EXPERIMENT NO 05

Objective: To Study the Open Circuit/Core Losses of Single Phase Transformer

Apparatus:
Auto Tr. Single Transformer Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Loads and Wires
AC supply

THEORY: CORE LOSSES:

The rate of energy conversion into heat in a magnetic material due to the presence of an alternating or pulsating magnetic field. Also known as excitation loss; iron loss.

There are several losses in a transformer that prevent it from attaining 100% efficiency. One is core loss, which can be divided into Hysteresis losses, Eddy currents and Magnetostriction loses.

Explanation:
"Core Loss is a Waster of Energy and Destroyer of Motors" Not all power applied to an electric motor is converted to work. Principal sources of energy waste include winding loss (IR), windage, friction, stray load loss and loss in stator, rotor and armature cores. Studies have shown thatdepending on load, core loss is the first or second leading cause of energy waste in rewound motors, and can account for 25% or more of motor inefficiency. LEXSECO determined that the most important indication of core steel condition is the watts of electrical energy lost per pound (kilogram) of core steel when the core is excited to operating conditions. Common electrical grades of core steel have inherent Epstein test rated watts per pound (kilogram) losses ranging from 1 to 2 watts per pound (kilogram) depending upon application. This value is increased by as much as a factor of 1.5 to 2 once this steel is punched and assembled into motor cores. This increase may be attributed to a combination of lamination punching or stamping burrs, lamination thickness, Lamination clamping pressure, type of insulation coating used on the steel, heat treatment process used on punched laminations, lamination assembly method, silicon content and hardness of the steel, and heavy welds across the back of the core stacking. A significant percentage of motors have core loss exceeding statistical acceptability. Some special types, such as hermetic refrigeration and traction motors, suffer especially high losses. Moreover, government efficiency mandates make detecting sources of energy loss increasingly important. The critical importance of core testing has been acknowledged by preeminent technical authorities, such as the Engineering Committee of the Electrical Apparatus Service Association (EASA). EASAs Guidelines for Maintaining Motor Efficiency During Rebuilding require motor repairers to "Conduct a stator core test before and after stripping [the winding]." Core Testing reveals repairable problems. Testing before stripping avoids wasting time and money on a core which should be replaced, and verifies that stripping did not damage the core. Why Test for Core Loss? Core Loss Testing provides a quick and efficient method for determining core losses found in the core steel of stators, rotors, and armatures. LEXSECO recognized that core loss was a significant cause of wasted electrical energy that could be caused by overheating during operation or during winding burnout, as well as from physical damage. Core loss is second only to copper loss in motor windings as a cause of motor inefficiency. Core loss testing is the only method of determining if a motor is capable of operating at rated efficiency after rebuilding.

Energy losses in Transformer:

An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers, energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%. Experimental transformers using superconducting windings achieve efficiencies of 99.85%.[The increase in efficiency can save considerable energy, and hence money, in a large heavily loaded transformer; the trade-off is in the additional initial and running cost of the superconducting design.

Losses in transformers (excluding associated circuitry) vary with load current, and may be expressed as "no-load" or "full-load" loss. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on the electrical supply and a running cost. Designing transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost so that there is a trade-off between initial cost and running cost (also see energy efficient transformer) Transformer losses are divided into losses in the windings, termed copper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss. Losses in the transformer arise from:

Winding resistance: Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses. Hysteresis losses: Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. Eddy currents: Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors and a core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thicknessEddy current losses can be reduced by making the core of a stack of plates electrically insulated from each other, rather than a solid block; all transformers operating at low frequencies use laminated or similar cores.

Mechanical losses: In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise and consuming a small amount of power. Stray losses: Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. here are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field but these are usually small. Procedure:
I attach the auto Tr. With the main supply and then connect the ammeter in series and voltmeter parallel with the auto Tr. And then connect the wattmeter in series then at the end connect the 1 phase transformer and then start getting reading by applying the voltage to main source and then I noted the reading at voltmeter ammeter and wattmeter and find the difference in the calculated value and reading on watt meter and write down the difference between them in the table.

Circuit Diagram:

Observations & Calculations:

Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5

Reading on Voltmeter 0.040 0.080 0.12 0.16 0.20

Reading on Ammeter 09 15 21.8 30.6 47

Power Calculated 0.360 1.2 2.616 4.89 9.4

Reading on Wattmeter 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.6 2.8

Difference 0.16 0.6 1.41 3.83 6.6

Conclusions:
From this experiment I have concluded that 1- As we provide more voltage the difference become more 2- The readings from analog meter are not so accurate 3- Digital meter give more precise values. 4- Difference is also because of the power losses in the cables.