&+ range &ommonl+ used is about 1 to 15 >ega%ertB. #%e ultrasoni& waves &an (ro(agate t%roug% an elasti& medium. 9en&e oil is a((lied on t%e surfa&e of t%e valve stem and t%e wave0emitting (robe. <%en an ultrasoni& wave stri8es an interfa&e between two media it is (artl+ refle&ted. #%e s(e&ifi& a&ousti& im(edan&es of t%e media determine t%e intensit+ of t%e refle&ted and transmitted ultrasoni& energ+ at an interfa&e of two media. #%is (ro(ert+ is used in ultrasoni& testing. A&ousti& im(edan&e of t%e medium is t%e (rodu&t of its densit+ and velo&it+ of ultrasoni& waves in t%at medium. A strong (ulse of ultrasoni& waves is sent t%roug% t%e valve to be tested. At t%e lo&ation of t%e flaw /&ra&8 or &avit+2 t%ere is a &%ange in a&ousti& im(edan&e and %en&e t%e (ulse is (artl+ refle&ted. 9en&e, it is a wea8 e&%o (ulse. #%is in&ident (ulse, t%e e&%o (ulse from t%e flaw and t%e (ulse refle&ted b+ t%e ot%er end of t%e valve are seen on t%e s&reen of a &at%ode ra+ os&illos&o(e. If t%ere are no flaws, t%e waves of t%e 'R; will be wit%in t%e safe limit ot%erwise t%e waves will e3&eed t%e safe limit. #%e main advantages of using ultrasoni& testing are to dete&t dee(0seated defe&ts in valves, dete&tion of minute flaws, sim(le and elegant o(eration, and low &ost and %ig%0s(eed o(eration. #%e onl+ disadvantage is t%at s8illed and well0trained te&%ni&ians &an (erform t%is testing and t%ere s%ould be good me&%ani&al &ou(ling between t%e (ieBo ele&tri& &r+stal /&alled (robe2 and t%e valve to 27

be tested. No (ermanent re&ord /(%otogra(%2 of t%e flaw &an be obtained, as it &an onl+ be observed on t%e s&reen of t%e 'R;. 'om(lete wor80orders are tested during ultrasoni& testing. #%is will be t%e last o(eration in t%e ma&%ine s%o( after w%i&% t%e finis%ed valves will be sent for final ins(e&tion. Final In$pec&ion: #%e final ins(e&tion of t%e valves is &arried out in t%e final ins(e&tion de(artment. #%is de(artment ta8es &are of &%e&8ing t%e final toleran&e (arameters, (ro&essing finis%ed wor80orders and (a&8aging of (assed valves. #%e ,I de(artment is also su((osed to maintain a database on t%e wor80 orders (assed. #%is database is to be segregated b+ &reating an inde3 of various (atterns. #%is database s%ould also &ontain data about t%e number of valves (assed (er wor80order, t%e number of reFe&tions, reason for reFe&tion and t%e (ro&ess after w%i&% sam(les were reFe&ted. Pro*uc& Au*i&: #%e (a&8ed valves from ,I$ are sent for audit after w%i&% t%e+ will be dis(at&%ed to t%e &ustomers /in t%is &ase, t%e valves are sent to $E-#H A , erman+2. I1por&an& O%$er(a&ion$ @+ em(lo+ing t%e modified re&ess met%od, t%e ma&%ining time and (rodu&tion time was de&reased. #%is also eliminated t%e need to (ass t%e forged sam(les t%roug% two se(arate 'N' ma&%ines to (erform t%e #9$, ,, and Re&ess turning o(erations. @+ em(lo+ing t%e modified re&ess met%od, t%e above t%ree o(erations are being (erformed in t%e same 'N' >K' /'N' >K' 22792. P#A welding (ro&ess (roved to be more effi&ient t%an t%e normal #I welding (ro&ess. #%is is mainl+ be&ause of t%e s%a(e of t%e ar& generated. Pre0%eating of t%e valves before stellite de(osition ensured t%at blow%oles are not formed. 'ross0se&tional anal+sis in t%e lab (rovided information about t%e valve land t%i&8ness. It also s%owed dilution of t%e (arent metal during P#A welding (ro&ess &ould &ause t%e stellite to enter into t%e valve fa&e.

28

$uring t%e re&ess turning insert was wit%drawn from wit% a #N>A16*?*7 insert. redu&e t%e ma&%ining &ost t%e $N> 15*6*? insert was insert.

o(erations, t%e $N> 15*6*? o(eration and was re(la&ed #%is re(la&ement was to alt%oug% t%e tool0life of longer t%an t%e #N>A16*?*7

E3&e(t for (ost0P#A #9$2 and turn seat dia o(erations, all ot%er ma&%ining o(erations were (erformed in 'N' >K's. #%e #9$2 and #urn seat dia o(erations were (erformed manuall+ in a lat%e using "N>A and #N>A inserts. Route0&ards allotted for ever+ bat&% ensure t%at t%e number of reFe&tions after ever+ (ro&ess is re&orded. "tandard o(erating (ro&edure is dis(la+ed near t%e o(erating lo&ation to familiariBe t%e o(erator wit% t%e o(eration. auges and dials are (rovided at ever+ ma&%ining ba+. #%is %el(s t%e o(erator in randoml+ sele&ting sam(les from t%e bat&% being (ro&essed. After t%e final ins(e&tion de(artment %as (assed t%e valves, valves are sele&ted at random and sent to t%e engine testing R:$ laborator+. 9ere, t%e valves are fitted onto t%eir res(e&tive engines and are made to run &ontinuousl+ for a (eriod of about 1** to 15* %ours. #%e engine is &ou(led to an edd+ &urrent d+namometer. #%is d+namometer (rovides t%e ne&essar+ tor=ue to t%e engine during testing. At t%e end of t%e test &+&le, t%e valves are removed from t%e engine and are anal+sis for wear and stress (atterns. Tool No1encla&ure

SNMA In$er&: S N M A G G G G s=uare s%a(e, nose angle G 9*M normal &learan&e, relief angle G *M toleran&e wit% &+lindri&al %ole wit%out &%i(0brea8er

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TNMA In$er&: # N M A G G G G #riangular s%a(e, nose angle G 6*M normal &learan&e, relief angle G *M toleran&e &lass wit% &+lindri&al %ole wit%out &%i(0brea8er

DNMG In$er&: $ G r%ombi& s%a(e, nose angle G 55M N G normal &learan&e, relief angle G *M M G toleran&e &lass % G <it% &+lindri&al %ole and double sided &%i(0 brea8er.

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